Mathematics 2P0

MATH29641 2010-11

Who ?
2nd Year students, School of Electrical Engineering

Question: who in the room studies: 1. Electrical & Electronic Engineering? 2. Electronic Systems Engineering? 3. Mechatronic Engineering? 4. Communication Systems Engineering? 5. Computer Systems Engineering? 6. Other?

When and Where ?

Monday 4 pm (lectures, in Renold D7) Wednesday 12 noon (tutorials, week 2 onwards, alternating with 2Q1, in Renold F14)

What ?
Laplace Transforms (4 lectures) :- Definition, Transforms of Simple Functions, Inverse Transforms. Transforms of first and second derivatives. Solution of Ordinary differential equations by Laplace Transforms. Applications to RLC Circuits. Vector Calculus (7 lectures) :- Definition of div, grad and curl. Identities, examples, applications.

Contact: Dr Oliver Dorn Alan Turing, room 1.110 Tel 0161 306 3217 oliver.dorn@manchester.ac.uk Regular office hours: Wed 15:30-16:30, AT 1.110

Web-pages
www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/service/

www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/service/MATH2 Also can be entered through Blackboard.

Are there any Questions before we start ?

1. Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms
Four Lectures, Monday 4 pm, weeks 1-4 Tutorials on Wednesdays, 12 noon, weeks 2 and 4 Where to read more details? E Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wiley : Sect 5 (Laplace Transforms), KA Stroud, Engineering Mathematics, Palgrave : Programme 26 (Laplace Transforms) HELM Resources, Section 20

1.0 Background: Integral transforms

Integral transforms play an important role in Engineering Mathematics. They have the general form:

Tf ( s ) =

t2 t1

K (t , s ) f (t )dt

They transform functions of a specific type into functions of another type. Many Engineering problems can be solved easier by first applying suitable integral transforms, then solving the problem in the transformed form, and then transform the result back to the original problem.

1.0. Background: Integral transforms

Original problem

Difficult to solve

Solution of original problem

Backward integral transform

Integral transform

Problem in transformed form

Easier to solve

Solution of transformed problem

1.0. Background: Integral transforms

Examples for important integral transforms are: Fourier Transform Laplace Transform Hilbert Transform (and many more)

K (t , s ) = e ist /
K (t , s ) = e st

K (t , s ) =

1 1 s t

1.0. Background: Integral transforms

We will discuss in this module only the Laplace Transform, which has important applications in Electrical Engineering (the others have as well, but you will discuss them, if necessary, when their applications arise). We will in particular focus on its application to solving Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs).

1.0. Background: Integral transforms

Example: In the design of RLC circuits, certain ODEs appear which can be solved by the Laplace Transform technique. We will discuss some examples later.

1.0. Background: Integral transforms

So, the goal is to establish the following diagram:

Original problem: solve ODE Solve ODE directly:
often difficult ! Laplace transform Inverse Laplace transform

Solution of ODE

ODE in transformed form = ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM

Solve this easier algebraic problem

Solution of ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

Pierre-Simon Laplace 1749 1827 French mathematician.

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

So, how exactly is the Laplace Transform defined? For any function f(t), the Laplace Transform is defined as

f t = ( )

st

f (t ) dt

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

f ( t) =

st

f (t ) dt

As this is a definite integral between limits on t, the final result will NOT depend on t. It will, however depend on s. For this reason, [f(t)] is often written as f ( s )

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

Example 1.1.1
If f(t) = t, find the Laplace Transform

f ( t) =

[t ] = f ( s )

[t ] =

te dt

st

Well, in this case, this appears to be a simple integration. Do you remember how to do it ?

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

Example 1.1.2
If f (t ) = e , find the Laplace Transform
at

f t = ( )
Hence, for example with

[e ]

at

a = 4 , find

[e ] =
4t

e e dt

4 t st

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms : An Illustration

Consider the function f(t) = t e-st for different values of s (s = 1, 2, 5).

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

is given by the area under the curve for the appropriate value of s.

[ t] = 0 t e

st

dt

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

s = 1 : Largish area under curve

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

s = 2 : Smaller area under curve

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

s = 5 : Even smaller area under curve

1.1 Introduction to Laplace Transforms

The Laplace Transform (area under curve) depends on s. In fact, it is equal to 1/s 2

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

The direct integration approach of section 1.1 will give the Laplace Transform of many functions. Once carried out, these Laplace Transforms can be written in a table. Try to verify a few of them yourself (we will also try some in the Tutorials)! More: Maths formula Tables (page 13), HELM 20.2 (page 5)

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

Example 1.2.1
Use the tables to find i) ii)

t
4

[ sin 5t ]

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

Do we always have to calculate the Laplace transform of a function by integration? Note that the Laplace Transform is a linear process i.e.

[ f (t ) +
and

g (t ) ] = k

[ f (t )] + [ f (t )]

[ g (t ) ]

[ k f (t )] =

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

More generally

[ k1 f (t ) + k2 g (t )] =

k1

[ f (t )] + k2

[ g (t )]

These linearity properties can be used in the same way as for derivatives and integrals. They help us to calculate Laplace transforms for some of the more complicated expressions by just using the elementary components which we find in the standard Laplace transform tables and combining them linearly.

1.2 Laplace Transforms by Table

Example 1.2.2
Use the tables and linearity properties to find

4 e

5t

sin 3t + 7e

2t

Basic Trig/Hyp Polytrig Heavy Exptrig

Next Monday: Inverse Laplace Transform The Laplace Transform of Derivatives and Integrals Convolutions and the Laplace Transform