U.S.

II Study Sheet | 1

The Cold War

Nuremberg Trials a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. International organization founded in 1945 after WW II to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. The 5 major allies though are: The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China. 1947 - UN approved the creation of a Jewish homeland by ending the British mandate in Palestine and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. The soviets isolated W. Berlin from food and supplies. The US responded with the Berlin Airlift, which brought supplies to W. Berlin by air. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) agreement between West European states to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked. the Warsaw Pact was the military alliance including all Communist states. This was providing military alliance towards counter Soviet expansion. 1950-1953. 1st fight of the Cold War ends in a draw, Korea is divided into North and South at the 38th Parallel The UN voted to take military action to stop the North Korean invasion. Over 90 percent of the troops sent to aid South Korea were American. The combined troops were placed unter the command of General Douglas MacArthur, former WWII hero in the Pacific. At first, North Korean troops pushed South Korean and UN troops into a small defensive zone in the Southeast, but MacArthur launched a counterattack, pushing North Korean troops all the way to the border between North Korea and China. Truman on the other hand believed in Limited War, which is fighting for only specific goals. It seemed as though the UN and South Korean troops would win, but the Chinese then joined the war on the side of North Korea and pushed South Korean troops back. MacArthur suggested attacking China, but Truman rejected the request and when MacArthur continued to disagree, Truman fired him. Eisenhower becomes President and he takes over. He hinted that he would use nuclear weapons. Around this time, Stalin had died, so communists got scared. They created a cease fire, an agreement was made on stalemate. North Korea and South Korea remained separate nations, as they were before the war. Eisenhower (Republican) elected over Gov. Adlai Stevenson (D-IL); "New Look" policy - continuing containment but with less expensive ways of maintaining international predominance The basis of the campaign was that if Eisenhower were elected, he would end the war. Negotiating from military strength, he tried to reduce the strains of the Cold War. In 1953, the signing of a truce brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea. The death of Stalin the same year caused shifts in relations with Russia. New Russian leaders consented to a peace treaty neutralizing Austria. Meanwhile, both Russia and the United States had developed hydrogen bombs. With the threat of such destructive force hanging over the world, Eisenhower, with the leaders of the British, French, and Russian governments, met at Geneva in July 1955. The President proposed that the United States and Russia exchange blueprints of each other's military establishments and "provide within our countries facilities for aerial photography to the other country." The Russians greeted the proposal with silence, but were so cordial throughout the meetings that tensions relaxed. was staunchly anti-communist. For him, the Cold War was a moral crusade against communism. He

United Nations

Founding of Israel

Crisis in Berlin

Emerging Alliances: NATO and the Warsaw Pact

Korean War: Divided Korea Korean War: Truman and MacArthur Feud

Korean War Ends

Election of 1952

Eisenhower and Cold War

John Foster Dulles

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proposed that the US could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons. Brinkmenship U-2 Incident A 1960 incident in which the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory Winsconsin Senator that created a national "witch hunt" for socialist and communists inside the United States after WWII

Joe McCarthy

American Society after World War 2

1950's Economy The Economy changed from the War time economy that was used in WWII to a Peacetime Economy. Many people had saved up money during WWII and now they wanted to spend it. There was too much money and too little goods. Productivity rates increased due to this, so more goods were being produced per hour. The baby boom also contributed to this since there are more children there had to be more of the necessities they needed. Also the government spending increased so that also played a part in the economy. the rapid population increase that took place bewteen 1945 and 1960 baby boom pushed this as well as growth of highways and demand for housing Built new communities in the suburbs after WWII, using mass-production techniques The successful launch of this satellite by Soviets put fear in the hearts of Americans and started the Space Race. As a result of Sputnik, the U.S passed this act to financially help students for college and schools in math and science. It showed the uncertainty that Americans felt with comparison to the Soviets in respect to education. 1957 culmination of Brown v. Education: 9 Black students tried to integrate into Little Rock High School, the governor brought in the stat guard to try and prevent this. Eisenhower sent in the 101 to stop the governor from disobeying federal law United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968) In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Baby Boom Growth of Suburbs William Levitt Sputnik

National Defense Education Act

Brown vs. Board of Education, Little Rock

Martin Luther King

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The New Frontier and the Great Society

