Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIVL 395
HKUST
Control in Hong Kong Foundation Design Code Ground Investigation Common Pile used in Hong Kong Pile Capacity Piling Layout Pile Cap Design Horizontal Restraints to Piles and Pile Cap Other Consideration
Building Development
Pile Cap Loading from superstructure to be shown on plan of foundation and loading schedule
Soil
Pile
Building Ordinance Building Department, PNAP 66 Geotechnical Engineering Office Register Specialist Contractor (Foundation Works)
Recognized types of pile foundation Piling plans submission Design of pile foundations Pre-design ground investigation Pre-drilling Post construction proof drilling Quality supervision for piles foundations Ground-borne vibrations arising from pile driving and similar operations Pile foundations in the scheduled areas Form BA14 Pile record plans and reports Further on site test Amendment to approved plans
PNAP 66
Plan of Foundation To show the setting out/size of all vertical elements which transmit all superstructure loading
Loading Schedule To show the loading of all superstructure including gravity and wind loading
How
Pile Type Large Diameter Bored Pile Driven Steel H-pile Socket Steel H-pile Mini-pile
Cost (HK$/m run) 10,000 ~ 30,000 1,000 ~ 2,500 3,000 ~ 5,000 2,000 ~ 3,000
Steel H-pile, pipe pile Large diameter bored pile (LDBP) Mini-pile, Socket H-pile Friction Barrette
Factors to be considered
Cost ( size, number, length and installation) Construction difficulties (plant available in market,
depth of pile, boulder location, programme)
Ground Investigation
Ground Investigation
Pile Type Pile Length Construction Difficulties Soil Properties Water table
To note the allowable bearing pressure which is under working load i.e. without load factor
II
III
5m 5m ?
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=100
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200 SPT N=200 Simple for LDBP bearing on bedrock Pre-boring for corestone layers Pre-boring for corestone layers or rest on corestones
CDG
Foundation
240 nos. shaft grout barrettes, 2.8m x 1.2m & 2.8m x 1.0m, Length
= 88m
Driven H-pile
10~20 for each blocks for normal ground condition Additional bored holes at locations with boulder layers
pre-drilled hole
Classification of Foundation
Shallow
Raft foundation is large combined thick plate designed to seat and support the whole or a large part of a structure.
Deep Foundation
Piled Foundation
It is normally founding on Grade III rock with allowable bearing pressure 3000Kpa. The building average loading is 20KPa per floor and thus, the shallow raft bearing on rock can accommodate a building up to 100 storey
End Bearing load is supported by resting onto a firm stratum such as bed-rock or stratum of subsoil with the required bearing capacity. Skin friction load is supported by the frictional resistance so created between the contact surface of the pile and the embracing soil.
Shallow Raft
End Bearing Pile : Large diameter bored pile Socket Steel H Mini pile
Bed Rock
Bed Rock
Pile Capacity
Normal size of 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.75 and 3.0m Bell-out with a gradient not exceeding 30 degree from vertical, and the size not exceeding 1.5 times the shaft diameter may be permitted at the pile base to increase the end bearing capacity The concrete strength should be reduced by 20% where groundwater is likely to be encountered during concreting or where concrete is placed underwater For piles subject to axial forces only, where the concrete used is higher than grade 20D
Base
Shaft
Capacity of base = Area of base x allowable bearing capacity of rock (i.e. either 5000Kpa, 7500KPa or 10,000 KPa)
Reinforce ment
2300 2500
3450 3750
21 T 32 25 T32
Where steep bedrock profile is identified, the founding levels of adjacent piles should not differ by more than the clear distance between the pile bases unless the stability of rock under the piles are checked by recognized engineering principles, taking into account existence of any adverse joints. Check bearing stress due to overlapping - the shaft design and base stress cannot be overstressed due to the additional load
Bored Location
Common H-pile H 305x305x180 Kg/m3 H 305x305x223 Kg/m3 Founding at level with 3 consecutive SPT N value 200 below All steel H-piles to be grade 55C complying with BS4360:1986 (fy=415N/mm2) For driven steel bearing piles with a design safety factor on driving resistance of 2, the stress in the steel at working load should not exceed 30% of the yield stress. The design working stress due to combined axial load and bending may, however be increased to 50% of the yield stress All allowable stresses are to be increased by 25% due to wind effects Group reduction factor of 0.85 for a group of 5 piles or more The centre-to-centre spacings are of more than 3 times the perimeter of the piles or the circumscribed rectangles in the case of H-piles
Minimum centre to centre spacing of piles in 1408mm Design Steel Stress (fy) = 415 N/mm2 B= 325.4 H= 338 Design pile cross-sectional area (A) = 28500mm2
It is installed by inserting steel H-piles into prebored holes sunk into bedrock, and subsequently grouting the holes with cementitious materials The allowable axial working stress or the combined axial and flexural stresses should not greater than 50% of the yield stress of the steel H-pile No group effect reduction factor
Design Parameter
H section 305 x305x 180Kg/m UPB Grade 55C, Internal diameter of casing = 550mm
Cross section area As = 0.0229 m2 Perimeter of pile = 1882.6 mm Zx =0.002508 m3, Zy = 0.000847 m3 Yield strength fy = 430 Mpa Design bond strength between the grout and steel H-pile
Grout above water = 0.6 MPa Grout under water = 0.48 MPa Under compression or transient tension = 0.7 MPa Under Permanent tension = 0.35 MPa
Pile capacity
Axial capacity
Due to steel strength = 0.5 fy As = 4923.5 > 3600 Due to bond strength between H-pile & grout = 0.48 x 1882.6 x 4000/1000 = 3615 KN Due to bond between grout & rock = 0.7x550x3.14x4000/1000 = 4838 KN
Mini pile
