Eia Indonesien Ammonium PDF

Head Office: Gedung Sentral Senayan Lt. 4, Jl. Asia Afrika VIII No.
8 Jakarta Selatan
CONSEPT For Presentation Purposes submitted to EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province
BOOKI
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

AMMONIUMNITRATEFACTORY PTKALTIMNITRATEINDONESIA
IN THE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE OF PT KALTIM INDUSTRIAL ESTATE BONTANG CITY, EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
SEPTEMBER 2007
Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI
FOREWORD
PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (KNI) will construct and operate Ammonium Nitrate Factory located in Industrial Estate of PT. Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE), Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province. The factory core production is designed to produce Ammonium Nitrate in the capacity of 300,000 tones / year AN, that will be used as commercial explosive raw materials, 90% of which will be marketed in country. The main raw materials to produce Ammonium nitrate are Ammonia and Nitric acid. Ammonia will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while Nitric acid will be supplied directly by its producer. The permit construction of Ammonium Nitrate Factory was issued by the Capital Investment Coordination Body Number 473/III/PMA/2007 dated on 11 April 2007. Based on the Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 Article 4 section (1) and (2) regarding Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the petrochemical industry located in the area that has been equipped by EIA document (in this case is the SEL document of Industrial Estate of PT Pupuk Kaltim) is not compulsory to carry out the EIA, however, such industry is compulsory to manage environmental impact and to conserve environmental function and these have to be declared in Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents. The environmental parameters that have to be managed and monitored are determined based on the significant impact recommended by Environmental Impact Analysis. The Environmental Impact Analysis Document of Ammonium Nitrate Factory is composed by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia in collaboration with Environmental Research Centre, Research Institute of Diponegoro University. I express my sincere gratitude to any other parties who have landed their hands in arranging this document. Jakarta, September 2007 PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia,
Ir. Antung Pandoyo Managing Director
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (KNI) is one of private national company in the field of explosive raw material, plans to construct and operate Ammonium nitrate Factory located in the industrial estate of PT. Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE), Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province. The Ammonium nitrate Factory of PT KNI is designed to produce Ammonium nitrate as a core production in the capacity of 300,000 tones / year AN, which will be used as commercial explosive raw materials. Ninety percents of the production will be marketed in country especially to fulfil the needs of blasting materials used in mining. The main raw materials in Ammonium nitrate productions are Ammonia and Nitric acid. Ammonia will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while Nitric acid will be supplied directly by its producer. The permit construction of Ammonium nitrate Factory was issued by the Capital Investment Coordination Body Number 473/III/PMA/2007 dated on 11 April 2007. PT KNI as the proponent will arrange Environmental Impact Analysis, in which environmental management and monitoring recommendations will be
incorporated in the documents of Environmental Management Plans (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plans (RPL). The RKL and RPL documents will be presented to EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province to gain living environmental feasibility brief decision from the Governor of East Kalimantan Province as the holder competency stated on the Decree of the Ministry of Environment Number 40 Year 2000, Article 1 section (5). PT KNI as the national private company located in the industrial estate of PT KIE, in its activity plans, will apply environmental concept of company policy in order to comply with the environmental regulations as well as to anticipate any possible emerging impacts, i.e. by carrying out environmental impact assessment, the negative impacts that are possibly occurred can be reduced.
Chapter I: Introduction
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1.2. THE AIMS AND THE ADVANTAGES The arrangement of Environmental Impact Analysis which its recommendations will be incorporated in the documents of RKL-RPL is aimed: 1. To identify the environmental changes from its initial condition and impact occurred due to construction and operation activities of Ammonium Nitrate Factory, 2. To cope and to manage the negative impacts inside and in the surrounding ambient environment of Ammonium Nitrate Factory, 3. To enhance positive impacts inside and in the surrounding ambient environment of Ammonium Nitrate Factory, 4. To fulfil the initiator obligatory and responsibility in the field of environmental management in supporting government economic programme and national industrial development. The advantages of Environmental Impact Analysis are: 1. For the Proponent a) To understand and to develop the applied environmental management resulted from the studies in order to warrant preservation function, b) To extend Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI technical times, c) As an environmental management proof tool in the occurring complains related to activities impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI. 2. For the Government a) To know the environmental changes occurred in the project site of Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI activities and its surrounding, especially the negative impact caused by the activities, b) As a consideration in regional and national development decision as well as policy, especially the environmental management and monitoring in the surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT. KNI. 3. For the community a) To understand the environmental changes that will occur in their area, especially for those living in impacted area caused by the activities of Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI. Chapter I: Introduction I- 2
b) As a substance of communitys consideration in order to participate in environmental management and monitoring activities. 1.3. REGULATIONS 1.3.1. BASIC REGULATIONS OF CONDUCTING EIA Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI construction plan can cause significant to the environment. Referring to Article 15 Section (1) and Article 18 Section (1) of the Statute Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental Management stated that in order to get activity permission, every activity plan potentially causing significant impact to the environment is compulsory to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment. Based on Article 2 of Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on Environmental Impact Assessment, the Environmental Impact Assessment arranged by the proponent is a part of feasibility studies, which results will be used as a substance in regional development plan. The construction of Ammonium Nitrate Factory that is compulsory to be completed with Environmental Impact Assessment is referring to the criteria stated on the Appendix (Point 3, Section G of Industry Section) of the Decree of the State Minister on Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 Year 2006 on the Types of Effort Plan and/or Activity subjected to be completed with Environmental Impact Assessment. Stated on the decree that for all petrochemical upper industry is compulsory to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Particular scientific reason that petrochemical upper industry is necessity to conduct the EIA is due to the activity is common in emerging impact. This because the activity is: 1) Using quite large area, 2) Requiring a large amount of water, 3) Requiring a large amount of energy, 4) Requiring a large number of workers, 5) Potential in generating wastes: gases (SO2 and NOx), dust (SiO2), waste waters (TSS, BOD, COD, NH4Cl) as well as toxic and hazardous catalyst wastes. Chapter I: Introduction I- 3
This environmental impact study arrangement is expected to give advantages to the surrounding communities, proponent, government and the environment. Basic considerations used in this EIA Study are: First, the various aspects of the activity plan and the various environmental factors thus there must be a guide for activities component as well as environmental components that have to be assessed. Second, the limiting factors of resources such as time, budget, personnel and method hence there must be affirmation on how to match the aims and the expected results in the limited resources without decreasing the quality of the study. Third, efficiency factor related to data and information collected for arranging document purposes so that data and information collection has to be limited on factors directly related to the study needs. The parties involved in arranging this Environmental Impact Assessment document i.e. proponent (PT KNI), industrial estate management (PT KIE), specific harbour and industrial complex management (PT PKT), responsibility institutions (Regional Environmental Impact Management Board of East
Kalimantan Province, and Environment Office of Bontang City), communities living in the surrounding factory site (Guntung and Loktuan villages) and the document arranger (PPLH UNDIP).
In arranging the document, started from the beginning, experts and affected communities have been involved; community including NGOs consultation in Guntung and Loktuan Villages has also been conducted. The EIA results are beneficial for both decision makers and planners to determine environmental management/monitoring alternatives. The document clearly and distinctly reflects environmental concept as indicated through: 1. The accommodation of involved parties (stakeholders) aspirations related to factors which are considered important to be assessed, 2. The existence of analysis and evaluation of alternative activity plans that are technically, economically, and ecologically reasonable to prevent the emerging larger negative impacts,
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3. Awareness on environmental characteristics potentially changed from their initial condition, such as the classification of environmental component that its functions will be prevented, maintained, and preserved; as well as environmental components that will be fundamentally changed. 4. Understanding on interrelatedness and interdependency in the ecosystem of Bontang City coastal area. Following is the document arrangement flow diagram: Data and information collection on activity plan and the initial condition of the environment
Projection on the change of the initial condition of the environment caused by activity plan Recommendation for the decision maker, planner and environmental manager: 1) Activity Alternatives 2) Environmental Management Plan 3) Environmental Monitoring Plan
1.3.2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES 1) Environmental Evaluation Study (SEL) of Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim approved by EIA Commission of Industrial Department through the Approval Letter Number of 189/SJ/III/1992 dated on 28 March 1992. The study has been arranged based on the Stipulate Number 4 Year 1982 on Basic Environmental Management and Government Regulation Number 29 Year 1986 on the EIA. 2) Following the SEL of Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim was the arrangement of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan documents (RKL RPL) of Industrial Estate of PT Kaltim Industrial Estate, approved by the Ministry of Industrial Affair through the Approval Letter Number of 926/M/10/1993 dated on 20 October 1993.
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3)
In accordance with the issuing Government Regulation Number 51 Year 1993 on the EIA which has annulled Government Regulation Number 29 Year 1986, the RKL-RPL of Industrial Estate of PT. KIE is used as the bases in arranging environmental impact assessment documents of the existing factories operation activities as well as the factories that will be located in the industrial estate of PT. KIE.
4)
In accordance with the reformation requirements, environmental regulations have been renewed by the issuing Stipulate Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental Management and the issuing Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on Environmental Impact Assessment.
5)
No clauses, in Stipulate Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental Management and Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on EIA, mention any statements about the annulations of the environmental documents which the studies have been carried out based on former regulations (Stipulate Number 4 Year 1982 on Basic Environmental Management and Government Regulation Number 29 Year 1986 on the EIA junction Government Regulation Number 51 Year 1993 on EIA), and therefore the SEL document of Industrial Complex of PT Pupuk Kaltim as well as RKL-RPL documents of Industrial Estate of PT KIE approved by Industrial Affair Departments EIA Commission are still valid.
6) In accordance with reformation requirements, Environmental Regulations have been synchronized with the Stipulation Number 22 Year 1999 on Regional Government junction Stipulation Number 32 Year 2004 on Regional Government. Stated in its clause that a part of the environmental matters is decentralized to the regional government. Referring to Article 1 section (5) of Decree of the State Minister of Environment Number 40 Year 2000 on a Guide of EIA Commission Organization, the environmental documents of petrochemical upper industry are evaluated in Provincial EIA Commission. Therefore, the environmental documents of Industrial Estate of PT KIE are evaluated by EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province.
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7)
Referring to Article 4 Section (2) of Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on EIA, the petrochemical industry located in the industrial estate that has been already equipped by EIA document (in this case the SEL document of Industrial Complex of PT Pupuk Kaltim) is not subjected to carry out the EIA, however, it is still compulsory to carry out environmental impact management and environmental function preservation suitable with industrial estate RKL-RPL (in this case RKL-RPL which is arranged based on Stipulate Number 4 Year 1982 on Basic Environmental Management, Government Regulation Number 29 Year 1986 on EIA and Government Regulation Number 51 Year 1993 on EIA)
8)
Based on Article 15 section (1) and Article 18 Section (1) of Stipulate Number 27 Year 1999 on EIA, and Appendix 1 (Point 3 Petrochemical upper industry, Section G of Industry Section) of the Decree of the State Minister on Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 Year 2006, the factory activities located in Industrial estate of PT KIE and Industrial Complex of PT Pupuk Kaltim are categorized as can emerge magnitude and significant impact. Therefore, the factory activities have to be completed with environmental management and monitoring in the form of RKL and RPL documents (not UKL and UPL documents).
9)
PT. KNI as the proponent of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction will carry out environmental study in which the environmental management and monitoring recommendation will be incorporated in the documents of Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI located in the industrial estate of PT KIE, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province.
1.3.3. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO ACTIVITY PLAN Statutes and regulations related to effort plan and/or activities including their reasoning short explanation are presented on Table 1.1.
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Table 1.1. Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan NO. NUMBER, YEAR ON REASONING OF USE
A. STATUTES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Number 5 Year 1960 Number 5 Year 1984 Number 5 Year 1990 Number 14 Year 1992 Number 21 Year 1992 Number 5 Year 1994 Number 6 Year 1996 Number 23 Year 1997 Number 7 Year 2004 Number 25 Year 2007 Number 26 Year 2007 Basic Regulation of Agrarian Principles Industrial Affairs Natural Resources Conservation and Their Ecosystems Transportation and Street Carriage Shipping Validation of UNO Convention on Bio Diversity Indonesian Seawaters Environmental Management Water Resources Management Foreign Investment Spatial Use Related to land exemption process and law affirmation of land ownership and land use. Production process activities of Ammonium nitrate factory are industrial sector activities. Production process and production shipping in the harbour are potential to disturb natural resources and their ecosystems Parts of materials and equipments transportation activities use street transportation mode. Materials, equipments, aiding materials, and the production transportation activities use seawater transportation mode. Production process and shipping activity are potential to disturb biodiversity. Part of the activities uses seawater space. All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impacts and therefore in order to get activity permit the activities are subjected to carry out the EIA. Production process needs masses of waters taken from surface water and /or ground water. Infestation status of PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia is foreign investment Related to the suitability of activity plan location with spatial use.
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Table 1.1. Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan (Continuation) NO. NUMBER, YEAR ON REASONING OF USE
B. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Number 27 Year 1980 Number 41 Year 1993 Number 43 Year 1993 Number 7 Year 1999 Number 18 Year 1999 Number 27 Year 1999 Number 41 Year 1999 Number 82 Year 1999 Number 69 Year 2001 Digging material management Street carriage Street transportation infrastructure Biota Species conservation Pollution Control and / or Seawater Destruction Environmental Impact Assessment Air Pollution Control Shipping Harbour Affairs Soil used for factory land preparation is classified as digging material C category. Part of transportation activities uses street transportation mode. Part of transportation activities uses street transportation mode. Activities plan is potential to disturb endangered biota species. Activities plan is potential to cause pollution impact and or seawater destruction. All the activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact; therefore it is subjected to carry out the EIA. Digging activity and production process are potential to decrease air quality. Part of the transportation activities uses seawater transportation mode. Equipment, material, aiding material, and product transportation activities use seawater transportation mode, meanwhile the pier site is located in specific Harbour of PT. Pupuk Kaltim. Soil digging activity used for factory land preparation is categorized as mining sector activity. The activities impact is potential to decrease water quality. Land used for the activity is potential to change original land use.
10. 11. 12.
Number 75 Year 2001 jo Number 32 Year 1969 Number 82 Year 2001 Number 16 Year 2004
The conduction of Stipulate Number 11 Year 1967 on Basic Criteria of Mining Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. Land use
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C. DECREE OF PRESIDENT OF INDONESIA 1. Number 32 Year 1990 Management of conservation area Factory location in industrial estate of PT. KIE is bordered with Kutai National Park. Seashore reclamation activity as factory land preparation is potential to change shore border. Equipment, material, aiding material, and product transportation activities use seawater transportation mode, meanwhile the pier site is located in specific Harbour of PT. Pupuk Kaltim.
2.
Number 46 Year 1986
Validation of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 Industrial Estate
3.
Number 41 Year 1996
The factory is located in industrial Estate of PT KIE
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D. REGULATIONS OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT 1. 2. Number 08 Year 2006 Number 11 Year 2006 Guide for Environmental Impact Assessment Types of Effort Plan and/or Activity subjected to be completed with Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental damage criteria for effort and/or Quarry Activity of C Category Digging Material. Noise Standard Vibration Standard Air Pollution Standard Index Emission Standard of Immobile Source Guide for EIA Evaluator Commission Order Domestic wastewaters Standard. Guide for Monitoring of Conducting RKL and RPL Needed as basic format for document arrangement of environmental assessment, RKL, and RPL. Needed as assessment screening base.
E. DECREE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT 1. Kep-43/MENLH/10/1996 Soil used for factory land preparation is classified as digging material C category. Factory operation activities are potential to cause noise. Factory operation activities are potential to cause vibration. Factory operation activities are potential to cause impact on air quality. Factory operation activities are potential to cause impact on air quality. Needed to screen document evaluation competency. Factory operation activities are potential to generate domestic wastes. All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact and need environment management and monitoring; therefore it needs guide for monitoring of conducting RKL and RPL.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996 Kep-49/MENLH/11/1996 Kep-45/MENLH/10/ 1997 Kep-13/MENLH/3/1998 Number 40 Year 2000 Number 112 Year 2003 Number 45 Year 2005
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Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan (Continuation) NO. NUMBER, YEAR ON REASONING OF USE
F. DECREE OF MINISTER OF TRANPORTATION 1. 2. 3. Number 14 year 2002 Number 55 Year 2000 Number KP 265 Year 2002 Activities and Efforts of Material Loading and Unloading to/from Ship. Specific Harbour Management Operation Permit of PT. Pupuk Kaltim to Operate Pier VII of Specific Harbour of Fertilizer Industry. Drinking Water Quality Criteria Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode. Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode in specific harbour of PT.PKT. Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode in specific harbour of PT.PKT (especially in Pier VII Tursina). Clean and healthy drinking water availability is communitys need living in the surrounding activity plan location. All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact; therefore it needs criteria of significant impact scale. The activity is potential to cause impact on social component; therefore it needs technical guide for social aspect assessment. The activity is potential to cause impact on health; therefore it needs technical guide for community health aspect assessment. The activity is potential to cause magnitude and significant impact on physicchemistry, biology and social environment; therefore it needs guide for community participation and open information in relation to community empowering.
G. DECREE OF MINISTER OF HEALTH 1. Number 907 Year 2002
H. DECREE OF HEAD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BOARD 1. 2. 3. 4. Number 056 Year 1994 Number 299 Year 1995 Number 124 Year 1997 Number 08 Year 2000 Guide for Significant Impact Scale Technical Guide for Social Aspect Assessment in EIA Arrangement. Guide for Community Health Aspect Assessment in EIA Arrangement. Guide for Community Participation and Open Information in EIA Process
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I. REGIONAL REGULATIONS OF EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE 1. 2. Number 339 Year 1988 Number 197 Year 1994 Environmental Standard in East Kalimantan Province Determination of Samarinda Health Laboratory Office (Balai Lab Kesehatan Samarinda) and Samarinda Industrial Research and Development Office (Balai Litbang Industri Samarinda) as Laboratories for environmental quality analysis in East Kalimantan Province. Wastewater Standard for Industrial Activity and Other Efforts in East Kalimantan Province Guide for Community Complaining and Environmental Cases Handling in East Kalimantan Province Activity Plan is potential to generate waste causing pollution in the environment; therefore it needs environmental standard as a reference. Samples are analyzed in Baristan Indag laboratory (used to be Balai Litbang Industri) Samarinda.
3.
Number 26 Year 2002
The activities are potential to generate wastewaters; therefore it needs basic regulation of East Kalimantan wastewater standard as a reference. The activities are potential to emerge magnitude and significant impact to social component of the environment; therefore it needs guide regulation for community complaining related to environmental pollution.
4.
Number 40 Year 2002
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J. REGIONAL REGULATIONS OF BONTANG CITY 1. Number 15 Year 2001 Changed status from village Desa to Village Kelurahan, and forming, annulling, village assemblage Basic guidelines of Bontang City Regional Development Year 2001-2005 Bontang City Regional Development Programme Year 2001-2005 Strategic Regional Planning of Bontang City Year 2001-2005 Spatial planning of Bontang City Area Conserved Forest Management of Bontang City Mangrove Forest Management of Bontang City Guntung and Loktuan Villages (Kelurahan) where the project site is located, the villages status used to be desa. It is expected that the activity can support Basic guidelines of Bontang City Regional Development. It is expected that the activity can support Bontang City Regional Development Programme. It is expected that the activity can support strategic regional planning of Bontang City. It is expected that the activity is suitable with Bontang City spatial planning. It is expected that the activity can support conserved forest management of Bontang City. It is expected that the activity can support mangrove forest management of Bontang City.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Number 20 Year 2002 Number 21 Year 2002 Number 22 Year 2002 Number 3 Year 2003 Number 6 Year 2003 Number 7 Year 2003
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Figure 1.1. Map of Bontang City
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CHAPTER II METHOD OF STUDY

2.1. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES Data collection and analyses of environmental component diversity are carried out for: a. Assessing, observing, and determining initial condition of the environment which is predicted will be affected by magnitude and significant impact of activity plan; b. Assessing and observing activity plan component which is predicted will be impacted by its surrounding environment; c. Predicting environmental quality which is affected by activity plan based on data calculation of environmental initial condition parameter. Data are collected from activity plan site including several locations in the surrounding site that are predicted to be impacted. Through these collecting data, environmental initial condition that is predicted will be impacted, can be observed; therefore impact magnitude in the study area can be calculated. Primary data collection conducted in the beginning of study, is used for the environmental initial condition arrangement, and served as basic data for impact prediction and evaluation purposes. Primary data are collected in situ. Determination of sampling sites is based on project site location and impact dispersion, along with study area border and laboratory analyses purposes for air, water, soil and noise. Land morphology and erosion indication data are collected through visual inventory.
Chapter II : Method of Study
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2.1.1. GEO-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT Several environmental component and parameter of geo-physics-chemistry components are presented on Table 2.1. Table 2.1. Several Geo-physics-chemistry Components Being Studied
No. 1. Environmental Component Climate 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parameter Rain fall Air temperature Humidity Wind (direction and velocity) SO2 NO2 Total dust particle (TSP) CO Hydrocarbon Type of Data Secondary
2.
Air quality
Primary and secondary Primary and secondary Primary and secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary
3.
Noise Physiographic
Noise level 1. Slope 2. Height differences 3. Land use 1. Stone type 2. Position and dispersion 3. Stone physical characteristics 1. Fault 2. Joint 3. Fold Sliding 1. Temperature 2. TSS 3. DO 4. BOD 5. Free Chlorine 6. Bounded Chlorine 7. Grease 8. Heavy metal 1. Tidal rise and fall 2. Stream (direction and velocity) 3. Waves 4. Depth Spatial planning
4. Geology structure
5.
Water quality
Primary and secondary
6. 7.
Oceanography Space and Land
Primary and secondary Secondary
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2.1.1.1. Climate Observed climate data including rain fall, temperature and air humidity, are gained from the closest meteorology station or from PT Pupuk Kaltim Observatory Station in the form of secondary data. Such data are taken from the period of minimum 10-year-rain fall. Climate component data then are selected and grouped statistically and presented in tabulation or graphic figure, in order climate pattern in the study area easier to determine. Data are calculated as maximum and minimum averages. a) Climate Type Local climate type is determined based on climate classification of Schmidt and Fergusson by comparing the mean of dry months to the mean of wet months known as Q (Quotient) value: Q = K x 100% B
Explanation: K = mean of dry months, i.e. rainfall < 60 mm. B = mean of wet months, i.e. rainfall > 100 mm.
b) Air Temperature Air temperature data are collected from the closest meteorology station, and also measured directly in several locations. c) Rain Fall Rain fall indicates the amount of rain in certain area which is measured in millimeter unit. Rain fall data are collected from the closest meteorology station. d) Humidity Humidity data are collected as secondary data. Direct measurement is also conducted by using circular pycrometer along with dry and wet ball thermometers. Air humidity is defined as relative humidity, derives from Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
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Table 2.2. Scale Criteria of Climate Quality

Parameter 1 1 >6 A >35 / <5 >3000 <40 / >100 2 1-2 4-6 A-B 30-35 / 5-10 2000 3000 41-45/ 85-99 Value and range *) 3 4 2-4 4-6 2-4 1-2 B-C C-D 27-30/ 10-15 15-20 1000 2000 500 1000 46-50/80-84 51-55/75-79 5 >6 0 D 20 27 <500 56 74
Number of dry months Number of wet months Rainfall type Air temperature (0C) Rainfall (mm/year) Humidity (%) Source: Chafid Fandeli, 1995 *) Value criteria: 1=very bad; 2=bad; 3=satisfactory; 4=good; 5=very good
2.1.1.2. Air Quality Air pollution is defined as the occurring contaminants in certain concentration and specific time in open space; thus it can disturb or potential to harm human health/life, organism, and plants, including abiotic material and can affect human convenient. Pollution materials are emitted from their sources to the air, and distributed in the atmosphere through dispersion, diffusion, chemical transformation and complex dilution processes. Pollution materials, as they are influenced by atmospheric movement and dynamics, can be transported from their original sites to other areas along with wind direction and velocity. Observing ambient air quality parameters are referred to Decree of Governor of East Kalimantan on Ambient Air Standard in East Kalimantan Province. Parameters analyzed include Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon/methane (CH4) and Total Dust Particle (TSP). Air samples are taken by Multiple Impingers. Dust particles (TSP) are collected by Dust Sampler or Hi-Volt. Ambient air quality measured in several locations is presented on Table 2.3. Sampling locations are determined based on impact sources, wind direction and velocity, as well as community settlement.
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Table 2.3. Sampling Location of Air Quality

Location code U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 Sampling Location Land using Loktuan Settlement Camp Tursina Settlement Industrial Estate Project Site Position longitude Latitude 553337 553240 553817 553960 19242 19398 19410 19461 Reason of Choosing Location Represent Settlement Represent Settlement Represent Industrial estate Represent Project site
Air quality data are analyzed by comparing their laboratory results to ambient air standard recommended by East Kalimantan Governor as mentioned in its decree. Data collection, sample analyses, and air quality standard are presented on Table 2.4. Table 2.4. Collecting Method and Sample Analyses of Air Quality
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Environment al Parameter SO2 NO2 CO Dust particle Hydrocarbon Standard 365 gr/Nm3 150 gr/Nm3 15.000 gr/m3 230 gr/m3 Used Equipment Gas Sampler Gas Sampler NDIR Analyzer High volume sampler HC Analyzer Sampling time 24 hours 24 hours a moment 24 hours 24 hours Sample analyses method Pararosanilin Saltzman NDIR Gravimetric References Decree of East Kalimantan Governor
2.1.1.3. Noise Noise is unwanted sound coming from an activity or effort in certain level and time which can disturb human health and the environment. Noise can disturb conversation, convenience, and hearing ability. Noise besides can risk human health and the environment, it can also risk other organisms including livestock, wild animals, and natural system. All human gadgets are potential to cause noise. To human, noise can cause acoustic trauma, permanent increasing hearing level as well as short memory disturbance, emotion, conversation, and sleeping annoyance. Noise level that physically and psychologically hazards, is in the intensity of > 100 dBA. Noise main source in Ammonium nitrate factory, is coming from heavy duty equipment operation that can impact project site environment and its surroundings. Noise is directly measured in the location using Sound Level Meter. Determination of measuring location is based on impact sources, wind direction and velocity, as well as community settlement.
Chapter II : Method of Study II - 5
Table 2.5. Sampling Location of Noise

Location Code B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 Sampling Location Land Using Project site Loktuan settlement Camp Tursina settlement Industrial estate Quarry site Position Longitude Altitude 553960 553337 553240 553817 552793 19461 19242 19398 19410 19504 Reason of Choosing Location Represent project site Represent settlement Represent settlement Represent industrial estate Represent Quarry
Noise level is calculated through noise level equivalency model that is the mean of pressure level in particular time period. Mathematic model is presented in the following equation:
Li n Lek = 10 log fi .10 10 dBA i =1
Explanation:
Lek fi Li = = = Equivalent noise level (dBA) Faction of noise level occurring in particular time interval Median of noise levels in particular time interval (dBA)
Day and night settlement noise level is calculated through noise level equivalency model. Noise is measured in the period of 24 hours, i.e. night interval (22.00 06.00) and day interval (06.00 22.00). Mathematic model is presented in the following equation:
Lek = 10 log 124

Explanation:
Lsm Lek = =
( ) 10
16 i =1
( Lek )i
10
+ 10
j =1
(( Lek ) j +10)
10
dBA
Day and night noise level (dBA) Equivalent noise level (dBA)
Mapping of noise level in this environmental impact study is done by two measuring methods, i.e. noise level measurement for environmental evaluation purposes is done by calculating LSM value, and mean of noise level measurement for factory area purposes is done by calculating Lek value. Noise level measurement for environmental purposes is prepared simply, using sound level meter, and then referred to KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996. Sound pressure level dB(A) is measured in 5 minutes for each measurement, and reading time in 5 seconds.
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Measuring time is done in the period of 24 hours (LSM). Day time is measured in 16 hours (LS) from 06.00 to 22.00 in peak activities, while night activities is measured in 8 hours (LM) from 22.00 to 06.00. Each measurement is representing particular period times as follows:
L1 represents times of 06.00 09.00 WIB L2 represents times of 09.00 14.00 WIB L3 represents times of 14.00 17.00 WIB L4 represents times of 17.00 22.00 WIB L5 represents times of 22.00 24.00 WIB L6 represents times of 24.00 03.00 WIB L7 represents times of 03.00 06.00 WIB
Results of noise level measurements are compared to environmental noise standard stated in decree of Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996. According to the decree, settlement area noise level standard is 55 dB, while industrial area is 70 dB. 2.1.1.4. Physiography and Geology Physiography is defined as a knowledge that study on genesis and evolution of land form including not only earth surface and geology but also climate, meteorology and oceanography, as well as general natural phenomena (Natural Resources Survey, Bakosurtanal, 1999). Physiography study in EIA is aimed to observe land condition regionally and then directing to the study area to observe its terrain. Land is earth surface area, and characterized as relatively stable. This area is a part or a complement of biosphere, in which includes starting from atmosphere, geomorphology, soil and geology, hydrology, flora and fauna population, and human activity results from the ancient up to now, until to the border of where such complement has significant influences on recently and future land use (FAO, 1976). Terrain is earth surface area which is related to physical characteristics of complex surface and near surface, and is important to human (Zuidam, 1979). Physiography data are using secondary information referred to van Bemmelen (1948).
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Geology is a study of planet of the earth especially on its material components, process and process results, history, and living forms starting from the beginning of the earth formation (Bates and Jackson, 1987). Materials composing the earth body are: mineral, rocks, soil, Natural process occurred in the earth, Exogenic: rock decay, erosion, sedimentation and mass movement, Endogenic: diastrophism, epeirogenesis, orogenesis, volcanism. Process result: terrain form, soil, secondary mineral, geology structure, sliding, flooding, tsunami, earth quake. Environmental geology is knowledge and geology principle applications in environmental problems caused by anthropogenic activities and in physical environment exploited by human (Bates and Jackson, 1987).
Condition/characteristic of environmental geology source can be a support or can be a hindrance/limitation to the activities. Physiography and geology primary data are collected through survey and mapping methods, while samples collection for laboratory analyses purposes is taken based on environmental geology unit representative. Secondary data are taken from former studies results. Samples numbers and sampling location determination are presented on Table 2.6.
Table 2.6. Soil Sample Numbers and Sampling Location
Location Code T-1 T-2 T-3 Sampling Location Land using Project Site Quarry Quarry Position Longitude 553960 552793 553240 Latitude 19461 19504 19398 Represent project site location Represent quarry location Represent quarry location Reason of Choosing Location
Observed parameter data are analyzed using description and matching methods. 1) Description method Description method is using aggressive description analyses aimed to definitely figure out the environmental geology characteristic in order to evaluate geology parameter correctly.
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1) Matching method Matching method is the evaluation of environmental geology parameters by comparing them to the related reference suitable with the activity of ammonium nitrate factory construction. Table 2.7. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrain Form
CRITERIA TERRAIN FORM Flat-almost flat form topography Wavy topography with slightly slope Wavy topography with steeply slope Hilly topography with moderate slope SLOPE (%) 04 46 68 8 10 HEIGHT DIFFERENCES (m) <5 5 50 12 75 50 200 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CLASSIFICATION Very good Good Moderate Bad VALUE 5 4 3 2 1
Depth/strength eroded mountain topography with steeply-very steeply > 10 > 200 Very bad slope Source: Van Zuidam and Cancellado (1979), modified from Bina Marga (1992)
Table 2.8. Environmental Quality Scale for Soil

USCS Equality GW.GP:SW.SP.GM.SM:SP GM.SM:GCSC:GM.GC.SM.SC ML.OL:OH.MH.ML.OL CL:OH.MH:CH.CL AASHTO Classification A-1-a; A-1-b: A-3 A-2-4: A-2-5: A-2-6: A-2-7 A-4: A-5 A-6: A-7; A-7-6 Environmental Quality (Stability) Classification Very good Good Moderate Bad Very bad Value 5 4 3 2 1
Pt A-8 Source: modified from Hardiyatmo (2002).
Table 2.9. Permeability Classification (ground water)

k (cm / sec) >0,1 0,01 0,1 0,0001 0,01 0,00001 0,0001 0,00000001 0,00001 Criteria Very rapid Rapid Moderate Slow Very slow Classification Very good Good Moderate Bad Very bad Value 5 4 3 2 1
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Table 2.10. Environmental Quality Scale for Rock

Criteria Type Alluvial Massive andesite Tuff sand rock Calcarenite Reef Limestone Breccias Napalm Alteration massive Andesite igneous rock Marsh/ silt sedimentation Physical Characteristics Analyzing on : - Hardness - Mineral composition - Texture - Structure Environmental Quality Classification Value 5 Very good Good Moderate Bad Very bad 4 3 2 1
Table 2.11. Geology Data Collection and Analyses Methods

