Studying Alternatives and Traffic Solutions to Change an

Existing Three Legs Intersection to an Interchange

Ahmed Sabhi Abdul-Jabbar

Building and Construction Engineering Department, University of Technology/ Baghdad
Email:Ahmed_abdaljabbar@yahoo.com

Received on: 28/9/2011

&

Accepted on: 3/5/2012

ABSTRACT
Traffic congestion has become a phenomenon of the normal daily things to the
Iraqis in recent years. In the present study, three legs ground intersection of, modern
village in Alexandria / Babil province and a comprehensive study were made to
identify the level of service at the intersection in the base year (2011),
threealternatives have been proposed to ensure the work of the intersection in
acceptable level of service in the target year (after 25 years from now). The highway
capacity software (HCS-2000) was used in the assessment and indicators of
effectiveness for the intersection. Traffic analysis results showed that the intersection
level of service works is of type (F) at both years of the foundation and goal (2011,
2036). In the first alternative a Trumpet type interchange was suggested for the
direction coming from Karbala to Baghdad, and the level of service for the
intersection of this alternative ranges between (A) to (B) in the base year and ranging
from (B) and (C) in the target year. The second alternative includes the construction
of two-way over-pass on the main road between Baghdad and Hilla; the results of this
alternative are similar to the results of the first option alternative. The third proposal
has included the establishment of one-way over-pass from Baghdad to Hilla; the
remaining movements in the intersection were controlled by a traffic signal. After
analysis it was found that, the traffic level of service works the intersection of type
(C) in the target year delay time of (23.4 sec), which is considered an acceptable level
of serviceafter 25 years of theestablishment.
Keywords: traffic engineering, flyovers, (HCS) program.

.

/
( )
46

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) ( .
) (HCS-2000 .
) (F ) .(,

) (A) ( B
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.

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47

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

v
)Level Of Service-
.(LOS ) (HCS-2000 .
v
.
v

.
v )
(.

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48

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

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.

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:

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49

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

:
(Design
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.

.
) .(% :
=
)= (TFF
TFF

(1+r)n

:
=r = %
=n )( =
:
25

TFF
)= (1+0.03
) ( 2.09

=
.

) :(
--


Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
13
13
14
14
26
26
32
32
85
85
22
22
26
26
27
27

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
90
9
99
87
10
97
156
13
168
173
5
178
506
37
542
148
5
153
143
6
149
134
9
142

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
108
2
110
114
5
119
136
5
141
164
5
169
523
16
538
133
11
143
141
12
154
123
11
134

Time
Min.

Hr.

15
30
45
60

7:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45

8:00
A.M.

50

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Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
31
31
105
105
31
31
27
27
23
23
22
22
102
102
23
23
19
19
22
22
17
17
81
81
14
14
8
8
16
16
11
11
49
49
15
15
9
9
13
13
14
14
50
50
15
15
10
10
14
14
8
8
48
48
14
14
8
8
11
11
14
14
47
47
12
12
12
12
15
15
13
13
52
52
16
16
15
15
16
16
17
17
65
65
17
17
17
17
18
18

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
146
10
155
571
29
600
117
14
131
110
17
127
102
9
110
110
10
119
439
49
488
118
7
126
109
7
116
107
8
115
98
10
107
431
32
464
87
8
95
54
8
62
57
12
69
51
10
61
249
38
287
59
18
77
46
6
52
61
10
72
59
5
64
226
39
265
63
5
68
53
15
68
48
14
62
55
14
69
219
48
267
51
34
85
51
37
88
45
33
79
49
41
90
196
145
341
50
33
84
58
47
105
52
34
86
62
47
109
222
161
383
59
63
121
71
16
87
81
18
99
87
18
106
298
115
413
69
8
77
68
15
84
71
12
83

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
132
14
146
529
48
577
126
11
137
139
16
155
114
11
125
97
16
112
476
54
529
112
21
133
107
5
112
108
6
114
99
6
105
426
38
464
92
5
97
99
4
103
85
8
92
77
7
84
352
24
376
74
1
75
75
3
79
96
3
100
50
2
52
296
10
306
73
4
77
63
7
69
76
5
81
60
1
61
271
17
288
59
2
61
81
2
84
60
3
64
72
1
74
273
9
282
86
4
90
82
2
85
87
2
89
106
3
109
362
11
373
120
2
122
115
4
119
116
4
120
114
2
116
465
12
477
113
3
116
83
1
84
86
3
89

Time
Min.