A mini-pile usually consists of one or more steel bars encased by grout inside a drill hole not exceeding 400mm in diameter. It is mainly used to resist compression or tension loads on sites with difficult access. The structural capacity of a mini-pile should be derived solely from the steel bars. Contributions from the grout and steel casing should be ignored The allowable capacity should be derived from the bond strength between the grout and rock
Number of steel bar in mini pile : 4 no. 50mm dia. Permissible compressive stress = 175 KPa (Permissible tensile stress = 230 KPa) Socket internal diameter = 190mm Design bond strength between rock & grout (Ref. CoP Fdn 2004 Table 2.2)
Under compression or transient tension = 700 KPa (Under permanent tension = 350 KPa) Design capacity (W/o wind) in compression = 1370 KN Design capacity (W/ wind) in compression = 1710 KN
Soil
Pile Capacity
Compressive capacity = 1963 x 175 x 4/1000 = 1374 KN > 1370 Capacity = 700 x 190 x 3.14 x 3300 /10002 = 1378 KN ultimate anchorage bond stresses for concrete grade 30 and deformed bars Type 2 in compression is 3.5 N/mm2 Bond strength in compression = 3.5 x ( 50 x 3.14) x 3300 x 0.4 x 4/1000 = 2901 > 1370
Rock
Pile Layout
For driven piles and other piles which derive their capacity mainly from frictional resistance, the minimum pile spacing shall be not less than the length of the perimeter of the pile or 1m, whichever is the greater, and the piles shall be placed at not less than half the length of the perimeter of the pile or 500mm, whichever is the greater, from the site boundary. For mini-piles, which derive their capacities mainly from bond strength between grout and rock, the minimum pile spacing should be 750mm or 2 times the outer diameter, whichever is the greater For bored piles and the like which derive their capacities mainly from end bearing, the minimum clear spacing between the surfaces of adjacent piles should be based on practical considerations of positional and verticality tolerances of piles. It is recommended to provide a nominal minimum clear horizontal spacing of 500mm between shaft surfaces or edge of bell-outs, as appropriate
Rigid Cap
Flexible Cap
N Number of storey
As the Rigid Cap Analysis Method is based on the assumption that the Pile Cap is infinitely rigid. The usual practice by designers in the Rigid Cap Analysis is to treat the cap as a beam with the applied load and solved pile reactions, calculate the shear and moments in the beam. The Cap is thus having a uniform bending moment or shear along the entire section of the simulated beam
For Flexible Cap Analysis , the bending moment along the midstrip T and side-strip are of f different signs as shown. So the Flexible Cap analysis is more realistic design for pile cap in catering for local effects
Pilecap can be sized as one single cap or isolated caps to suit the sign
The software used for foundation design mainly to find out the piling load and pilecap design CAPBS LIFORM SAFE VDISP CAPBS (or LIFORM)-Rigid Cap Approach Consider X and Y directions separately as a rigid beam Local stress cannot be found Torsional effect consideration is calculated by equilibrium (LIFORM) Simple data input SAFE (Rigid or flexible approach) Consider X and Y directions simultaneously Local stress can be found (e.g. torsional effect)
Piles and pile caps shall have adequate lateral stability and be able to cope with any allowed construction tolerance. For driven piles and small diameter piles, adequate horizontal restraints in at least 2 directions shall be provided to individual piles or pile caps The allowable horizontal movement is about 25mm
Where the foundation has imposed additional loads on slopes or retaining walls, or the groundwater regime has been affected, the stability of the affected slopes or retaining walls should be checked as part of the foundation design
Flexible material to avoid any lateral pressure on slope Slope
Other Consideration
Where piles are required to provide anchorage resistance against uplift, overturning and/or buoyancy, it should be demonstrated that the piles and the supporting ground have adequate anchorage capacities to satisfy the requirements The above requirements may be deemed to be satisfied by demonstrating that each pile in a pile foundation satisfies the following condition individually
Pile in tension
Rock
Dmin = Minimum dead load Ru = Ultimate anchoring resistance of the pile Ia = Adverse imposed load including live and soil loads U= Uplift due to highest anticipated groundwater table W= Wind load
Anchor come from the friction between rock and grout of pile
Settlement of Foundation
The average settlement is limited at 20mm and differential is controlled by 1/1000 Pile bearing on rock
The average settlement can be estimated by Tomlinsons Equivalent Raft approach or computer modeling (e.g PIGLET, VDISP)
The protection boundary is about 30m outside the outer surface of the MTR structure but it encompasses the whole of any lot where any part lies within the 30m distance. No pile, foundation, borehole, well, soil nail, horizontal drain or other geotechnical installation should be driven or constructed within a distance of 3m from any point of the underground railway structures The vertical or horizontal pressure change on any underground structure due to the above works, including filling. Dewatering etc. and due to additional loads transmitted from foundations shall not exceed 20 KPa
MTR
Re-access the capacity of existing pile for re-use Select space for new pile location in particular the Hpile
Raking Pile
Where raking mini piles are used to resist lateral forces, care should be taken to ensure equilibrium of forces and moments are maintained, taking into consideration the lack of bending stiffness of the piles and the effectively hinged conditions at the pile heads and bases
Besides providing additional space below ground level for a building, loads from the superstructure are also transferred through the structure of a basement to the foundation Such arrangement provides considerable rigidity to tall buildings base on the principle of buoyancy, that is, the basement box will displace the soil embedding it and balance the combined weight of the entire structure
Q&A
If you have any questions about the structural design, please forward email (with your Name and Student ID no.) to : akskwan@gmail.com