No. Parameter 1 Land Form Data Collection Method Direct measurement using geology compass and earth form mapping analyses Observation and hand drilling, using mineral soil driller and marsh driller. Data Analyses Explanation Method Description Known based on and matching percentage slope variable and height difference Description and classification Measured parameter figures soil characters in supporting load/mass based on granule size measurement, melting limits and plasticity index Measured parameters used in terrain stability analyses Measured parameters used in terrain stability analyses References - Zuidam and ZuidamCancelado classification (1979) - Bina Marga (1992) USCS classification (United Soil Classification System dan AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and transportation Officials Classification) (Hardiyatmo, 2002) - Geology map - Petrology by Russel B.Travis 1995 - Geology map - The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology J.g Ramsay & MJ Huber, 1987
Soil
Rock unit
Survey and mapping
Description and matching Description and matching
Geology structure
Survey and mapping Secondary data
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Following Table is presented the geology parameters used as references to evaluate environmental quality scales for Ammonium nitrate factory activity plan. Table 2.12. Environmental Quality Scale for Joint
CRITERIA Free Vertically joint (900) 450 slope Plannar joint 450 against slope Small joint Joint parallel to slope Environmental Quality Classification Value Very good Good Moderate Bad Very bad 5 4 3 2 1
Table 2.13. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrain Stability (Sliding/Subsidence)

Criteria Very stable without any harms of soil mass and rock movement Soil mass movement with a little affection to the road Soil mass and rock movements with moderate risk to the road Soil mass and rock movements with high risk to the road Very affection causing road fracture due to mass movement Source: Terzaghi and Peck, 1967, with modification Environmental Quality Classification Value 5 Very good Good Moderate Bad Very bad 4 3 2 1
2.1.1.5. Water Quality Water quality standard is referred to Decree of East Kalimantan Governor on Water Standard in East Kalimantan, Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control in the section of Class II Water Quality Criteria for River and Swamp. Spring water quality is referred to Decree of Minister of Health Number Kep.416/MENKES/Per/1990 on clean water quality for spring water. Water samples are taken by water sampler, and analyzed in laboratory. Data from laboratory results are analyzed by comparing them to environmental water quality standard. Water sampling method and analyze are presented on Table 2.14.
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Table 2.14. Analyses Method of Fresh Water Samples

No. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Parameter Physical Colour Smell Turbidity TSS Temperature Chemistry pH Salinity DO BOD COD NH3N NO2N CN H2S Hg Unit PtCo NTU mg/l 0C 0/00
Standard 30 80 20 5,0 9,0 10 alami 4 45 80 0,3 Nihil 0,2 0,003 0,005
Water Sample Analyses Method Colorimetric Organoleptic Turbidimetric Gravimetric Expansion Potentiometric
Equipment Spectrophotometer Turbid meter Scale Thermometer ph meter Salinometer Burette, DO meter Burette, DO meter Burette, DO meter Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer AAS
Titrimetric, potentiometric Titrimetric, potentiometric Titrimetric, potentiometric Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 11 Cr+6 mg/l 0,05 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 12 As mg/l 0,01 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 13 Cd mg/l 0,01 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 14 Cu mg/l 0,05 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 15 Pb mg/l 0,075 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 16 Zn mg/l 0,1 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 17 Nitrogen mg/l 0,1 Atomic Absorption AAS Spectrophotometry 18 Minyak mg/l 5 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 19 Penol mg/l 0,002 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer Source: Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastes Water, APHA, 20th Edition, 2000. PP. No. 82 Year 2001; Kep.Men.LH No.02/MENKLH//1998
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Seawater and fresh water sampling locations are next to chilling water intake and outlet, seawater in the surrounding jetty and pier, brackish water fish pond, and communitys well (if any). Seawater parameters are presented on Table 2.15.
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Table 2.15. Analyses Method of Seawater Sample

Parameter Unit Method Equipment
0C Temperature Expansion Thermometer pH Potentiometry pHmeter o/oo Salinity Titrimetry Burette DO mg/l Titrimetry Burette BOD5 mg/l Titrimetry Burette Sulfide (H2S) mg/l Titrimetry Burette Free chorine mg/l Titrimetry Burette Bounded chlorine mg/l Titrimetry Burette Free Ammoniac (NH3-N) mg/l Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer Phenol substance mg/l Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer Surfactant/Detergent mg/l Colorimetric Colorimeter Grease and oil mg/l Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Mercury (Hg) g/l Atomization AAS Cadmium (Cd) mg/l Atomization AAS Chromium Hexavalent (Cr) mg/l Atomization AAS Lead (Pb) mg/l Atomization AAS Zinc (Zn) mg/l Atomization AAS Copper (Cu) mg/l Atomization AAS Nickel (Ni) mg/l Atomization AAS Arsenic (As) mg/l Atomization AAS Standard referred to KepMen LH No 51 Year 2004 Special for Harbour sweater standard.
Spring water quality impacted by project activity, is also measured, followed by water quality classification and criteria based on Decree of Minister of Health Number Kep-416/MENKES/Per/1990 on Clean Water Requirement. Table 2.16. Sampling Location of Seawater
Location Code
A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6
Sampling Location Allocation

Seawater body In let PDAM Seawater body Pier Tursina Seawater body Out Let Domestic Drainage Project site water
Position Longitude
554070 552411 554097 554093 553960 553988
Reason location determination

Seawater quality Drinking water quality Seawater quality Seawater quality Brackish water quality Water quality around project site/greenbelt
Latitude
19168 20103 19321 19519 19745 19487
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Table 2.16. Classification and Criteria of Spring waters

No. Parameter Unit 1 > 50 >25 1500 2 37,6-50 18,76-25 1126-1500 Value and Range *) 3 25,1-37,5 12,51-18,75 751-1125 4 12,6-25 6,26-12,5 376-750 5 0-12,5 0-6,25 0-375
A. PHYSIC 1 Colour PtCo 2 Turbidity NTU 3 Total suspended mg/l solig B. CHEMISTRY a. An-organic Chemical 1 Iron (Fe) mg/l 2 Cadmium (Cd) 251mg/l Total hardness mg/l 3 (CaCO3) 4 Chloride(Cl) mg/l Chromium mg/l 5 Valence 6 (Cr+6) Manganese mg/l 6 (Mn) Nitrate as N mg/l 7 (NO3) mg/l Nitrite as N 8 (NO2) mg/l 9 pH Zinc (Zn) Sulfate Lead (Pb) b. Organic Chemical 1 Phenol total Organic 2 substance C. Microbiology 1 2 Feces Coli form Coli form total 10 11 12 mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Numbers/ 100 ml Numbers/ 100 ml
>1 0,76-1 0,51-0,75 0,26-0,5 > 0,005 0,00376-0,005 0,00251-0,00375 0,00126-0,0025 > 500 > 600 > 0,05 > 0,5 > 10 >1 < 3,5; >11,5 > 15 > 400 > 0,05 > 0,02 > 10 376-500 451-600 0,0376-0,05 0,376-0,5 7,6-10 0,76-1 3,5-4,5; 10,5-11,5 11,26-15 301-400 0,0376-0,05 0,016-0,02 7,6-10 251-375 301-450 0,0251-0,0375 0,251-0,375 5,1-7,5 0,51-0,75 4,5-5; 9,5-10,5 7,6-11,25 201-300 0,0251-0,0375 0,011-0,015 5,1-7,5 126-250 151-300 0,0126-0,025 0,126-0,25 2,6-5 0,26-0,5 5,5-6,5; 8,5-9,5 3,76-7,50 101-200 0,0126-0,025 0,006-0,01 2,6-5
0-0,25 0-0,00125 0-125 0-150 0-0,0125 0-0,125 0-2,5 0-025 6,5-8,5 0-3,75 0-100 0-0,0125 0-0,005 0-2,5 0-2,5 0-12,5
> 10 > 50
7,6-10 37,6-50
5,1-7,5 25,1-37,5
2,6-5 12,6-25
Clarification : Value with criterion 1 =very bad; 2=bad; 3=moderate; 4=good; 5=very good *) Kep.416/MENKES/PER/1990 on Drinking Water Requirement
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2.1.1.6. Oceanography Primary and secondary data are collected in oceanography assessment. Following are secondary data related to oceanography survey: 1. Wind data collected from BMG and PT.Pupuk Kaltim 2. National Sea Environment Map from Bakosurtanal 3. Data and maps from other related institutions. Primary data measured directly in the field, include temperature, DO, pH, salinity, turbidity, clearness, and stream; while tidal rise and fall, wave, wind, and bathymetry use secondary data. Wind secondary data are gained from PT Pupuk Kaltim, grouped that are based on wind direction and wind velocity scale, followed by processing data in the form of wind rose diagram, and presented monthly, seasonally, and yearly. Seasonal wind is grouped based on Indonesian monsoon.
Table 2.18. Environmental Quality Scale for Abrasion/Erosion Parameter

Explanation Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >9 months in 1 year Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >6-9 months in 1 year Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >3-6 months in 1 year Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >1-3 months in 1 year No shore abrasion/erosion occurring or occurring <I month in 1 year Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
Table 2.19. Environmental Quality Scale for Accretion/Sedimentation

Explanation Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >9 months in 1 year Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >6-9 months in 1 year Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >3-6 months in 1 year Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >1-3 months in 1 year No accretion, or occurring shore accretion/blockage in the estuary <1 month in 1 year Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
Chapter II: Method of Study
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Table 2.20. Environmental Quality Scale for Sediment Transportation/Stream Parameter

Explanation Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >9 months in 1 year Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >6-9 months in 1 year Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >3-6 months in 1 year Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >1-3 months in 1 year No obstacle or occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream <1 month in 1 year Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
Table 2.21. Environmental Quality Scale for flooding Time Parameter

Explanation Occurring shore flooding >9 hours per day Occurring shore flooding >6-9 hours per day Occurring shore flooding >3-6 hours per day Occurring shore flooding >0-3 hours per day No flooding Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
Table 2.22. Environmental Quality Scale for Flooding Area Parameter

Explanation Increasing flooding area >50% Increasing flooding area >0-50% Constant flooding area Decreasing flooding area >0-50% Decreasing flooding area >50% Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
Table 2.23. Environmental Quality Scale for Tidal Rise and Fall Reach Parameter
Explanation Decreasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >50% Decreasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >0-50% Constant tidal reach to brackish water fish pond Increasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >0-50% Increasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >50% Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
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Table 2.24. Environmental Quality Scale for Changing in Shore Border Parameter
Explanation Increasing shoreline stick out into the sea >10% Increasing shoreline stick out into to the sea 0-10% Constant shoreline Increasing shoreline but no in parallel/lower then the shore Increasing shore line and parallel with the shore Score 1 2 3 4 5 Clarification Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good
2.1.1.7. Space and Land Two approaches used in this spatial planning assessment, i.e.: 1) Secondary data assessment The main activity in secondary data assessment is maps collection, which are consisting of spatial planning in the study area. In this method, the existing spatial planning and its policy development in the study area are assessed. 2) Field observation In this observation, spatial planning pattern collected from secondary data is assessed. Map of earth form in the scale of 1:25.000 (obtained from secondary data) is analyzed and checked in the field using cartography method. 3) Secondary data assessment The main activity in secondary data assessment is maps collection, which are consisting of spatial planning in the study area. In this method, the existing spatial planning and its policy development in the study area are assessed. 4) Field observation In this observation, spatial planning pattern collected from secondary data is assessed.
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Table 2.25. Environmental Quality Scale for Land Use Planning

No. 1 2 3 4 5 Environmental Quality Scale Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good Percentage of Non Productive Land > 20% 15% - 20% 10% - 15% 5% - 10% < 5% Percentage of Developed Land > 90% 70% - 90% 50% -70% 30% - 50% < 30%
2.1.2. BIOLOGY 2.1.2.1. Flora a. Data Collection Method Flora data are collected through the observation in quarry location and project site reclamation area. Observation result is ecosystem type or main vegetation that represents such ecosystem type. b. Data Analyses Method In each observed flora location, significant value is obtained from totalling relative frequency, relative dominancy, and relative density. Following is the calculation of relative frequency, relative dominancy, and relative density.
Frequency =
Total plot of represent species Amount of total plot beingsampled
Density
Total individual Sampling area Total canopy cov ering from individual amount of one species Total width of sampling plot
=
Dominancy
Relative frequency
Frequency of one species x 100% Frequency of all species
Relative density =
Density of one species x 100% Density of all species

=
Relative dominancy
Do min ancy of one species x 100% Do min ancy of all species
Significant Value (NP) = Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative Dominancy
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Rare and law protected flora (endangered flora) is analyzed by observing it in the study area and followed by checking it with flora inventory protected by Indonesian Law. Flora diversity is valued by terrestrial flora environmental quality scale presented on Table 2.25. Table 2.25. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrestrial Flora Environmental Parameter Median of covering/grass flora density (indiv/m2) Median of plant Flora density (indiv/100m2) Diversity index (H/station) Species Dominancy Index (d/sttn) Occurring of Economical Flora (species/sttn) 1 [ 20 [5 H[1.5 0.81-1.0 1-2 2 Value or Range of Value 3 4 51-100 11-15 3.0<H<4.0 0.41-0.60 6-10 101-200 16-20 4.0<H<4.6 0.21-0.40 11-15 5 > 200 > 20 H>4.6 <0.010.20 >15
21-50 5-10 1.5< H <3.0 0.61-0.80 3-5
Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good Source: Soerjani, 1989 in Probosunu, 2000 with modification.
2.1.2.2. Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial fauna in the project site is determined through the following approaches which are applied suitable with the field condition. Fauna diversity is valued by terrestrial fauna environmental quality scale presented on Table 2.26. Table 2.26. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrestrial Fauna (Vertebrate) Environmental Parameter Occurring of wild Vertebrate (species) Median of Wild Vertebrate Density (indiv/species/area) Occurring of Economical Vertebrate (species) Wild or Economical Vertebrate Distribution (indiv/area) 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 - <2 2 Value or Range of Value 3 4 2 3 2 - <3 3 3 - <4 4 Sufficient, evenly enough 5 4 4 >4 Plenty and even
Not Very rare, very Rare, uneven occurred uneven
Source: Various References with Modification (Afiati, 2005) Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good
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a) Species Inventory Method Direct method observation taking pictures, making sketches Indirect method using animal track/nests/feather/faeces hearing sound b) Population Determination Direct census Calculating total density in animal base, and in animal drinking site (avifauna) Taking pictures and calculating from photos Chasing and calculating groups accurately Indirect census Capture-recapture Methods Predicting from track, faeces, woof leftovers Calculating nest and or egg/offspring numbers Hearing, looking direction, determining sound (direct or recorded) Identifying fallen feather Questionnaire and interviewing local community, breeder c) Data analyses method Species abundance descriptive analyses 2.1.2.3. Water biota Water biota sample collection includes bacteria, plankton, macro benthos, and nekton (fish). The samples usually cannot be analyzed directly; therefore samples must be preserved to prevent specimen destruction. Sample preservation (except bacteria) is commonly using ethanol 95% which is poured into sample liquid until ethanol concentration 70%; the concentration is enough for preservation and permanent colouring. Plankton sample is preserved by using lugol, MAF (methanolacetic acid-formalin), or 6-3-1 preservative (6 part water: 3 part ethanol 95%; 1 part formalin). However, lugol or formalin which is naturally acid, can solve Coccolithopora shell occurring abundantly in the estuary and seawaters. Adjusting lugol to base/neutral, will not effective enough in preserving other Flagellate species. Formalin can also cause fracture, causing difficulty in identifying or determining individual species numbers consisted in the sample.
Chapter II: Method of Study II - 20
2.1.2.4. Water bacteria Bottle of micro organism sample always must be sterile and caped until the bottle used. Bacteria sample that cannot be analyzed <1 hour, should be preserved initially by decreasing temperature to <100 C (better to decrease temperature to <40C) for less then 6 hours. In laboratory the sample should be refrigerated, and analyzed within <2 hours. To neutralize water sample consisting chlorine residue, chloramines, or halogen, reductor such as 1M Na-thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) has to be added, except the bottle has already consisted of broth to directly promote sample growth. The recommended amount of Na-thiosulphate is 0.1 ml for bottle volumed 100 ml, 0.25 ml for bottle 250 ml and 0.5 ml for bottle 500 ml (Afiati, 2003). Water bacteria sampled is differenced, based on sampling locations, i.e. surface and bottom of the waters. Microorganism sampled manually in water surface Sampling bottle is filled in about of its volume, or left column 2.5 cm for aeration during shaking before subsequently analyzed. In the course of sampling in seawaters, river, spring waters, lake or reservoir, hold the capped bottle from its bottom, sink the bottle with its neck down, open the cap in the water but do not rinse with this water, turn the bottle until its mouth directs to the stream. If there is no stream, the bottle must be held horizontally away from the hand, and filled up to of volume and capped in the water. If using the boat during sampling, sample has to be taken from the side of the boat far away from boat machine. If it is not possible, bottle can be weighed with ballast. Microorganism sampled in the bottom of the waters Sample is taken by using water sampler (van Dorn, Kemmerer or Nansen reversing bottle) from the suitable location at surface bottom. Sterile bottle in the capacity of 150-250 ml, then, is sunk into water sampler or obtained the water from the water sampler, and capped tightly. Without any adding preservative, bottle is labelled and put in ice box during in the field (Sterritt & Lester, 1988).
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Sample incubation Total Bacterial Count: one ml water sample is pipetted in to Plate Count Agar (PCA) medium in sterile Petri. In the prediction of excessive bacteria population, dilution (1: 100, 1:1000, etc) using sterile water should be prepared. Inoculums should be moved in sterile condition. Shake Petri dish slowly in the direction of number 8 at least 25 times and put horizontally. Petri then, is incubated in 35 2C for 44 4 hours. Media humidity should be kept by putting water dish in the bottom of incubator, or Petri is wrapped with plastic, in order weight not to be lost by >15%. Initial observation can begin after 24 hours. Total bacterial count is explained in colony/ml water sample. Incubation in Lactose Broth (LB) medium is done for presumptive test of coli form consisted in bacterial water sample. Each sample is growth 3 times by decreasing its concentration in 24 to 48 hours and temperature of 35C. To the positive and uncertain tubes, coli form group confirmation are tested in the temperature of 35C and faecal coli in the temperature of 44.50C, 24 hours each in Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) media, and followed by Endo Agar. Analyses of water bacteria data To know general bacteria species, including coli form, faecal coli, and total bacteria numbers as bacteria contributor in biodegradation, water bacteria analyses is carried out. Total bacteria are tested duple in Plate Count Agar media. To dish consisting of 30-300 colonies, its results are averaged, and total bacteria numbers are counted as follows (Afiati, 2003):
TB =
TB Xi A B n
X
i =1
n
: : : : :
xAx
1 B
Total bacteria Colony numbers that have not be found Inoculums numbers planted in each dilution (ml) Dilution level when the colony is found Sample numbers
Positive reaction tubes from each incubation temperature in BGLB media are counted suitable with its dilution level. The data then are compared to Most Probable Number (MPN) Table and multiplied by 1/median dilution.
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Temperature of incubation (C) 35
102 2
103 1
104 0
44.5 1 0 0 Result explanation: Total coli form 35C: 2 1 0 Table: for example a total coli form numbers= ax103/100ml Faecal coli form 44.5C:1 0 0 Table: for example b faecal coli numbers= bx103/100ml.
Analyses results are applied to environmental quality scale for bacteria: Table 2.27. Environmental Quality Scale for Water Bacteria Environmental Parameter 1 2 Range Value or MPN 3 4 5
Total bacteria, cell/100/ml > 108 106 107 104 105 102 103 102 Total coli form, cell/100ml 10.000 5.000 - 9.999 1.000 - 4.999 100 - 999 <10 - 99 Faecal-coli, cell/100ml 1.000 100 - 1.000 10 - 100 3 - 10 2 Qualitative Escherichia coli ++++ +++ ++ + - / tc Pathogen bacteria ++++ +++ ++ + - / tc Source: Standard of Water Quality Class B (PP no. 20/1990); RI Government Regulation No. 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control; MPN: Most Probable Number; t.c: not mentioned in the standard; (+): detected; (-): not detected Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good
2.1.2.5. Plankton Plankton sample in this study is taken passively by filtering surface water with plankton net No. 25 (ASTM) until particular volume, usually 100 litres, or water from particular depth taken by water sampler. Filtered result is poured into 20 ml volume bottle filled with MAF preservative or alcohol 70% and drop Rose Bengal solution. Bottle is labelled and put in ice box. Plankton sample then is analyzed using microscope. Analyze: put 1 ml sample in Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber, count 3 times using microscope, and average the result. Species abundance is calculated referred to method of Wetzel & Likens (1979):
Ki =
Ki T l Vo Va W P p : : : : : : : :
T Vo 1 P x x x l Va W p
Species abundance (individual/l) Total box numbers in counting chamber of Sedgwick-Rafter (1000) Total box in one observation area of microscope Volume of concentrated water sample (ml) Volume of water in counting chamber of Sedgwick-Rafter (1ml) Volume of water filtered (100 litter) Plankton numbers to i that are counted (individual) Numbers of box counted
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Plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) is identified using identification guide, for example Bold & Wynne (1978), APHA (1992), Humm & Wicks (1980) and internet information. Plankton species distribution as a specific waters indicator is tabulated to determine its diversity index (H), and species uniformity index (J) using Shannon-Weaver index (Poole, 1974), as follows: Species Diversity Index
s n n H ' = - i ln i N n =1 N
H ni N S
: : : :
Species diversity index Species individual numbers to i Numbers of total individual Numbers of species found
Species Uniformity Index
J =
J H H max S : : : :
H ' H ' = ln S Hmaks
Scecies Uniformity Index Shannon diversity index value Maximum diversity (ln S) Numbers of species found
After all samples have been counted, the results are analyzed referred to environmental quality scale for plankton. Table 2.28. Environmental Quality Scale of Plankton Environmental Parameter Median of Plankton Density (individual/m2) Numbers of Plankton (S / station) Plankton Diversity Index(H/station) Species Distribution Index (J) Species Dominancy Index (d/stsn) 1 [10 2 Value or Range of Value 3 102 - <103 4 5 104
10 - <102
103 - <104
S<5 [1.5 J < 0.55 0.81-1.0
5 - <20 1.5< H <3.0 0.55 < J < 0.72 0.61-0.80
20 - <55 3.0<H<4.0 0.72< J<0.82 0.41-0.60
55 - <100 4.0<H<4.6 0.82<J<0.93 0.21-0.40
>100 H>4.6 J>0.93 <0.01-0.20 < 10
Phytoplankton Indicator >25 21 25 16 - 20 11 - 15 (species/station) Source: European Environment Agency, 2002, with modification; Afiati, 2002 Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good
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2.1.2.6. Macrozoobenthos Several equipments used in benthos sample collection are dredger (Ekman dredge), van Veen grab, or pralon. Such equipments are usually used in benthos sample collection that is living in the surface and bottom waters until particular waters depth. Therefore, benthos data are standing stock data. Sediment sample is taken from the bottom of waters using van Veen grab sampler. The wet sediment is sieved by 5 mesh (2.54 mm) sever; it is recommended to sieve in the boat side waters and boat deck should be kept clean. The leftover sediment which is remained in the sever, is collected, sprayed with aquadest to keep organism in good condition (not destroyed), poured into labelled wide mouth plastic bottle which volumes of 200ml, preserved with 70% alcohol minimum 2.5 X sample volume, and coloured by Rose Bengal (0.1gr/100ml). In laboratory, macrozoobenthos plankton sample is poured into white layered tray in order easier to observe. Individual macrozoobenthos found in the sample is separated from manure or sediment possibly covering, cleaned, and put in the bottle filled with alcohol 70% or MAF (methanol-Acetic acid-Formalin). Identification is using binocular microscope, while bigger individual is put in Bogorov plate, and identified using low magnification binocular microscope. Afterward, the specimen is identified using suitable guide book, and its abundance, diversity and uniformity indices are determined using the equation similar to that of using in determination of phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure indices. Table 2.29. Environmental Quality Scale of Macrobenthos Environmental Parameter
Median of Macro benthos density (N,individual/m2) Numbers of Macrobenthos (S/station) Macro benthos Diversity Index (H) Maximum Diversity, H Species Distribution Index (J) Species Dominancy Index (d/stsn) Economical Macro benthos Species (station)
Value or Range of Value

1 N<10 S<5 H<1.5 H<10 J<0.55 0.81-1.0 1 2 10<N<20 5 <S <10 1.5< H <3.0 10<H<20 0.55<J<0.72 0.61-0.80 3 3 20<N<30 10<S <20 3.0<H<4.0 20<H<30 0.72< J<0.82 0.41-0.60 5 4 30<N<40 20<S <40 4.0<H<4.6 30 <H<40 0.82<J<0.93 0.21-0.40 7 5 N40 S40 H>4.6 H40 J>0.93 <0.01-0.20 10
Source: European Environment Agency, 2002, with modification; Afiati, 2002 Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good
Chapter II: Method of Study II - 25
2.1.2.7. Nekton Nekton samples are usually taken from local fisher man who is landing his fishes caught from surrounding project site waters, or samples are taken from the closest Fish Auction Site. If there is one fisher man boat, the sample then are taken from this boat. If there are > 1 boats, samples are taken from them. Samples are preserved with formalin 4% or ice, and their species are identified, followed by comparing them to environmental quality scale for nekton. Table 2.30. Environmental Quality Scale for Nekton Environmental Parameter
Median of nekton density (individual/station) Nekton diversity index (H) Species dominancy index (d/stsn) Species Distribution Index (J)
Value or Range of Value

1 [10 [1.5 0.81-1.0 J<0.55 2 10 - <20 1.5< H <3.0 0.61-0.80 0.55<J<0.72 3 20 - <30 3.0<H<4.0 0.41-0.60 0.72< J<0.82 4 30 - <40 4.0<H<4.6 0.21-0.40 0.82<J<0.93 5 40 H>4.6 <0.01-0.20 J>0.93
Wild economical Nekton 1 3 5 7 species Source: Various References with Modification (Afiati, 2005) Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good Table 2.31 Terrestrial Biology Location
Location Code H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 Sampling Location Allocation PT. KNI site project The closest shore of KIE Pier of East Tursina Warehouse Area Tursina Hill Settlement Land Quarry in KIE area Green Belt Position Longitude 553960 554070 553817 553240 552793 553988 19461 19168 19410 19398 19504 19487
10
Reason of location determination Represent KIE industrial estate Represent project site Represent project site Represent mangrove area Represent mangrove area Represent mangrove area
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Table 2.32 Water Biology Sampling Location

Location Code Ha-1 Ha-2 Ha-3 Ha-4 Sampling Location Allocation Seawater In let Seawater of Pier Tursina Seawater Out Let Domestic drainage Position Longitude 554070 554097 554093 553960 553988 Latitude 19168 19321 19519 19745 19487 Seawater quality (*) Seawater quality (*) Seawater quality Seawater quality (*) Brackish water fish pond quality (*) Reason of location determination
Project site water Ha-5 Note: (*) Include water micro bacteria.
2.1.3. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL-CULTURE EIA study on social aspect of activity plan is referring to Decree of Head of Environmental Impact Management Board Number 299 Year 1996 on Technical guide of social aspect assessment in EIA arrangement. Social-economic-culture component data required in the study include primary and secondary data. Secondary data are collected from related institution. Study analyses unit is village as the smallest administrative area, while sampling method is using purposive proportional sampling technique to determine area possibly impacted as well as to determine numbers of respondent as analyses element affected by impact risk, i.e. head of household (KRT/KK). The determination criteria of sampling location and respondent are: a. Project Site Village administration location which KK bases. b. Respondent criteria 1. Communities (KK) who have already gained EIA socialization. 2. Natural resources potency and potential environment that will be impacted by the project. 3. Community response sensitivity on construction plan. 4. Road accessibility that will be passed by the activity directing to and from the project location. 5. Location of communitys activity that will be impacted, such as boat wharf, upper waters settlement, brackish water fish ponds etc. 6. Public utility that will be impacted by the project.
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Quantitative and qualitative primary and secondary data collecting activity was done by survey method. Primary data survey is data collecting method done through observation, in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), recording and direct visualization of environmental initial condition in project site in order to gain factual data and condition in the field. Primary data survey instruments include observation, interview along with questionnaire, in-depth interview with key person, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), visualization, and cassette recording. a) Observation Observation was done to know existing condition of study area, included physical condition, citys structure and infrastructure, land use planning, and occurring problems. From visual observation, study location characteristics can be identified, thus area characteristics can be also directly identified. b) Interview with questionnaire Questionnaire target is respondent determined by purposive proportional sampling method with the following criteria: samples are communities predicted to be impacted by the project, lay man, private sector, vendor, as well as formal and informal leaders. Of the population, 50 households predicted will be impacted by directly magnitude and significant impact. Key persons are also interviewed by indepth interview and focus group discussion to obtain deeply sensitive and complex problems. Respondent distribution is presented on Table 3.33. c) In-depth interview The technique is used to assess critical information and concept intensely. The target is key person both formal leader as well as informal leader. Interview instrument is using non structure open questionnaire. d) Focus Group Discussion Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is used as a control of primary data collection using structure questionnaire. According to Richard A. Kruiger (1985); FGD should be participated by minimum 7 persons and maximum 20 persons, among participants are not knowing each other, wanting to discuss and outpouring of opinion, having knowledge and experience on the problem discussed, having a relation with topic discussed, not knowing that their opinion will be used for decision maker, using questionnaire focused on particular topic. To avoid dichotomy perception, ideally, number of participants should be odd; and
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considering time, topic, as well as participant ability and experience, minimum participants are 7 up to 15 persons (Edi Santosa (1997). Method applied in this study, is using combination model. Secondary data are obtained from district and village officers. Primary data are gained through interviewing the communities who own land in the villages surrounding the project site. Table 2.33 Respondent Distribution Based on Occupation and Social Status
No. 1. 2. Total Village Guntung Loktuan Livelihood/Occupation Employ Labo Fisherm Vendor ment ur an 5 3 10 3 5 2 5 2 10 5 15 5 Respondent Numbers Service PNS/TNI Leader (Person) 3 3 3 30 2 2 2 20 Social Status 5 5 5 50
2.1.3.1. Demography a. Data collection method Demographic data include primary and secondary data. Data are collected through statistical data approach and direct interview to the community. Secondary data are obtained from statistical data; and primary data are obtained through directly interviewing the local community in the surrounding activity plan. Demography parameters include width of area, population density, matters pertaining to man power, and communitys livelihood. b. Data analyses method Quantitative demography data are analyzed statistically, while qualitative data are analyzed as a content analysis.
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Table 2.34. Demographic Environmental Quality Scale

Environmental Parameter 1 Very bad Population density 100 persons/km2 Population growth >3,5% /year Manpower: employed population <25% Number of household members Un-employed level > 10 persons Manpower: unemployed population <30% Primary or related to natural resources 100% < Rp.100.000,00 Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school <10% 2 Bad Population density 51-100 persons/km2 Population growth 3,01-3,5% /year Manpower: employed population2530% 9 10 person Manpower: unemployed population 3040% Primary <100% secondary or small scale industry >10% Rp.101.000,00 to Rp.1.500.000,00 Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school 10-20% Quality Criteria/Scale 3 Moderate Population density 100 persons/km2 Population growth 2,51-3% /year Manpower: employed population3135% 7 8 person Manpower: unemployed population 4045% Primary <75% secondary and tertiary >25% Rp.1.501.000,00 to Rp.2.000.000,00 Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school 21-30% 4 Good Population density 100 persons/km2 Population growth 2-2,5% /year Manpower: employed population3640% 5 6 person Manpower: unemployed population 4650% Primary <50% secondary and tertiary >50% Rp.2.001.000,00 to Rp.2.500.000,00 Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school 31-40% 5 Very good Population density 100 persons/km2 Population growth <2% /year Manpower: employed population >40% < 5 person Manpower: unemployed population >30% Primary, secondary and tertiary are in even > Rp.2.501.000,00 Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school >40%
Demography
Livelihood Communitys earning
Education level
2.1.3.2. Social- Economy a. Data collection method Social-economic data collection includes primary and secondary data. Secondary data include monograph data and statistics data obtained from related institutions. Primary data are gained through directly interviewing the communities living in the surrounding activity plan. Social economic aspect parameter studied includes: 1) Household economics i.e.: a. Household earning level b. Household budget 2) Brackish water fish pond condition: a. Brackish water fish pond owner status b. Brackish water fish pond production
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3) Farming condition: a. Land usage b. Farming production b. Data analyses method Social-economic data are analyzed by deductive method and numeric multiplication method. Deductive method is used to analyze community attitude tendency after the project exist. 1) What the community will do after the project exist, plan of the new efforts in the new location. 2) Attitude in earning budgeting etc. Numeric multiplication method is used as macro analyses for plan activity impact on city and provincial level. Table 2.35. Social Economic Environmental Quality Scale
Environmental Parameter Local job opportunity Community earning per month 1 Very bad Local manpower absorbed < 50 persons < Rp.180.000,00 Major community are un-employed and hard to participate in developing building 2 bad Quality Criteria/Scale 3 moderate Local manpower absorbed 101150 persons Rp.360.000,00Rp.540.000,00 4 good Local manpower absorbed 151200 persons Rp.540.000,00Rp.720.000,00 5 Very good Local manpower absorbed > 200 persons >p.720.000,00
Local manpower absorbed 51100 persons Rp.180.000,00Rp 360.000,00 Major community are un-employed, but willing to participate in developing building
Livelihood
Evenly numbers of un-employed and employed
Numbers of employed > unemployed
All communities are permanent employed
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2.1.3.3. Social-culture a. Data collection method Social-culture data are collected through primary and secondary data. Secondary data are referring to existing social-culture research results and reference books related to the study. Primary data are obtained from field study. Study method is the combination of qualitative research method and quantitative research method. Qualitatively, data are gained through field observation and in-depth interview using interview guide to several key persons that are also chosen to participate in Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Quantitatively, data are obtained through distributing questionnaire to the chosen respondents. Social-culture parameters analyzed are as follows: 1) Local communities behaviour relating to culture; culture value and norms. 2) Social process in the communities relating to associative process (partnership), dissociate process (social conflict), and social cohesion. 3) Communities social structure in economics, education, religion, religion education, social and family. 4) Social stratum based on education, economics, job and power. 5) Communities attitude and perception towards activity plan.
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Table 2.36. Social-Culture Environmental Quality Scale