Hr.

60
Sum
15
30
45
60

9:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

10:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

11:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

12:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

1:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

2:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

3:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

4:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45

5:00
A.M.

51

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Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
13
13
66
66
19
19
11
11
9
9
6
6
45
45
795

795
795

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
92
24
115
300
59
359
73
4
77
54
10
64
51
10
61
40
5
45
218
30
248
4656

783

3873

4656

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
69
2
72
352
10
361
77
2
79
58
2
60
48
1
49
46
1
47
229
6
235
4807

254

4553

4807

Time
Min.

Hr.

60
Sum
15
30
45
60

6:00
A.M.

Sum
Sub Total
Total of all
movements
Total for the
Approach

10258

) :(
--


Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
12
12
12
12
15
15
18
18
57
57
15
15
16
16
13
13
14
14
58
58
14
14
15
15
12
12
11
11
52
52
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
47
47
10
10
11
11

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
135
3
138
130
4
134
234
4
239
261
2
263
760
13
774
223
2
225
215
2
217
201
3
204
219
3
224
859
11
870
175
5
180
166
6
172
153
3
156
165
3
168
659
18
677
178
3
180
163
3
166
160
3
163
147
3
150
648
12
660
131
3
134
81
3
84

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
80
4
84
86
2
88
155
2
157
190
1
191
512
8
520
130
4
133
155
2
157
164
2
166
185
2
187
634
10
644
187
3
190
160
3
163
136
4
139
130
3
133
613
13
626
137
4
141
111
5
117
135
2
136
101
5
106
484
16
500
85
2
88
50
3
52

Time
Min.

Hr.

15
30
45
60

7:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

8:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

9:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60
15
30

10:00
A.M.
Sum
11:00
A.M.

52

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Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
9
9
8
8
39
39
8
8
8
8
11
11
6
6
32
32
8
8
7
7
8
8
7
7
30
30
6
6
9
9
7
7
8
8
30
30
9
9
9
9
10
10
12
12
40
40
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
51
51
12
12
9
9
9
9
8
8
39
39
8
8
6
6
5
5
5
5
25
25
499
499

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
86
4
90
76
4
80
374
14
388
89
6
95
69
2
72
92
4
96
89
2
91
339
14
353
94
2
96
80
5
85
72
5
77
83
5
88
329
17
347
58
11
69
58
12
70
52
11
63
55
14
69
223
48
271
57
11
68
66
16
81
59
11
70
70
16
86
252
54
306
67
21
88
81
5
86
92
6
98
99
6
106
339
38
378
79
3
82
78
5
83
81
4
85
104
8
112
342
20
362
83
1
84
61
3
65
58
3
61
46
2
47
247
10
257
5373
268
5642

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
95
5
101
66
4
70
296
14
310
88
6
94
54
3
57
79
6
85
82
8
90
303
23
326
92
5
96
63
5
68
81
2
84
51
3
54
286
15
301
81
4
85
49
3
52
65
2
66
85
3
88
281
11
291
75
2
77
74
4
78
87
2
89
78
5
83
315
12
327
98
4
102
93
3
96
96
2
99
105
2
107
392
11
403
104
1
105
104
1
105
106
1
107
80
3
83
394
5
400
113
2
115
67
1
68
56
0
56
35
1
36
271
5
276
4780
114
4925

499

5642

4925

Time
Min.

Hr.

45
60
Sum
15
30
45
60

12:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

1:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

2:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

3:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

4:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

5:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

6:00
A.M.

Sum
Sub Total
Total of all
movements

53

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Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
11066

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles

Time
Min.

Hr.

