SENSATION AND PERCEPTION To represent the world in our hand, we must detect physical energy from the environment

and encode its as neural signals through a process known as sensation. We select, organize, and interpret our sensation through a process known as perception. After losing a temporal lobe, essential to recognizing faces, patient E.H. suffers from a condition called prosopagnosia.

A. CONDITION FOR SENSORY AWARENESS 1. The stimulation of a sensory receptor to have sensory experience. 2. The presents of receptor cells that are found in each sense organ. 3. The stimulation is then converted into electrochemical impulses thought known as transduction. B. THRESHOLDS Threshold divides the line between what energy can be detected or not. Absolute Threshold is the minimal amount energy that can produce a sensation. Difference Threshold tells about minimum difference in the magnitude of two stimuli present.

C. SIIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY

The signal detection theory cited several factors that determine whether people will perceive sensory stimuli or a difference between two signals.

D. SENSORY ADAPTATION Is the process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation is called sensitization. This process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation is referred to as desensitization.

E. THE SENSORY SYSTEMfrom 1. The vision- The eye and its Basic Structure The eye is the receptor organ of vision which is sensitive to light waves. Influences Three Physical Characteristics of light help determined our sensory experiences: a. Wavelength is the distances from one wave push to the next that determines its hue. b. Intensity is the amount of energy in the waves in which influences brightness. c. The extent, to which light contains only one wavelength, rather than many, determines our experiences of saturation. Light rays first pass through a transparent protective structure called Cornea and then enter the eye through the pupil, a round opening in which size varies with lighting conditions; the less light present, the wider in the pupil opening. There adjustments are executed by iris, the colored part of the eye, which is the circular muscle that contracts or expands to let the varying amount of light. After entering through the pupil, light rays pass through the lens, a clear structure in which shape adjust to permit us to focus objects at varying distances and are projected on retina at the back of eyeball. Visual Problems Problems in Visual Acuity 1. Visual acuity- is sharpness of vision or ability to discriminate usual details, which can be measured through a Snellen chart.

Nearsightedness or myopia- is a condition where a person is capable of seeing nearby objects with greater activity than objects. Farsightedness or Hyperopia Is condition where a person can see distant object with greater activity than nearby objects. 2. Presbyopia- is a condition characterized by bittleness of the lens which usually begins at about the age of 38 to 46. 3. Strabismus- is visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus the same point at the same time. 4. Astigmatisim- is visual disorder caused by abnormal curvature of the lens. 5. Color Blindness- is a condition in which person suffering from this are monochromats and sensitive to light- dark only. Partial color blindness is more common than total color blind and it is a sex-link trait that strikes mostly males.

THEORIES OF COLOR VISION 1. Trichromatic Theory holds that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red light, some to green, and others to blue. 2. Opponent-processes Theory- also holds that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not theorized to be red, green. The hearins- The ear and Its basic Structure The humans ear good for lots of things- catching dust, combining your hair around , hanging jewelry from and nibbling. Is shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby, transmits them to the middle Outer Ear and inner ears. Middle Ear- it functions as an amplifier- it increases the magnitude of the air pressure. Stirrup- is attached to another vibrating membrane, the oval window.

Inner Ear- the oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, bony tube called the cochlea. Organ of Corti- known as the command post of hearing is attached to the basilar membrane. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF SOUND

1. Pitch is determined by its frequency, or the number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit 2. Loudness is determined by the height or amplitude of sound waves. 3. The combination of pleasant tones is called Consonant sound while unpleasant combination will result to the discount sound.

AUDITORY PROBLEMS 1. Conduction deafness occurs because of damage to the structure of the middle ear to the eardrum or to the three bones that conduct and imply sound from the outer and inner ear. 2. Sensory neural deafness usually stems from damage to the structure to the inner, most often the loss of hair cells, which will regenerate. 3. Stimulation Deafness stems from exposure to very loud sounds. SMELL AND TASTE; THE CHEMICAL SENSES

Although smell and taste are separate senses, we will consider them together for two reasons. First, both respond to substances in solution- that is substances that have been dissolved in a fluid or gas usually water or air. Second, in everyday life, smell and taste are intimately related.

THE SKIN SENSES The skin which is the largest organ in our body discriminate five kinds of sensation: touch, pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

TOUCH AND PRESSURE

Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells appear in response to touching the surface of the skin.

TEMPERATURE The receptors for temperature are neurons just beneath the skin. Sensations of temperature are relative.

PAIN Pain is a signal that something is wrong in the body. Pain is adaptive in the sense that motivates us to something about.

KINESTHESIA, VISUAL AND ORGANIC SENSATION

Kenesthesia is the sense that gives us information about the location of our body parts and allows us to perform from a simple touching of nose to more complex movements such as dancing, driving, and gymnastics. Vestibular Sense gives us information about position, movement acceleration. and

Organic Sensation is found the visceral organs such as stomach, intestine, internal sex organs, lungs, throat, and heart.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY 1

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

SUBMITTED BY: ELMOR MAGONCIA Student SUBMITTED TO: AILLEN M. VERAS Professor
OCTOBER 2, 2012