Environmental Parameter Culture Quality Criteria/scale
1 Very bad
Community does not care with local culture, there is no culture activity
2 bad
Not all community supports the local culture. Culture activity is depended on situation and condition. Local community condition is slightly risky in occurring both internal and external conflicts. Community tends to refuse and think negatively on the project activity. Community social stratum is not too various. Institution is existed however it tends to be passive and difficult to develop.
3 moderate
Community still supports local culture. Culture activity is carried out communally in particular time considering efficiency. Conflict in the community emerges temporarily and can be solved through deliberation. Community does not really refuse or does not really accept the project. There are several social strata in the community even though not in a good quality. Community institution functions normally and can still develop.
4 good
All community supports local natural culture. Culture activity is carried out in coordination. Conflict in the community emerges rarely, condition tends to be conducive. Local community does not refuse anything that the project plans. Community social strata are various and the qualities are good. Community institution functions well and there are no crucial problem.
5 Very good
All community supports and conducts local culture naturally.
Social process
Local community condition is risky in occurring both internal and external conflicts. Community is against anything related to the project. There is no social stratum in the community, and characterized homogeny. No institution functions in the community and difficult to be functioned.
No conflict occurred in the community, condition is very conducive Community is willing and its attitude is in agreement with project plan. Community social strata are various and the qualities are very good. Community institution can function very well and can be used as a model.
Community attitude and perception toward project plan Social stratum
Social structure/ institution
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Table 2.37. Social-economic and Social-culture Parameters, Collecting Method and Data Analyses
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Component/Parameter I. Demography: Population density level Dependency level Population structure based on age, gender, livelihood, education and religion. Population growth (infant birth and mortality levels, & migration pattern) Manpower (manpower participation level, unemployed level). II. Social-economic : Job opportunity level Livelihood Household economic (earning, budgeting & infestation) Road structure and infrastructure Natural resources economic (owner pattern and natural resources mastery, natural resources usage, land usage pattern, land and other natural resources values, public resources) Local economics (lob and effort opportunity, public facility and social facility, area accessibility) Informal/effort sector III. Social-culture: Culture, behaviour pattern Social relationship pattern Community perception and attitude on the project. Culture (culture, value and norms). Social process (associative, dissociate, aculturisation, assimilation & integrity) Education and religion facility. Culture inheritage (archaeological site, culture preserve). Data sampling location and Source Statistics Office District Office Village Office etc Data Collection Method Copy, interview Analyses Method Demography analyses: Density Ratio Dependency Ratio TPAK growth
Community settlement in the surrounding project suitable with study area border.
Copy, interview, observation, and interview along with structured questionnaire.
Employment Method Muagrave Production Analyses
6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Project site, and community settlement in the surrounding project suitable with study area border.
Observation, interview along with structured questionnaire, FGD, Secondary data
Environmenta l sociology analyses: Social resources Social media Social defence Social supporting power
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2.1.4. COMMUNITY HEALTH Community health data collection and analyses method is referring to Decree of Head of Environmental Impact Management Board No.Kep-124/12/1997 on Guide of Community Health Aspect Assessment. a. Data collection method Qualitative and quantitative data collections are obtained through interview along with structured questionnaire, in-depth interview, and observation in community settlement. Respondents are chosen from community population predicted that will be impacted. Considering community impacted is homogeny, the respondent size is determined by using the following equation:
n = n 1 + 0,10 n1 n 2 n1 = N = size of reference population n2 1+ N 4x p xq n2 = n2 = sample size at first stage 25

p = Percentage of subject prediction that will be assessed, q = 100 p.
Respondents, distribution as well as their settlement are similar to those of social-economic-culture component. Data collected include: disease pattern, health facility and type, disease incidence and prevalence, health service, medication habits, disease vector, nutrient status, water usage habits, environmental sanitation, as well as environmental condition. Considering respondents and sampling site are similar to social-economic-culture aspect assessment, community health questionnaire instrument are gathering together with social-economic-culture questionnaire. b. Data analyses method Data are analyzed using environmental impact health assessment, and epidemiology through: (1) simple statistics, (2) evaluative description, and (3) official guide suitable with the study.
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Table 2.38. Community Health Parameter, Data Collection and Analyses Method
Parameter Health facility and type Disease incidence and prevalence Health service inclusion Data Collection Method Secondary data obtained from related institution Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from field observation Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview. Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from field observation Data Analyses Method Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology Data Sampling Location Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Clarification Data are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively
Disease pattern
Community health level
Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview. Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview. Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview.
Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology
Nutrient status
Water usage habit
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Environmental sanitation condition
Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview. Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview. Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview.
Environmental sanitation facility
Disease vector
Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component. Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economicculture component.
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Table 2.39. Environmental Community Health Quality Scale

Environmental Parameter Health service inclusion Disease pattern 1 Very bad Not medicated Sequence 1-5 are infectious diseases 2 Bad Witch doctor Quality Criteria/Scale 3 Moderate Village Integrated Health Service Post (Posyandu) Sequence 1-2 Sequence 1-3 infectious infectious diseases diseases Sequence 4-5 not Sequence 3-5 not infectious infectious diseases diseases Population density Population density 51-100 100 persons/km2, persons/km2, Population growth Population growth 2.51-3%/year) 3.01-3.5%/year) Bad Drinking water is taken from the river and boiled before drink Moderate Drinking water is merely taken from well and boiled before drink 4 Good Local Government Clinic Sequence 1 infectious diseases Sequence 2-5 not infectious diseases Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth 22.5%/year) Good Drinking water is taken from well or public drinking water facility (PDAM) and boiled before drink Environmental sanitation usage 75%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is good Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are rarely found 5 Very good Hospital Sequence 1-3 not infectious diseases
Community health level
Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth .3.5%/year) Very bad Drinking water is taken from the river and not boiled before drink
Nutrient status Water usage habit
Environmental sanitation facility and condition
No environmental sanitation facility, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are abundance
Disease vector
Environmental sanitation usage 25%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent
Environmental sanitation usage 50%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are found moderately
Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth <2%/year) Very good Drinking water is merely taken from public drinking water facility (PDAM) and boiled before drink Environmental sanitation usage >75%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is good Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are very rare
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2.2. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION METHOD According to Soemarwoto (1989), prediction can be done through: a) Prediction of environmental condition at the time twith project = Qdp b) Prediction of environmental condition at the time W without project = Qtp Therefore, impact can be predicted as Qdp minus Qtp The prediction of impact existences is an effort to find the answer on the question of how much the magnitude of environmental parameter value will be changed due to the existence of activity plan. Prediction can be done on each environmental parameter. Impact prediction is done to each environmental parameter. Impact prediction method adapted, can be grouped into two methods, i.e. formal method, and informal method. Prediction model adapted, will consist uncertainty aspects, hence in every impact prediction activity, probability analyses is also involved. Methods include: 1. Mathematical calculation model, 2. Experiment, 3. Visual simulation, 4. Analogy, 5. Professional judgment. 2.2.1. MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION METHOD Mathematical calculation method is the relationship between cause and effect that represents activity plan impact on environmental parameter, and formulated quantitatively in the form of quantitative ratio and mathematical model. 2.2.1.1. Air Quality Emission size resulted from mobile sources can be calculated based on emission factor from WHO Offset Publication No.62, 1982. Air quality parameters of diesel fuel pollutant emission are shown on Table 2.40. Table 2.40. Pollutant Emission per m3 fuel
No 1. 2. 3. 4. Pollutant SO2 NO2 CO Particulate/Dust Emission factor (kg/unit time) 7.9544 9.2103 36.4226 2.0095
Emission size = (emission factor) x (Amount of fuel)
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2.2.1.2. Noise Prediction of noise distribution in the surrounding environment caused by activity plan is using the formula: L2 L2
L2 L1 R1,R2 Ae
= L1 10 log R2/R1 Ae, dBA = L1 20 log R2/R1 Ae, dBA
(mobile noise) (static noise)
= Noise level in the distance of R2 from project site, noise source, dBA = Noise level in the distance of R1, dBA = Distance from noise source, m = Noise attenuation caused by air humidity, dBA
2.2.1.3. Water Quality Mixing zone formula is used to predict decreasing water quality due to wastewater: Cc
Cc Qa Ca Qb
= (QaCa + QbCb) / (Qa + Qb)

: concentration of water body quality parameter after mixed with wastewater : wastewater debit : concentration of wastewater parameter : water body debit before mixed with wastewater : concentration of water body quality before mixed with wastewater
Cb
2.2.1.3. Morbidity Following is the example of impact prediction calculation of morbidity component using formal method:
P=
Total cases of past and recent diseases in the particular time x10 n Population risk in the particular time
P = Disease prevalence, in this study prevalence is expressed in n = 100
Prevalence is used to know the new cases suffered by disease. This can be known from the higher disease prevalence compared to that of in the past. Thus, from the increasing disease prevalence after the project exists, it is possible to predict that the disease is caused by the project activity. 2.2.2. ANALOGY METHOD Several environmental parameters predicted with analogy approach, are presented on Table 2.41.
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Table 2.41. Analogy Method that is Used

No Component/Environmental Parameter 1) Noise level 1. Dust 2. Water quantity 3. Terrestrial Flora-fauna 2) Community perception 4. Job opportunity 5. Earning 6. Community Health 7. Convenience/Safety 8. Land use planning Source: Compilation Data PPLH, 2006 Informal Approaches that Are Used Analogy with similar activity as well as literature Analogy with similar activity as well as literature Professional judgment Literature Professional judgment and analogy Professional judgment Professional judgment Literature/Analogy Professional judgment Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW)
2.2.3. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION Important impact evaluation is done by using 6 criteria of significant impacts mentioned in the Government Regulation Number 27 year 1999 on EIA. The criteria are as follows: 1. Amount of community that will be impacted 2. Width of impact distribution 3. Impact intensity and impact duration 4. Amount of environmental components that will be impacted 5. Impact cumulative characteristics 6. Reversible or irreversible impact Significance impact criteria are determined as follows: 1. If the total P (significant) criteria 4, the prediction impact is significant 2. If the total P (significant) criteria 3, however one of P is amount of community that will be impacted criteria, the prediction impact is significant 3. If the total P (significant) criteria 3 and amount of community that will be impacted criteria is not included, the prediction impact is insignificant 2.3. METHOD OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION Following impact identification and prediction, for the sake of decision making process impact evaluation activity is needed. Impact evaluation targets are: a) To give information of component impacted along with its characteristics and impact magnitude,
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b) To give input to decision maker on component impacted and recommendation to mitigate such impact. 2.3.1. EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACT Significant impact evaluation is carried out on activity components causing impact and environmental component impacted. Evaluation process is holistically initiated by study and investigation on the significant impact direction and tendency in one system unit of project activity plan based on impact prediction results, and time scope (technical time), as well as area study scope border that have been determined. Impact evaluation is carried out holistically and integrated. Impact evaluation is a total investigation as a result from impact prediction on component activity causing impact and environmental component affected by impact (positive/negative) in one unit that are interrelated and interdependent. 2.3.2. INVESTIGATION AND DIRECTION AS BASES OF MANAGEMENT Investigation is conducted by using impact flow diagram resulting from impact prediction. The main components will be used in verification of Interaction matrix between activity component and environmental component (Modified Leopold Matrix). Hence, from the interaction matrix, significant primary impact and significant subsequent/derivative impact: secondary, tertiary impacts etc, as well as impact causal agents can be evaluated clearly. Results from this evaluation are presented as a base for determining significant impact that must be managed (Direction for environmental management plans and environmental monitoring plans). 2.3.3. METHOD OF MODIFIED LEOPOLD MATRIX Modified Leopold matrix is used to identify, predict, and evaluate activity plan that impacts on the relatively natural area; and in the surrounding activities emerging impact do not exist a lot. This matrix method consists of three steps assessment activities, i.e. impact identification, impact prediction, and impact evaluation. Based on the determination of important/unimportant impact criteria and category, final decision of resulted evaluation are determined to distinguish significant impact of project activity plan on each environmental parameter. The importance level of impact that will be used, are important/significant impact (P) and
unimportant/insignificant impact (TP).
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2.3.4. DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS VALUE Parameters that their threshold values are not regulated by environmental quality standard, their deviation values will be evaluated by comparing these values to the correctness values mentioned in the literatures or will be referred to expert judging. 2.3.5. EVALUATION RESULTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FEASEBILITY DECISSION
In the occasion of using significant impact criteria mentioned in Government Regulation No 27 year 1999, the criteria cannot be operated in EIA arrangement, due to additional criteria for significance impact level, environmental quality scale determination, and significance impact level decision process are still needed. After the significant impact levels of each activity or environmental components have been decided, the next steps are needed to determine significances of all activity components on all environmental components and vice versa. These steps are necessary as inputs in decision process of environmental feasibility of activity plan. 2.3.6. ALTERNATIVE OF SIGNIFICANCY IMPACT LEVEL CATEGORIZATION Alternative of significances impact level categorization that can be used simultaneously is presented in the following flow diagram.
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Category I
Amount of Community to be Impacted
Impact will be categorized important if: The total communities living in the study area who DO NOT receive any benefit total communities receiving benefit (directly absorbed as workers, receiving activity results, etc).
Category II
Width of impact distribution
Impact will be categorized important if: In the study region, occurs the areas that experience fundamental changes from the aspects of: (i) intensity; (ii) impact reversible/irreversible, and (iii) cumulative impact.
Category III
Impact duration, cumulative, reversible/irreversible
Impact will be categorized important if: The emerging of fundamental changes looking from the aspects of intensity, reversibly/irreversibly, and impact accumulation occur in more than one activity phases
Category IV
Impact Intensity
Impact will be categorized important if: The intensity of environmental changes is severe, occurs drastically in the relatively large area and in the short duration.
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Category V
The Amount of Components impacted
Impact will be categorized important if: a. Environmental quality has elevated the prevailed standard regulations. b. Criteria admitted based on scientific and professional judgment have elevated c. Protected endanger and rare species are subjected to extinguish. d. Protected area will be degraded or disturbed e. Inheriting material will be degraded or extinguished. f. Occurring dispute among communities, or between government and communities. g. Beautifully Natural Area will be changed or modified.
Based on the determination of important/unimportant impact criteria and category, final decision of resulted evaluation are determined to distinguish significant impact of project activity plan on each environmental parameter. The importance level of impact that will be used, are important/significant impact (P) and
unimportant/insignificant impact (TP).
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CHAPTER III PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. PROPONENT AND TEAM OF STUDY
3.1.1. PROPONENT Name of Institution Person in charge Function Address Telephone Fax Activity Permit Number Institution Issuing Permit Activity Permit Status Principle Permit Number Institution Issuing Permit : PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia : Ir. Antung Pandoyo : Managing Director : Gedung Sentral Senayan Lt.4 Jl. Asia Afrika VIII No. 8 Jakarta Selatan : 021-5723070 : 021-5723080 : 473/III/PMA/2007 dated 11 April 2007 : Investment Coordination Body : Foreign Investment : K/176/M/III/2000 : Ministry of Defence
3.1.2. TEAM OF STUDY Name of Institution Person in Charge Function Address Telephone/Fax : Centre for Environmental Research Research Institute of Diponegoro University : Prof. Dr. Ir. Supriharyono, MS : Chairman : Gedung Widya Puraya Lt. 2, Kampus Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Telp. /Fax 024-7460035. : 024-7460035
Chapter III : Project Description
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3.1.3. TEAM OF STUDY
No. 1.
FUNCTION IN THE TEAM (EXPERTISE)
NAME
(QUALIFICATION/CERTIFICATION)
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
Person in charge S1 Fishery, IPB S2/S3 Coastal Natural Resources Management, Univ.of Wales U.K. Team Leader S1 Physics, UGM S2 Environment, UGM Doctor candidate of coastal nat. resc.management Undip Physical-Chemistry Expert S1 Chemistry, Undip S2 Chemistry, McMaster Univ. Canada Geology and Oceanography Expert S1 Geology, UGM S2 Applied Geophysics, ITB Noise and Mapping Expert S1 Physics, UGM S2 Applied Geophysics, ITB Biology Expert S1 Biology, UGM S2/S3 Marine Biology, Univ.of Wales U.K. Biology Assistance S1 Biology, UGM S2 Biology, Univ. of Wales UK Sociology Expert S1 Gvt. administration, Undip S2 Gvt. administration, UGM Sociology Assistance S1 Public administration, UGM S2 Public administration, Queen Univ.Canada Community Health Expert S1 Medication Undip S2 Clinical Pathology Specialist Undip Translator S1 Pharmacy, Univ. of Indonesia S2 Environmental toxicology, Dalhousie Univ. Canada. S3 Env. toxicology-pharmacology, Undip
Prof. Dr. Ir. Supriharyono, MS

Head of Centre for Environmental Research Research Institute of Diponegoro University
Drs. Dwi P. Sasongko, M.Si. EIA A, B, Environmental Auditor, Coastal management; EIA arranging experience 20 years Ir. Indro Sumantri, M.Eng. EIA A; EIA arranging experience 15 years Ir. Sugeng Widada, MT EIA A, B, Geology, Sea Geology Research and EIA arranging experience 10 years Drs. Toni Yulianto, MT EIA A, EIA arranging experience 10 years Dr. Norma Afiati, M.Sc. EIA A, B, Marine Biology research and EIA arranging experience 20 years Drs. Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, M.Sc. EIA A, Biology Research and EIA arranging experience 10 years Drs. Edi Santosa,SU EIA A, B, EIA arranging experience 20 years Dra. Hartuti Purnaweni, MPA EIA A, EIA arranging experience 10 years dr. Purwanto AP, SpPK EIA A; EIA arranging experience 20 years Dr. Henna Rya Sunoko, Apt., MES EIA A, B; Environmental Auditing; Environmental toxicology research and EIA arranging experience 20 years
Clarification: S1 = bachelor degree, S2 = master degree, S3 = Doctor degree/PhD
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3.2. STATUS OF STUDY AND ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION

3.2.1. STATUS OF STUDY Activity of living environmental study of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI Construction Plan is done simultaneously along with technical and economical feasability studies. Initial feasability study has been carried out by PT KNI, and its result is used as a main reference in activity plan description arangement in this chapter. 3.2.2. SUITABILITY OF ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION WITH REGIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING (RTRW) Based on Regional Regulation of Bontang City Number 3 Year 2003 on Bontang City Spatial Planning Year 2001 2010, the activity plan location is included in BWK A; i.e. part of the city area that has been developed and consisted of 7 sub-BWK. The factory is located in industrial estate of PT. KIE lied in Sub-BWK A-1 is industrial estate of PKT-KIE functions as main developer in petrochemical upper industry and its supporting. 3.2.3. ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION 3.2.3.1. Land Borders Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI construction activity plan located in industrial estate of PT KIE is referring to Letter of Agreement of Land Trading between PT KIE and PT KNI Number 40.03/SP/DIR/KIE/X/2006 dated on Oktober 12, 2006 with the HGB Sertificate Number 07 width of 100.000 m2. Based on the Letter, the activity is located in Guntung Village, North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province, and bordered by: a. North side b. East side c. South side d. West side : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE
The location is laid in Bontang City coastal area, inside industrial estate of PT KIE. Naturally, location condition is coastal marsh, 6 km distance from centerl government of Bontang City. Location coordinates are 1170295.7 East Longitude and 001033.8 South Latitude.
Chapter III : Project Description III - 3
3.2.3.2. Consideration of Location Determination Determination of activity plan location is based on the following considerations: Location is adjacent to Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim as Ammonia (main raw material) supplier. Location is laid in coastal area; therefore it is possible for equipment and material supply as well as product market activities using boat or ship as sea transportation mode. The width of existing land can provide both factory area and exclusion area for safety purposes. Chilling water source can be supplied from the sea. Location is fitting with technical feasibility study.
Site project location and land border map are shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2. 3.2.3.3. Location Layout of Activity Plan Layout plan of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI location is shown in Figure 3.3.
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Figure 3.1. Project Site Location
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Figure 3.2. Land Border Map
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Figure 3.3. Factory Building Layout
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3.2.3.4. Land Usage Land width managed by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia is 180,000 m2, and is used for: 1. Packaging material storage 2. Outflow storage 3. Ammonium Nitrate Dry Product 4. Ammonium Nitrate Wet Product 5. Prilling Tower 6. Nitric acid Factory 7. Control Room 8. Instrument Room 9. Urea Storage 10. Additional Chemical Storage 11. Drum Storage 12. Heavy Duty Equipment Storage 13. Fuel Depot 14. Guard Room 15. Canteen/Training Room 16. Office 17. Workshop/Warehouse 18. Miscellaneous 19. Open Space Total area : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28,800 m2 1,800 m 1,200 m
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16.00 % 1.00 % 0.66 % 0.21 % 0.08 % 0.50 % 0.21 % 0.38 % 0.06 % 0.17 % 0.17 % 0.21 % 0.06 % 0.02 % 0.17 % 0.44 % 0.82 % 1.11 % 77.73 % 100.00 %
375 m 900 m 375 m 675 m 100 m 300 m 300 m 375 m 100 m 300 m 800 m 1,500 m 2,000 m
150 m
30 m
: 139,920 m
: 180,000 m2
3.2.3.5. Activity Location Distance to Other Activities Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI is located in industrial estate of PT. KIE together with other joint venture industries. The industrial estate activity is included in industrial complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim. Inside the complex there are also settlement, health, gymnasium, education, worship facilities, etc. Other activity outside industrial complex is community settlement. The closest community settlement is located in Loktuan Village in the distance of 1 km to the south of factory, and in Guntung Village in the distance of 3.5 km to the Northwest of factory.
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3.3. ACTIVITIES PHASES