The Election of 1960: Church and State, Television Debates A narrow victory for Kennedy, who was aided by his youth, sense of purpose and photogenic appearance. Nixon, in turn, suffered from being Vice-President, and for seeming to be constantly nervous in this televised debates with Kennedy. First televised debates. Richard Nixon sounded great on radio, but on T.V. he would get sweaty and stutter on words Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and

New Frontier

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increase spending for defense and military Kennedy's Foreign Policy: Flexible Response, Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps Kennedy's Foreign Policy- a firm anti-communist policy, flexible response Flexible Response: Policy of having the option of using either nuclear or conventional forces in response to a threat. He wants to be prepared for any situation. He increased funding for The US Army, Navy Forces as well as Army Special Forces Alliance for Progress: President Kennedy's program to provide economic aid to Latin America Peace Corps: program which sent volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help developing nations around the world, An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. the U.S. vs. the Soviet Union in l962 over missiles in Cuba that were directed toward U.S. President Kennedy set up a naval blockade of Cuba until the Soviet Union removed the missiles. On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Assassination: Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby Warren Commission Lyndon Johnson

The body that investigated the assassination of President John F Kennedy JFKs VP and became president when he died 36th President in 1960's who pushed through the Civil Rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) vs. Barry Goldwater (R). Johnson won by a landslide to his impressive legislative record and Kennedys legacy and used this election to push through even more Great Society progressive Number of programs Johnson puts in place in 1960s Clear Air Act-Governments job to regulate air Medicare and Medicaid- Medical care should be part of social security(Care= old Caid= poor) War on poverty-Reduces number of people living in poverty The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police Lawyer must be appointed to anyone who cannot afford one

Election of 1964

The Great Society: Medicare, Medicaid, War on Poverty

Miranda vs. Arizona Gideon vs. Wainwright

The Civil Right Movement

Non-Violent Protest a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies; , marches, boycotts, legal challenges, sit ins; strategy used by Martin Luther King Jr. In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial. outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin In the summer of 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote;

March on Washington- "I Have a Dream"

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Freedom Summer

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March on Selma

Alabama troops attacked marchers of the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project here, also called bloody Sunday. federal legislation that enforced equal voting rights among all races(African American) Banned literacy tests Founded by MLK Jr., to fight segregation. Passive resistance stressed nonviolence and peaceful confrontation. Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinating a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. Militant civil rights leader (1925-1965), Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. The belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. It urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business. A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. They protected people from police abuse. April 4, 1968 assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Malcolm X

Black Power

Black Panthers

Assassination of Martin Luther King

Struggles for Change (1963-1975)

Betty Friedan She was an American feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique. Her book brought attention to the feminist movement and, she founded the National Organization for Women. National Organization for Women which was founded in 1966, NOW wanted equal opportunity and filed against gender discrimination and mobilized public opinion against the sexism in America Equal Rights Ammendment. In 1972. It said that equality under the law should not be denied because of your sex. She was a journalist who helped founded the national womens political caucus. This group encouraged women to run for political office. A Latino activist who formed the United Farm Workers. They implemented a workers strike and consumer boycott of table grapes. This led to better working conditions for workers. There was the National Indian Youth Council ( NIYC) which wanted to preserve Native fishing rights in the Northwest. Natives had highest unemployment rate, lowest health and avg income. Emphasized right to choose their own way of life and embrace heritage. self-sufficiency, economic and educational opportunities

N.O.W.

E.R.A

Gloria Steinem

Cesar Chavez

Native American Activism

War in Vietnam
Origins of the Vietnam War Want to stop the communism. America thought..supporting south Vietnam was a good way to stop it.

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U.S. II Study Sheet | 5

Geneva Accords

This was an accord where France Sued for peace. France had given independence to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The accords also divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel into two countries, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control Vietnamese communist leader A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War. South Vietnamese president strongly opposed communism . His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom. American ally President Johnson used this incident, on August 2nd 1964, North Vietnamese shot torpedoes at the U.S.S. Maddox. The Maddox wasnt hit, but it returned fire,, to obtain permission from Congress to increase military presence in South Vietnam A series of air strikes to destroy war industries in North Vietnam general in command of U.S. forces in South Vietnam a network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam The U.S. Morale was dropping rapidly. The Soldiers didnt know why there win the war nor did the people at home. They felt this wasnt their war. Numerous people at home protested it. Tet Offensive the doves were against the war: and the Hawks were for the war. Surprise Communist attack on U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in 1968; further weakened American support for the war LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; They wanted the war to end and disliked Johnson for getting them into it. Nixon [Republican] v. Humphrey [Democrat] Nixon won the election and called his people the Silent Majority. He claimed he would get the people out of the war, but form peace as well. Bloody riot in 1968 in Chicago to protest the Democratic support of the Vietnam war. Led to Republican win for the presidency. President, 1969-1974; he extracted the United States from Vietnam slowly, recognized Communist China, and improved relations with the Soviet Union. His foreign policy achievements were overshadowed by the Watergate scandal. President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Caused massive student protests (Kent State)