Total for the

Approach

) :(
--


Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
8
8
8
8
15
15
16
16
47
47
14
14
13
13
12
12
14
14
53
53
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
41
41
11
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
40
40
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
23
23
6
6
4
4
6
6
6
6
21
21
6
6
5
5

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
69
35
104
74
17
91
134
20
154
164
10
174
441
82
523
112
34
146
134
20
154
142
21
162
159
23
182
547
97
644
16
30
46
14
32
46
12
37
49
11
32
43
53
131
183
118
38
156
96
50
147
116
17
133
87
47
134
417
152
570
74
23
96
43
25
68
82
53
135
57
39
95
255
140
395
76
58
133
47
30
76
68
62
130
71
74
145
261
223
485
79
44
123
54
50
104

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
127
5
132
134
15
149
160
14
174
193
14
207
613
49
662
156
32
188
166
38
204
144
34
178
155
42
198
621
146
767
148
34
182
163
48
211
134
35
168
114
48
162
558
165
724
132
64
196
125
17
142
127
18
145
116
19
135
500
118
618
108
16
124
116
12
128
99
24
123
90
22
112
413
74
487
86
5
91
88
11
99
113
11
124
59
5
64
347
31
378
85
13
98
74
20
94

Time
Min.

Hr.

15
30
45
60

7:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

8:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

9:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

10:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

11:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60
15
30

12:00
A.M.
Sum
1:00
P.M.

54

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Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
5
5
5
5
20
20
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
18
18
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
21
21
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
28
28
6
6
6
6
7
7
9
9
28
28
7
7
5
5
5
5
4
4
20
20
362
362

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
70
23
93
44
27
71
247
144
391
70
34
104
43
29
71
56
16
72
74
27
101
242
106
348
6
19
25
6
36
42
8
18
26
7
45
52
27
118
145
85
35
120
80
24
105
83
23
106
91
23
113
338
105
444
89
8
97
89
11
100
92
5
97
69
25
95
340
50
389
97
19
116
58
11
69
48
3
51
30
13
42
233
45
278
3401
1394
4795

Private Heavy
Sum
cars
Vehicles
89
15
104
70
5
74
318
53
371
69
5
75
96
7
102
71
10
81
85
5
89
321
26
347
101
12
113
97
7
103
102
7
109
124
9
133
425
35
460
141
6
147
135
12
147
136
14
150
134
6
140
546
38
584
133
8
141
97
4
101
101
10
111
81
8
89
413
29
442
90
7
97
68
5
74
56
3
59
54
3
58
269
18
287
5343
783
6126

Time
Min.

Hr.

45
60
Sum
15
30
45
60

2:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

3:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

4:00
P.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

5:00
A.M.
Sum

15
30
45
60

6:00
A.M.

Sum
Sub Total

55

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:

:
)Highway Capacity Software-
(2000
)
)/(
)
(. ) () (
) (HCS-2000
) ( .
) (F
).(F

.

56

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.
) :( HCS-2000

Approach
Level
of
service

Delay
)(sec

26.7

290.4

220.7

169.1

Lane group

Ratios

Approach

Lane
group
Adjusted
Volume

Lane
group
capacity

988

T
R

Level
of
Service

Delay
)(sec

V/C

41.0

0.72

716

16.2

0.93

967

1034

320.1

1.58

667

421

259.5

1.45

641

443

94.5

1.8

852

474

0.0

0.55

716

1292

lane group

INTERSCTION

57

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) :( HCS-2000

Approach

Lane group

Level
of
service

Delay
)(sec

319.3

896.1

751.3

Ratios

Level of
Service

Delay
)(sec

V/C

Lane
group
Adjusted
Volume

Lane
group
capacity

294.4

1.55

1502

968

*T

337.7

1.74

2030

1165

**R

3.49

1502

401

***L

3.31

2030

407

1790

419

158

1502

1123

Approach lane group

INTERSCTION

(***) Left Movement

(*) Through Movement, (**) Right Movement,

: ):(Trumpet Interchange

).( )
(
) (Directional Ramp


) (Ramp
- ) (
58

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. ) ( ) (
) (Ramps
) .(Basic Freeway Section )(
) ( .
) (Ramps . ) (-
) Diverge Ramp from Karbala to
Directional Ramp from Diverge Ramp from Baghdad to Karbala Hilla
(loop Ramp from Hilla to Karbala Karbala to Baghdad
) (A) (B ) (B) (C
) (3.6m
.
) (-
) ( ) ( . ) (A
) ( ) (B ).(
:
:
.