3.3.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE 3.3.1.1. Survey and Measurement 3.3.1.1.1. Mapping of Project Site Situation Mapping of situation in the form of topography map is done in activity plan site in around coordinate of 1170295.7 East Longitude and 001033.8 South Latitude, bordered with PT Pupuk Kaltim warehouse and PT Pupuk Kaltim Green Belt. The topography mapping is done in order to know initial morphology condition, and therefore soil needed for filling activity can be predicted, and elevation planned can be obtained. Generally, situation measuring and mapping includes BM & CP concrete pole posting, horizontal and vertical controlling, and detail situation measuring. Significant data used to determine Bench Mark coordinates are obtained from directly measuring in the field. Initial coordinate to control horizontal is taken through 1:50,000 topography map interpolation with grid system, while initial azimuth is obtained from sun azimuth measurement. Horizontal control measurement is done by polygon method. The elevations of all polygon points are measured; initial reference point for vertical control is taken from BM pole which its elevation has been known. Measured situation is based on horizontal and vertical frame network that has been installed, by measuring the surrounding, and by measuring in the survey area. 3.3.1.1.2. Quarry Plan Quarry determination is done to get soil filling material that fulfil technical requirement. Determined location is in the area next to site activity plan which is located in Lok Tuan Village, exactly in the back of PKT employment Mess in the coordinate of 552793 longitudes and 19504 latitudes. As pre-loading material, soil from Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province is chosen by considering that optimal compaction value will be achieved. Technical operation of digging soil material in Lok Tuan quarry has to be planned. The plan includes situation mapping, reserve inventory, and digging soil material plan.
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a. Mapping of Situation Mapping of situation in the quarry is done similar to that of factory plan site. Mapping is carried out to obtain initial morphology data and planning elevation for post digging soil material, from the result reserved soil material can be calculated, as well as land usage in the phase of post digging soil material can be planned. b. Reserve Calculation Reserve inventory is valuably to know the existing soil material in the quarry, and therefore adequate material that can be used for factory land site reclamation can be predicted. c. Digging Planning of Material for Filling Following mapping of situation, reserve calculation, and post digging elevation determination, then digging activity is planned. Initial point and digging rate are determined by considering the safety of slope stability, and reaching out easiness. 3.3.1.2. Labour Recruitment Labour recruitment includes labour for digging activity preparation and labour for digging and filling operation. Detail labour recruitment is presented on Table 3.1. Table 3.1. Labour/Employment Needed in Land Preparation
Qualification 1. Site Manger 2. Superintendent 3. QA/QC 4. Engineer 5. Supervisor 6. Material Controller 7 Safety Officer 8 Administrator 9 Electrician/Mechanic 10 Office Boy 11 Security Source: PT KIE, 2007 No.
Labour/Employment
Number 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 3 2 1 4
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3.3.1.3. Equipment Mobilization The activities of digging soil material, soil unloading from the barge, transporting material/soil, filling land, will need equipments such as dump truck, bulldozer, excavator, backhoe, water tank, vibro roller, etc. Numbers of equipment that will be used are presented on Table 3.2. The equipment will be transported from the contractor home base to the location, and transportation will pass by the street. Table 3.2. Equipment Needed in Land Preparation Equipment No Qualification 1 Excavator PC-200 2 Bulldozer D-7 3 Dump Truck 10 Wheels 4 Whellloader 5 Vibro roller 6 Motor grader Source: PT KIE 3.3.1.1. Digging of Material for Filling Digging material in the quarry is done by using heavy duty equipments such as excavator, bulldozer, and dump truck. Digging is begun from the top of the hill; forming terrace ring is needed in this activity in order to clearly identify the location border with its surrounding. Digging is carried out in a particular manner, i.e. the digging slope is not more than 1:2 to avoid land sliding during and after digging activities. 3.3.1.2. Transportation of Material for Filling Quarry and land that will be filled are located in industrial estate of PT KIE; therefore transporting soil material will not pass Public Street. Transportation uses dump truck, and soil loading to dump truck in the quarry uses excavator. Sand-gravel will be brought from Palu using barge, unloading will be used excavator and will be transported by dump truck to land filling location. 3.3.1.3. Land Clearing The location of Ammonia Nitrate Factory PT KNI plan is coastal marsh with plenty of bush, garbage, and other unused materials, therefore land clearing has to be done. Land clearing is done by using bulldozer, and due to project site is coastal marsh grabbing is also done to remove mangrove roots to dumping area.
Numbers 8 5 22 4 2 1
3.3.1.5. Land Preparation Land preparation activities include base camp construction, land clearing, mangrove roots removing, top higher land cutting, blanket laying, geotextile laying, land filling, and drainage construction 3.3.1.5.1. Base Camp Construction Base camp construction is needed as equipment spare parts storage (spare parts of equipments used for digging/unloading/filling etc), field administration activity, labour barrack, and workshop. The base camp is constructed in the surrounding soil filling activity location. 3.3.1.5.2. Land Filling Activity Considering part of PT. KNI land is coastal marsh, first this part has to be filled up to higher than seawater surface, thus laying soil material and compacting in reclamation activity will be easier. Before filling the marsh, safety guard wall /dike has to be erected in the sea side and in the side bordered with PT. Pupuk Kaltim industrial complex drainage, hence soil material will not go to the sea or block the drainage. Due to the west side of the land is higher than other sides, land cutting has to be done in this part and material resulted for cutting is moved to the lower part. Reclamation is done from the land direction to the sea, the reclamation activity includes: 1. Determining outside border of reclamation area through the calculation of reclamation area slope and height based on coordinates figured on the map. 2. Determining guard wall/dike trace and dike ground width. The width is depended on dike slope, dike height, and width of dike top. Slope of outside dike is 1:5, and slope of inside dike is 1:2. The width of dike top is 4 m, and will function as factory ring road. 3. 4. Filling dike is done in layer and followed by levelling. Drainage with 1.00 m is installed in the dike, in every 100 m distance, to drain water for reclamation area. 5. Initial land filling is done using sand-gravel brought from Palu Central Sulawesi Province, and functions as blanket with the thickness of 0.6 m. The sand-gravel is transported using barge and unloaded exactly at the
end of reclamation area (in the side of Tursina Pier). Sand-stone then is loaded to dump truck using loader, transported to reclamation site, and dispersed evenly layer by layer. Sand-gravel granulometry analyses results that it consists of sand 49.5% and gravel 44.21% with mud in the concentration of 6.29%. 6. After sand-gravel blanketing has finished, geotextile woven as separator layer is laid. 7. Following laying blanket and geotextile, is filling land using material from the quarry in the surrounding Kayu Emasa Street (in the back side of PKT mess) on the areas C1 and C2 until the elevation of + 101.70, filling is continued for surcharge until the elevation of + 104.70. Material used for this filling activity is gradual material with CBR value minimum 5% after 4 days submersion and 100% after compaction compared to dry compaction according to AASHTO T. 99. Laying filling material above geotextile is done layer by layer, maximum of each layer thickness is 20 cm then it is compacted using vibro roller. Before compaction, it is sprayed with water using water tank truck to obtain the planned compaction. In the site that vibro roller cannot reach, compaction is done by using mechanical jumping roller; however the layer thickness should not more than 15 CM. 3.3.1.5.3. Drainage Construction After reclamation finished, drainage is constructed to flow rain water from planned factory PT KNI land to drainage system. 3.3.1.5.4. Land Clearing All unused remaining materials such as garbage and other unused materials are moved from the location in order not to disturb following activities. 3.3.1.5.5. Land Clearing The next step is land usage suitable with the plan of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI construction, while ex quarry is used suitable with the plan of industrial estate of PT KIE.
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a. Land clearing
b. Digging of soil material for filling purposes Figure 3.1. Land clearing and material digging
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a. Laying of filling material
Figure 3.2. Laying and compacting filling material
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3.3.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 3.3.2.1. Personnel Recruitment Personnel recruitment in construction phase is around 400 persons. These personnel will be supplied by construction contractor manager. Personnel recruited are especially labours, and the priority is local labours suitable with their specification. Professional personnel will be recruited from outside of the project location. This activity is temporarily, and will end after construction activity finished. Activity recruitment is hopping to give positive impact to the community due to the job opportunity, effort opportunity, livelihood, and earning will increase. However, if the amount of local labours do not fulfil the needs or is not proportional it will give negative perception to the community. 3.3.2.2. Equipment and Construction Material Mobilization Almost all equipment and material mobilization will use land transportation. This activity predicted will impact and cause transportation disturbances, decreasing air quality, increasing noise, decreasing environment convenience and aesthetic, health disturbance, as well as community negative perception and attitude. Type and numbers of materials used in the construction phase is planned suitable with the needs. The contractor manager will list detail materials types and numbers. 3.3.2.3. Factory Construction Activity Factory and its supporting unit construction activities include production process, utility unit, office, warehouse, control room, instrument room, workshop, wastewater treatment unit, fuel depot, water cooler system facility, safety guard house, canteen/training room, and other supporting units for production process activity, harbour affairs facility, mechanical and electrical activities. All activities are predicted will impact on several environmental parameters such as: decreasing air quality, increasing noise and vibrate, increasing runoff, decreasing seawater quality, sea transportation disturbance, hydrooceanography alteration, marine biota disturbance, fisherman activity
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disturbance, decreasing environment convenience and aesthetic, decreasing work health and safety, health disturbance, as well as community negative perception and attitude. 3.3.3. OPERATION PHASE 3.3.3.1. Raw Material and Supporting Material a. Raw Material The raw material of ammonium nitrate is ammoniac and nitric acid. Ammoniac will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while nitric acid will be produced by PT KNI itself. Other raw materials are air and sea water. b. Supporting Material Supporting material of ammonium nitrate industry is hydrogen and air. Raw material and additive material data are presented on Table 3.2. 3.3.3.2. Product PT KNI produces ammonium nitrate 300,000 tonnes/year. Concentration minimum of ammonium nitrate product is 99 %, while nitric acid is 60 %. The factory will be operated 24 hours/day and 7 days/week. Work shifting is 3 times, includes: - Shift I - Shift II : 07.00 15.00 oclock : 15.00 23.00 oclock
- Shift III : 23.00 07.00 oclock - Shift IV : 0ff Non-shift : 8 hours/day/person, 40 hours/week/person
Products type, capacity, form and characteristics as well as product storage system is presented on Table 3.3.
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Table 3.2. The Need of Raw Material and Supporting Material in PT. KNI Type a. Raw Material 1. Ammonia 2. Air 3. Amm. Sulphate 4. Nitric acid b. Additive Material 1. Oxygen 2. Catalyst Pt /Rh 3. Lilamine (Amine) 4. Soda ash 5. Spill Absorbent 6. Mineral Oil 7. Prill Additive 8. Lime Stone 9. NaOH 10. HCl 11. Antifoam 12. Nitrogen 13. Sulphate acid 14. Natural Gas 15. Urea 16. Anti foam Cooling water 17. Inhibitor Cooling water 18. Biocide Cooling water 19. Stabilized Biocide
Source: PT. KNI, 2007
Capacity (Vol/time) 20 ton/hour 145 ton/hour 2400 ton/year 53 ton/hour 1 kg/year 120 kg/year 300 ton/year 2 ton/year 2 ton/year 25 m3/year 225 ton/year 2 ton/year 10 m3/year 3m3/year 1m3/year 200 Nm3/hour 20 m3/year 50 Sm3/hour 1200 ton/year 1000 L/year 3000 L/year 3000 L/year 3000 L/year
Physical Form Liquid Gas Liquid Liquid Gas Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Liquid gas Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
Material Characteristic Flammable Flammable Non Flammable Corrosive Flammable Heavy metal Non Toxic Corrosive Non Toxic Non Toxic Non Toxic Non Toxic Corrosive Corrosive Non Toxic Non Hazardous Corrosive Flammable Non Hazardous Non Hazardous Non Hazardous Non Hazardous Non Hazardous
Material Origin PT. PKT Atmosphere In country Self product Import Import Import Import Import Import Import Import Import Import Import In country Import In country Import Import Import Import Import
Storage System Piping system Piping system Drum (Closed warehouse) Piping system Cylinder(Closed warehouse) Bag (Closed warehouse) Bag (Closed warehouse) Bag (Closed warehouse) Bag (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Bag (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) - (Piping) Drum (Closed warehouse) - (Piping) Bag (Open warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse) Drum (Closed warehouse)
Material Balance % product % leftover 99.5 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.5 2.0 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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Table 3.3. Product Data Product Type Ammonium Nitrate Capacity (tonnes/year) 300,000 Product Physical Form and Characteristic Solid and or solution and as substances Storage System Solid ammonium nitrate product is put in the bag and places in warehouse.
3.3.3.3. Production Equipment Main equipments used in the production included type, numbers, condition, country origin, and energy source, are presented on Table 3.4. Table 3.4. Production Main Equipment
No Equipment type Nitric acid plant Demin water tank Air filter Turbine condenser Steam turbine Air compressor Ammonia filter liquid Ammonia vaporizer Ammonia Filter gas Ammonia air filter Ammonia super heater Mixed gas filter NOx compressor Expander NOx absorber Numbers Energy Used Impact Type: Condition Country Origin for Moving Vibrate/Noise/ (%) Motor Heat/ Sharp 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Heat Noise Noise Heat & noise Heat & noise Sharp Sharp and heat Sharp and heat Sharp and heat Sharp and heat Sharp Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise, gas, and heat Noise, gas, and heat Noise, gas, and heat Gas and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise, gas and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
15 Converter 16 Tail gas heater 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 NO gas separator Economizer Steam drum Feed water preheater Desuperheater Deaerator BFW feed pump Gas cooler Bleacher column
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26 27 28 29
Gas cooler Absorber Process water tank Air condensate tank
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia
Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric
heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Heat Heat Gas and heat Gas and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Gas and heat Noise and heat Heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise, gas and heat Noise, gas and heat Noise and heat Noise, gas and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Heat Noise and heat Noise, gas and heat Noise, gas and heat Heat Noise and heat Heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise, gas and heat Noise and heat
Ammonium Nitrate Plant 1 Ammonia 2 Condenser 3 Nitric acid heater 4 Process condensate tank & pump 5 Ammonia 6 Vapour separator 7 Collecting tank 8 Steam ejector 9 Ammonium nitrate solution tank 10 Ammonium nitrate evaporator 11 Ammonium nitrate Prill feed tank 12 Process condensate cooler 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Prill tower Predryer Process condensate Predryer air heater Prilling air scrubber Final scrubber Screen Cooler Injection air heater Fluidization air cooler Coating agent storage Coater Ammonia
26 Ammonia Supporting Equipment 1 Feed water tank 2 Feed water deaerator 3 Demin water 4 NH3 preheater 5 Process gas cooler 6 7 8 9 Cooler condenser 1 Cooler condenser 2 Air compressor NO compressor
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia
Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric
10 NH3 air mixer
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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
NH3 tail gas mixer Chilled water circulating pump Catalyst recovery system Vapour separator Ammonium nitrate solution tank Process condensate tank Ammonium nitrate solution tank Ammonia heater Ammonium nitrate tank ejector Ammonia mixer Nitric acid mixer 60% ammonium nitrate storage tank Ammonium nitrate neutralizer Head tank Prill tower belt conveyor Bucket elevator Final scrubber fan Head tank agitator Dryer Screen Coating drum Steam condensate tank Steam saturator Steam condenser Nitric acid storage tank Air heater Bin activator Bulk loading head Bulk silo Bagging silo Batch weigher for big bags
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia
Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric
Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Heat Heat Heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise Noise Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Heat Noise and heat Noise and heat Noise Noise Noise
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3.3.3.4. Energy Usage Energy used for the factory included type, capacity, usage/month, and source is presented on Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Energy Usage Energy Type Electric Steam High voltage (40 barg) Mild voltage (7 barg) Low voltage (3 barg)
Capacity 3.6 MW
Using/Month 2,160,000 KWH 23,760 tonnes/month
Source PT. KIE
33 tonnes/hours 8 tonnes/hours 2 tonnes/hours
Steam is obtained from PT PKT with pressure of 40 barg
3.3.3.5. Water Usage Water used for the factory included type, usage/month, treatment system, source, and usage is presented on Table 3.6 Table 3.6 Water Usage Water Type Clean water (Potable water) Demineralised Water Fire Water
Usage 1 m3/day 2 m3/day 2000 m3
Clarification Water needed are supplied by PT KIE Water needed are supplied by PT KIE Water needed are supplied by PT KIE
3.3.3.6. Fuel and Lubricant Usage Fuel and lubricant used for factory included type, need/month, and waste treatment is presented on Table 3.7
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Table 3.7 Fuel and Lubricant Usage Material Type Diesel Fuel Lubricant Gasoline Solar Oil
Need / year 3,500 L/year 5,000 L/year 80,000 litters are used for transportation fuel 9,000 litters are used for transportation fuel 100 litters are used for factory equipment and transportation fuel
Waste treatment Oil waste is collected and sent to the competence party Oil waste is collected and sent to the competence party No waste, all are used No waste, all are used Oil waste is collected and sent to the competence party
3.3.3.7. Transportation Usage Transportation used for factory included usage, transportation type, and volume/particular time is presented onTable 3.8 Table 3.8 Vehicles Usage Usage Raw material Additive material Product Labour/employment - Private car - Bus - Others
Transportation Type Pipe Truck/ship Ship/barge 3 units Commerce: 15 units used for operational activity
Period During operation 4 times/year 10 - 15 times/month 10 times/day 6 times/day
3.3.3.8. Factory Operation Personnel Total numbers of personnel are 100 persons. Personnel composition: a. Expatriate b. Local personnel Personnel Duty Classification a. Manager to senior manager : 6 persons. b. Junior manager c. Non management : 15 persons. : 79 persons. : 5 persons
: 95 persons
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Personnel Classification Based on Education a. Diplome III and up b. DII 3.3.3.9. Production Process The capacity of ammonium nitrate factory is 300,000 tonnes / year. The factory has two activities, i.e. nitric acid unit production and ammonium nitrate unit production. In general, PT KNI collaborates with vendor that has reputation internationally and has a good knowledge in ammonium nitrate production process. Ammonium nitrate both its specification and quality can be accepted in market area. The factory in its activity will be designed by considering on well safety factors and well standards. Maximal energy recovery along with emission and effluent minimization will be adopted as far as it is economically practicable. The ammonium nitrate unit production/plant is planned to work continually with only minimal interruption production time used for equipment maintenance and regular cleaning of ammonium nitrate dry end plant. 3.3.3.9.1. Nitric Acid Plant Almost all commercial quantities of nitric acid are manufactured by the oxidation of ammonia with air to form nitrogen oxides that are absorbed in water to form nitric acid. PT KNI will employ a weak acid (sub azeotropic) process to produce Nitric Acid at 60% for Ammonium Nitrate production. Historically, there is difference philosophy in nitric acid factory design between USA and Europe that has led to the development of two basic types of weak acid plants: the high mono pressure and the dual pressure processes. USA is more favourable to high mono pressure process due to its lower capital cost (10-15% lower than the dual pressure process), and traditionally lower energy and ammonia prices. While Europe is more favourable to dual pressure process due to allowable capital payback periods and energy costs have traditionally higher causing the process has evolved giving lower ammonia feedstock usage and lower emission. PT KNI proposes to use dual pressure process design, and plans to produce at least 700 tonnes / day to fulfil the needs of nitric acid for ammonium nitrate production. : : 21 persons. 79 persons.
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Dual Pressure Process Description The process is using medium pressure (0.3 0.6 MPa) front end for ammonia oxidation, and high pressure (1.1 1.5 MPa) tail end for absorption purposes. Compared to high mono pressure plant, oxidation process in dual pressure is using lower pressure and as a result it will relate to higher nitric oxide yields and catalyst performance. Losing platinum will be significantly lower and therefore catalyst will have longer time thus the production time also will be longer. Reduced pressure also results in weaker nitric acid condensate from the cooler condenser, which helps to improve absorber performance. Due to the split in operating conditions, the dualpressure process requires a specialized stainless steel NOx compressor. Ammonia will be reacted with air on platinum/rhodium alloy catalysts in an Ammonia Converter. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation: 4NH3 + 5O2 > 4NO + 6H2O (1)
Simultaneously nitrous oxide, nitrogen and water are formed as well, in accordance with the following equations: 4NH3 + 3O2 > 2N2 + 6H2O 4NH3 + 4O2 > 2N2O + 6H2O (2) (3)
It will be important to maintain the reaction temperature between 850 940oC to minimise combustion of ammonia and loss of rhodium at high temperature and to minimise the preferential formation of N2O at low temperatures to maximise nitric oxide yield. The catalyst will consist of several woven or knitted gauzes formed from wire containing about 90% platinum alloyed with rhodium for greater strength and may contain palladium. Air pollution and contamination from the ammonia can poison the catalyst. This effect, as well as poor ammoniaair mixing and poor gas distribution across the catalyst, may reduce the yield by 10%. The enthalpy of the hot reaction gases will be used to produce steam and/or to preheat the waste gas (tail gas). The heated waste gas is emitted to the atmosphere through a gas turbine for energy recovery. This will cool the
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reaction gas to 100 to 200 C. The reaction gas will then be further cooled with water. The water produced in reactions (1) to (3) is then condensed in a cooler-condenser and transferred to the absorption column. Nitric oxide is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide as the combustion gases are cooled, according to the equation: 2NO + O2 <-> 2NO2 (4)
For this purpose, more air will be injected into the gas mixture obtained from the ammonia oxidation. This air will be regulated so that the normal oxygen content of the waste gas leaving the plant is between 2 and 4% by volume. The absorber will be operated with a counter-current flow of water. The absorption of the nitrogen dioxide and its reaction to nitric acid and nitric oxide take place simultaneously in the gaseous and liquid phases according to equations (4) and (5). These reactions depend on pressure and temperature to a large extent and are favoured by higher pressure and lower temperature. 3NO2 + H2O <-> 2HNO3 + NO -46kJmol-1 NO2 (5)
Reaction (5) is exothermic and continuous cooling will be required within the absorber. As the conversion of NO to NO2 is favoured by low temperature, this reaction will take place significantly until the gases leave the absorption column. The nitric acid produced in the absorber contains dissolved nitrogen oxides and is then bleached by the secondary air. Feed Preparation Liquid ammonia from storage will be evaporated using water or condensate and superheated to prevent any liquid carry-over. Gaseous ammonia will be filtered to remove any rust from carbon steel equipment. Trace iron can promote the decomposition of ammonia before it reaches the gauze. High purity air will be obtained by using two or three stage filtration. An air compressor will be driven by a tail gas expander and by a condensing steam turbine. A static mixer will be used to produce a high quality mixture, which is essential to maintain good catalyst operation. The concentration of NH3 in the feed gas will be maintained between 10 to 11% by volume to avoid the LEL of ammonia (The LEL of ammonia is about 15% at 25 C but
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decreases with increasing temperature, and possibly with increasing pressure although Keleti states LEL is constant in the range 1 to 10 bar at 25 C 13.8% vol at atmospheric pressure). Ammonia Converter Section The ammonia converter will be designed to give a uniform distribution of the air/ammonia mixture over the catalyst gauzes. Maintenance of the catalyst operating temperature is very important for the NO yield. This will be is achieved by adjusting the air/ammonia ratio and ensuring that the lower explosive limit for ammonia in air is not exceeded. Conversion of ammonia to nitric oxide using a platinum based catalyst is high (9398%). The optimum reaction temperature for conversion efficiency increases with operating pressure. Overall, the combination of higher operation pressure and temperature results in decreased conversion efficiency. Some of the platinum and rhodium will vaporise during the reaction process and a recovery system will be installed below the catalyst. This will provide for up to 60 to 80% recovery of the total catalyst losses. Ultimately catalyst will need to be replaced. The ammonia converter will probably be the upper part of a vessel that also contains the first heat recovery section (steam super heater and steam generator). A set of gas/gas heat exchangers will transfer the energy from the gas leaving the boiler set, to the tail gas that will be used to drive the expander. NOx compression section The cooled gases leaving the heat recovery section will be further cooled and then mixed with the air and nitrogen oxides from the bleaching of the acid solution and then compressed to a higher pressure for the absorption stage. The heat of compression will be removed from the compressed gases by heat recovery into the tail gas or the boiler feed water. Conversion of NO to NO2 is slow and increasing the pressure in this section means that reductions in equipment and handling system size can be achieved without impacting on the residence time required optimising conversion. Following compression, a second cooler condenser will reduce the temperature of the gases to about 50C and the acid solution formed will be returned to the absorber.
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Absorption Section The cooled process gas will be fed to a sieve tray absorber where it is absorbed into demineralised water and condensate. The rate of water flow is manipulated to produce 60% acid. The acid solution from the absorption section will be passed to a bleach column, where it will be stripped of the nitrogen oxides by a flow of air from the air compressor. The air and the stripped nitrogen oxides will return to the absorber. NOx Abatement Abatement of NOx will be achieved by catalytic reduction with ammonia or natural gas. This will reduce NOx concentrations in the vented tail gas to below allowable discharge limits. Nitric Acid Storage Intermediate storage of Nitric Acid will be provided to service the Ammonium Nitrate Plant. The storage capacity will be sufficient to allow the AN Neutralisation Plant to: operate normally should the Nitric Acid Plant experience a temporary disruption to its production rate or to reduce production gradually if Nitric Acid Plant production stops due to an incident or failure. A nominal storage capacity of 1500 tonnes as either one or two tanks of 60 % (by weight) nitric acid has been allowed for this purpose but final capacity is yet to be confirmed. The NA storage tank area may have its own bund and sump, or alternatively be of the double wall type to ensure containment. Effluent from the Nitric acid plant bonded areas will be treated in a common treatment facility. 3.3.3.9.2. Ammonium Nitrate Plant Three steps are essential to ammonium nitrate manufacture: neutralization of nitric acid with ammonia to produce a concentrated solution; evaporation to give a melt; and processing by prilling or granulation to give the commercial solid product. Neutralisation Ammonium Nitrate solution will be produced by the instantaneous, exothermic reaction between nitric acid and gaseous ammonia according to the following equation:
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NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq) -> NH4 NO3 (aq) + Heat The reaction will be conducted in a well mixed, low inventory reactor to avoid localised overheating. The temperature in the reactor will be regulated by the addition rate of feeds and by the removal of heat. The steam which is evaporated by the heat of reaction will be separated from the AN solution in the Vapour Separator. This process steam will then be processed to remove entrained ammonium nitrate and ammonia before it is used to preheat the ammonia and nitric acid feed streams. Excess steam will be condensed. Condensate will be recovered and used to feed the Nitric Acid Plant Absorber. The AN solution will drain from the Vapour Separator into the AN Solution Tank. The concentration of the AN solution in the AN Solution Tank will be maintained at 76 to 92% w/w. Evaporation The AN solution will be pumped to a falling film evaporator which will use steam to facilitate evaporation of water and concentrate the AN solution to greater than 95% w/w. The Evaporator will operate under a vacuum to assist with concentration and the temperature of the AN solution will be maintained at about 140oC. The process steam resulting from the concentrating of the solution will pass through a vapour separator where it will then be scrubbed to remove volatile impurities before it is condensed and recovered in the condensate tank. The concentrated AN solution will flow from the Evaporator into the Prilling Feed Tank. It will then be pumped to the Prill Tower Head Tank. An additive may be added to the process to improve the quality of the prilled product. Prilling Prilling is the formation of a rounded, granular solid by allowing molten droplets to fall through an air-cooling medium. Prilling of ammonium nitrate involves spraying the concentrated solution into the top of a large tower. The descending droplets are cooled by an upward flow of air, solidifying into spherical prills that are collected at the bottom. The process yields particles that vary in size depending on the residual moisture of solution, air temperature, and flow rate. Low density 770 kg/m3 prills, favoured for use in ammonium nitratefuel oil blasting agents, are produced by spraying
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ammonium nitrate solutions into towers 33 to 60 m high. The porous product produced promotes propagation of detonation and allows for a higher fuel oil loading. As the droplets fall through the tower an upward stream of cooling air will cause the melt to solidify into spherical prills. Cooling air will be recycled through the Prilling Air Scrubber where it is both scrubbed and cooled before it is re-introduced into the Prill Tower. The Prilling Air Scrubber will remove residual AN dust and ammonia. Approximately 10% of the scrubbed air (which will contain <15 mg/Nm3 AN) will be vented to the Final Scrubber to maintain the Prill Tower Air system under a slight vacuum. Drying and Recycle The warm prilled product will be passed over a screen in the Prill Tower Exit Conveyor before it enters a Pre Drier followed by a Drier. Lumps from the screen will be dissolved and recycled either back to the process or sent to the Fertiliser Plant. The AN Prills will be dried and cooled using dehumidified air. The drying will consist of two stages; preliminary drying using cool air flowing co current to the prills followed by final drying using warm air flowing counter current to the prills. This arrangement will optimize moisture removal and minimise product breakdown. Dust from the drying process will be dissolved in a re-dissolving tank. The drying/cooling air will be scrubbed in the Final Scrubber to remove AN particulates (to <15 mg/Nm3 AN) before passing to atmosphere. The prills will then be screened by the Dried Product Screen where over and under-size material will be removed. The over and under-size material will be re-dissolved in the AN prilling feed tank. The correctly sized prills will be cooled using dehumidified air in a Product Cooler. Air from the Product Cooler will be used to dry the prills in the Drier, thereby providing dehumidified air for the drier and minimising the amount of air to be scrubbed. The cooled prills will be coated with coating agent in a Product Coating Drum to improve handling characteristics. The prills will then be conveyed either to a 1000 tonne bulk store (if such a store is required) or direct to bag or container filling. The prills from the bulk store will be screened on Vibrating Screens to remove fines and lumps before loading into 1.2 tonne bags or 20 tonne containers.
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The reject material will be bagged and dispatched as a lower grade product, or dissolved for fertiliser. Fertilizer Solutions Wherever practicable Ammonium Nitrate plant effluent that is not contaminated will be recovered rather than passing to effluent and will be used to make either 60% AN solution or Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN) both of which are excellent fertilisers. The various sources will be collected in a Fertiliser Liquor Storage Tank, then pumped to a Fertiliser Concentrator where the solution is concentrated to 60-65% w/w and held in a storage tank. If UAN is made, urea will then be added to this solution and the fertiliser despatched by road tanker or isotainer. Out of specification AN prill either from production or returned from customers and which cannot be blended back into the product stream, will be dissolved at the fertiliser plant and used to make fertiliser. 3.3.3.9.3. AMMONIUM NITRATE STORAGE AND LOGISTICS In principle it will be preferred if a prill bulk store and reclaim facility can be avoided, and wet end designed to ensure minimum off spec product at start-up and maximum turndown should assist this situation. If however a bulk store is required, then it will be of minimum practical size for production continuity, and equipped with air conditioning due to the high ambient humidity. Product will initially be loaded into 1.2 tonne bags only, but it is envisaged that in future AN may also be despatched as solution in isotainers or as bulk or bags of prill in shipping containers. For bagged prill it is envisaged that two 100% prill bagging lines will be provided, with sufficient over capacity to enable smooth and reliable operation and some catch up ability. The size of bagging machine feeding hoppers will be minimised to reduce prill inventory but on a practical basis for reliability of operation. It is also intended that the hoppers be installed below the roofline so as not to be visible from above. If practical, filling and conveying lines will handle bags without the use of pallets, to avoid having pallets in the bag store. Conveying equipment for the full bags from either filling line will be provided such that bags are transported via conveyors to designated accumulation areas at several locations on the north side of the bag store.
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This is to minimise the travel distance for forklifts transferring two bags at a time to storage piles. The accumulation location used each day will vary based on the part of the store being filled. A total on site storage capacity of up to 10,000 tonnes of bagged AN is envisaged with average operating volume of about 5,000 tonnes. This will enable sufficient stock to be compiled for ship loading, and provide a minimal buffer to allow for late ships or loading delays on the shared wharf. Frequent shutdowns due to full storage should thus be avoided. Conveying equipment to transfer full bags from the store to trucks, for transport to the wharf, will be provided. The concept envisaged is that two forklifts will transfer bags from the storage piles to conveyors which will run from half way down each end of the building on the south side of the bag store to accumulation areas either side of a centrally located 10 bag pickup marshalling area. 10 bags at a time (5 by 2 grid) will then be loaded via overhead crane onto purpose built low level trailers which will be towed by tractor or similar vehicle to the wharf. Approximately six of these tractor/trailer units will circulate to keep the ships crane fully occupied. The existing Tursina Wharf will be used to dispatch AN. As this is a shared wharf and other activities such as urea loading will be ongoing at the same time, AN loading will be physically segregated by temporary barriers to ensure security is maintained. Assuming approximately 3,000 to 5,000 tonne shiploads of prill there will be a requirement for 2 -3 shipments per month. Means of transferring bulk bags and containers of prill between the plant and the jetty is envisaged to be by flat bed tractor/trailer units in 10 bag lots and it is expected that 200 300 trailer movements will be required for each shipment. It is expected that the ship's crane or a mobile crane will be used to move AN bags or isotainers and containers from the jetty into the ship's hull. It typically takes several days to load a ship, and further investigation will be undertaken to assess loading methods and loading rates consistent with existing jetty utilisation and the available window for ship loading. Vehicle fuelling facilities will be provided for the store to ship and other loading activities require at the site. Bagged prill or isotainers may also be transferred via flat bed truck to local mine sites if road condition permits. Heavy lift (container) and general duty forklifts will be required at the factory and jetty and if a
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bulk system is required, front end loaders will also be necessary to load prill into the reclaim system. 3.3.3.9.4. Liquid Effluent Treatment and Discharge Process effluent Where recovery and recycle of lost LDAN product is not possible, and it cannot be sent for fertiliser manufacture, liquid effluent will pass to a treatment plant. Effluent from all other contained plant areas is also transferred to the same treatment plant. The plant is conceptually the same as that successfully operated at Oricas Yarwun plant in Australia, and consists of two batch storage tanks, which receive effluent in turn from the various plant areas. The effluent is collected in double contained pits in each area and pumped via overhead pipe systems to a two tank batch effluent pre-treatment system prior to transfer to KIE treatment and discharge ponds. Effluent pits at oil contaminated locations are triple separator type to allow oil capture. Above ground effluent tanks are preferred to avoid issues due to long term site settlement and allow for inspection for leakage. The effluent is monitored for TSS, pH, nitrate and ammonia and is treated with caustic and/or hydrochloric acid on a batch basis as required, before it is pumped to KIE. It is expected that the effluent would also be monitored at KIE for the same analyses to ensure it is within KIE licensed parameters before discharge to sea. Seawater Cooler Discharge Seawater discharge from the cooling tower basin will be discharged into the sea through a new outfall pipe at the east side of the site with a salinity level approximately 1.5 times that of inlet seawater, and containing residual treatment chemicals. Due to the use of a cooling tower, the discharge flow is very low compared to the flow of a once through system, and minor in comparison to flows coming from the existing seawater races. The discharged seawater is therefore expected to blend quickly and have little effect on existing water quality in the area.
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Gas Emission The main sources of gaseous emissions from the nitric acid plant are the main plant stacks the ammonia vent stack and the ammonia scrubber stack. The main nitric acid plant stack is essentially unreacted air (primarily Nitrogen) from the nitric acid manufacture process, containing NOx and other contaminants. This stack is elevated to aid dispersion and thereby minimise ground level concentrations, and generally supported by the structure for the absorber column. The actual height is to be confirmed by dispersion calculations based on the actual wind data and layout of the site, but will be above the height of the absorber. It is normal during start-up of the NA plant that this stack emits a visible brown plume until the plant reaches temperature, after which time the plume is invisible. During shutdown it is also common for NOx readings to rise in the stack as the absorber tray liquid inventory drops, and this may also cause a small visible plume during the initial shutdown phase until air flow ceases entirely. The number of shutdowns and start-ups will vary depending on such issues as the supply reliability of utilities and frequency and severity of electrical storms. Shutdowns due to these types of issues will be additive to the approximately 10 shutdowns required per year for production and maintenance purposes. The ammonia vent stack is located alongside the main vent stack to give it support and provide access, and is used to collect and vent ammonia from large relief valves where scrubbing of the emissions would be impractical. Normally there is no flow through this stack, and in the event of its use due to process upset or malfunction the process would be shut down as soon as practical. A separate ammonia scrubbing system is provided to handle emissions from small hydrostatic relief valves and for controlled venting as required to access equipment for maintenance. Miscellaneous Wastes that are not included in above categorization such as solid waste (both toxic and hazardous as well as non toxic and non hazardous wastes) will be managed suitable with Bontang City Regulations. Domestic solid waste (garbage) will be managed by (1) Organic and inorganic waste
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separation; (2) inorganic waste such as plastic, wood, paper, glass, metal etc will be sold to collector and recycled; (3) organic waste such as leafs, fruit peel, food left over, etc are dumped to the land fill; While solid wastes that categorized as toxic and hazardous waste are managed suitable with the regulation. Waste managing is presented on Table 3.9.
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Table 3.9 Waste Management

Waste type A. Solid/particle 1. Left over catalyst Characteristic Source Ammonia Converter Amount Treatment Method Collected according to its characteristic, Packed in drum and labelled, Stored in suitable and safety place, Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances. Domestic waste is dumped in landfill. Paper and cartoon will be recycled Packed minimally Washing out with water to vanish nitrate contaminant < 100 mg/L Dumped in landfill by waste contractor Cleaned with water and dumped in land fill Washed with water until clean Stored in suitable and safety place, Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances Collected and dumped by licensed contractor Washed and taken contaminant Stored in suitable and safety place, Managed by waste contractor Washed and taken contaminant Stored in suitable and safety place, Managed by waste contractor
Hazardous
120 kg/year
2. Domestic and office solid waste.
Non toxic
Domestic activity / household and office
50 m3/year 50 m3/year 10 m3/year
3. Inert material (plastic, etc) consisting nitrate
Non toxic
General
4. Part of Lilamine 5. Empty Drum
Non toxic Toxic
Chemical packaging Chemical storage
1800 bag/year 2000 drums/year 100 units @ 20 L/year
6. Coating Agent 7. Filter
Non toxic
Product layer system Separator Aqua ammonia filter Nitric acid compressor Ammonia filter
20 ton/year 4 units/year 20 m3/year 100 units /year 1000 bags/year
8. Part of ammonium nitrate
Non toxic
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B. Liquid 1. Nitric acid waste
Corrosive
Nitric acid production process system Cooling system using seawater. Triple Separator
300 m3/day
Neutralized pH and flowed into chemical pond. Decreased temperature with cooling tower Collected and packaged in drum and labelled, Stored in suitable and safety place, Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances Recondition /heating process controlling.
2. Hot wastewater
Non toxic
220 m3/hour
3. Grease
Toxic
100 L/year
C. Gas 1. Nitric acid factory stack Can disturb health especially respiration tract. Can disturb health especially respiration tract. Decreasing convenience Ammonia vent stack 680 mg/Nm3 NOx
2. Ammonium Nitrate Final Scrubber Stack D. Noise Noise
Ammonium nitrate absorbed by air
200 mg/Nm3 Ammonia
Recondition /heating process controlling.
Machine sounds in production process
Machine maintenance, soundproof room, using ear plug and earmuff
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CHAPTER IV SCOPE OF STUDY
4.1. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT WILL BE ASSESSED 4.1.1. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY PLAN CAUSING IMPACT Activity plan that will be assessed in the study of environmental impact is construction plan of Ammonium nitrate factory. The study includes the assessment of land preparation, construction, and operation phases. Activities in every phase will cause impact to geo-physic-chemistry, biology, socialeconomic-culture, and community health environmental components. Activities type based on activity phase are as follows: 4.1.1.1. Land Preparation Phase 1. Survey and measuring 2. Land procurement 3. Labour recruitment 4. Equipment mobilization 5. Land clearing 6. Land preparation 4.1.1.2. Construction Phase 1. 2. 3. 4. Construction phase labour recruitment Equipment and construction material mobilization Factory construction activity Labour and equipment demobilisation
4.1.1.3. Operation Phase 1. Operation phase labour recruitment 2. Raw material and addition material procurement 3. Production process 4. Waste treatment 5. Product shipping
Chapter IV : Scope of Study
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4.1.2. SCOPING PROCESS

4.1.2.1. Potential Impact Identification Potential impact identification includes primary, secondary, and tertiary impacts which potentially will emerge as results from Ammonium nitrate factory construction activity. Potential impact identification is done through potential impact inventory without viewing impact magnitude or significantinsignificant impact. The identification is using methods of consultation and discussion with expert, initiator, and related institution. Besides consultation and discussion, methods including test inventory, simple interaction matrix, flow diagram, references study, field observation, content analyses, and group interaction are also used. Impact flow diagram and impact identification matrix are presented on Figure 4.1, Figure 4.2, Figure 4.3 and Table 4.1. 4.1.2.2. Potential Impact Evaluation Results of potential impact identification then are evaluated to obtain hypothetic significant impact. Potential impact evaluation is carried out to filter irrelevant or insignificant potential impacts. Impacts then are listed based on community, related institution, and expert considerations, but the list has not been directed systematically. Method used in the impact evaluation is group interaction involved initiator represented by consultant, related institution, and the community. Impact evaluation matrix is presented on Table 4.2 4.1.2.3. Classification and Priority Impact classification and priority is aimed to focus the classification and the priority of hypothetic significant impact that will be assessed. The hypothetic significant impact is resulted from potential impact evaluation. Hypothetic significant impact classification and priority is performed through two stages. Firstly, significant impacts are grouped according to impacts interrelation. Secondly, the significant impacts that have been grouped then are listed according to their importance, both economically, socially, or ecologically. Classification and priority of significant impact matrix is presented on Table 4.3.
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Kajian Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Pabrik Ammonium Nitrat PT. KNI
Table 4.1. Hypothetic Impact Identification Matrix

No Environmental Component Activity Component Construction Land Preparation Phase Phase Operation Phase
1
1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5. 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.10 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Geo-Physic-Chemistry Climate Air quality Noise Water quality
Waste and garbage generating
Hydro oceanography Topography and morphology Soil type Spatial planning Land use planning Biology Terrestrial Flora Terrestrial Fauna Plankton Benthos Nekton Microbe Social-economic-culture Demography Job opportunity Effort opportunity Earning .Aesthetic and convenience Costum/Social process Community unrest Community perception Community Health Work accident Disease pattern Health disturbance Environmental sanitation
Construction Phase 1. Construction phase labour recruitment 2. Equipment and construction material mobilisation 3. Factory construction activity 4. Labour and equipment demobilisation
Land Preparation Phase 1. Survey and Measurement 2. Land procurement 3. Labour Recruitment 5. Equipment Mobilization 6. Land clearing 7. Land preparation
Operation Phase 1. Operation phase labour recruitment 2. Raw material and addition material procurement 3. Production process 4. Waste treatment 5. Product shipping
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Table 4.2. Hypothetic Impact Evaluation

Activity Component Construction Land Preparation Phase Phase
No
Environmental Component
Operation Phase
1 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5. 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Geo-Physic-Chemistry Climate Air quality Noise Water quality
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Table 4.3. Hypothetic Impact Classification and Priority Matrix

No Environmental Component Activity Component Construction Land Preparation Phase Phase Operation Phase
1
1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Geo-Physic-Chemistry Climate Air quality Noise Water quality
1.5.
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
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4.1.3. SCOPING PROCES RESULT