Domino Theory

Ho Chi Minh Vietcong

Ngo Dinh Diem

Gulf of Tonkin

Operation Rolling Thunder William Westmoreland Ho Chi Minh Trail

Decline of U.S. Morale

Doves and hawks Tet Offensive

L.B.J. decides not to run

Election 1968

1968 Democratic Convention Richard Nixon

Vietnamization

Invasion of Cambodia

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My Lai Massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War. an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War wounding nine and killing four Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam this war was heavily protested in America and ended as a US loss when the Paris Peace Accords, treaty ended the war and that both sides would lay down arms, US would withdraw all troops, US would help with reconstruction, and POW would be released

Kent State

Pentagon Papers

A Final Cease Fire

Answers to Map of Vietnam

A. B. C. D. South Vietnam Laos Cambodia China

Nixon and Ford

The Energy Crisis OPEC Faced by the US in the 1970s because OPEC reduced the amount of oil exported to the US Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. an organization founded in 1960 of nations that export large amounts of petroleum: formed to establish oil-exporting policies and set prices. Secretary of State under President Nixon and President Ford; used "realpolitik" to open relations with China to end Vietnam War, and to moderate Middle East conflict Nixon visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to US recognition of the China Trade was reopened with China government in 1979 in 1972, where Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I accords- both superpowers recognized

Henry Kissinger

China Visit

Moscow Summit

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arms race would only make them less secure, US recognized USSR equal or greater in some nuclear capabilities, legitimized logic of MAD, accepted satellite reconnaissance SALT the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks--a series of meetings in the 1970s, in which leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons Phrase used by President Nixon to describe people who supported the government's Vietnam policies but did not express their opinions publicly. Court case discussing womens right to have abortion whenever wanted a scandal of the break-in at the Democratic National Committee of 1972, this led to Nixon's resignation After being elected, the case for the Watergate burglars was held. Senate created Special Committee on Presidential Campaign Activates to investigate the matter. Wash. Post "deep throat" was secret informant. It was later found that Nixon had been taping the Oval Office and he refused to give the tapes. The Supreme Court made him, and when they looked at them, there were gaps in the tapes. Nixon resigned because of the Watergate scandal. Recordings of conversations in the White House that helped lead to revealing Nixon's involvement in the Watergate Scandal Nixon's vice president, taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes Nixon was pardoned by president Ford for breaking into the democratic headquarters People criticized him immensely, saying things like he had a deal with Nixon; Nixon would be pardoned if he gave Ford the Vice Presidency.

Silent Majority

Roe vs. Wade Watergate

Watergate Investigations

The Resignation White House tapes

Gerald Ford Ending the "Nightmare": Pardon and clemency-

Stagflation

Economic problem in the late 1970's under President's Ford and Carter in which there was both high inflation and high unemployment. Forces of the Communist Khmer Rogue seized the ship Mayaguez. Marines were sent to rescue them, and although they were released before attack, 41 people died

"Mayaguez" incident

The Carter Years

The Election of 1976- The Outsider Wins Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas Carter from Georgia was viewed as a Washington "outsider" with no political ties and no scandals A key concern of President Carter's foregin policy was the protection of human rights throughtout the world. Agreement between Israel and Egypt, calling for Israel to return all land in the Sinai in exchange for Egyptian recognition of Israel's sovereignty.