) -
/( .

.
.
.
-

59

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.
.


.
. ) (A
) (B
) (B ) (C .
) :( HCS-2000

).(Ramps
Level of
Service
LOS
B
B

Speed
SR
Km/hr
76
75

7.2
7.9

75

1.0

76

6.7

Ramp Type & Direction

Density DR
)(pc/km/ln

No. of
lanes
1
1

Diverge Ramp from Karbala to Hilla

Diverge Ramp from Baghdad to
Karbala
Directional Ramp from Karbala to
Baghdad
loop Ramp from Hilla to Karbala

) :( HCS-2000

).(Ramps
Level of
Service LOS
C

Speed SR
Km/hr
74

Density DR
)(pc/km/ln
14.1

No. of
lanes
1

73

9.2

73

9.7

74

11.9

Ramp Type & Direction

Diverge Ramp from
Karbala to Hilla
Diverge Ramp from
Baghdad to Karbala
Directional Ramp from
Karbala to Baghdad
loop Ramp from Hilla to
Karbala

60

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) :( HCS-2000
)(Through
.
LOS

Density
)(pc/km/ln

Flow rate vp
)(pcphpl

No. of lanes

Basic freeway
section

A
A

4.0
3.7

361
355

2
2

From Baghdad
From Hilla

) :( HCS-2000
)(Through
.
LOS

Density
)(pc/km/ln

Flow rate vp
)(pcphpl

No. of lanes

Basic freeway
section

8.4

759

From Baghdad

7.8

704

From Hilla

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(Overpass
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. HCS-2000 :()
Lane
group
capacity

Lane
group
Adjusted
Volume

2017

L
T

Approach lane group

Ratios

Lane group

Approach

V/C

Delay
(sec)

Level of
Service

Delay
(sec)

Level
of
service

967

0.48

0.8

0.8

1556

667

0.43

11.2

B
15.0

844

641

0.76

18.9

1280

852

0.67

14.6

B
8.7

1292

716

0.55

1.7

A
8.9

INTERSCTION

HCS-2000 :()
.
Approach l
ane group

Lane
group
capacity

Lane
group
Adjusted
Volume

2017

1401

Ratios

Lane group

Approach

V/C

Delay
(sec)

Level
of
Service

Delay
(sec)

Level
of
service

2030

1.01

21.6

21.6

1400

1.0

50.9

46.0

R

L

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Approach
Level
of
service

Delay
)(sec

11.2

23.7

Lane group

Ratios

Approach l

Lane
group
Adjusted
Volume

Lane
group
capacity
760

L
R

Level
of
Service

Delay
)(sec

V/C

35.5

0.84

641

19.7

0.79

1790

2274

1.0

0.59

1502

2558

ane group

INTERSCTION

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References:
[1]Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) Metric
Units, National Research Council, Edition 2000
[2]Fred L. Mannering, Walter P. Kilareski, and Scott Washburn Principles of
Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
2005.
[3]A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green Book).
Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, 2004 4th Ed.

( )

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) /(

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2738

10:00 - 11:00 A.M.

11:00 - 12:00 A.M.

12:00 - 1:00 P.M.

1:00- 2:00 P.M.

2:00- 3:00 P.M

4:00- 5:00 P.M

3:00- 4:00 P.M

5:00- 6:00P.M.

9:00 - 10:00 A.M.

8:00 - 9:00 A.M.
7:00 - 8:00 A.M.
6:00 - 7:00 A.M.

) :( //

2737

10:00 - 11:00 A.M.

9:00 - 10:00 A.M.
8:00 - 9:00 A.M.
7:00 - 8:00 A.M.

11:00 - 12:00 A.M.

12:00 - 1:00 P.M.

1:00- 2:00 P.M.

2:00- 3:00 P.M

3:00- 4:00 P.M

4:00- 5:00 P.M

5:00- 6:00P.M.

) /(

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

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5000
) /(

4000

4102

3000

2000

1000
11:00 -

12:00 - 1:00

2:00- 3:00

3:00- 4:00

4:00- 5:00

5:00-

1:00- 2:00

6:00-

10:00 -
9:00 - 10:00
8:00 - 9:00
7:00 - 8:00

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