4.1.3.1. Hypothetic Significant Impact of Activity Component Causing Impact 4.1.3.1.1. Land Preparation Phase In the land preparation phase, activity components causing hypothetic impact to the environment are Survey and measurement, land procurement, labour recruitment, equipment mobilization, land clearing and land preparation. 4.1.3.1.2. Construction Phase In the construction phase, activity components causing hypothetic impact to the environment are construction phase labour recruitment, equipment and construction material mobilization, factory construction activity, and labour and equipment demobilization. 4.1.3.1.3. Operation Phase In the operation phase, activity components causing hypothetic impact to the environment are operation phase labour recruitment, raw material and additive material procurement, production process, waste treatment and product shipping. 4.1.3.2. Hypothetic Significant Impact of Impacted Environmental Component 4.1.3.2.1. Land Preparation Phase In the land preparation phase, environmental components impacted are geophysic-chemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health aspects. a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by significant impact are climate, air quality, noise, water quality, hydro oceanography, topography and morphology, soil type, spatial planning and Land use planning b. Biology Aspect Biology environmental components predicted that will be impacted by significant impact are terrestrial fauna and microbe. c. Social-economic-culture Aspect Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by
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significant impact are demography, job opportunity, aAesthetic and convenience, community unrest, and community perception. d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by significant impact are disease pattern and health disturbance. 4.1.3.2.2. Construction Phase In the construction phase environmental components impacted are geophysic-chemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health aspects. a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by significant impact are air quality, noise, water quality, hydro oceanography, spatial planning, land use planning. b. Biology Aspect Biology environmental components predicted that will be impacted by significant impact are microbe. c. Social-economic-culture Aspect Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by
significant impact are demography, job opportunity, effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and convenience, costum/Social process, community unrest and community perception. d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by significant impact are work accident, disease pattern and health disturbance. 4.1.3.2.3. Operation Phase In the operation phase environmental components impacted are geo-physicchemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health aspects. a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by magnitude and significant impact are climate, air quality, noise, water quality, waste and garbage generating, and ydro oceanography.
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b. Biology Aspect Biology environmental components predicted that will be impacted by magnitude and significant impact are plankton, benthos and nekton. c. Social-economic-culture Aspect Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by
magnitude and significant impact are demography, job opportunity, effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and convenience, costum/Social process, community unrest, and community perception. d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by magnitude and significant impact are work accident, disease pattern, health disturbance, and environmental sanitation. Activity component hypothetic impacts and environmental components in summary and clear are presented on Table 4.4. Table 4.4. Hypothetic Impact Activity Phase Activity Causing Impact 1. Survey and Measurement 2. Land procurement 3. Labour recruitment 4. Equipment mobilisation Land preparation 5. Land clearing 6. Land preparation
Microbe, Job opportunity, Community unrest, and Community perception Air quality, Noise, Hydro oceanography, Topography and morphology, Terrestrial Fauna,.Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception Disease pattern, and Health disturbance. Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Terrestrial Fauna, Community unrest, and Community perception. Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Hydro oceanography, Topography and morphology, Soil type, Spatial planning, Land use planning, Terrestrial Fauna, and Job opportunity Microbe, Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Earning, Costum/Social process, Community unrest, and Community perception Air quality, Noise, Water quality.Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception, Disease pattern, and Health disturbance.
Significant Hypothetic Impact
1. Construction phase labour recruitment Construction 2. Equipment and construction material mobilisation
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3. Factory construction
4. Labour and equipment demobilisation 1. Operation phase labour recruitment
2. Raw material and additive material generating procurement 3. Production process Climate, Air quality, Noise, Water quality,
Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Hydro oceanography, Spatial planning, Land use planning, Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Costum/Social process, Community unrest, Community perception Work accident, Disease pattern, and Health disturbance. Air quality, Noise,.Aesthetic and convenience, and Community perception Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Earning, . Costum/Social process, Community unrest, and Community perception Air quality, and Waste and garbage
Operation
4. Waste treatment 5. Product shipping
Waste and garbage generating, Job opportunity, Earning, .Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception, Work accident, Disease pattern, Health disturbance, and Environmental sanitation Air quality, Water quality, Waste and garbage generating, Hydro oceanography, Plankton, Benthos, Nekton, Microbe Noise, Hydro oceanography, Plankton, Benthos, Nekton, Microbe, Job opportunity, Earning, Community unrest, and Community perception
4.2.
SCOPE OF STUDY AREA Study area is landscape border or the area for conducting study. Environmental study determination of Ammonium Nitrate Factory Construction Plan is based on impact criteria (both direct and indirectly), impact distribution, as well as direct and indirectly impacted community distribution. Based on the criteria, the study area includes Ammonium Nitrate Factory Activity Plan site and extended area in the surrounding activity site. Border study area includes project, administrative, ecology, and social borders. Study area scoping is aimed to boundary the width of study area based on scoping results of significant impact, and by considering resources, time, and budget limitation. Study area border is the resultant from the four borders mentioned above, i.e. takenly similar to social border. Study area border can be seen on Figure 4.4.
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4.2.1. PROJECT SITE BORDER Project border determination is based on project site technical condition. In this case, the project border is the space of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction project planning located in industrial estate of PT Kawasan Industri Estate (KIE), Lhok Tuan Village North Bontang District, in the area of Bontang City East Kalimantan Province. 4.2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE BORDER Administratively, the activity is located in two villages: Guntung Village and Lhok Tuan Village North Bontang District, in the area of Bontang City East Kalimantan Province. 4.2.3. ECOLOGY BORDER Ecology border determination is based on natural process maintaining scale related to impact distribution of Ammonium Nitrate Factory. Ecology area border that needs priority in this environmental study, includes natural and built ecosystems located in Ammonium Nitrate Factory project site area and in community settlement as well as their surroundings that possible affected by the construction activity impact distribution. Based on directly impact predicted that will be occurred, ecology area in the surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory includes terrestrial ecosystem i.e. forest plant and marine ecology. 4.2.4. SOCIAL BORDER Social area border in this study is the area that the communitys socialeconomic-culture and health will be basically affected by Ammonium nitrate factory construction activity. Scoping research is resulted that social area border includes community in Guntung and Lok Tuan villages North Bontang District, East Kalimantan Province.
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Figure 4.5. Study Area Border
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CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENT INITIAL CONDITION

5.1. GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY INITIAL CONDITION 5.1.1. CLIMATE Based on the climate data of Bontang City, rainy season is occurred almost in a whole year. Monthly rainfall distribution pattern in this area is complying with the equatorial pattern with the first rainfall peak in February and the second peak in December, along with relative humidity in the range of 60-98%. Bontang City is located in the north of equator line, and tropical climate. Mean of daily temperature is 31C (maximum 34C and minimum 27C). Mean of relative humidity in approximately of 72%, and sun lighting duration in approximately of 50%. Wind blow is included in West and East Monsoon Wind, the lowest wind velocity is 2 knots, occurred in December, while the highest is 8 knots occurred in April and October. Rate of evaporation is 79 mm/month. Mean of yearly rainfall is 1900 mm/year (the highest is 2400 mm/year). Dry month occurs in July with rainfall rates 27 mm/month, while wet month in December with rainfall rates 298 mm/month. Based on Schmidt and Ferguson, the climate is classified as B class, while according to Koppen the climate is AF type. Based on the wind rose, in the period of January-April the wind is dominated by the wind coming from North, North East, and East direction; in the month of May the wind direction is fluctuating (no dominant direction); while in June-October it is dominated by the wind coming from South West, South, and South East; in the month of November the wind direction is fluctuating (no dominant direction); and in December, the wind coming from West, South West, North and North East. Wind pattern (2003) is shown in figure 5.1.
Chapter V: Environment Initial Condition
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4-6 knot
1-3 knot
7 knot 30% 10%
20% 10%
30%
20%
Night, January 2003
Day, January 2003
30% 10%
20%
10% 30% 20%
Night, February 2003
Day, February 2003
10%
20% 10% 30% 30% 20%
Night, March 2003
Day, March 2003
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4-6 knot 30% 7 knot 20% 10%
1-3 knot
10%
20% 33030%
Night, April 2003
Day, April 2003

30%
30% 20% 10%
20% 10%
Night, May 2003
Day, May 2003
30% 20% 10%
30% 10% 20%
Night, June 2003
Day, June 2003
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4-6 knot 30% 20% 10%
1-3 knot
7 knot
30% 20% 10%
Night, July 2003

30% 20% 10%
Day, July 2003
30%
Night, August 2003
20% 10%
Day, August 2003
30% 30% 20% 10% 20% 10%
Night, September 2003
Day, September 2003
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4-6 knot
1-3 knot 30% 20% 10%
7 knot
30% 20%
10%
Night, October 2003
Day, October 2003
30% 20% 30% 10% 20% 10%
Night, November 2003
Day, November 2003
30% 10% 20% 33030% 20% 10%
Night, December 2003
Day, December 2003 Figure 5.1. Wind Pattern
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5.1.2. AIR QUALITY The initial environment condition measurement is aimed to know the condition before affected by certain project activity that will emerge impacts to the environment. Air samples in this study are taken from 4 sites by considering: (1) Located in the street area. From this area, in the location of Post 7, one sample is taken (U-1); (2) Located in industry area which is presented by Tursina warehouse. From this area, one sample is taken (U-2); Located in settlement area which is presented by Tursina Camp. From this area, one sample is taken (U-3); and (4) Located in the project site. From this area, one sample is taken (U-4). Laboratory samples analyses results are presented on Table 5.2. Table 5.1. Ambient Air Quality
Parameter SO2 NO2 CO Dust Unit g/Nm3 g/Nm3 g/Nm3 mg/m3 U-1 Ttd 0,64 27,46 0,037 U-2 Ttd 3,79 Ttd 0,045 U-3 Ttd 25,10 Ttd 0,087 U-4 0,34 6,03 Ttd 0,035 BM 262 94 2290 0,26
Source: Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, Samarinda, 2007
Clarification: U-1 : Post 7 U-2 : Tursina warehouse U-3 : Settlement in Camp Tursina U-4 : Project site BM : Ambient air quality standard according to Decree of East Kalimantan Governor No. 339 Year1988 *) : Odour Standard Level of Kep.50/MENLH/11/1996
Laboratory results of sample analyses indicate that ambient air quality parameters in the study area are still in the range of air quality standard recommended by East Kalimantan Governor in its Decree number 339 year 1998. Ambient air odour quality parameter is also in the range of odour standard according to Decree of State Minister of the Environment Number 50/MENLH/11/1996. (Scale 5) Air quality parameters measured in the study area are resulted from anthropogenic activities, while the contribution of natural pollutant can be said as insignificant. The anthropogenic activities include industrial, transportation, and domestic settlement activities.
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Environment air quality represented by points U-1 and U-3 is still in the range of air quality standard. CO parameter in point U-1 and NO2 parameter in point U-3 are higher than those of in the other sampling points. The higher concentrations in these points are possibly resulted from gas distribution coming from industrial estate of PT KIE and PT Pupuk Kaltim, as well as from high transportation activities occurred in the areas. However, the main possibility source of CO and NO2 pollutions is transportation activities because these parameters are usually resulted from burning fossil fuels. 5.1.3. NOISE Noise level can be affected by mobile and immobile sources. Activities that can be noise sources and have operated in industrial estate of PT KIE include factories, offices, warehouses, wharf, and transportation. Settlement noise standard according to Kep/48/MenLH/1996 is 55 dBA with the tolerancy of 3 dBA, while the standard in industrial estate is 70 dBA. Noise easement sampled in 5 locations in the study area resulted that noise levels are still in the range of recommended standard. Table 5.2. Noise Level in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory
No 1 2 3 4 5 Locatio Land Usage n Code B-1 Settlement of Camp Tursina B-2 Settlement of Post Seven B-3 Project site B-4 Industrial Estate B-5 Quarry North Latitude 0o 10 31,8 0o 10 26,7 0o 10 33,8 0o 10 32,2 0o 10 35,2 East Longitude 117o 28 42,4 117o 28 45,5 117o 29 05,7 117o 29 01,1 117o 28 28,0 Noise Level (dBA) 53,0 47,9 40,7 56,9 55,8 BT Noise (dBA) Kep/48/MenLH/1996 55 55 70 70 70
5.1.4. Water Quality Initial environmental condition measurement has to be done. Measuring results are used as baseline data before activities operate. Water quality in initial condition of the study area is sampled in 6 point sampling sites. Sampling site is determined based on: waters condition in the locations i.e. Seawaters in the surrounding Tursina Pier/Warf that functions as receiver water include seawaters in the south side of Tursina Warf (point A-1), seawaters in Tursina Warf (point A3), and seawaters in the surrounding project site (point A-4). Groundwater and well water samples are represented by PT PKT treated waters that originally are
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from PT. Petrosea (point A-2) groundwater; domestic drainage in the north side of project site (point A-5); and water from project site (point A-6).
Seawaters analyses resulted that physical-chemical seawaters quality is still in the range of standard according to Decree of State Minister of the Environmnet Number 51 year 2004 on Seawaters standard for Harbour seawaters.
Table 5.3. Seawater Quality in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory
Parameter Physic Temperature pH Salinity DO BOD Sulphide Free chlorine Chloride Free Ammoniac Phenol Oil and grease Mercury Cadmium Chrome hexavalent Lead Zinc Copper Nickel Arsenic Detergent Unit
0C
AL-1 34,5 8,55 31,6 6,36 1,37 0,0011 0,003 18.946 0,41 0,016 0,082 0,0012 0,0359 Ttd < 0,002 0,0611 0,0141 < 0,005 < 0,001 0,02
AL-3 35,6 8,80 29,1 6,31 1,59 0,0011 0,02 19070 0,18 0,015 0,063 < 0,0001 0,0379 Ttd < 0,002 0,1805 0,0132 < 0,005 < 0,001 0,07
AL-4 34,8 8,92 19,2 6,36 2,06 0,0011 0,03 18996 0,30 0,014 0,046 < 0,0001 0,0320 Ttd < 0,002 0,0311 0,0198 < 0,005 < 0,001 0,01
A-5 30,1 7,57 5,46 2,46 0,0170 0,44 0,016 0,069 0,0004 Ttd < 0,002 < 0,0005 0,0009 < 0,003 < 0,001 -
A-6 30,1 8,08 5,36 3,08 0,0046 0,18 0,015 0,103 0,0007 Ttd < 0,002 < 0,0005 < 0,0001 < 0,003 < 0,001 -
BM Natural 7 8,5 Natural 0,3 Nil -
o/oo mg/L oC mg/L l mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
0,05 0,1 0,05 -
Source: Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, 2007 Clarification : A-1 : seawater in south side of Pier Tursina, PT. PKT A-3 : seawater in the surrounding of Pier Tursina A-4 : seawater in the front of project site A-5 : domestic drainage in the north side of project side A-6 : project site location BM : seawater standard, Decree of State Minister of Environment No 51 Year 2004 for Harbour
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Several parameters that have elevated the standard are pH, free ammoniac, and zinc. These can be explained that the seawaters in the surrounding industrial estate of PT KIE function as receiver runoff from water used for water cooler and chemical ponds effluent, while PT Pupuk Kaltim and other factories located in PT KIE industrial estate are basically ammoniac industries. Ammoniac is a weak base, and will release hydroxyl ion in the water causing water pH slightly increasing. Similar to that explained above, occurring ammoniac runoff in the seawater from chemical pond will increase seawater pH and free ammoniac concentration. The occurring sulphide, oil and grease, as well as ammoniac in points A-5 and A-6 is possibly formed due to disintegration process of organic compound consisted in plants, woods, and other organic compounds. These materials are moving with water runoff to the sea, degraded an aerobically in the seawaters, and forming sulphide. While ammoniac is possibly coming from industrial activities that ammoniac base. Whereas oil and grease are probably coming from domestic activities which discharge oil into drainage.
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Table 5.4. Drinking Water Quality in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Parameter PHYSIC Colour Odour Turbidity Suspended solid Temperature pH DO BOD COD Free Ammoniac Nitrite (NO2-) Cyanide (CN-) Sulphide Mercury Chrome hexavalent Arsenic Copper Nickel Lead Zinc Nitrate (NO3-) Oil and grease Phenol Unit PtCo NTU mg/L o C mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L l mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L AL-2 0,14 No odour 21,9 44 30,6 6,65 6,17 1,09 19,42 0,09 0,002 Ttd Ttd 0,0005 Ttd < 0,001 < 0,0001 < 0,003 < 0,002 0,0008 0,106 0,004 0,017 BM 15 No odour 25 1000 Deviation 30C 6,5 8,5 3 0,07 0,05 0,01 2 3 50 -
Source : Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, 2007 Clarification : A-2 : shallow well water PT. Petrosea BM : Drinking Water Standard, Decree of Minister of Health Number 907/Menkes/ SK/VII/2002
Generally, well water quality in the study area is still in a good condition. This indicates by sample laboratory analyses results which are still in the range of recommended standard.
5.1.5. HYDROOCEANOGRAPHY
In general, river stream pattern in Bontang City is directing from west to the east, and empties in Bontang Bay. Several rivers in Bontang City are Bontang, Santan, Sekambing, Nyerakat, Guntung, Palakan, and Busuk Rivers. These rivers are dendritic and trellis stream patterns, and crossing rocky layers in Kampung Baru Formation.
Chapter V: Environment Initial Condition V - 10
Therefore, these rivers have important roles as water supplier of ground water aquifer layers in Kampung Baru Formation. Groundwater is usually experienced self balancing, even though the water is taken through deep well, however until now the groundwater is still in stable condition. On the other hands, by the time groundwater surface is lower than river, water from aquifer will enter the river, but it is rarely occurred considering the over flow existence and the river is not waterless during dry season. Trelis stream pattern in the west side occurs in Palakan River as main river running from north to the south, and its short river branches running from east to the west. Palakan River stream direction is parallel with the direction of rocky layers causing river subsequent type, while river branches are consequent types and laid in west wing and east anticline. River sub-parallel type occurs in south east side and generally running from north west to south east and empties in the main river that runs from south west to north east. In general, river consequent type is laid on anticline api-api east wing. This river with sub-parallel pattern is laid on morphology unit with slope slightly, wide valley, and classified as mature staid. Downstreams of Santan and Bontang Rivers have been meandered with side erosion direction, and forming valley reflected mature stadia. From all rivers, only Santan, Bontang, Nyerakat, and Guntung Rivers have consequent type, run across Kampung Baru Formation, and role as supplier for Bontang suppressed groundwater. Hydro-oceanography condition related to reclamation activity in the project site are bathymetry, bottom sediment, stream, rise and fall, tide and seawater quality both physically such as temperature, salinity, clearness, and suspended solid (MPT) as well as chemically and biologically. Physical oceanography parameter data resulted from measurement are presented on Table 5.6. While measurement location map is shown in Figure 5.2.
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Table 5.5. Result of Hydrooceanography Parameter

Point Number O-01 O-02 O-03 O-04 O-05 O-06 O-07 O-08 O-09 O-10 O-11 O-12 O-13 O-14 Coordinate East (BT) 117 29 09,4 117 29 24,5 117 29 10,3 117 29 8,8 117 29 21,4 117 29 27,9 117 29 20,7 117 29 16,4 117 29 36,0 117 29 24,3 117 29 13,9 117 29 11,8 117 29 10,3 117 29 17,9 North (LS) 0 10 24,5 0 1029,1 0 10 29,2 0 10 35,7 0 10 28,3 0 10 28,0 0 10 21,4 0 10 20,9 0 10 16,5 0 10 24,6 0 10 26,7 0 10 36,2 0 10 34,1 0 10 32,8 Measureme nt Time 11.15 11.20 11.35 11.44 13.28 13.35 13.40 13.50 14.00 14.14 15.21 14.26 14.35 14.42 Depth(m) 12.5 4,0 17,0 5,0 9.5 6.5 9.7 10,0 12,0 12,5 12,5 2,4 4,0 5,0 Temperatur e (C) 34.5 34.5 35.6 33,0 35.7 33.5 35,0 34.6 33,6 34,7 33,3 37,9 34,5 36,0 pH 8.95 8.89 8.80 8.92 8.75 8.95 8.98 8.98 8,34 8,33 8,33 8,28 8,18 8,31 Clearness (cm) 240 242 132 130 160 190 223 210 180 190 210 150 150 125
5.1.5.1. Bathymetry Based on deep water measurement, the seawater project site has depth between 2.4 12.5 m. The deepest is in Tursina Warf, i.e. 12.5 m and the shallowest is in the surrounding settlement drainage mouth. The sea bordered with project site is forming a small bay which sticks out to the land and roles as settlement and PT PKT water cooler drainages receiver. 5.1.5.2. Sediment bottom Sediment in the bottom of seawater in the surrounding PT KNI Ammonium Nitrate Factory is clay silt. In the part side of the sediment contains organic residue causing dark colour clay consisted of crumble terrestrial flora. A sediment granulometry analysis indicates clay concentration of 30 40 %, silt 56 - 64 %, and sand 3 6 %. Results show the sediment melting limit is 60, and plasticity index 28-31. Based on AASHTO classification litho logically is grouped as class of A-7, while according to USCS classification is grouped as CH class. This indicates that the sediment consists of clay and silt and plastic characteristics. Resulting laboratory analyses are presented on Table 5.6.
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Figure 5.2. Measurement Location Map of Hydro-oceanography Parameter
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Table. 5.6. Analyses Result of Seawater Sediment Physical Characteristics

% Granule gradation Sample No. Unit weight ( = gr/cm3) Dry Unit Weight (d = gr/cm3) Porosity (%) % mesh escape 200 95,50 PLS. S-2 PLS. S-3 1,327 1,389 0,705 0,774 72,27 69,83 95,50 94,00 Atterberg Limit
Sand
Silt
Clay
LL
PL
PI
4,50 55,50 6,00
60,0 40,00 64,50
35,50 2,50 29,50
60,70 62,80 61,80
29,23 33,08 33,06
31,47 29,72 28,74
Clarification:
LL = Liquid Limit PL = Plastic Limit PI = Plasticity Index - on Atterberg limit means sample cannot be tested
5.1.5.3. Wave Wave is sea surface up and down moving due to wind blow in the sea surface. Directly wind blow that will cause sea wave in the surrounding project site is insignificant due to the site is a bay that leads the seawaters concealed from wind blow. Karang Segajah and several small islands located in bay mouth have also concealed the bay from wind blow. Based on Dishidros (2002) measurement, wave height in this area is in the range of 30 50 cm with the period of 2 5 seconds, and wave length of 40 120 cm. 5.1.5.4. Stream Seawaters stream in the project site is dominated by tidal rise and fall and stream caused by discharging water from cooling water system of PT PKT fertilizer factory. In the condition lowest tidal fall, the stream will be away to the open sea. Based on a model resulted from data verification measured in the field, during tidal rise directs to fall the stream dominantly directs to the south east up to south (N120E - N180E) with the velocity of 0.03 up to 0.09 m/sec. By the time fall directs to rise, the stream will be back to the land and dominated by west north west direction (N280E N300E) with the velocity of 0.03 up to 0.11 m/sec (Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4)
.
Figure 5.3. Stream Pattern by the Time of Fall Directing to Rise
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Figure 5.4. Stream Pattern by the Time of Rise directing to Fall
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Stream direction during west monsoon and east monsoon is not different, dominantly by north west south east direction depended on rise and fall. However in west monsoon stream is slightly higher compared to that of in east monsoon as it is shown in stream rose (Figure 5.5).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.5. Seawater stream rose in the surrounding project site (a) west monsoon; (b) east monsoon 5.1.5.5. Tidal Rise and Fall Tidal rise and fall is a natural process that forms sea surface rising and falling occurs consistently as a result from outer space material gravitation especially moon and sun. Due to the earth simultaneously rotates and moves around the sun, and also moon moves around the earth in a coordination process, thus the outer space material position will change consistently causing changes in gravitation and as a consequence to follow the process above consistent changing in tidal rise and fall will also occurs. Daily sea surface rise and fall frequency is different from one site to another site determining rise and fall type of particular site. If the seawaters experience one time rise and one time fall in a day, the area is called as daily single risefall type. If the seawaters experience two times rises and two times falls, the area is called as daily dual rise-fall type. Other type is the shifting from single type to dual type known as mixed tidal rise and fall. Rise and fall measurement results from 29 observation points are analyzed using admiralty method, and resulting harmony constante of rise tidal behaviour as follows:
So A (cm) G( ) 198
M2 56 152
S2 41 205
N2 7 134
K1 19 271
O1 14 250
M4 1 315
MS4 1 91
K2 11 205
P1 6 271
Source: Dishidros, 2002.
Based on the calculation, tidal rise and fall type can be determined by comparing main single rise-fall component amplitude to main dual rise-fall component amplitude known as Formzahl numeral, using the following equation:
F= O1 + K 1 M 2 + S2
F K1 S2
: Formzahl numeral : main single rise-fall component amplitude cause by sun gravity : main dual rise-fall component amplitude cause by sun gravity
O1 : main single rise-fall component amplitude cause by moon gravity M2 : main dual rise-fall component amplitude cause by moon gravity
Rise-fall type determination based on F value category, if F: < 0,25 : dual type rise-fall 0,26 1,50 : mixed type rise-fall with dual type distinction 1,51 3,00 : mixed type rise-fall with single type distinction > 3,01 : single type rise-fall
Due to the value of F = (19 + 14) / (56 + 41) = 0.34, thus tidal rise and fall type in the study area is mixed with tends to mixed semi diurnal indicating in the survey area there are two times rises and two times falls in each day (Fig 5.6.).
Grafik Pasut Perairan PKT Bulan Juli 2007
400 350 300 Elevasi Muka Air (c 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 28 55 82 109 136 163 190 217 244 271 298 325 352 379 406 433 460 487 514 541 568 595 622 649 676 Jam Series1
Figure 5.6. PKT Seawater rise-fall graphic

5.1.5.6. Temperature Seawater temperature in the study area is in between 33 to 37.9C with higher temperature distribution in the shore and gradually lesser to the sea. This occurs due to discharging water from cooling system to the sea causes the sea temperature in outfall site higher than that of in other parts. Even though along with the stream the hot water is moved to the sea, however due to the seawater volume is huge causing rapid heat dispersion process until 300 m distance in the sea, thus the temperature decreases to 33C. 5.1.5.7. Clearness Clearness indicates the ability of sunshine to penetrate water body. The bigger the clearness value, the clearer the seawaters and the suspended sediment is much lesser. Clearness value is in between 1.25 to 2.42 m. Clearness value 2.24 m are found in the seawaters surrounding Tursina Warf with the depth of - 10 to -12,5 m LWS, and in shipping path directing to the open sea. In the shallower seawater i.e. in the shore and mangrove area, the clearness value is 1.25-1.60 m due to the bottom material is dominated by clay, while the sea depth < 3m results the bottom material easy to suspend in the water body. 5.1.6. TOPOGRAPHY AND MORPHOLOGY PT KNI Ammonium nitrate factory location is included in coastal plain morphology, in the part that borders with the sea is coastal marsh, and in other parts borders with PT PKT warehouse and green belt. Coastal marsh is filled by brackish water with depth < 1.5 m. Elevation difference between coastal marsh basin and plain area in the north side is in the range of 1.5-3 m (Figure 5.8). Based on this condition, volume of filling materials needed for land reclamation up to the elevation of 3.7 from sea surface is 86.500 m3. While quarry area located in the back side of PKT Mess, is included in hill slope slightly morphology. However, part of the site has been dredged and flatted. Morphologically, Bontang City forms steeply hill, hill with slope slightly and coastal plain. Topographically, Bontang City has height of 0-300 m from sea surface, with the various slopes from east and south coastal to the west. Area with slopes 0-2% is in south side of coastal area with the height of 0-15 m from sea surface. In the west side directing to East Kutai Regency the slope is 2540%, with the height 25-105 m fro sea surface.
More direction to the west, the land slope is much steeper until > 40%. Based on morphology condition, Bontang City can be grouped in three main units, hill steeply slope morphology, hill slope slightly morphology, and coastal plain morphology. 5.1.6.1. Hill Steeply slope morphology This morphology unit places the biggest part, forms anticlinoriums hill with the spine hills as the axis, and lays from north to the south. The topography is hilly and valley, with the top height is in the range of 50-300 m from sea surface, and slope is 26o and even in several parts the slope reaches 85o. The steeply hill is formed by sediment rock included in Panaluan, Pulaubalang, and Balikpapan Formations. Rock physical characteristics are similar, i.e. rocks of silt, clay, and massive and stiff fragment however loosely in open slope causing easy to erode. 5.1.6.2. Hill slightly slope morphology The morphology is laid from north to the south. The morphology unit forms hills with slope slightly, and valleys are located between wide hills, and inside there are small rivers and swamp. The morphology unit heights between 25-80 m from the sea surface, and gradually down from the west to the east. Slopes are in the range of 5-15% and relatively steep in narrow area. Hills morphology is formed by rocks from Kampung Baru Formation and as the wing of east side anticline api-api that axis north-south. The morphology is structured by alternation layer of fragment, clay, silt sand, and several coal insertions. The fragment is hard, however in open air the fragment is easy to break and fragile. Clay is stiff to soft, sand granule is fine to gravel, especially quartz sand with loosely and permeable characteristics. In open slope due to digging activity or naturally exist, in the part of steeply valley, erosion path and ditch are found as a result from rain erosion, and this site indicates sliding sign.
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Figure 5.7. PT KNI Location Topography Map
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5.1.6.3. Coastal plain morphology This morphology unit places in east side and parallel with coastal line. The area is mostly mangrove with height between 0-10 m from sea surface. Slope in this area is not more than 2%, and gradually lower directing to the east. Coastal morphology is formed by alluvial sediment with usually consisted by clay inserted by sand and gravel contained plant residue/humus. Clay is soft, while sand and gravel is loosely. 5.1.7. SOIL TYPE Regionally, Bontang City geology is included in Kutai sub-basin, in east side is physically bordered with Makasar Straits, south side with Santan River, west side with Lobang Batik Mountains, and north side with Tempuruk River. Lithologically, Bontang rock formation contains alluvial sediment, Kampung Baru, Balikpapan, Pulaubalang, Bebulu, and Panaluan Formations (Figure 5.8). The lithology of each formation are explained as follows. 1. Alluvial sediment The sediment consists of gravels, clay and silt resulted from river, swamp, coastal, and delta sedimentations. The sediment has significant layer border with its down formation. The layer distributes in around river stream area, swamp, and near coastal areas. The layer has high porosity, and therefore can function as a filter in recharge area. 2. Kampung Baru Formation Formation is structured by quartz sand rock with clay, silt, and soft fragment insertion. The formation has potential aquifer in Bontang City. Rock types in the aquifer include gravel, loosely fine sand quartz, sand rock and clay. 3. Balikpapan Formation The rock formation is structured by alternated quartz sand rock, clay, clay-silt, and fragment inserted by napalm, calcite, and coal. Rock physical characteristic is usually slightly massive to can be squeezed. Fossils as indicators in this formation indicate Upper-Middle Miosen Age. 4. Pulaubalang Formation The formation is structured by sand rock alternating with clay and silt rocks with inserted by lignite, calcite, clay rocks. Sand rock contains of quartz sand, white-grey to yellowish, well separated, slightly cornered to slightly round.
5. Bebulu Formation This formation is structured by calcite rock inserted with clay rock, silt rock, sand rock, and a small amount of napalm. Calcite rock contains coral and big foraminifera benthos. Calcite rock from this formation is characterized by coral reef and patch reef. 6. Panaluan Formation This formation is structured by calcite rock inserted with clay rock, silt rock, sand rock, and coal. In the bottom side consists of disintegrated clay rock and clay-silt rock. Upper side consists of sandy clay rock that contains of plant parts and thin layer coal. Generally, compared to the upper side, in the bottom side is more calcite and contains more foraminifera plankton. Clay rock in this formation is grey to dark grey colour, lamination to thick layered, alternated with silt rock, and sporadically with sand rock. Based on regional geology and field survey, environmental geology condition in factory site of Ammonium Nitrate and quarry area of PT KNI can be explained as follows: 1. Terrain Form PT KNI Ammonium Nitrate Factory site is located in coastal plain morphology that some of its part is coastal marsh. Land elevation in the range of 1,5 until 3,5 m from sea surface. General slope in the area is in the range of 2-3% thus classified as slope slightly, however in the parts bordered with land filled and dike the slope is up to 80%. This location is wedged by location road directing from inside PT PKT Factory to Tursina Pier, and drainage directing to the sea. Quarry area is weak wavy hill with the elevation of 5 20 m from sea surface and slope in the range of 3-8%, only in the digging border the slope is up to 60%. Due to litho logically easy to disintegrate, there are many small lines in the land as erosion results during rainfall.
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2. Soil and Rock Technically, geological location of PT KNI Ammonium Nitrate Factory is laying on sandy silt soil and clay. Sandy silt soil is located in the bottom resulted from decayed sand rock and clay rock of Pulaubarang formation. The analyses of sandy silt soil undisturbed sample taken from the project site location resulted gravel in the concentration of 16.5 %, sand 63.9 %, and silt19.6 % (sample number UDS Tb.3). Analyses results from soil mechanic laboratory are presented on Table 5.9. The table shows that according to the classification of AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), the soil is grouped as SM. The classification indicates that the soil is structured by sand material mixed with gravel and silt thus has disintegrated characteristic and a plastic. The analyses of undisturbed soil sample taken from the quarry area resulted gravel in the concentration of 0 2 %, sand 49,5 75 %, silt 24 47 %, and clay 2,5 3,5 %. According to the classification of AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), the soil is classified as A-2 to A-7 class, while according to USCS (Unfired Soil Classification System), the soil is classified as SM. The classification indicates that the soil is structured by sand material mixed with gravel and silt thus has characteristic as lower plasticity. 3. Geology Structure Based on regional geology data, there is no complex geology structure in the area, unless there is sloppy rocky layer which indicates folding structure in the area. Joint is found in exposed sand-gravel which has been filled by calcite, and forming veil.
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Figure 5.8. Bontang Region Geology Map
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Table. 5.7. Soil Sample Physical and Technical Characteristic Analyses Result % Granule gradation Porosity (%) % unfiltered mesh 200 50,50 27,50 19,60 Sand 49,50 71,50 63,90 Silt 47,0 24,00 19,60 Clay 3,50 2,50 0,00 LL 60,65 Atterberg Limit PL 31,25 PI 29,40 -
No.
Sample No
Dry Unit Unit weight weight ( =gr/cm3) (d =gr/cm3) 1,719 1,729 1,684 1,340 1,256 1,425
1 2 3
UDS T.1 UDS T.2 UDS T.3
49,42 52,74 47,24
Clarification: LL = Liquid Limit PL = Plastic Limit PI = Plasticity Index - on Atterberg limit means sample cannot be tested
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4. Earthquake and Tsunami Project site located in East Kalimantan, the area is relatively safe from earthquake due to lays far from sub-duction lane or joint lane as tectonic earthquake centrum or far from active volcano as volcanic earthquake centrum. Because there is no subduction lane that will lead rising joint in east side Bontang seawaters, the occurring tsunami in this area is relatively insignificant. The closest central earthquake is in Sulawesi Island and emerging earthquake can also sense in Bontang however not significant. 5. Terrain stability The plain location of PT. KNI Ammonium nitrate Factory site has led this area safely from possible land sliding. Also its litho logy in the form of massive sand-gravel and clay gravel has made the area safely from land subsidence. Possible land subsidence will only occur in land filled area that is not well compacted. Land sliding will possibly occur in soil dike and drainage structures due to likely seawater wave abrasion. In lower wavy hill quarry location is also safe and classified as stable considering different elevation is only in the range of 2 10 m with the slope of 3 8 %. However, land sliding will occur in steeply sloping digging site if it is not done in maximum 1:2 (slope slightly).
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5.2. BIOLOGY Space available for the construction of the ammonium nitrate plant of PT KNI in Bontang is 17 ha. During the course of the study, ca. 2/3 of the site plant covered by a brackish water swamp (Fig. 5.9.A) which is about 1 m deep (Fig. 5.9.B) with un-paved access road of ca. 8m width (Fig. 5.9.C) ready to be filled with selected fill-material shown in the background - which is stored up at the West side of the project location (Fig. 5.9.D).
Figure 5.9: A) Notification plank of the Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility by PT KNI, Bontang, B) Local people fishing with a casting net in the brackish swamp within the plant site, C) Un-paved access road into the plant side, D) Brackish water swamp with the ready-for-use selected filled-material in the background At the East side, a large sewer collecting domestic wastes swift out to the sea in the North; whereas in the South, plant site bordering a rigid pavement road belong to PT PKT.
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5.2.1. Plankton Among others, supporting environmental factors for the development of planktonic communities as a primary producer is silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and ample light penetration. Results showed that there was only 5 genera of phytoplankton which are belong to the classes Chrysophyceae (1 genus) and Cyanophyceae (4 genera), whereas zooplankton be a member of class Mastigophora (1 genus) and phylum Arthropoda (3 genera). Table 5.8: Community Structure of Plankton in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 Community Structure Abundance, individual/Litre/station Species richness (S) Index of Maximum Diversity (H) Shannon Index of Diversity (H) Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration Dominance (d) : : : : : P-1 256 3 1.09 1.04 0.95 0.38 P-2 378 4 1.38 1.33 0.96 0.28 P-3 441 5 1.61 1.55 0.96 0.22 P-4 441 4 1.38 1.35 0.98 0.27 P-5 504 6 1.79 1.73 0.97 0.19
Source: Primary Data, August 2007
Water inlet Jetty Water outlet Sewer of domestic wastes Brackish water swamp in the plant site of PT KNI : : : : : : Total number of individual. Litre-1.station-1 S (Number of Species) Hmax = ln S H = (ni/N) ln (ni/N) e = H/Hmax d = (ni / N)2
Legend: Abundance, individual/Litre/station Species richness Index of Maximum Diversity (H) Shannon Index of Diversity (H) Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration Dominance (d)
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Table 5.9: Distribution of microalgae indicator in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang
No 1. Microalgae Indicator Abundance, individual/Litre/station % Frequency P-01 P-02 x x x x x x 3 x x 3 x x 4 X P-03 P-04 P-05 x x 40 40 40 20 80 60 3
Clean Water Surirella sp 2. Polluted Freshwater Euglena sp Nitzschia sp 3. May cause clogging Oscillatoria sp 4. Polluted Estuarine/Brackish Water Nitzschia sp 5. Strengthen taste and odour in water Synedra sp Number of Species of Microalgae Indicator, station-1 Source: Primary Data, August 2007
Some genera characteristics for polluted water were found among these phytoplankton taxa. According to the analysis of the distribution and diversity of microalgae indicator shown in Table 5.9, station P-4 (sewer) is the worst with 4 genera, followed by water in the inlet, jetty and the swamp - each with 3 genera; whilst water in the outlet is the best with only one genus of indicator. The most frequent indicator is a diatom, Nitzchia sp; distributed in 80% or 4 out of 5 sampling stations, a genus commonly found in polluted freshand
estuarine/brackish waters. Table 5.10. Environmental Quality (EQ) for Plankton

