NAME Jeffrey Dixon 300174797 SECTION_L07_ DATE _9/26/12_ PARTNER(S) _______________ ____________________

LABORATORY REPORT CHM 1045 Experiment 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

INTRODUCTION Physical properties allow us to observe a substance without altering its chemical composition. A combination of these properties, such as melting point, solubility, color, and density, can be used to identify an unknown substance. While many substances may share one or two physical properties, specifically combine many of them and you will have a unique substance.

PURPOSE Use solubility, density, melting point, and boiling to identify an unknown substance. REAGENTS and MEDIA Water Cyclohexane Ethanol APPARATUS and MATERIAL Balance 250mL beaker Burner and hose Dropper 10mL pipet Test tube rack Ring stand with ring Two unknowns (one liquid, one solid) 15mL ethyl alcohol 1g naphthalene 5mL toluene 20mL cyclohexane 50mL beakers Wire gauze 2-hole stopper Graduated cylinder Large test tubes Small test tubes Thermometer

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1. Wear lab coat and safety glasses 2. Ensure robber hose is secure on Bunsen burner and on gas outlet PROCEDURE A. Solubility 1. Procure three clean, dry test tubes

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NAME Jeffrey Dixon 300174797 SECTION_L07_ DATE _9/26/12_ PARTNER(S) _______________ ____________________

LABORATORY REPORT CHM 1045 Experiment 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Add 2-3 mL of water, cyclohexane, and ethyl alcohol respectively into the test tubes. 3. Add a few crystals of naphthalene into each test tube. 4. Place a cork in each test tube and shake briefly. 5. Record observations on the report sheet as soluble (s), sp (sparingly soluble), or i (insoluble) 6. With 3 more clean, dry test tubes add the same solvents (water, cyclohexane, ethyl alcohol) 7. Add 4 or 5 drops of toluene into the test tubes instead of naphthalene. 8. Record observations on data sheet 9. Repeat this experiment with the same solvents (water, cyclohexane, ethyl alcohol) using solid unknown. Record your observations. 10. Repeat the experiment once more using liquid unknown. Record your observations. B. Density of a Solid 1. Weigh about 1.5g of solid unknown and record the weight to the nearest 0.001g. 2. Using a pipet, half fill a clean 10mL graduated cylinder with a solvent in which your solid unknown is insoluble. Record the volume to the nearest 0.1mL. 3. Add the solid to the graduated cylinder. Tap the sides to ensure the material settles to the bottom. 4. Record the volume to the nearest 0.1mL. 5. Calculate the difference using both volumes to determine the volume of the unknown solid. 6. Calculate the density of the solid and record to data sheet. C. Density of a Liquid 1. Weigh a clean 50mL Erlenmeyer flash to the nearest 0.0001g. 2. Obtain at least 15mL of the unknown liquid in a clean, dry test tube. 3. Using a 10mL pipet, add 10mL of the unknown liquid into the Erlenmeyer flash 4. Now weigh the flask to the nearest 0.0001g. 5. Use calibration value on pipet and weight of the liquid unknown, calculate the density and record to data sheet. D. Melting Point (for Solid Unknown) 1. Obtain a capillary tube and add a small amount of solid unknown. 2. Place the capillary tube into the heating apparatus. 3. Observe the solid until a drop of liquid shows. Record the temperature.
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NAME Jeffrey Dixon 300174797 SECTION_L07_ DATE _9/26/12_ PARTNER(S) _______________ ____________________

LABORATORY REPORT CHM 1045 Experiment 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

4. Allow solid to completely melt. Record the final temperature. E. Boiling Point (for Liquid Unknown) 1. Add 3mL of liquid unknown to a clean, dry test tube. 2. Fit the test tube with a rubber stopper that has one slit 3. Insert the thermometer into the slit and position it so that it barely touches the liquid unknown 4. Clamp the test tube to the ring stand 5. Half fill a 250mL beaker with water 6. Position the beaker over a Bunsen burner 7. Position the test tube so that it sits in the water 8. Heat the water gradually and watch for changes in temperature. 9. The temperature will be constant at the boiling point of the liquid unknown. 10. Record the observed boiling point and correct it to the true boiling point at room atmospheric pressure. F. Unknown Identification 1. Using Table 2.1, compare observed properties of the solid and liquid unknown with those in the table. 2. Identify both unknowns and record the results. PROCEDURE MODIFICATION The procedure was changed as depicted below: a. Used 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask instead of 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. OBSERVATION A. a. Napthalene was insoluble in water, forming a precipitate. Soluble in cyclohexane, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. b. Toluene was insoluble in water, soluble in cyclohexane, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. c. Liquid unknown was soluble in water, insoluble in cyclohexane, and soluble in ethanol. d. Solid unknown was insoluble in water, soluble in cyclohexane, and soluble in ethanol. B. a. Weighed solid to 1.48g b. Use pipet to draw 6.00 mL
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NAME Jeffrey Dixon 300174797 SECTION_L07_ DATE _9/26/12_ PARTNER(S) _______________ ____________________

LABORATORY REPORT CHM 1045 Experiment 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

c. Dropped the solid into the pipet d. Final volume recorded to 6.60 mL C. a. Density of unknown liquid is less than water. D. a. Crushed solid had crystalline shape. b. First drop begins to appear at 54.5C c. Solid completely melts at 53.9C.

E.

a. Unknown liquid starts to boil at 72C. DATA and ANALYSIS (with calculations, equations, graph) A. Solubility Water Cyclohexane Ethanol Napthalene I S Sp Toluene I S S Liquid Unknown S I S Solid Unknown I S S B. Density Solid Final volume of liquid in cylinder 6.60 mL Initial volume of liquid in cylinder 6.00 mL Volume of solid 0.60 mL Weight of solid 1.48 g Density 2.47 g/mL DISCUSSION (include reasons for possible errors) CONCLUSION

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NAME Jeffrey Dixon 300174797 SECTION_L07_ DATE _9/26/12_ PARTNER(S) _______________ ____________________

LABORATORY REPORT CHM 1045 Experiment 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Compound Name
Chemical Name: Chemical Formula: Synonym: Chemical Product

Hazards Identification First Aid Measures Eye Contact: Skin Contact: Inhalant: Ingestion: Fire and Explosive Data Flammability: Fire hazards in presence of various substances: Explosive Hazards in presence of various substances: Accidental Release Measures Small Spill: Personal Protection Safety glasses. Lab coat. Physical and Chemical properties Physical state and appearance: Odor: Color: Boiling Point: Melting Point: Critical Temperature: Solubility: National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.) Health: Flammability: Reactivity: Specific hazard:

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