FKA.B.PP.03 Ed.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER II, SESSION 2008/2009
COURSE CODE : SAB 4923

COURSE

ADVANCED WATER & WASTEWATER TREATMENT

PROGRAMME

SAW

DURATION

2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE

APRIL 2009

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
ANSWER ANY FIVE (5) QUESTIONS FROM SECTION A AND B

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

THIS EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS CONSISTS OF ( 8) PRINTED PAGES ONLY

SAB 4923 -1SECTION A

Q1

(a)

(i)

Discuss the importance of chemical oxidation reactions in water treatment. (4 marks)

(ii)

Discuss the importance of chemical oxidation in water treatment process. (4 marks)

(b)

(i)

Determine a packed tower height that is required to remove benzene from initial concentration of 100 g/L down to 5 g/L at 15oC for a water flow rate Q of 0.1 m3/s with a stripping factor R= 3.5, overall mass transfer constant of KLa benzene = 0.011 s-1 and tower diameter d = 1.17 m. (6 marks)

(ii)

Using the same number of transfer unit (NTU) from (i), the tower is used to remove chloroform with initial concentration of 80 g/L. Determine the stripping factor and the effluent concentration (Henrys constant Hu for choloroform = 0.569; overall mass transfer constant of KLa choloroform = 0.016 s-1; air to water ratio VG/VL = 26.3). (6 marks)

Q2

(a)

(i)

Specify three (3) different ways to remove metal ions from wastewater and briefly discuss the mechanism of treatment. (4 marks)

(ii)

Give three (3) factors need to be considered in advanced water treatment. (4 marks)

SAB 4923 -2(b) Consider a water softening work is conducted for raw water with the analysis shown below. Assume that the practical limit of hardness removal for CaCO3 is 30 mg/L and that of Mg(OH)2 is 10 mg/L as CaCO3. Ca2+ = 40.0 mg/L 7.32 mg/L 24.0 mg/L Na+ Cl= = 6.9 mg/L 7.1 mg/L

Mg2+ = SO42- =

Alk (HCO3-) = 110 mg/L as CaCO3 (i) Sketch a meq/L bar graph and list the hypothetical combinations of chemical compounds in solution
(Note: molar mass of Ca=40; Mg=24.4; C=12; Na=23; O=16; Cl=35.5; S=32)

(3 marks)

(ii)

Determine the most economic type of treatment to achieve the practical limits for hardness for the above particular case (give the reason) (3 marks)

(iii)

Calculate the lime dosage as CaO (3 marks)

(iv)

Sketch a bar graph for the softened water after recarbonation. Assume the alkalinity is in the form of HCO3- and CO3-2 (3 marks)

SAB 4923 -3Q3 (a) Briefly explain (use illustration) the adsorption process of the dissolved species (adsorbate) on porous carbon adsorbent. (5 marks)

(b)

Briefly explain the objective of carbon adsorption. (5 marks)

(c )

Langmuir isotherm equation model is commonly used to determine the maximum adsorbates/contaminants that can be adsorbed by activated carbon. A batch adsorption experiment is conducted at 25oC using Pb2+ as contaminant and GAC (Granulated Activated Carbon) as the adsorbent. The same lead amount (Pb2+) of 40 mg is equilibrated with various amount of GAC in 5 containers filled up with the same amount of 200 mL distilled water. After equilibration we found the concentration of lead in the solutions as follows:
Container A B C D E GAC (g) 0.3 1.46 2.30 2.34 3.53 Ce (eq. conc. of Pb2+, mg/L) 50.0 16.7 7.7 5.6 4.0

Calculate the maximum adsorption capacity and the equilibrium constant of the GAC? (Note: sketch the graph in the answer sheet) (10 marks)

SAB 4923 -4SECTION B

Q4

(a)

Membrane fouling always occurs during treatment processes. Membrane fouling is important consideration in the design and operation, since it can cause an additional cost if improper handling is applied. Give three (3) approaches that can control/reduce the membrane fouling. (4 marks) A reverse osmosis (RO) facility has been installed to treat 500 m3/hr of water for industrial cooling operations. With both recovery and rejection rates are equal to 92% and the concentration of the feed stream is 500 mg/L, calculate:

(b)

(i) (ii)

Concentrate stream flowrate (Qc) Total amount water to be processed (Qf), based on 4000 m3/day of RO water. Concentration of the permeate stream (Cp) Concentration of the concentrated waste stream (Cc) (8 marks)

(iii) (iv)

(d)

Typical seawater has salinity (TDS of 35,000 mg/L), of which 3,000 mg/L is NaCl. The generally accepted quality standards for drinking water are 500 mg/L of TDS and 200 mg/L of chloride. As requested by your government policy, state how Reverse Osmosis is more convenience than distillation for water drinking purposes. (8 marks)

SAB 4923 -5Q5. (a) Two rectangular clarifiers each 27 m long, 5.0 m wide and 3.8 m deep, settle 6000 m3/day. Total effluent weir length is 50 m. Calculate the detention time, overflow rate, and weir loading (6 marks)

(b)

Why must an activated sludge process be operated in the starvation stage (low F/M)? i. marks)

(c)

Explain aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions in terms of the forms of oxygen present. Under which conditions does nitrification take place and why? i. marks)

(d)

Taman Impian Emass anaerobic digester produces 13 m3/d of sludge with a suspended solids concentration of 7.8%. What volume of they dispose of each year if their sand drying beds yield

sludge must

a solid concentration of 35%? (6 marks)

SAB 4923 -6Q6. (a) Water reuse and reclamation is the emergent technology that must be introduced in country. Many waste treatment plants have been struggled to invest and apply the concept of reusing water in their manufacturing. With ONE example (industry, wastewater recycled, etc.), define the concept of water reuse, water recycle and water reclaimation in terms of portable standard and criteria required for particular guidelines. (5 marks)

(b)

The following data in Table Q6 were reported during the operation of a wastewater treatment plant in Pasir Gudang: Table Q6 Constituent BOD5 Suspended Solids Phosphorus Oil and Grease (i) Influent (mg/L) 1500 500 50 300 Effluent (% removed) -85 -65 -45 -75

Calculate the effluent concentration for each of these constituents.

(ii)

Does the wastewater treatment plant meets the Standard A of Environmental Quality Act 1974?

(iii)

What type of treatment plant would produce such effluent? Draw a block diagram showing complete configuration of the treatment steps that would result in such performance. ii. marks)

SAB 4923 -7(c) You are designing an additional advanced treatment plant for local wastewater treatment to remove a bottleneck at the plant. In your design, the requirement of sludge treatment must be proposed to ensure the complete treatment of the wastewater. You have two options, Aerobic Digestion or Anaerobic Digestion. Your design selection must be based on cost-energy saving, duration of the treatment and desired environment-gained. Please state your decision. (5 marks)

(d)

Calculate the capacity required per population equivalent (PE) for a single-stage floating-cover digestion based on the following: 90 g of solids contributed per person, 4% solids content in raw sludge, 7% solids concentration in digested sludge, 40% total solids reduction during digestion, 30-day digestion period, and 90-day storage period for digested sludge

SAB 4923 -8FKA.B.PP.05.Ed.1

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SEMESTER : II SESSION : 2008/2009 PROGRAMME : SAW COURSE CODE : SAB 4923

COURSE : ADVANCED WATER & WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Membrane

product concentration 1 x 100% feedwater concentration

Re cov ery =

Qp Qf

x 100%

Qf = Qp + Qc

Cp = Cf (1 R)

Cc =

Q f C f Q pC p Qc

Sludge Digestion

V =

W W = s 100 p 100 100

V =

V1 + V2 T1 + V2 + T2 2

Vaverage = V1 2/3 (V1 V2) Vstored sludge = V2ts

Vdigesting sludge = Vavg * td Vt = 2Vs

Nitrification Denitrification Suspended

F Q BODload = M V MLSS

SRT =

MLSS V S e Qe + S w Qw

Aeration =

V Q

Chemical and Physical Treatment (c / c )( R 1) + 1 R ln i e NTU = h = (HTU) (NTU) R 1 R

1 1 1 1 = + X ab C b M

HTU =

VL K La

R=

H uVG VL

1 X = KC n M