4 5 Abundance, N<10 N 104 10N102 102N103 103N104 individual/Litre/station S<5 6S 20 21S55 56S99 S100 Species richness (S) H <1,5 H>4,6 1,5 H 3,0 3,0H4,0 4,0H4,6 Shannon Index of Diversity (H) 0,01 e0,2 0,21e0,4 0,41e0,6 0,61e0,8 0,81e1,0 Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration 0,81d1,0 0,61d0,8 0,41d0,6 0,21d0,4 0,01d0,2 Dominance (d) %-Distribution of Plankton PI 81 76PI 80 51PI 75 26 PI 50 10PI 25 Indicator Species (PI/station) Reference: European Environment Agency (2002) with modification; Afiati (2002; 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007) Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal
Community Structure
Range of Scale 3
Table 5.11: Plankton Community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang, accessed by means of Environmental Quality for Plankton
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Community Structure Scale of Environmental Quality in P-1 3 1 1 1 4 3 P-2 3 1 1 5 4 3 P-3 3 1 1 5 4 5 P-4 3 1 1 5 4 2 P-5 3 2 2 5 5 3
Abundance, individual/Litre/station Species richness (S) Shannon Index of Diversity (H) Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration Dominance (d) %-Distribution of Plankton Indicator Species (PI/station) Source: Primary Data, August 2007
Table 5.10 showed that the best EQ for plankton was in station P-5, i.e. brackish water swamp within the plant site of PT KNI. In viewed of its highest species richness (6 species) and evenness index (0.97) combined with lowest index of concentration dominance (0.19), then environmental quality in the swamp (station P-5) considered to be moderate (EQ 3) for planktonic life.
5.2.2. Macrobenthos This group of life style was only represented by two classes of phylum Mollusca, i.e. Gastropoda and Bivalvia (Table 5.12). Both classes were found in small number of abundances, with no endangered, endemic, nor those with positive or negative economical important species. Throughout the analysis, only
individuals with intact shells were counted and analysed to ensure they were died recently, which perhaps due to some turbidity or other environmental factors during sampling. Size frequency distribution upon the collected shell revealed that no adult specimen either in gastropod or bivalves. This may be due to the fact that distributions of both groups were naturally clumped; they tend to live in groups in the shellfish beds. Even, gastropods move around to seek food, so they may escape or not caught by the grab sampler. As an omnivore, Gastropods may be herbivore, carnivore, or a scavenger. Whereas bivalves were mostly filter feeder or detritus feeder; it ranks lower than gastropods in the pyramid of trophic level.
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Table 5.12: Structure of macrobenthic community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang
No. Community Structure P-1 1. Abundance, individual/Litre/station 0 2. Species richness (S) 0 3. Index of Maximum Diversity (H) 0 4. Shannon Index of Diversity (H) 0 5. Evenness Index (e) 0 6. Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0 Source: Primary Data, August 2007; see Table 3.1 for legends. P-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 P-3 39 2 0.69 0.64 0.92 0.56 P-4 234 2 0.69 0.21 0.31 0.90 P-5 260 7 1.95 1.90 0.98 0.16
Table 5.13: Environmental Quality (EQ) for Macrobenthos

Range of Scale 1 2 3 4 5 10<N<20 20<N<30 30<N<40 N<10 N40 Abundance, individual/Litre/station Species richness (S) S<5 5 <S <10 10<S <20 20<S <40 S40 H<1,5 1,5 H 2,3 2,31 H 3,0 3,1 H 3,6 H3.7 Shannon Index of Diversity (H) 0,01 e0,2 0,21e0,4 0,41e0,6 0,61e0,8 0,81e1,0 Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0,81d1,0 0,61d0,8 0,41d0,6 0,21d0,4 0,01d0,2 % - Economically Important ME 10 11ME 30 31ME 50 51 ME 70 ME 71 Macrobenthic Species (ME, station) References: European Environment Agency (2002) with modification; Afiati (2002; 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007) Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal Community Structure
Table 5.14: Macrobenthic community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang, assessed by means of Environmental Quality for Macrobenthos
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Community Structure Scale of Environmental Quality P-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 P-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 P-3 4 1 1 5 3 1 P-4 5 1 1 2 1 1 P-5 5 1 2 5 4 1
Abundance, individual/Litre/station Species richness (S) Shannon Index of Diversity (H) Evenness Index (e) Index of Concentration Dominance (d) % - Economically Important Macrobenthic Species (ME/station) Source: Analysis of Primary Data, August 2007
Table 5.14 depicted that environmental quality in the swamp was the most supportive for macrobenthic community in the project sites surrounding. Since it showed the highest species richness (7), with highest evenness index (0.98) and lowest index of dominance (0.16), the brackish water swamp was therefore categorised as performing a moderate quality (EC 3) for macrobenthos.
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5.2.3. Nekton Observed area in this study is part of a restricted region, therefore no commercial or semi-commercial fisheries are allowed. However, during the visit to the area and interview with the site officer, some local people visiting the swamp to fish using a cage net as a hobby (Fig. 5.9.B). Previous studies reported no commercial, threatened, or endangered species; hence the condition is assumed to be as before, i.e. good (EC 4) As predicted by means of Visual Encounter Survey methods (VES), the fact that nektonic abundance was 30-40 individuals/station (EC 4) with 21 23 species per station (SEC 4), in which all were wild species (24) with economic importance value (EC 5) leading the study area to good (EC 4) environmental condition for nektonic animals. Table 5.15. Composition of Aquatic Fauna in Surroundings PT KNI Project Site in Bontang,
No Latin Name Local Name Beronang Kapasan Sredeng Bawal hitam Kating Bandeng laut Layur Bulan-bulan Tengiri Barakuda Tiga waja Kiper Pethek Kerapu Kakap Belanak Udang Ekor Kuning Kuniran Kepiting bakau Mujair Kepiting hantu Kutuk Beloso Swamp/ Project Site + + + + + + Sewer + + + + + + + Harbour + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Jetty ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + ++
1. Siganus spinus 2. Gerres abbreviatus 3. Apogon poecilopterus 4. Parastromateus niger 5. Arius caelatus 6. Megalops cyprinoides 7. Trichiurus savala 8. Priacanthus sagitarius 9. Scomberomorus commersonii 10. Sphyraena barracuda 11. Pseudosciaena aneus 12. Parachaetodon ocellatus 13. Ctenops vittatus 14. Ephinephelus sp 15. Lates calcarifer 16. Mugil sp 17. Penaeus spp 18. Caesio erythrogaster 19. Upeneus sulphureus 20. Scylla sp 21. Tilapia mossambica 22. Uca spp 23. Ophiocephalus sp 24. Oxyurichthyes sp Source: Primary Data, August 2007.
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5.2.4. Bacteria Microbiology analyses for total bacteria applying Governmental Law PP no. 82/2001 as the standard showed that bacteriological quality of a deep well closest to the project site was the best among others, while the worst was the water body next to the project site, i.e. jetty area in Thursina Harbour (Table 5.15). Nevertheless, from the point of view of bacteriological surveillance in general, surface water quality covering deep-well, brackish water in the sewer, and salt water in the harbour considered of being in a good condition pursuant to both PP 82/2001 as well as EQ for Bacteriological Surveillance shown in Table 5.16 (EQ 4). Table 5.16. Total bacteria in the surface water of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang
Location Code Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 ml Coliform Bacteria 900 2 33 Classification Std: PP no. 82/2001 I I I Environmental Quality for Microbes 4 5 5
No
Location
E. coli 1. B-01 Jetty 200 2. B-02 Deep well <2 3. B-03 Sewer 9 Source: Primary Data, August 2007. Notes: Bacteriological Parameter Faecal Coliform Total Coliform Unit Cfu/100 ml Cfu/100 ml
I 100 1000
Water Body Classification II III 1000 5000 2000 10000
IV 2000 10000
For conventional drinking water quality: faecal coliform 2000cfu/100ml and total coliform 10000cfu/100ml Government Law No. 82/2001 regarding Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution
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Table 5.17: Environmental Quality (EQ) for Bacteriological Surveillance

Community Structure Total Bacteria, cfu/100/ml Total coliform, cfu/100ml Faecal-coli, cfu/100ml % distribution of Escherichia coli in the stations Pathogenic qualitative Bacteria, 1 > 108 10.000 1.000 100-76 ++++ 2 106 107 5.000 - 9.999 100 - 1.000 75-51 +++ Range of Scale 3 104 105 102 1.000 - 4.999 10 - 100 50-26 ++ 4 103 100 - 999 3 - 10 25-6 + 5 102 <10 - 99 2 0-5 - / tc
Reference: Baku Mutu Kualitas Air Golongan B (PP no. 20/1990); Peraturan Pemerintah RI No. 82/2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air; PPLH UNDIP-Pertamina UP IV Cilacap, 2002; PPLH UNDIP Pemda Kabupaten Pati, 2003 MPN: Most Probable Number; t.c: not mentioned in PP 82/2001; cfu: colony forming unit; (+): detected; (-): not detected. Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal
5.2.5. Land Vegetation Available land for physical construction of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI in Bontang is 17 ha; it slopes slightly toward the sea. Seaward natural vegetation are mangroves, whereas landward are bushes. During the course of the study, ca. of the middle areas have been filled with rubbles, where, 33 species of grasses and herbs, 27 species of coverage bushes, and 13 tree species thrive (see: Appendix for Flora). Floral diversity is relatively less varied, mostly are cosmopolite wild species with no positive economic importance, not threatened, endangered, nor endemic at all (Table 5.19). Four mangrove species grow up within the areas of PT. KIE-PT. PKT, 3 genera belong to the family Rhizoporaceae and 1 species of family Avicenniaceae, yet none within the plant site of PT. KNI. Seed and seedlings of those genera, in particular Avicennia sp, thrive in a healthy condition with density 20 50 seedling.m-1. Seedlings form a visible zoning and natural selfthinning as a sign of competitiveness to produce mature healthy stand afterwards.
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Table 5.18: Environmental Quality for Land Vegetation

Community Structure Density of Coverage/Grass (indiv/m2/station) Density of Tree (indiv/100m2/station) 1 < 20 <5 2 21-50 5-10 Range of Scale 3 51-100 11-15 4 101-200 16-20 5 > 200 > 20
Species Richness of Coverage (S/station) S<5 6S 20 21S55 56S99 S100 Index of Importance Value 150 200 250 300 100 (NP/station) Presence of Economically Important Species 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 >15 (species/station) Reference: Various sources with modification (Afiati, 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. KNI- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007). Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal
General assessment of major floral communities within the project site depicted that environmental quality to sustain flora development is considered moderate (EQ 3). Table 5.19: Floral community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang, assessed by means of Environmental Quality for Land Vegetation
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parameter Density of Coverage/Grass (indiv/m2/station) Density of Tree (indiv/100m2/station) Species Richness of Coverage (S/station) Index of Importance Value (NP/station) Presence of Economically Important Species (species/station) EQ 2 2 3 3 4
5.2.6. Terrestrial Fauna Wild mammals mostly observed in the project site and the surroundings were semi-wild cat, dog and wild monkey especially in the bushes in border fence. Civet and mongoose were recorded from interviewed with the locals. Referring to the recent secondary data of Biro K3LH PT PKT (August 2007), some 55 species avifauna, 7 species reptiles, 2 species amphibians and some insects were noted (Table 5.20).
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Table 5.20: Fauna and avifauna in the wilderness of PT PKT and the Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Local Name Cat Dog Monkey Goat Civet Mongoose Latin Name No Local Name Elang Elang Kutilang Trocokan Sikatan Tekukur Ular Gadung Crocodile Kadal Ular Kobra Ular Sawa Ular Koros Biawak Frog Bullfrog Mosquito, flies Tawon,ant Butterfly Dragonfly Grasshopper Latin Name Gerygone sulphurea Haliaeetus leucogaster Haliastur indus Hemiprocne longipennis Hemipus sp. Hirundo tahitica Merops viridis Muscicapa sp. Nectarinia jugularis Numenius madagascariensis Orthotomus atrogularis Orthotomus ruficeps Passer montanus Pericrocotus solaris Phalacrocorax sp. Picoides moluccensis Prinia flaviventris Prionochilus thoracicus Pycnonotus aurigaster Pycnonotus goiavier Rhipidura javanica Streptopelia chinensis Todirhamphus chloris Tringa hypoleucos Reptilia Colubridae Crocodillus sp Mabouya multifasciata Naja naja Python sp Ptyas corros Varanus sp Amphibia Rana spp Bufo sp Insecta Diptera Hymnoptera Lepidoptera Odonata Orthoptera
Mammalia Felis felis domesticus 41. Canis canis domesticus 42. Maccaca sp 43. Capra sp 44. Paradoxurus sp 45. Herpestes sp 46. Aves 47. 7. Perkutut Streptopelia sp 48. 8. Kutilang Pycnonotus aurigaster 49. 9. Acridotheres cristatellus 50. 10. Acridotheres javanicus 51. 11. Aegithina tiphia 52. 12. Aethopyga siparaja 53. 13. Anhinga melanogaster 54. 14. Anthreptes malacensis 55. 15. Anthreptes singalensis 56. 16. Anthus novaeseelandiae 57. 17. Aplonis panayensis 58. 18. Apus affinis 59. 19. Ardea purpurea 60. 20. Artamus leucorhyncus 61. 21. Butorides striatus 62. 22. Cacomantis merulis 63. 23. Caprimulgus affinis 64. 24. Centropus bengalensis 25. Collocalia esculenta 65. 26. Collocalia fuciphaga 66. 27. Copsychus saularis 67. 28. Kaca mata Dalichon dasypus 68. 29. Dicaeum sp. 69. 30. Dryocopus javensis 70. 31. Kuntul Eggreta alba 71. 32. Kuntul Egretta garzetta 33. Elang Falco sp. 72. 34. Perkutut Geopelia striata 73. 35. Lanius schach 36. Sparrow Lonchura fuscans 74. 37. Sparrow Lonchura malacca 75. 38. Sparrow Lonchura punctulata 76. 39. Loriculus galgulus 77. 40. Lanius schach 78. Source: Secondary Data (Biro K3LH PT PKT, August 2007)
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Community
structure
of
wild
animals
in
Table
5.21
reflecting
the
representativeness of omnivore (monkey Maccaca sp), medium-sized terrestrial carnivore (civet, mongoose, cat and dog), carnivorous avifauna (Falco sp, Haliastur indus, Haliaeetus leucogaster, Hirundo tahitica), piscivorous avifauna (Ardea purpurea, Eggreta alba, Egretta garzetta, Tringa hypoleucos), numerous species of herbivorous avifauna (Lonchura fuscans, Passer montanus, Streptopelia chinensis), as well as reptiles (salt-water crocodile) and amphibians which are naturally carnivorous. Thus, it brings about the conclusion that trophic chain in the project site remained fine/good (EQ 4).
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5.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-CULTURE Bontang City area includes three districts, i.e. North Bontang, South Bontang, and West Bontang Districts. The study area is located in North Bontang District. North Bontang District consists of 6 villages: Bontang Kuala, Bontang Baru, Api-api, Gunung Elai, Loktuan and Guntung. Assessment of environmental initial condition of economic, social and culture components is carried out in the community area related to various PT KIE industrial estate activities, whereas Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI will be constructed. Thus the assessment area includes Guntung and Loktuan Villages, North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province. Environmental Initial condition description that focuses on economic, social, and culture components, is figuring out the communitys economic, demography, livelihood, social-culture, and perception predicted that will be impacted by factory activities. 5.3.1. ECONOMICAL CONDITION Communitys economic level of Bontang City according to PDRB data is in a good condition. This is not surprisingly since the area possesses considerable potential economic, i.e. natural resources in the form of liquid natural gas that plays as the main role in gaining government revenue to fulfil various state development activities. This condition reflects a good economic growth level, and much determines general condition of communitys welfare level. Table 5.21. Bontang City Regional Gross Income
No 1 2 3 4 5 Explanation PDRB (million Rp) PDR Net based on market price (million Rp) PDR Net Production factor price (million Rp) PDRB per capita (000 Rp) PDR Net Per capita (000 Rp) 2003 3,350,590 3,198,134 2,717,507 27,3155,159 23,201,290 2004 3,417,403 3,262,380 2,775,674 27,809,298 23,658, 2005 4,529,058 4,370,934 3,855,,026 36,399,579 32,103,278
Source: Secondary data analyses, August 2007
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5.3.1.1. Livelihood and Job Opportunity Compared to other districts in Bontang City, South Bontang District has the largest population (33,243 persons) with age of > 15 years. However, employed population (18,552 persons) in North Bontang is much larger than that of in South Bontang (16,113 persons). From 40,830 persons categorized as employed in Bontang City, most of them work in commercial sector both large commerce as well as retail seller i.e. 7,787 unit efforts (19,07%). The numbers is increasing compared to that of in 2003 (only 7,514 unit efforts). Included in unit efforts are 33 small scale industries, and 91 home industries. Included in small scale industries are food industries. Handicraft industry in Bontang City has not developed yet even though part of the population is Java origin known with well handicraft ability. Community working in industrial sector is come from various ethnic, besides Java ethnic; other ethnics are Sulawesi, Sumatera, and Timor. The second effort is manufacture industry (17.12%), and followed by construction (12.62%). The condition is opposite with 2003 condition, in 2003 the second was construction, and followed by manufacture. Similar condition is reflected in North Bontang District area. The District community livelihood is mostly commerce and retail sectors (20.60%), followed by manufacture (14.28%) and construction (9.97%). North Bontang District communitys livelihood data are presented on the following table.
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Table 5.22. North Bontang Community Livelihood No Main Effort Field North Bontang
Amount Farming, Hunting, and Silviculture Fishery Mining and Digging Manufacture Industry Electric, Gas and Water Construction Large Commerce and Retail Seller Services (accommodation and food/beverages) 9 Transportation, warehouse, and communication 10 Finance Agent 11 Real Estate, Business Service Lease 12 Government administration, Defence, and Obligatory Assurance 13 Education service 14 Health service and social activities 15 Community service, social, Culture 16 Private service for household care 17 Other activities TOTAL Source: Secondary data analyses, August 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 736 307 981 2637 61 1840 3803 736 1349 552 1595 797 920 184 1288 675 0 18,461 % 3,99 1,66 5,31 14,28 0,33 9,97 20,60 3,99 7,31 2,99 8,64 4,32 4,98 1,00 6,98 3,66 0,00 100,00
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Demography data on community livelihood in two village study areas, i.e. Guntung and Loktuan Villages are presented on the following tables: Table 5.23. Numbers of Guntung Village Community Based on Livelihood
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 Livelihood Employment a. Private b. BUMN Entrepreneur/Vendor Farmer Breeder Trade Farming labour Fisherman Service Student Housewife Unemployed Amount 791 76 306 12 58 922 1,142 1,808 5,115 Percentage (%) 15.46 1,48 5.34 0.02 1.14 18.26 22.33 35.34 100.00
TOTAL Source: Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006
Livelihood of Guntung community is mostly employment, both works in private company as well as BUMN. Since Guntung is the place of PT Pupuk Kaltim, employments working in private company are 791 (15.46%). Farmer is 5.3%. Others include farming labour, trade, and service (for example ojek); scrappers are not found in Guntung. Generally, the job opportunity in Guntung is quite high, since the industrial estate can absorb more unskilled labours both local as well as outside (usually from East Java and Sulawesi). Besides formal sector, job opportunity in informal sector also grows rapidly indicated by increasing trading in Berbas market, Loktuan and restaurant in Bontang Kuala.
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Table 5.24. Numbers of Loktuan Village Community Based on Livelihood No 1. Type of Livelihood Employment a. Private b. BUMN c. ABRI Amount 134 1,498 72 1,230 315 20 3,700 894 10 10 Percentage (%) 1.70 19.00 0.91 15.60 4.00 0.00 0.25 46.94 11.34 0.13 0.13 100,00
Entrepreneur/Vendor 2. Farmer 3. Breeder 4. Trade 5. 6. Labour 7. Fisherman 8. Service 9. Retirement 10. Unemployed JUMLAH Source: Loktuan Village Monographic Data, 2006
5.3.2. DEMOGRAPHY 5.3.2.1. Bontang City Community Distribution Based on 2006 Bontang City demography, amount of the population was 125,187 persons, meant 8,105 persons (6.92%) increasing compared to that of in 2003. In the year 2003 Bontang population was 117,082 persons, while in 2000 the population was 99,617 persons. Hence, in the period of three years population growth was 5.53%. Population distribution in 2006 based on gender included 63,942 males, while in 2003 male population was 60,987 persons indicating that male population was increasing. Female population in 2006 was 61,245 persons, this also experienced increasing compared to 56,095 persons in 2003. Therefore, the ratio of males to females according to data 2006 was 104.40%, meant that between 100 females in Bontang City there were 104 males. The characteristic of Bontang area that is closing to industrial estate seems to give an influence on dominantly amount of male population in the area.
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Table 5.25. Bontang City Community Numbers Based on Gender

District South Bontang North Bontang West Bontang Total Source: BPS Kota Bontang, 2006 Male 27,878 26,128 9,936 63,942 Community Numbers % Female % 43.60 25,734 42.02 40.86 25,146 41.06 15.54 10,365 16.92 100 61,245 100 Total 53,612 51,274 20,301 125,187 % 42,83 40,96 16,22 100
Population number in Bontang City is still relatively small; in 2006 were 125,187 with the composition 63,942 males and 61,245 females. Considering the width of Bontang City (487.57 km2), the population gross density is 397.46 persons/km2, even though the population density can be said as low, however the condition indicates increasing population compared to the condition in 2003, i.e. 235.3076 persons /km2. According to distribution, the largest population is in South Bontang District, i.e. 52,383 persons (41.84%), the second is North Bontang District population i.e. 54,015 (43.15%), and the smallest is in West Bontang District i.e. 24,773 persons (19.79%) Family head in Bontang City in 2006 was 36,727, the number increased by 6,705 family heads compared to 30,022 families in 2003. Thus, the number increased about 2,235 families/year or 186.25 families/month. The increasing number is quite a lot for the small city like Bontang, therefore the government should take into account to this fact. 5.3.2.2. Population Distribution in North Bontang Some villages with high density population in South Bontang District (Middle Berbas and Coastal Berbas) border with North Bontang District the highest density population. This condition indicates population is more concentrated in north side as it is a centre of economic activities and urban characteristic. Unevenly population distribution has caused higher population density in several villages. Such condition is usual since the community will concentrate in the areas that provide more work opportunities and more chance to have a good life.
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Population number in North Bontang District in 2006 was 51,274 persons, with the composition of 26,128 males and 25,146 females. Population distribution per dusun (cluster of village) in Loktuan (populated 16,116 persons), is almost even. From 9 dusun, only 3 dusuns have population between 5%-9% of Loktuan Village. The dusuns are Selambai (the least population), Selona and Agungraya, while the largest population is Abadi Dusun. Guntung Village consists of Guntung area and Sidrap area, geographically, Guntung area is located in the west side of PT Pupuk Kaltim, Guntung area is also the closest area to PT Pupuk Kaltim, and passed by Guntung River, hence many houses are erected in along Guntung riverbank. 5,3,3, SOCIAL - CULTURE Community characteristic can be known from its social-culture system conducted in the community. Due to the values develop among them in their daily lives, and their activities to fulfil their living needs both material and spiritual, from the values then emerge interaction process. The process is going continuously, therefore in parallel with this interaction; their social condition also develops. The social condition, due to humans interaction as social creatures, will determine their culture development level. Culture is the whole idea system, action and human creativity result in community life that becomes its own through learning process. Koentjaraningrat (1997), said that human and culture is like two sides of a coin, both cannot be separated. As far as community exists, culture will develop continuously because human is a culture supporter. According to Poerwanto (2000), culture is a result from creature, feeling and will. From this, it can be concluded that culture is naturally a result from human activity going on a particular community group. Culture is a result from learning, therefore culture is a conducting manner that is studied, and is not depended on parent genetic heredity. Koentjaraningrat (1997) also said that there were 7 culture components, include believing system, livelihood system, relative system, social organization, language, art, and technology. Following is presented value and culture norm that build social interaction and behaviour characteristic pattern.
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Behaviour is a manner believed and usual conducted from earliest as a part of tradition. Social interaction is based on various habits forming culture ideas that include culture value, norm, law, and regulation which interact and form a system. Community interaction in the surrounding PT KIE is melting. Community culture is coming from various ethnics in Indonesia, and dominated by Java, Kutai and Bugis. Each ethnic is still conducting their behaviour in their new settlement, i.e. Bontang, however its intensity is not the same anymore with their origin places. Indepth interview and field observation activity indicate that social interaction pattern among the ethnics is still characterized by mutual cooperation or community organization based on ascribed status which is going for the sake of togetherness. The process is also influenced by industrial process, due to their settlement closes to industrial estate. Many of factory employments are also live in this settlement even they become a part of original community, even though the number are not a lot. Mutual cooperation that still develops in the community living in the study area, is mutual activities in cleaning and maintaining house of worship, cleaning settlement environment, celebrating culture festivity, and celebrating great days. During this study conducted, the community was busy celebrating 62 years Indonesia Independence Day. They seem sharing each other to be a committee, following various competitions, and together designing and practicing art festivity agenda. Following is a table that shows analyses result of questionnaires for 50 respondents include 29 respondents in Loktuan Village and 21 respondents in Guntung Village. Loktuan Respondent number is bigger due to the location is closed to the location of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI construction.
Table 5.26. Guntung and Loktuan Mutual Activity

No Clarification 1 House of worship cleaning and maintaining 2 Cleaning the environment 3 Celebrating Months of Moslem Calendar 4 Celebrating Culture Festivity 5 Others Source: Primary Data Analyses, August 2007, Frequency 19 43 50 32
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Even though Bontang community has shifted from traditional to modern, however social pattern characterized by mutual cooperation still exists. This is reflected by particular mutual activity. According to community perception, cleaning and maintaining house of worship activity has not often been done, because the community consists of many ethnics and religions. Religion activity is also not significant in the area, house of worships are also not so many and their existences are not significant. Mutual cleaning environment activity according to respondent perception still is often done, usually on Sunday, but not routine. Besides Sunday, cleaning environment is also done especially in the time approaching Independence Day, due to sometimes there are clean the environment competitions amongst areas, which then drive them to seriously cleaning their environment. Including in others activities is constructing or maintaining local structure. According to them, it is important to be carried out, due to easy transportation is a mutual need, and moreover motorcycle owner level in the community is high. Including to other activities is also night guard. Other media as community social interaction in the study area are RT and RW gathering, but not routinely, only incidentally dependent on the need. According to Loktuan Village secretary and head officer of Guntung Village, incidentally means that gathering is done due to the occurring urgent matter or important matter that needs to be discussed among the community. Religion activities are also conducted mutually such as great recitation, women and children recitations, and Yasinan. Christian adherent has also conducted mutual activity such as Sunday school, weekly worship, and deepening of Bible.
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5.3.3.1. Education Community education level in Guntung Village is presented on the following Table 5.27:
Table 5.27. Guntung Community Number Based on Education Level

No Education Number Percentage (%) 28.73 27.02 39.99 33.37 15.09 100,00 1, Elementary school 990 2, Junior High Scholl 931 3, Senior High School 1,378 4, Academy/D1-D3 115 5, Bachelor/S1-S3 52 JUMLAH 3,466 Source:Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006
The table shown that mostly Guntung community are graduated from senior high school (39.99%), followed by elementary school (28.73%), and junior high school (27.02%). Community with academy/D1-D3 level is 33.37%, and the least is bachelor graduation (15%).
5.3.3.2. Religion Table 5.28. Guntung Village Community Numbers Based on Religion
Number 1, 5.143 2, 413 3, 113 4, 1 JUMLAH 5.670 Source:Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006 No Religion Moslem Christian Catholic Hindu Percentage (%) 90.71 7.28 1.99 0.02 100.00
From the table above, it can be seen that mostly Guntung community are Moslems i.e. 5,143 persons ((90.71%), Christian 7.28% and Catholic 1.99%,
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Table 5.29. Loktuan Village Community Numbers Based on Religion

