MATH298:

MATHEMATICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Web: http://www.maths.liv.ac.uk/~vadim/M298 Lecturer: Prof. Vadim Biktashev (pronounced nearly as: big tah, chef!) Oce: 415A, Mathematical Sciences Building Phone: 794 4006 Email: vnb@liv.ac.uk Lectures: Mon 1012 Wed 0911 Oce hours: Mon 1314 Thu 1314

Recommended texts for Part A:

K. A. Stroud: Engineering Mathematics (McMillan) K. A. Stroud: Further Engineering Mathematics (McMillan) E. Kreyszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley, New York) Check http://www.livmathsbooks.co.uk/
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MATH298

Set 1

2008/01/21
Another system of linear algebraic equations: 2a + 3 b = 1 5a + 4 b = 1 Solution: a = 1, b = 1.

MATRICES
A system of linear algebraic equations: 2x + 3 y 5x + 4 y = 1 = 1

Solution: x = 1, y = 1.

Do we have to solve the second system if we know the solution to the rst? Both systems have: the same matrix of coecients: A = = the same augmented matrix A the same vector of solution Example (DIY) System of equations 5x 2y 3x + has matrices + z 4z = 0 = 7 5 2 1 0 3 0 4 7
2

2 5 2 3 5 4

3 4 1 1

and and

1 1

A=

5 2 1 3 0 4

= and A

Denition
An m n matrix is a rectangular table of numbers (variables, expressions . . . ) with m rows and n columns: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = 21 = [ajk ] = [a] . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn A column of matrix A: a12 a22 . am2 Example: Sales gures M T W Th 0 50 27 F S I II III of a week 47 96 78
3

A row of matrix A: am1 am2 . . . amn

40 33 81 0 12 78 10 0 0

21 47 50 96 43 78

for products I, II and III during 6 days is a 3x6 matrix: 40 33 81 0 21 0 12 78 50 50 A= 10 0 0 27 43

Shapes and sizes

Square matrices A square matrix: # of rows = # of columns: 1 2 3 A B 4 5 6 , x , C D 7 8 9 are square matrices of sizes 3 3, 2 2 and 1 1. A matrix is rectangular if it is not squre. Vectors A row vector is a matrix with only one row:

a=

a1 a2 . . . a n

e.g.

a=

5 3

1 2

A column vector is a matrix with only one column: b1 4 b2 b= e.g. b= 0 . . . 7 bm A scalar is a number, i.e. not a matrix neither a vector. But sometimes a matrix 1 1, like

c=
would be called a scalar too.

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4

Transposition
Vectors: Tr. converts rows to columns and vice versa: 5 T 1 a= 5 3 2 a = 3 4 b = 0 bT = 7

1 2

4 0 7

Matrices: If A is an m n matrix, then AT is an n m matrix so that every i-th column of AT is transposed i-th row of A: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = [ajk ] = 21 . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn a11 a21 a22 a AT = [ajk ] = 12 . . a1n a2n so ajk = akj . Example: 5 4 A = 8 0 1 0
T

. . . am1 . . . am2 ... . . . . amn

A=

5 8 1 4 0 0

Equality
Denition Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and corresponding elements are equal. Examples 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 11 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5

A=

B=

C=

0 .1 1 0 D = 3 10 0.5 1 0 0

By denition, A = B, A = C (since c22 = a22 ), and A = D (dierent sizes).

Addition
Deniton If two matrices A and B have the same size, then their sum A + B is obtained by adding corresponding entries. Example: DIY

A=

4 6 3 0 1 2

B=

5 1 0 3 1 0

A+B=

1 5 3 3 2 2
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NB: cant add matrices of dierent sizes!

Scalar multiplication of matrices

To multiply a matrix A [ajk ] by a scalar c, multiply each element by it: cA = [cajk ]. In particular: negative of a matrix is A (1)A, negative of a multiple is (k)A = kA, and dierence of two matrices is

A + (1)B A B.
Example: If 2.7 A= 0 9.0 3 10 A= 0 9 10

1.8 0 .9 4.5 2 1 , 5

then

and

2 .7 1. 8 0 .9 , A = 0 9 .0 4. 5 0 0 0A = 0 0 . 0 0

Example (DIY):

A=

4 6 3 0 1 2

then

2A =

8 12 6 0 2 4
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Some properties
If A, B . . . are matrices of the same size, 0 is a matrix of the same size with all elements zeros, and c is c, k are scalars, then

A + B = B + A. A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C, A + 0 = A, A A = 0,
(A + B)T = AT + BT .

c(A + B) = cA + cB, (c + k)A = cA + kA, c(kA) = (ck)A = ckA, 1A = A, (cA)T = cAT ,

(AT )T = A Example: Simplify the matrix expression 1 A + 2 AT 2 Solution: =A+2 1 2

T

AT

= A + (1)A = 0.
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