Pursuing Human Rights

Camp David Accords

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Olympic Boycott

The U.S. withdrew from the Olympics held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Iran had civil war, they took 52 Americans hostage for many days, made Carter look weak, were released when Reagan was being sworn

The Hostage Crisis

The Republican Revolution

Election of 1980 -1980 US Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. Campaigned on "Reaganomics." He liked big military, was against big government and he also radiated a positive charisma Reagan's theory that included tax breaks for the rich; "trickle down" theory, spend more to help economy In his second term, he established good relations with gorbachev the soviet premier. in an effort to build up the economy gorbachev implemented policies, glasnot (political openness) and perestrokia (economic reform). the two men made agreements on arms control and to eliminate the intermediate and short- range nuclar missiles in europe. the relations improved to the point of tearing down the berlin wall.. Reagan did everything he could to halt communism and oust it all together. He supported ANY anticommunist group. He builds up a military and also gets SDI passed. Reagan ran against Walter Mondale , who chose Geraldine Ferraro the 1st woman for VP. Reagan won by a landslide with 525 electoral votes Came up by Ronald Reagan. This is also known as Strategic Defense Initiative. Its purpose was to create a space shield that could destroy incoming missiles and force Moscow into an arms race that it could not win. This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan Perestroika- "restructuring" A term applied to Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union. Glasnost- "openness" Gorbachev's policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union. The election in which George Bush (R) defeats Michael Dukakis (D), Bush was Reagans former vice president of the United States. Bush had been the V.P. under Reagan and had a legacy because of that. He promised not raise taxes and said he was a promoter of traditional values. Republican politician who served as the 41st President of the United States. He served as Reagan's Vice President for eight years before defeating Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. Approved Operation Desert Storm after Saddam Hussein had invaded Kuwait. A wall built in 1961 dividing Soviet controlled East Berlin from the democratic West Berlin. Reagan had talks with Gorbachev and discussed how the Berliners as well as all of Germany was being

Reaganomics

Reagan and the Cold War

Election of 1984: Geralidine Ferraro New Weapons: SDI "Star Wars"

Iran-Contra Affair

Sandra Day O'Connor Glasnost and Perestroika

Election of 1988

George H.W. Bush

Berlin Wall Comes Down...

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divided and the pain it was causing them . He later had a speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall. Operation Desert Storm the code name for the successful offensive against Iraq by the United States and its allies in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Highest-ranking American military leader during the Persian Gulf War; became the first African American secretary of state in 2001. Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Colin Powell

Tiananmen Square

Clinton and the 1990s

Election of 1992 Bill Clinton (D) won over George H.W. Bush (R) Clinton promoted himself as a New Democrat which meant that he liked both liberal and conservative ideas. They believed that government was necessary and important, but that it had grown large and inefficient. 42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached; scandal with White House intern Monica Lewinsky and Whitewater business faults 1994 legislation passed during the Clinton administration which required background checks to purchase fire arms A plan that attacked big government and patriotismand traditional values. This Contract asked for congressional term limits, reduction of the federal bureaucracy, a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution, large tax cuts as well as increased defense spending, significant welfare reforms and tough anticrime legislation. bill Clinton (democratic) defeats bob dole (rep) and ross perot (reform party, led a self funded independent party and he promised to govern by sound business principles) . Globalization played a role in the economic boom. Globalization is the process when the national economies. Politics, cultures and societies become integrated with others around the world. Multinational corporationswere another factor in the economy. This is having your headquarters in one country and the manufacturing plants in another. Computer technology made it easier for accountant, stockbrokers, programming etc.

Bill Clinton

Brady Bill

Contract with America

Election of 1996:Bob Dole and Ross Perot 90's Economic Boom

Impeachment Scandal

President Clinton was threatened with impeachment. Previous events such as Bill and Hillarys purchase of White Water Development Corporation in Arkansas and his sexual harassment suit. Kenneth Starr, a special prosecutor for the impeachment scandal looked into Clintons relationship with White House Intern Monika Lewinsky. Clinton denied the two had an affair, and later admitted he had lied about it. Clinton was later acquitted on February 12th. Theory - they believed that the Earth was flat.

A Flat World

America Enters a New Century

Election of 2000 Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

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Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election. World Trade Center and the Pentagon were hit by planes. During GW Bush presidency. Led to the war in Iraq. the United States went to war in this country to dismantle the Taliban and al-Qaeda The 2003 invasion of Iraq on March 20, 2003. Objective of the invasion was "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people". Occurred after 9/11 Bush was reelected against John Kerry. Bush made the war on terror the centerpiece of the election while also energizing his conservative base by invoking traditional religious values Bush said that he was a very competent war President and that they needed a War President

September 11

Afghanistan Invasion of Iraq

Election of 2004

Answers to Map Of Middle East

A. B. C. E. F. G. I. Turkey Syria Israel Kuwait Oman Iran Pakistan

D. Saudi Arabia

H. Afghanistan

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