Religion Number 1, Moslem 14.758 2, Christian 772 3, Catholic 561 4, Hindu 25 TOTAL 16.116 Source:Loktuan Village Monographic Data, 2006 No Percentage (%) 91.57 4.80 3.48 1.55 100.00
Loktuan community are also mostly Moslem i.e. 144,748 persons or 91.57% of 16,116 population, Hindu is the least only 25 persons (1.55%). 5.3.3.3. Behaviour Historically, Guntung community majority is Kutai descendant, and has been there since 1920s. Kutai community in Guntung is descendants of disintegrated Kutai Monarchy family that originally come from Kesultanan Tenggarong, East Kalimantan. Due to occurring dispute among Kutai Monarchy family, they disintegrated, one of them settled in Guntung area. It is predicted that Kutai descendant family is about 600. On 19 June 2004, Sultan Kutai Kartanegara ing Martadipura ke XX, had installed Dewan Adat and Lembaga Adat officers of Kutai Guntung Citra Kota Bontang. The aim of forming Lembaga Adat Kutai Guntung is to preserve Kutai Behaviour and Culture in Bontang. Several potential social occur in Guntung Village such as lembaga adat Kutai which maintains Kutai culture and Erau culture festivity (Erau plas Benua), Aculturism of Bugis, Java, and Kutai culture has occurred in a long time indicated by culture and competence assimilation. Marriage, Japen, Reog, Java and Bugis Dances are often held during ritual of sedekah laut (giving food to the reef) or in celebrating national great days, even are also held during Erau Festivity indicating harmonious condition among religions. 5.3.3.4. Perception and Aspiration Perception and attitude are related to many factors, both from individual itself, as well as from external environment. Ones or groups attitude will emerge if in their social environment occurs an incident that influences their existence. Social attitude expression can be words or actions, such as agree or disagree, certain or uncertain, against or compliance, gentle or aggressive, positive, negative as well as neutral character .
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Respondent majority have known the construction plan of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI as well as its production. They do not familiar with PT KNI, however they know Orica well, even though Orica has not conducted socialization to the community. Indepth interview with communitys formal and informal leaders included villages officers, NGO leaders, and also laypersons, generally it can be said that respondents perception on the factory construction plan can be grouped on three tendencies: agree with requirement, not agree, and neutral.
Table 5.30. Respondent Attitude on Factory Construction Plan

No Clarification 1 Agree 2 Agree with requirement 4 Neutral Total Source: Primary data analyses, August 2007 Frequency 23 15 12 50 % 46 30 24 100.0
Table 5.31. Respondent Attitude that Agree

No Indicator T 1 Job opportunity 2 Company aid to the community 3 Local economic more develop 4 The area busier Source: : Primary data analyses, August 2007, Clarification : T = high, S = moderate, R = low Tendency S R
The agree group proposes the requirement that the factory has to give job chances to the local community. So far the local community is difficult to work in factories located in industrial estate of PT KIE with the reason that their education back ground is not adequate. According to the community, in the past this reason is sensible due to their education are indeed not so high enough. However, right now the community mostly have adequate education, thus the reason of not adequate education is not relevant anymore. If they are untrained, they believe that with some training they can work in the factory. Moreover for unskilled workers such as gardener, cleaning service, and guard should not be coming from other areas as it happens right now.
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Table 5.32. Respondent Attitude that not Agree

No 1 2 Indicator T Explosion hazard High technology not needs lower competence labour 3 Ammoniac odour pollution 4 Vibration Source: Primary data analyses, 2007 Tendency S R
Respondents that do not agree is due to they worry with the words explosive material, in addition, they have got many information from the newspaper on explosion cases both deliberately such as terrorisms case, or indeliberately due to explode itself caused by not carefulness community. This perception should be taken into account by the initiator. The neutral respondents give the reason that workers recruitment will consider qualification and professionalism. Therefore, the important things are the government and the industry roles in increasing uneducated local human resources qualities through education and training or giving stimuli in the form of capital loan.
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CHAPTER VI SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION

6.1. GEOPHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT 6.1.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE 6.1.1.1. Air Quality Land preparation activities predicted will emerge significant impact, are equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation. Survey and measurement activities predicted will not emerge significant impact. Survey and measurement activities will not affect climate. Land preparation will also not affect due to its characteristic only administrative activity. Labour recruitment will not impact due to there is no physical activity to the environment that will change air quality component. Equipment and material mobilization a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Equipment and material mobilization will contribute to the existing pollutant. The contributing pollutant is coming from both burning transportation fuel or other, as well as dust, and will affect climate condition in the surrounding activity Pollutant contribution from equipment and material mobilization is predicted due to the increasing transportation volume. It is predicted that in the peak load increasing 100 trucks/hour transportation volumes will occur. Predicting emission is calculated as follows: Transportation volume in 1 hour (3600 seconds) : 100 trucks Truck average velocity Street width 1 litter fuel Stable air layer height : 40 km/hour : 12 m : 5 km : 10 m
For the street length 1 km, fuel needs are:
Chapter VI: Significant Impact Prediction
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100 trucks x (1/40 km/hour) x (40 km/hour5 km/litter): 20 litter: 0.02 m3 solar. Emission factor based on WHO Offset Publication No. 62, yearr1983 are: SO2 NO2 CO Dust : 7.9544 kg/m3 solar : 9.2103 kg/m3 solar : 36.4226 kg/m3 solar : 2.0095 kg/m3 solar : (7.9544 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3 : (9.2103 kg/m ) x 0.02 m
3 3 3 3
Emission result in 1 hour for 1 km length: SO2 NO2 CO Dust = 0.159 kg = 159 g = 0.1842 kg = 184.2 g = 0.7285 kg = 728.5 g = 0.040 kg = 40 g
: (36.4226 kg/m ) x 0.02 m : (2.0095 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3
Air volume affected by emission: 1000 m x 12 m x 10 m = 120.000m3. Resulted pollutant contribution: SO2 NO2 CO : (159 g/120,000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 g/g = 0.368 g/m3 : (184.2 g/120.000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 g/g = 0.426 g/m3 : (728.5 g/120.000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 g/g = 1.6 g/m3
Dust : (40 g/120,000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 g/g = 0.09 g/m3 In the initial condition, before construction activity of PT KNI factory, the existing climate is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Equipment and material mobilization will impact on climate. Based on calculated data mentioned above, fuel used can be said minor thus will not change the activity location climate. Hence it can be predicted that environmental quality scale will be still 5. Based on explanation above, impact caused by equipment and material mobilization on the climate is categorized as negative impact with 0 scale change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only occurred in industrial estate with relatively small number inhabitants. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in industrial area.
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Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact intensity is minor and impact is only occurred during land clearing activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the climate change is minor. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant, due to the occurring impact is only during activity proceeding. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of equipment and material mobilization can be categorized as insignificant impact. Land Clearing a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing activity for PT KNI Factory construction purposes predicted will emerge impact. The activity is clearing bushy plants and other plants from the land. This clearing is a part of land preparation for factory construction. Total land width used for PT KNI factory construction and its supporting building, is 18 ha. Land initial condition that fully planted with bushy and other plants, is an open space, therefore the existing climate is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. The existence of landscape change is due to PT KNI factory construction that will cover the land, however Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) is less than 40%, and this is complying with the regulation. Therefore the environmental quality will still be maintained (scale 5); the activity will not impact on the climate. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land clearing activity on the climate is categorized as negative impact with 0 scale change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only occurred in industrial estate with relatively small number inhabitants.
Chapter VI: Significant Impact Prediction VI - 3
Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in industrial area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact intensity is minor and impact is only occurred during land clearing activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the climate change is minor. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant, due to the occurring impact is only during activity proceeding. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of equipment and material mobilization can be categorized as insignificant impact. Land Preparation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land preparation activity is aimed to prepare land ready for construction. The activity includes land filling and land compaction. In the planning, >60% land will be used as a green area. Land preparation activity will cause increasing temperature that leads climate change in the surrounding location. Thus, the initial climate condition is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Land preparation activity that increases local temperature, will cause decrease environmental quality scale to 4, therefore this activity will impact the environmental quality scale by -1. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on the climate is categorized as negative impact with -1 scale change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only occurred in industrial estate with relatively small number inhabitants. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in industrial area.
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Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact intensity is minor and impact is only occurred during land preparation activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the climate change is minor. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant, due to the occurring impact is only during activity going on. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of equipment and material mobilization can be categorized as insignificant impact. 6.1.1.2. Noise Level Equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation will affect noise level in the project site and quarry area. Equipment used in the activity such as dump truck, backhoe and bulldozer used for cut and fill activity will cause increasing noise level to 85 dBA in the distance of 15 m. However, if the noise is measured in Camp Tursina settlement, the distance 605 m from the noise source, and measured near post 7 settlement, the distance 620m from the noise source, the two places predicted will receive noise in the level of 56.0 dBA in Camp Tursina settlement, and 53.9 dBA in settlement near post 7. Based on noise level standard, the predicted noise in those two places will be still in the range of noise level standard i.e. 55 dBA. Initial noise level is good with environmental quality scale of 4. During equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation noise level environmental quality will be 3. Consequently, environmental quality scale will decrease by -1 Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation activity on noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.
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6.1.1.3. Water Quality Land clearing a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing activity for PT KNI Factory construction purposes predicted will emerge impact. The activity is clearing bushy plants and other plants from the land. This clearing is a part of land preparation for factory construction. Total land width that will be used for PT KNI factory construction and its supporting building, is 18 ha. The activity will impact on decreasing water quality specifically increasing suspended solid in the water body that leads water biota disturbances. Land initial condition that fully planted with bushy and other plants, is an open space, therefore the existing climate is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Decreasing water quality due to land clearing activity that increases suspended solid in the water body will decrease water quality scale to 3, therefore water quality will experience decreasing water quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on the water quality is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human (fisherman) impacted is large. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the seawaters. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact is only occurred during land preparation activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact and will cause decreasing seawater productivity, convenience, and perception.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of land clearing can be categorized as significant negative impact. Land preparation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land preparation activity is aimed to prepare land ready for construction. The activity includes land filling and compaction. Land preparation activity will decrease water quality due to increasing suspended solid in the water body causing water quality in the location changes. Initial condition can be said as very good therefore environmental quality scale in the initial condition is 5. Decreasing water quality due to land preparation activity that increases suspended solid in the water body will decrease water quality scale to 3, therefore water quality will experience decreasing water quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on water quality (suspended solid) is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is large. The activity will also impact seawater biota. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the seawaters. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact is only occurred during land preparation activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact and will cause decreasing
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seawater productivity, decreasing earning, decreasing convenience, and perception. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact is only occur during the activity taking place. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.1.4. Hydrooceanography a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activities predicted will impact hydrooceanography condition include material for land filling mobilization and land preparation. Material for land filling is sand-gravel brought from Palu using barge in the capacity of 3,500 m3. Barge will harbour at the end of Tursina Wharf exactly in the front of project site. Considering the location is muddy coastal, the activity will impact on coastal abrasion and will lead to re-suspended abrasion material in the seawater causing water turbidity. While land preparation activities predicted will impact on hydrooceanography condition include blanket installing and land filling. The activities will cause runoff consisting with scattered material, and will go to the sea causing seawater turbidity as well as shore abrasion as can be seen on Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1. Abrasion in project site shore
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In the initial condition, project site is coastal marsh fully with bushy and mangrove plants. The plants can function as a filter for run off that goes to drainage and to the sea, causing water run off relatively clean. Mangrove can also function as a coastal barrier from abrasion during tidal rise and fall. Hence, the initial hydro-oceanography condition is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Mangrove clearing, barge operation, and land filling activities will increase seawater turbidity as well as shore abrasion. Consequently, environmental water quality scale will decrease to 3 (moderate), or the activity will impact to the environmental quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on hydrooceanography is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, since the activity is taking place in industrial area which there is no settlement in the area. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the south area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will occur continuously until it is managed. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will cause disappearing coastal marsh and mangrove, and will generate sequel impact in the forms of disappearing biota, increasing local temperature causing convenience decrease and
community negative perception. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible.
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In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.1.5. Topography and Morphology a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activities predicted will impact hydro-
oceanography condition include material for land filling mobilization and land preparation. Local material used for filling land is begun by digging material in the quarry causing the hill top morphology change to the plain forming. However, in the digging border will leave the steeply slope. In the circumstance cutting the hill top is not well planned, terrain stability will decrease due to possibly land sliding. Based on the result from soil mechanic laboratory analyses, the material has soil cohesion of 0.14 to 0.22 kg/cm2, inside friction angle of 20 - 22, and unit weight of 1.72 gr/cm3. Using the slope stability analyses, resulting FK value = 1.7 on digging slope of 1:2.
Figure 6.2. Slope Stability Analyses using Bishop Method in the Quarry Area.
Land preparation activity impacting on morphology condition is land filling. The activity will change coastal marsh morphology to plain morphology. Coastal marsh morphology functions as retention pond before run off goes to the sea, thus it functions as a filter. In the initial condition, project site and quarry morphology have a good terrain stability. Thus, environmental quality condition can be categorized as very good or environmental quality scale is 5.
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Land clearing and digging material activity that caused decreasing terrain stability, will lead to decreasing environmental quality scale to 3, or impact will cause environmental quality scale change by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on topography and morphology is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is large, specifically the community living in the surrounding quarry. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is not only in the surrounding quarry but also in the surrounding land filling area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will occur continuously until it is managed. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will cause morphology change, and will generate sequel impact on terrain stability, increasing run off, and disappearing vegetation, in the end impact will cause decreasing convenience and community negative perception. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant negative impact.
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6.1.16. Soil Type Component a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activity predicted will cause impact on soil type is blanket installing, geotextile installing, and land filling. In these activities coastal marsh with rock-sand bottom lithology layered by marsh mud, will be filled by sand gravel and sand-silt-granule. Initial soil bottom is grouped as A1-b/SM class and after land filling it will be A-2/ SM class. Soil with A-1 class is categorized as very good or environmental quality scale is 5. After land filling activity soil will be A-2 class or environmental quality scale is 4. Thus, land filling activity will change quality scale by -1. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on soil type is categorized as negative impact with -1 scale change and can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the area that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the project site area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will occur continuously until it is managed even though the intensity is relatively small. . Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the soil class change will only affect carrying capacity that can be repaired by land compaction and maturation. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative, more filling activity the more soil type change. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of land preparation activity can be categorized as significant negative impact.
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6.1.1.7. Space Use Planning a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activities predicted will impact on space use planning include land clearing and land filling. The activities will change internal space use structure of PT KIE industrial estate particularly from green area to open area. In initial condition, space use planning environmental quality is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Disappearing coastal marsh after the activity occurs will change internal space structure, however environmental quality scale is still 5. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on space use planning is categorized as negative impact, but without environmental quality scale change, therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the area that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the project site area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small. . Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the limitation space change will relatively not affect sequel impact. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character, the more land open the more space use change. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible.
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In general impact of land preparation activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.1.8. Land Use Planning a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, land clearing, and land filling activities will impact on land use planning. The initial green area will change to open space area. The initial green area planted with bushy and mangrove has functioned as retention pond and filter of run off, hence it can function as sea barrier and several biota habitat. Based on the condition above, initial land use planning in the project site is categorized as very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Land clearing activity, cutting top soil, and filling will change land use planning in the area, from green area to open area or environmental quality scale will decrease to 2. Thus, environmental quality scale will change by 3. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on land use planning is categorized as negative impact with -3 scale change and can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the area that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the project site area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and the impact will occur continuously until it is managed. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the land use change will cause impact sequel in the form of micro climate change that generates decreasing convenience and community negative perception.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character, the more land open the more land use change. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, even though the impact is reversible, however to reverse will need long time. In general impact of land preparation activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 6.1.2.1. Air Quality In the construction phase, activities predicted will impact on air quality are equipment and construction material mobilization and factory construction. Labour recruitment and material and labour demobilization activities will not impact on air quality. The activities will not impact on air quality due to there is not any physical activity on the environment that will cause environmental change. Equipment and Construction Material Mobilization a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Equipment and construction material mobilization predicted will impact on air quality. The activity will contribute on decreasing air quality and will affect the climate. Material will be transported by 22 dump trucks/day, and will use fuel 25 litters (pass by in the period of 10 minutes). Therefore, initial condition of air quality is very good with environmental quality scale is 5. Due to equipment and construction material mobilization, local temperature will increase thus environmental quality will decrease to 4. As a result, the activity will impact on environmental quality scale by -1. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land clearing on climate is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the industrial estate that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the industrial area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small and the impact will only occur during equipment and material mobilization activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the climate change is relatively minor. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact is only occurred during the activity. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of equipment and construction material mobilization activity can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. Factory Construction Activity a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Factory and its supporting building construction using equipment such as ready mix, mollen etc predicted will impact on air quality. The activity will use 60 litters fuel/day. Thus initial condition can be categorized as very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Factory construction will increase local temperature, but after the construction finished the temperature will be back to initial condition. Therefore, initial condition is very good or scale is 5, and after construction finish the scale will be as initial condition (scale 5). Hence, the activity will not change environmental quality. Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory construction activity on climate is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality
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scale change by 0 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the industrial estate that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the industrial area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small and the impact will only occur during factory construction activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the climate change is relatively minor. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact is only occurred during the activity. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of factory construction activity can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. 6.1.2.2. Noise Level Equipment mobilization and demobilization activities of factory construction will affect noise level in project site area. Noise level will be 85 dBA in the distance of 15m. However, if the noise is measured from the nearest settlement i.e. Camp Tursina settlement with the distance of 605m from noise sources, noise level in this site will be 56.0 dBA, and the settlement in post 7 with the distance of 620m from noise source, noise level will be 53.9 dBA. Based on noise standard, the noises in the two settlements are still in the range of noise standard i.e. 55 dBA 3 dBA. Initial noise level is good with environmental quality scale of 4. During construction phase noise level environmental quality will be 3. Consequently, environmental quality scale will decrease by -1.
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Based on explanation above, impact caused by construction phase activity on noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. 6.1.2.3. Water Quality Factory Construction Activity a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Factory construction predicted will increase the amount of suspended solid in the water body. This will lead in decreasing water quality. The initial condition of water quality is very good or environmental quality scale is 5. Due to factory construction, environmental water quality scale will decrease to 3; therefore the activity will change environmental quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory construction activity on climate is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is large, the activity will affect humans living in the settlements located in the surrounding activity and the settlements in the seawaters. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in the seawater. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact will only occur during factory construction activity. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact causing decreasing earning, productivity, convenience, and perception.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of factory construction activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.2.4. Space Planning a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Factory construction is predicted to cause impact on space planning. The activity will change internal space PT KIE industrial estate, from green area to building cover area. In the initial condition, the project site is coastal marsh area. Thus space planning environmental quality is very good with the scale of 5. Disappearing green area will affect internal space planning structure in the industrial estate. However, the change is only occur in the industrial estate, thus from Bontang City space planning the space structure does not change. Accordingly, construction activity of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI will decrease space planning environmental quality, but not decreasing environmental quality scale, the scale will be still 5. Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory construction activity on space use planning is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by 0 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the industrial estate that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the industrial area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small.
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Considering
numbers
of
components
impacted,
impact
value
is
insignificant; due to the limitation of space planning change and the sequel impact is also limited. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character, the more the land opens the more the space planning changes. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of factory construction activity can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. 6.1.2.5. Land Use Planning a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI construction predicted will impact on land use planning. In the project site, the initial coastal marsh green area function will change to Ammonium Nitrate Factory area function. The coastal marsh green area functions as a retention pond, a run off filter before going to the sea, and several biota habitats. Based on this condition, the land use planning environmental quality can be categorized as very good with scale 5. Factory construction activity will impact on land use changing from green area to building cover area. The construction planned that there will be 139,920 m2 green area or 77.73 % from the project sites width. Accordingly, only 22.27 % of the width will be covered by factory building, as a result the environmental quality scale will change to 4. Hence, factory construction activity will decrease land use environmental quality scale by 1. Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory construction activity is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place in the industrial estate that is no settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the impact distribution is only in the industrial area. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will continue until it is managed. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the land use planning change will emerge sequel impact in the form of micro climate change and in the end will decrease convenience and community negative perception. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative, the more the land covered by building the more the decreasing land use planning quality. . Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of factory construction activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.3. OPERATION PHASE 6.1.3.1. Climate Production process Operation phase activities predicted will impact on climate component, include production process. Labour recruitment activity, raw material and supporting material procurement, waste treatment, and product shipping predicted will not cause significant impact on climate. a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Production process activity will generate waste both water, gas, as well as solid. Gaseous waste will significantly impact on climate parameter.
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Gaseous waste planned that will be treated, will emit gas in the concentration below recommended concentration standard. This gaseous emission will affect climate condition due to gas particles will function as condensate nucleus to form rain. Thus, initial condition has environmental quality scale 5. Due to production process impact, fall will occur more; consequently environmental quality scale will decrease to 3 or the activity will decrease environmental quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by process production activity on climate is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively small, the impact will only occur in industrial estate. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the climate will very much change. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact.
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6.1.3.2. Air Quality Production Process a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude
Production process activity will generate waste both water, gas, as well as solid. Gaseous waste will significantly impact on climate parameter. Gaseous waste planned that will be treated, will emit gas in the concentration below recommended concentration standard. This gaseous emission will affect air quality due to gas particles will function as condensate nucleus to form rain. Thus, initial condition has environmental quality scale 5. Due to production process impact, fall will occur more, and consequently environmental quality scale will decrease to 3 or the activity will decreasing environmental quality scale by -2.
Based on explanation above, impact caused by process production activity on air quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively small, the impact will only occur in industrial estate. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the climate will very much change.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.3.3. Noise Level a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Production process predicted will affect noise level that leads to directly affect on workers, noise level in industrial area, and noise level in the settlement that is protected by noise level standard of
Kep/51/Menaker/1999. The factory workers predicted will receive 80 95 dBA noise level, while industrial estate area 55 70 dBA. The prediction of noise level received by settlement area with assuming noise source 70 dBA, in settlement (B-1 location) 605m distances from noise source, the noise level will be 53.1 dBA, while in settlement (B-2 location) 620m distances from noise source, the noise level will be 48.3 dBA Based on the prediction, factory workers will receive noise level above recommended standard (the standard is 70 dBA), while settlements B-1 and B-2 will receive noise level below recommended standard (the standard is 55 dBA). Initial noise level is good with environmental quality scale of 4. During process production noise level environmental quality will be 2.
Consequently, environmental quality scale will decrease by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by process production activity on noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance Impact prediction of noise level during factory operation on workers can be categorized as large scale. The significance can be summarized as follows: Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of workers impacted is relatively large. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is
insignificant; due to the other component will not be affected. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible. In general impact of production process can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.3.4. Water Quality Production Process a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Production process activity predicted will generate waste both water, gas, as well as solid. Wastewater will impact on water quality. Wastewater generated in the volume of 300 m3/day, will be coming from nitric acid plant with corrosive character due to nitric acid contain. Other wastewaters include hot waters in the volume 220 m3/day coming from factory cooler system that uses seawaters, and oil and grease wastes coming from triple separator in the volume of 100L/year.
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Initial environmental quality is very good with the scale of 5. Due to process production activity, water quality scale will decrease to 3 or the impact will decrease environmental quality by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by process production activity on water quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only occur in industrial estate but also in the community settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the water quality change will cause sequel impact. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. Waste Treatment a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Waste is treated with the aim of generating waste (solid, liquid and gas) complied with recommended standard. Wastewater treatment done in order to keep water quality in good condition, the treatments are:
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1. In nitric acid plant: wastewater (300 m3/day) with corrosive character due to nitric acid contain, before the waste is run to chemical pond, firstly it is neutralized. 2. Hot water, coming from cooler system using seawaters 220 m3/day, will increase seawater temperature. The hot water before run to the sea, its temperature is firstly decreased in Cooling Tower. 3. Oil and grease wastes generated from triple separator (100 L/year) will be treated suitable with toxic and hazardous wastewater procedure. Water quality initial condition is good with the scale of 5. Generating waste will decrease water environmental quality by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by water treatment activity on water quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only occur in industrial estate but also in community settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the water quality change will generate sequel impact. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible.
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In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.3.5. Waste Raw Material and Supporting Material Procurement a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Raw material and supporting material procurement activities will generate garbage (domestic and process). There will not be raw material impact because the raw material is piped from PT Pupuk Kaltim, while supporting material will generate significant solid waste. Solid wastes are coming from used packaging such as plastics, drums, inert materials, coating agent, filter, and ammonium nitrate bags. Initial environmental quality condition is scaled 5. Generating solid wastes will decrease environmental quality by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by raw material and supporting material procurement activity on emerging waste (domestic and process) is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only occur in industrial estate but also in community settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to waste generating (domestic and process) will cause sequel impact.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. Production process a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Production process activity predicted will generate waste both water, gas, as well as solid. Solid waste includes catalyst coming from ammonia converter with volume of 120 kg/year. This catalyst waste will decrease environmental quality due to its hazardous characteristic. The initial environmental condition is very good with the environmental quality scale of 5. Waste (domestic and process) will decrease environmental quality to 3, thus the wastes will decrease environmental quality scale by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by production process activity on emerging waste (domestic and process) is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only occur in industrial estate but also in community settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated.
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Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to waste generating (domestic and process) will cause sequel impact. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. Waste Treatment a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Managing domestic and processing garbage is aimed in order the wastes not to disturb environmental quality and aesthetic. Garbage management includes: Domestic solid waste Domestic solid wastes are generated from office and houses activities. Non economic solid waste volume are predicted 50 m3/year, characterized non toxic, and managed by firstly collected before dumped to land fill. Paper and cartoon wastes volume 50 m3/year are sold to collector due to can be recycled. Process solid waste Used catalyst: Process solid waste volumes 120 kg/year, are mainly generated from Ammonia Converter, and managed through: waste is collected based on its characteristics, packaged in drum and labelled, stored in appropriate safety place, and managed suitably with toxic and hazardous waste procedure. Inert Material (plastic) Nitrate Containing: The material is coming from general activities, characterized non toxic, volumes 10 m3/year, and managed by: inert material is washed with water to diminish nitrate contaminant until < 100 mg/L, packaged as minimum as
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possible, and sent to appropriate location by environmental licensed waste contractor. Lilamine bag: The bag is coming from chemical packaging, characterized non toxic, volumes 1800 bags/year, and managed through: the bag is washed with water until clean, and sent to land fill. Empty Drum: Drum is coming from supporting material/chemical storage, characterized non toxic, volumes 100 drums @ 20 L/year, and managed through: drum is washed until clean, stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed suitably with toxic hazardous waste procedure. Coating Agent: Coating agent is coming from product layering system and separator, characterized non toxic, volumes 20 tones/year, and managed through: waste is collected and sent to appropriate place by environmental licensed contractor. Filter: Filter is coming from aqua ammonia filter (4 units/year), nitric acid compressor (20 m3/year), and ammonia filters (100 units/year),
characterized non toxic, and managed through: filter is washed to diminish contaminants, stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed by waste contractor. Ammonium Nitrate Bag: The bag is coming from damaged ammonium nitrate bag/under requirement, characterized non toxic, volumes 1000 bags/year, and managed through: bag is washed until clean to diminish the contaminant, stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed by waste contractor. Initial environment condition is very good or environmental quality scale 5. Solid waste existence will decrease environmental quality by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by waste treatment activity on emerging garbage (domestic and process) is categorized as negative
impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only occur in industrial estate but also in community settlement. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its surrounding. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to waste generating (domestic and process) will cause sequel impact. Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact. 6.1.3.6. Hydro-oceanography a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During ammonium nitrate factory operation phase, activities predicted will impact on hydro-oceanography condition are production process and product shipping. Hot water, coming from cooler system using seawaters 220 m3/day, will increase seawater temperature. The increasing seawater temperature will change water density and will emerge stream that tends to directing from outlet to inlet. While product shipping activity will impact on emerging seawater waves that will cause shore abrasion.
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In the initial condition the seawater temperature is in between 32 C 37.9C in outlet Kaltim 4 and very much influenced by tidal rise and fall. Considering the seawaters is bay form, during tidal rise the stream will direct to north west that is project site shore, on the other hands during tidal fall the stream will direct to south east that is to the sea. With this condition, heat dispersion will occur, and bay seawater temperature will be the same with that of in open seawaters. Initial hydro-oceanography condition in project site is very good with environmental quality scale 5. Factory operation will increase seawater temperature, however the volume of hot water discharged by the factory is much lesser than seawater volume, moreover, the hot waters before discharged to the sea its water temperature is firstly decreased in Cooling Tower. While product shipping operation will cause shore abrasion. Thus, the environmental quality will decrease to 3 or the environmental quality will change by -2. Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory operation activity on hydro-oceanography is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively small, the impact will only occur in industrial estate. Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in the sea at the south side of wharf. Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to increasing seawater temperature will cause sequel impact and affect marine biota.
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Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory operated. Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due to the impact is irreversible. In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as significant negative impact.
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6.2. BIOLOGY 4.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PERIOD In this study, construction activities which may have an impact on biological aspects of the environment are labour recruitment, mobilisation of material and heavy-duty equipments, land clearing and land preparation. 6.2.1.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During the course of the study, brackish water swamp within the plant site of PT KNI is reported to hold 6 species plankton. Nonetheless, since the swamp is locked in from any water sources, the findings hence considered to be moderate (EQ 3). Taking into account that plankton is the base of trophic pyramid as primary producer, land clearing and its further preparation, which means filling-in the swamp to dry, is thus identified to cause a negative impact upon plankton in the swamp. b. Prediction of Impact Importance The area currently, from an ecological point of view, is in a highly denuded condition. Land filling resulted in turbulence and turbidity, which in turn wiped out plankton community in the swamp, is the consequence of the project. The impact evaluated to occur in a very narrow area (-1), with almost no human being to be influenced (-1) because the swamp is located in a restricted industrial area. Duration and intensity of the impact relatively short (-2), only a few other compounds may affected (-1) as the swamp locked in from any other water body in surroundings. Impact is believed not cumulative (-2) and reversible (-2) i.e. when other environmental components be well and properlymanaged. Thereafter, land preparation is considered to only causing a relatively not important negative impact (-2).
Impact Identification
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6.2.1.2. Macrobenthos a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing and land preparation dried out the swamp - which occupy some 2/3 part of the plant site - will directly and indirectly (through the disappearance of plankton) vanishing macrobenthic community in the swamp. Therefore these physical activities might cause negative impacts to occur. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and preparation in the plant site - physically at present is a brackish water swamp, ensuing in turbidity and habitat destroyed which sequentially changing it into a terrestrial one rendering all aquatic communities to be gone, including macrobenthos. This is indeed a logic consequence of building the facility. Impacts of land preparation upon macrobenthic communities in the swamp have been evaluated as indirectly affecting human being (-1). From the ecological point of view, the activity occur in a relatively narrow area (-1) with short duration and light intensity (-2), i.e. during the constructional period, although other components to be affected is relatively complicated because macrobenthos is directly link to plankton as primary producer (-3). Impacts upon this group may be reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1), as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a substitute. The impact is therefore categorised as negatively not important (2) toward the surrounding ecosystem.
6.2.1.3. Nekton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude On site observation revealed that local people living outside the fence but next to the project site often come to visit the swamp to fish by using cage net or angling (Figure 3.1B). As a result, land clearing and preparation that will dry-up the swamp and obviously perish all aquatic biota turn out as a negative impact toward nektonic animals.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance In general, nekton in the brackish water swamp and the surrounding water body classified as mix demersal fishes (Table 3.8); besides, some uncommercial fish like Periopthalmus sp and Glossogobius matanensis. The presence of more than 10 species economically important fish graded the water body surrounding the project site as in a good condition to support nektonic life (EQ 4). Land clear and preparation disturbs amenity which in turn give rise to a permanent change of local habitat in the swamp. When the construction is commenced, local people will not allowed getting into the area to fish; this may be evaluated as a negative impact. However, since they are not many, it is therefore evaluated as less important (-1). Ecologically, the activity takes place in a relatively narrow site (-1), intense but for a short period of time, i.e. only during the land preparation period (-1), other components to be disturbed relatively a few because in general nekton is of high grade in the trophic pyramid (-2). The impact is considered reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1) as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a compensation. This is inferred from the fact that fish usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. The impact of swamp-filling upon nektonic communities is therefore categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding water body.
6.2.1.4. Microbes a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Bacteriological quality of the environs in the project site was regarded as good (Government Law no 82/2001 and EQ 4). Both guidance graded deep-well closest to the site as the best in quality (station B-02, EQ 5; Table 3.9), i.e. coliform bacteria 2 cfu.ml-1, and E. coli <2 MPN/100mL. Labour recruits recognised to raise negative impact toward bacteriological profile in the site.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance A number of recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks and work in unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities, be evaluated as compelling negative impact to the microbes over growth in the sequence of degenerating environmental sanitation. The activity is being conducted in a relatively small area, i.e. within the plant site of PT KNI (-2). The intensity evolved since the land preparation period throughout the period of constructing the structure (-3). The decline of bacteriological quality in the project site and perhaps in the freshwater source nearby linked to several other components, in particular is the public health (3). Impact is local, only cumulative at the extreme condition favouring the blooming of microbes growth (-2), quickly reversible (-2) because mass concentration of the builders will reduced soon after the facility accomplished, and as long as environmental sanitation system be properly managed (-1). Builders recruit thus be evaluated as a negatively less important impact (-3) toward bacteriological surveillance surrounding the project site. 6.2.1.5. Land Vegetation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clears and further processes for land preparation diminishing all floral communities within the plant site. As a consequence, this commencement process in physical construction of ammonia nitrate plant of PT KNI is negative toward local land vegetation. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and filling will obviously eliminate natural vegetation in the plant site and consequently is identified as a negative impact for the local vegetation. Land strip, top soil removal and relocation is expected not to harmful the gene pool of local vegetation in the project site, given that no observed species with economically important value, threatened, endangered, nor endemic. At the time of visit, the site is set to be filled prior to dewatering. Ground surface strip and dislocation will have no direct impact on human being since the section is a restricted area intended for industry so that neither crop
Impact Identification IV - 4
nor other cultivation ever recorded (-1). The activity conducted in a relatively very narrow area (-1); dislocation, relocation of stripped ground surface, and land-fill will be carried out block by block within the 17 ha project site of PT KNI. Quite an intense impact will occur throughout the land preparation period (-2). From the point of ecological view, only a few other components will be affected (-2); although vegetation is a primary producer, plant site is indeed intended for industrial area. The short period of cumulative impacts (-2) will soon be recover (-2) considering the high soil fertility in the project site. It is thus evaluated that swamp fill for the construction of the ammonia nitrate facility of PT KNI as a negatively not important impact (-2) toward local vegetation in the site. 4.2.1.6. Terrestric Fauna a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Loading of materials into the site and heavy-duty equipments mobilisation followed by land clears and preparation, is suspected to be negative toward faunal amenity in the project site and the surroundings. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Mobilisation of heavy-duty equipments prior to ground surface clears for land preparation identified to cause a negative impact to the amenity of terrestrial fauna in the project site. Impacts of ground surface strip and dislocation toward wild terrestrial fauna will have no direct impact on human being (-1) since the section is a restricted industrial area not intended for green belt nor conservation area. Having been conducted in a very narrow space within 17 ha of PT KNI project site (-1), it will occurred intensively during land preparation period (-2). And although only a few other components will be influenced (-1) as the site is an industrial area, impacts toward terrestrial fauna may be cumulative (-2) yet reversible within a short period of time (-2) regarding the soil fertility of the site ease animals to find preys, they are not allowed to be hunted, and never poached be reported. The animals mobility benefits them to recover their population size. Therefore, mobilisation of heavy-duty vehicle and equipments prior to land
preparation processes of PT KNI be evaluated as a negatively not important impact (-2) upon local terrestrial fauna in the site.
6.2.2. PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION PERIOD In principle, all biotic compounds in this study will be affected by processes during physical construction of the facility. Part of the building construction which may contributes a negative impact upon biological aspects of the environs are: land preparation affecting the deterioration of floral communities, building-materials and heavy-duty equipments distressing faunal amenities, labour recruits leading to bacteriological imbalance this is because in general fresh water demand is higher than the capacity. 4.2.2.1. Microbes a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate bacterial growth. In this study, pathogenic identification of the bacteria has yet analysed, so that blooming possibility ought to be taken into account. As is known (Table 3.9), total bacteria count in the sewer (station B-3) discharging up to the sea (station B-1) was moderate, i.e. coliform 33 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <9 MPN/100mL; meanwhile Thursina Harbour (station B-1) was the worst (coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). Thus the presence of builders might worsen the already poor profile of surface water bacteria. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate bacterial growth. In this study, pathogenic identification of the bacteria has yet analysed, so that blooming possibility ought to be taken into account. As is known (Table 3.9), total bacteria count in the sewer (station B-3) discharging up to the sea (station B-1) was moderate, i.e. coliform 33 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <9 MPN/100mL; meanwhile Thursina Harbour (station B-1) was the worst (coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). From the ecological point of view, workers/builders recruit may risk environmental sanitation,
IV - 6
because their need for domestic uses as such that may cause a freshwater shortage, which in turn causing bacterial overgrowth. Recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks during the period of land preparation to the construction period, and work in unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities compelling negative impact to the microbes overgrowth (-2) in the sequence of degenerating
environmental sanitation. Intensity of the impacts continued and escalated (-3) due to rapid increase in the number of recruits. However, since the impacts is local (-1), other components be influenced may be a few (-1), recovered in a while (-1) and not cumulative (-1) regarding microbes vulnerability against sudden change in other environmental factors, and also because many pathogenic bacteria are not able to survive marine condition, thus bacteriological profile may be evaluated as remain the same (EQ 4). Subsequently the impacts of physical construction assumed as a negatively not important (-2) toward bacteriological profile in the project site. 6.2.3. OPERATIONAL PERIOD During the operational period of the facility harbour infrastructure maintenance, e.g. waste water management and product transportation are those among others which may causing some negative impacts upon plankton, macrobenthos and nektonic communities in the project site.
4.2.3.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequents the product shipment, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an ample contribution for the moor to more rapidly get shallower, maintenance dredging may thus take place more often. Silicon compounds as an anti-foam agent in the cooling tower are relatively harmless for biotic communities. Yet, the more important to deal with is the higher temperature delta (ca. 5C) of wastewater discharged from the cooling tower system. All these processes are continual, as they are going to be for a long period, as long as the functioning
of the facility; therefore it is recognised as a chronic negative impact for planktonic a community which is indeed moderate in quality (EQ 3). b. Prediction of Impact Importance The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequent the product shipments, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an ample contribution for the moor to get shallower more rapidly, maintenance dredging may thus to be taken place more often. If this so, the activity will periodically changed water depth, bottom sediment profile and the variety of sediment size as such that it may change the direction of flow and strength of the current which means transporting a vast amount of water mass from its previous hydrodynamics. Routine waste resulted from increased shipment frequency along with warm effluent (ca. 5C higher than normal; 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.ay-1) coming from wastewater system, turbulence, and wastewater load from joint activities in the harbour, be evaluated as negatively important (-4) for planktonic organisms either phytoplankton, zooplankton, and larvae of non-planktonic organisms (meroplankton). Approximately, 11 20% of human population in the surroundings who work as fishermen may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and product shipments of PT KNI (-2). Impact may not extend wider than the aquatic (ecological) boundary of PT KNI, more specifically is Thursina harbour (-2). The intensity is moderate, occurring as long as the wastewater system, ammonia nitrate facility and the harbour are in function (-4). Various other components may get influenced since plankton is a primary producer in the water body (-4). Impact may continue given that plant facility and the harbour are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) as proven by variety and diversity of planktonic organisms in PT PKT which has been operated for more than 30 years. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental components be properly managed in a sustainable way.
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4.2.3.2. Macrobenthos a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude High turbidity due to the higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of combined wastewater were identified to change the physical and chemical properties of the water in the project site. Directly, those matters may impede physiological and reproduction of macrobenthos in the bottom sediment of the harbour. Indirectly, these may occur simultaneously with the disappearance of planktonic life. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Habitat change is often fatal for this relatively immobile group of animals. Moreover, warm water effluent, new species introduced if water ballast is not properly dispose, oil spill, and change in physico-chemical of the water in general are indicated to hamper the physiology and reproduction of this group. Simultaneously, indirect impact may occur from the hold back of planktonic communities which indeed is fairly moderate in quality and quantity (EQ 3). Therefore, potential impacts that may occur during the operational period of the facility and the harbour is evaluated as negatively important (-4) for macrobenthic organisms in the site. In approximate, 11 20% of human population in the surroundings are fishermen, they may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and product shipments of PT KNI (-2). Impact may not extend wider than the aquatic (ecological) boundary of PT KNI, more specifically is Thursina harbour (-2). The intensity is moderate, occurring as long as the wastewater system, ammonia nitrate facility and the harbour are in function (-4). Various other components may get affected since macrobenthos may be graded low (herbivorous) or high (carnivorous) in the trophic pyramid (-3). Impact may continue assuming that plant facility and the harbour are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) since periodic maintenance in the harbour may perform as a secondary succession agent for macrobenthic community. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental
IV - 9
components be properly managed in a sustainable way
4.2.3.3. Nekton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill, ballast water, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of combined wastewater were recognized to restrain the amenity of nektonic communities used to visit the harbour. Indirectly, it may affect through the vanishing trophic levels at the bottom of trophic pyramid. b. Prediction of Impact Importance In the long run, ample depth of water column, amenity, and safety from poaching and fishing in a restricted area, availability of various species of plankton as nursing communities for nekton, strongly predicted to encourage nekton to visit and live in the harbour as their sanctuary. In that view, by applying proper management, then augmentation of shipment frequency along with its associated activities, for example maintenance dredging, may comes out as a positive impact (+3) for nektonic organisms; and in turn toward the traditional fisheries outside the safety border of the harbour. The impacts of maintenance dredging in the harbour, frequency of product shipments, and warm wastewater of PT KNI assumed to be relatively unimportant to the human population living nearby the project site (+1). Ecologically, the impacts be reasonably important as it occur in a narrow space (+2), moderately intense for long period, i.e. as long as the harbour, the facility, and the wastewater system are in function (+4). A few other environmental components may be affected (+1) considering that nekton is normally graded high in the food pyramid. Negative impacts toward nekton may be cumulative (-2) during land preparation period and physical construction of the facility, but predicted to be recovered at the commencement of the operational period of the facility (+3), i.e. with the condition that all other environmental components be properly maintained. In other harbours of PT PKT, the quality and quantity of nektonic organisms are satisfactory. This is inferred from the fact that fish
IV - 10
usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. As a result, operational of the facility which intensify shipment frequency, harbour maintenance, and wastewater effluent categorised as a positive impact (+3) for nekton in the harbour and the environs.
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Study on Environmental Impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI
6.2. BIOLOGY 4.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PERIOD In this study, construction activities which may have an impact on biological aspects of the environment are labour recruitment, mobilisation of material and heavy-duty equipments, land clearing and land preparation. 6.2.1.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During the course of the study, brackish water swamp within the plant site of PT KNI is reported to hold 6 species plankton. Nonetheless, since the swamp is locked in from any water sources, the findings hence considered to be moderate (EQ 3). Taking into account that plankton is the base of trophic pyramid as primary producer, land clearing and its further preparation, which means filling-in the swamp to dry, is thus identified to cause a negative impact upon plankton in the swamp. b. Prediction of Impact Importance The area currently, from an ecological point of view, is in a highly denuded condition. Land filling resulted in turbulence and turbidity, which in turn wiped out plankton community in the swamp, is the consequence of the project. The impact evaluated to occur in a very narrow area (-1), with almost no human being to be influenced (-1) because the swamp is located in a restricted industrial area. Duration and intensity of the impact relatively short (-2), only a few other compounds may affected (-1) as the swamp locked in from any other water body in surroundings. Impact is believed not cumulative (-2) and reversible (-2) i.e. when other environmental components be well and properlymanaged. Thereafter, land preparation is considered to only causing a relatively not important negative impact (-2).
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6.2.1.2. Macrobenthos a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing and land preparation dried out the swamp - which occupy some 2/3 part of the plant site - will directly and indirectly (through the disappearance of plankton) vanishing macrobenthic community in the swamp. Therefore these physical activities might cause negative impacts to occur. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and preparation in the plant site - physically at present is a brackish water swamp, ensuing in turbidity and habitat destroyed which sequentially changing it into a terrestrial one rendering all aquatic communities to be gone, including macrobenthos. This is indeed a logic consequence of building the facility. Impacts of land preparation upon macrobenthic communities in the swamp have been evaluated as indirectly affecting human being (-1). From the ecological point of view, the activity occur in a relatively narrow area (-1) with short duration and light intensity (-2), i.e. during the constructional period, although other components to be affected is relatively complicated because macrobenthos is directly link to plankton as primary producer (-3). Impacts upon this group may be reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1), as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a substitute. The impact is therefore categorised as negatively not important (2) toward the surrounding ecosystem.
6.2.1.3. Nekton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude On site observation revealed that local people living outside the fence but next to the project site often come to visit the swamp to fish by using cage net or angling (Figure 3.1B). As a result, land clearing and preparation that will dry-up the swamp and obviously perish all aquatic biota turn out as a negative impact toward nektonic animals.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance In general, nekton in the brackish water swamp and the surrounding water body classified as mix demersal fishes (Table 3.8); besides, some uncommercial fish like Periopthalmus sp and Glossogobius matanensis. The presence of more than 10 species economically important fish graded the water body surrounding the project site as in a good condition to support nektonic life (EQ 4). Land clear and preparation disturbs amenity which in turn give rise to a permanent change of local habitat in the swamp. When the construction is commenced, local people will not allowed getting into the area to fish; this may be evaluated as a negative impact. However, since they are not many, it is therefore evaluated as less important (-1). Ecologically, the activity takes place in a relatively narrow site (-1), intense but for a short period of time, i.e. only during the land preparation period (-1), other components to be disturbed relatively a few because in general nekton is of high grade in the trophic pyramid (-2). The impact is considered reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1) as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a compensation. This is inferred from the fact that fish usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. The impact of swamp-filling upon nektonic communities is therefore categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding water body.
6.2.1.4. Microbes a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Bacteriological quality of the environs in the project site was regarded as good (Government Law no 82/2001 and EQ 4). Both guidance graded deep-well closest to the site as the best in quality (station B-02, EQ 5; Table 3.9), i.e. coliform bacteria 2 cfu.ml-1, and E. coli <2 MPN/100mL. Labour recruits recognised to raise negative impact toward bacteriological profile in the site.
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b. Prediction of Impact Importance A number of recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks and work in unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities, be evaluated as compelling negative impact to the microbes over growth in the sequence of degenerating environmental sanitation. The activity is being conducted in a relatively small area, i.e. within the plant site of PT KNI (-2). The intensity evolved since the land preparation period throughout the period of constructing the structure (-3). The decline of bacteriological quality in the project site and perhaps in the freshwater source nearby linked to several other components, in particular is the public health (3). Impact is local, only cumulative at the extreme condition favouring the blooming of microbes growth (-2), quickly reversible (-2) because mass concentration of the builders will reduced soon after the facility accomplished, and as long as environmental sanitation system be properly managed (-1). Builders recruit thus be evaluated as a negatively less important impact (-3) toward bacteriological surveillance surrounding the project site. 6.2.1.5. Land Vegetation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clears and further processes for land preparation diminishing all floral communities within the plant site. As a consequence, this commencement process in physical construction of ammonia nitrate plant of PT KNI is negative toward local land vegetation. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and filling will obviously eliminate natural vegetation in the plant site and consequently is identified as a negative impact for the local vegetation. Land strip, top soil removal and relocation is expected not to harmful the gene pool of local vegetation in the project site, given that no observed species with economically important value, threatened, endangered, nor endemic. At the time of visit, the site is set to be filled prior to dewatering. Ground surface strip and dislocation will have no direct impact on human being since the section is a restricted area intended for industry so that neither crop
IV - 38
nor other cultivation ever recorded (-1). The activity conducted in a relatively very narrow area (-1); dislocation, relocation of stripped ground surface, and land-fill will be carried out block by block within the 17 ha project site of PT KNI. Quite an intense impact will occur throughout the land preparation period (-2). From the point of ecological view, only a few other components will be affected (-2); although vegetation is a primary producer, plant site is indeed intended for industrial area. The short period of cumulative impacts (-2) will soon be recover (-2) considering the high soil fertility in the project site. It is thus evaluated that swamp fill for the construction of the ammonia nitrate facility of PT KNI as a negatively not important impact (-2) toward local vegetation in the site. 4.2.1.6. Terrestric Fauna a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Loading of materials into the site and heavy-duty equipments mobilisation followed by land clears and preparation, is suspected to be negative toward faunal amenity in the project site and the surroundings. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Mobilisation of heavy-duty equipments prior to ground surface clears for land preparation identified to cause a negative impact to the amenity of terrestrial fauna in the project site. Impacts of ground surface strip and dislocation toward wild terrestrial fauna will have no direct impact on human being (-1) since the section is a restricted industrial area not intended for green belt nor conservation area. Having been conducted in a very narrow space within 17 ha of PT KNI project site (-1), it will occurred intensively during land preparation period (-2). And although only a few other components will be influenced (-1) as the site is an industrial area, impacts toward terrestrial fauna may be cumulative (-2) yet reversible within a short period of time (-2) regarding the soil fertility of the site ease animals to find preys, they are not allowed to be hunted, and never poached be reported. The animals mobility benefits them to recover their population size. Therefore, mobilisation of heavy-duty vehicle and equipments prior to land
IV - 39
preparation processes of PT KNI be evaluated as a negatively not important impact (-2) upon local terrestrial fauna in the site.
6.2.2. PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION PERIOD In principle, all biotic compounds in this study will be affected by processes during physical construction of the facility. Part of the building construction which may contributes a negative impact upon biological aspects of the environs are: land preparation affecting the deterioration of floral communities, building-materials and heavy-duty equipments distressing faunal amenities, labour recruits leading to bacteriological imbalance this is because in general fresh water demand is higher than the capacity. 4.2.2.1. Microbes a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate bacterial growth. In this study, pathogenic identification of the bacteria has yet analysed, so that blooming possibility ought to be taken into account. As is known (Table 3.9), total bacteria count in the sewer (station B-3) discharging up to the sea (station B-1) was moderate, i.e. coliform 33 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <9 MPN/100mL; meanwhile Thursina Harbour (station B-1) was the worst (coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). Thus the presence of builders might worsen the already poor profile of surface water bacteria. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate bacterial growth. In this study, pathogenic identification of the bacteria has yet analysed, so that blooming possibility ought to be taken into account. As is known (Table 3.9), total bacteria count in the sewer (station B-3) discharging up to the sea (station B-1) was moderate, i.e. coliform 33 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <9 MPN/100mL; meanwhile Thursina Harbour (station B-1) was the worst (coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). From the ecological point of view, workers/builders recruit may risk environmental sanitation,
IV - 40
because their need for domestic uses as such that may cause a freshwater shortage, which in turn causing bacterial overgrowth. Recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks during the period of land preparation to the construction period, and work in unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities compelling negative impact to the microbes overgrowth (-2) in the sequence of degenerating
environmental sanitation. Intensity of the impacts continued and escalated (-3) due to rapid increase in the number of recruits. However, since the impacts is local (-1), other components be influenced may be a few (-1), recovered in a while (-1) and not cumulative (-1) regarding microbes vulnerability against sudden change in other environmental factors, and also because many pathogenic bacteria are not able to survive marine condition, thus bacteriological profile may be evaluated as remain the same (EQ 4). Subsequently the impacts of physical construction assumed as a negatively not important (-2) toward bacteriological profile in the project site. 6.2.3. OPERATIONAL PERIOD During the operational period of the facility harbour infrastructure maintenance, e.g. waste water management and product transportation are those among others which may causing some negative impacts upon plankton, macrobenthos and nektonic communities in the project site.
4.2.3.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequents the product shipment, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an ample contribution for the moor to more rapidly get shallower, maintenance dredging may thus take place more often. Silicon compounds as an anti-foam agent in the cooling tower are relatively harmless for biotic communities. Yet, the more important to deal with is the higher temperature delta (ca. 5C) of wastewater discharged from the cooling tower system. All these processes are continual, as they are going to be for a long period, as long as the functioning
IV - 41
of the facility; therefore it is recognised as a chronic negative impact for planktonic a community which is indeed moderate in quality (EQ 3). b. Prediction of Impact Importance The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequent the product shipments, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an ample contribution for the moor to get shallower more rapidly, maintenance dredging may thus to be taken place more often. If this so, the activity will periodically changed water depth, bottom sediment profile and the variety of sediment size as such that it may change the direction of flow and strength of the current which means transporting a vast amount of water mass from its previous hydrodynamics. Routine waste resulted from increased shipment frequency along with warm effluent (ca. 5C higher than normal; 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.ay-1) coming from wastewater system, turbulence, and wastewater load from joint activities in the harbour, be evaluated as negatively important (-4) for planktonic organisms either phytoplankton, zooplankton, and larvae of non-planktonic organisms (meroplankton). Approximately, 11 20% of human population in the surroundings who work as fishermen may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and product shipments of PT KNI (-2). Impact may not extend wider than the aquatic (ecological) boundary of PT KNI, more specifically is Thursina harbour (-2). The intensity is moderate, occurring as long as the wastewater system, ammonia nitrate facility and the harbour are in function (-4). Various other components may get influenced since plankton is a primary producer in the water body (-4). Impact may continue given that plant facility and the harbour are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) as proven by variety and diversity of planktonic organisms in PT PKT which has been operated for more than 30 years. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental components be properly managed in a sustainable way.
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4.2.3.2. Macrobenthos a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude High turbidity due to the higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of combined wastewater were identified to change the physical and chemical properties of the water in the project site. Directly, those matters may impede physiological and reproduction of macrobenthos in the bottom sediment of the harbour. Indirectly, these may occur simultaneously with the disappearance of planktonic life. b. Prediction of Impact Importance Habitat change is often fatal for this relatively immobile group of animals. Moreover, warm water effluent, new species introduced if water ballast is not properly dispose, oil spill, and change in physico-chemical of the water in general are indicated to hamper the physiology and reproduction of this group. Simultaneously, indirect impact may occur from the hold back of planktonic communities which indeed is fairly moderate in quality and quantity (EQ 3). Therefore, potential impacts that may occur during the operational period of the facility and the harbour is evaluated as negatively important (-4) for macrobenthic organisms in the site. In approximate, 11 20% of human population in the surroundings are fishermen, they may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and product shipments of PT KNI (-2). Impact may not extend wider than the aquatic (ecological) boundary of PT KNI, more specifically is Thursina harbour (-2). The intensity is moderate, occurring as long as the wastewater system, ammonia nitrate facility and the harbour are in function (-4). Various other components may get affected since macrobenthos may be graded low (herbivorous) or high (carnivorous) in the trophic pyramid (-3). Impact may continue assuming that plant facility and the harbour are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) since periodic maintenance in the harbour may perform as a secondary succession agent for macrobenthic community. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental
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components be properly managed in a sustainable way
4.2.3.3. Nekton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill, ballast water, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of combined wastewater were recognized to restrain the amenity of nektonic communities used to visit the harbour. Indirectly, it may affect through the vanishing trophic levels at the bottom of trophic pyramid. b. Prediction of Impact Importance In the long run, ample depth of water column, amenity, and safety from poaching and fishing in a restricted area, availability of various species of plankton as nursing communities for nekton, strongly predicted to encourage nekton to visit and live in the harbour as their sanctuary. In that view, by applying proper management, then augmentation of shipment frequency along with its associated activities, for example maintenance dredging, may comes out as a positive impact (+3) for nektonic organisms; and in turn toward the traditional fisheries outside the safety border of the harbour. The impacts of maintenance dredging in the harbour, frequency of product shipments, and warm wastewater of PT KNI assumed to be relatively unimportant to the human population living nearby the project site (+1). Ecologically, the impacts be reasonably important as it occur in a narrow space (+2), moderately intense for long period, i.e. as long as the harbour, the facility, and the wastewater system are in function (+4). A few other environmental components may be affected (+1) considering that nekton is normally graded high in the food pyramid. Negative impacts toward nekton may be cumulative (-2) during land preparation period and physical construction of the facility, but predicted to be recovered at the commencement of the operational period of the facility (+3), i.e. with the condition that all other environmental components be properly maintained. In other harbours of PT PKT, the quality and quantity of nektonic organisms are satisfactory. This is inferred from the fact that fish
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usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. As a result, operational of the facility which intensify shipment frequency, harbour maintenance, and wastewater effluent categorised as a positive impact (+3) for nekton in the harbour and the environs.
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Study on Living Environmental Impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI
6.3. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT 6.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE Land preparation phase activities include: (a) Survey and measurement (b) Land procurement (c) Labour recruitment (d) equipment and material mobilization (e) land clearing and (f) land preparation. Significant impact sources in land
preparation phase are (1) Labour recruitment; (2) Land clearing, and (3) land preparation. The existing impacts and predicting impacts in land preparation phase are as follows: 6.2.1.1. Demography Impact on demography emerges due to labour recruitment activity for land clearing and land preparation. Incoming labours from outside area will increase population even though only temporarily, thus in-migration data will increase. The incoming labours to the area will increase population which its density has been high enough, even though possibly only temporarily. Since the impact will occur temporarily and the numbers of labours recruited are not much, thus impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. 6.2.1.2. Job Opportunity Job opportunity will occur during land clearing and land preparation activities, since there will be labour recruitment. The labours can come from the surrounding project area, or from outside Bontang areas. Considering on numbers of humans impacted, impact can be said significant due to labours involved in the activities such as material (used for land filling) loading and unloading in the quarry area, are quite high. Duration of impact is only temporarily. Impact distribution is quite large since land clearing will lead to disappearing mangrove and disturbing flora and fauna condition, thus will also impact on fishery. Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on job opportunity is categorized as positive significant impact.
6.2.1.3. Aesthetic and Amenity Impact on aesthetic and amenity will emerge during equipment and material mobilization. Material and equipment transported is potential to disturb community amenity/convenience and environmental aesthetic. Emerging impact especially is related to noise, vibration, increasing air pollution due to dust and vehicle combustion, as well as transportation accidences. Impact occurs during equipment and material mobilization to/from project location. However,
considering quarry area are not so far from the project location and the mobilization does not pass community settlement, the emerging impact can be said as insignificant negative impact. 6.2.1.4. Community Unrest Labour recruitment as well as equipment and material mobilization during PT KNI location land preparation will emerge community unrest. Equipment and material mobilization causing amenity disturbance due to heavy transportation in the related project site will lead to community unrest. Land clearing activity causing mangrove disappearing and environmental disturbance due to mangrove functions as several biotas habitat will also lead to community unrest especially among NGO leaders in Loktuan. Factory construction information has given expectation to community especially those related to labour recruitment. On the other hands, labours recruitment has also driven community unrest due to job opportunity uncertainties as well as labour selection. Community unrest emerges as a result of their experience that so far actually, a lot of labours coming from outside Bontang have been recruited for construction and factories operation located in industrial complex of PKT. Community unrest also emerges due to unclearness or not knowing about factory product that is ammonium nitrate. Following table indicates 54% respondents have known factory construction plan in their area, however they do not know the ammonium nitrate terminology asked by the team of study.
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Table 6.1. Respondent Knowledge on Ammonium Nitrate Factory Construction Plan No Village Know 12 (24%) 15 (30%) 27 (54%) Not know 9 (18%) 14 (28%) 23 (46%) Total 21 (24%) 29 (24%) 50 (100%)
1. Guntung 2. Loktuan Total

Source: primary data, 2007
They only know that explosive material factory will be constructed in the location adjacent to their area. Even, part of Guntung Village respondents whereas their settlement is far enough from the project site have pronounced their worrying on explosive material. The most worrying appears among Loktuan NGOs. They worry about potential hazards of the explosive material, considering there will be an accident causing explosion during production process that leads to communitys jeopardy. They do not know that PT KNI only produce explosive material used for explosive and not explosive itself. Moreover the information is received especially from village officers and others (friends, relatives, and neighbours from mouth to mouth). In the end community unrest is potential to emerge community negative perception in Guntung Village, and especially Loktuan Village which its location closes to the project site. Thus emerging impact is characterized negative. Considering a large numbers of community impacted, a large area of impact distribution, and a long impact duration, emerging impact is categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.1.5. Perception Community unrest will lead to community negative perception. The negative perception emerges as a sequel impact due to labour recruitment, land clearing,
and land preparation activities those impact on amenity, job opportunity, and followed by perception. Negative perception also emerges due to inadequate information given to the communities; they have not yet received socialization. Actually, positive impact will emerge if the communities have received clear information about project activities in viewing respondents are also stated about positive impacts possibly received from the construction. Following table indicates communitys perception on positive and negative impacts. Table 6.2. Respondent Perception on Positive Impact of Factory Construction in Their Area. Positive Impact 1 2 3 4 Job opportunity Increasing public facility Increasing earning Others Total 39 25 19 17
Source: primary data, 2007
Table 6.3. Respondent Perception on Negative Impact of Factory Construction in Their Area. Negative Impact 1 2 3 4 Decreasing production Decreasing earning Environmental degradation Others Total 32 12
Source: primary data, 2007 Including in environmental degradation complained by the community is related to the stink odour coming from the existing factories. They worry that such impact will be more intensified by PT KNI activities. They also complain on noise and air pollution that emerge due to existing transportation activities. Land clearing and land preparation activities causing mangrove disappearing
have led to communitys complaint. Such complaint should be taken into account, reasoning NGOs especially in Loktuan Village are actively announcing their aspiration. One of Loktuan NGO leaders during interviewed, has said his regret on 13 hectares mangrove clearing for PT KNI land reclamation purposes, and his worries on the environmental impacted. Such communitys unrests predicted will lead to community negative perception, thus impact can be categorized as significant negative impact.
6.2.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE Construction phase activities include: (1) Labour recruitment, (2) equipment and contraction material mobilization; (3) factory construction; and (4) labour and material demobilization. The activities will impact on demography, job opportunity, effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and amenity, custom, community unrest, and perception. 6.2.2.1. Demography During construction, more labours will be needed. Labours will come both from Bontang as well as outside Bontang. Labour recruitment will increase in-migration numbers. Labour recruitment will be based on skill qualification including unskilled labours. Those labours are possibly coming both from Bontang as well as outside Bontang. However, due to the specific factory needs high skilled workers, the factory will recruit workers from outside Bontang. Though the worker numbers will not be high, impact on demography can be categorized as insignificant negative impact. 6.2.2.2. Job Opportunity Factory construction activity predicted will impact on communitys job opportunity and potential to affect their livelihood. Guntung and Loktuan respondent majority have various livelihoods. However, from resulted interview, the community unemployed level is quite high, especially those with Junior/Senior high education.
Thus, they expect that job opportunity will occur in parallel with the new factory construction in their area. To be factory workers are communities hopes, moreover the communities have seen existing factory workers and their families lifestyle that have much better welfare level. This condition emerges social jealousy especially among original communities, while most of factory workers are coming from outside Bontang. Based on the explanation above, construction activities will cause positive significant impact on job opportunity. 6.2.2.3. Effort Opportunity Construction activities will cause positive and negative impacts on effort opportunity. Impact will be positive if the construction provides effort opportunity to local community such as efforts of food stall, small shop, ojek service, boarding house etc. Negative if the construction cannot provide any effort opportunity to the community. Positive and negative impact on effort opportunity will emerge especially in service/informal sector. Due to the construction phase will take long enough time, and will impact on numbers of communities, impact can be categorized as positive significant impact. 6.2.2.4. Earning Positive impact on job and effort opportunities will lead to increasing communitys earning and in the end will increase communitys welfare. Thus physically, daily needs can be more fulfilled, and socially, the gotten job will increase their safety feeling and will increase their selves esteem. Based on the explanation above, impact can be categorized as positive significant impact. 6.2.2.5. Aesthetic and Amenity Equipment and construction material mobilization as well as demobilization will impact on aesthetic and amenity, due to its potential in causing noise, vibration, air pollution including dust, and possible traffic accident.
Thus impact can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.2.6. Custom/Social Process Construction phase activity will include labour recruitment both expert, skilled and unskilled workers. This means labours will also come from outside Bontang and due to different custom and behaviour will cause communitys social process disturbance and leads to communitys dispute. Labour recruitment also can emerge social jealousy. Thus impact can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.2.7. Community Unrest Disharmonies relation between out comers and local community will cause community unrest, and leads to social conflict due to sociologically they are different. Labour recruitment will also impact on community unrest if local labour absorption process does not work well. Occurring competition will also emerge social jealousy between local community and out comers and lead to negative impact in the form of community unrest. Community unrest also will emerge due to amenity disturbance caused by equipment and construction material mobilization as well as demobilization. Based on explanation above construction activities impact on community unrest can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.2.8. Community perception Negative community perception emerges as a sequel impact from communitys unrest. Communitys unrests especially those pronounced by Loktuan NGO should take into account. Even though NGO numbers are small, however they have nerves to pronounce protest and complaint openly. Thus construction impact on community perception can be categorized as negative significant impact.
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6.2.3. OPERATION PHASE Operation phase activities include (1) workers recruitment, (2) production process (3) waste treatment, and (4) product shipping; and will impact on demography, job and effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and amenity, custom/social process, community unrest and community perception. 6.2.3.1. Demography Workers recruitment during operation activities will impact on demography. A numbers of labour/workers will come to the area and will be living even only temporarily. Impact will be more significant if the workers families also come to the area. Incoming workers will impact to demography, population in the area will increase. Thus factory operation impacts on demography can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.3.2. Job opportunity Labour recruitment, production process and product shipping will increase local community job opportunity especially unskilled workers and middle skill workers. This condition is expected by local community in Loktuan and Guntung due to unemployed level is quite high in the area. If a lot of local workers absorbed impact will be positive, on the other hands if numbers of workers absorbed is small impact will be negative. Thus, impact can be categorized as positive significant impact. 6.2.3.3. Job opportunity For local community production process and product shipping activities can provide job opportunity. They can work in informal/service sectors such as food stall, small shop, ojek service, boarding house etc. Job opportunity will occur due to the community can supply labours/workers needs. Thus impact can be categorized as positive significant impact.
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6.2.3.4. Earning Production process, labours/workers recruitment and product shipping will impact on communitys job opportunity and effort opportunity, in the end will impact on communitys earning, especially individual and household level. This reason is based on questionnaire results that are a lot of community have income < Rp 1,100,000/month or equal with Bontang City UMR. Thus impact can be categorized as positive significant impact. 6.2.3.5. Aesthetic and Amenity Principally, aesthetic disturbance emerges due to factory erection, the initial open space green area changes to building covering area, moreover if in the factory area there is not any green area. The existing amenity disturbance occurs in the study area is ammoniac odour coming from PKT area causing several communities dizziness or sometimes causing vomiting. Their concern is the ammoniac odour will increase by the time Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI operated. Noise and dust are not their concerns however unsafe feeling due to explosive material has much caused communitys inconvenience feeling. Thus impact of factory operation on aesthetic and amenity can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.3.6. Custom/social Process Incoming labours from outside Bontang is potential to cause community unrest and social process crisis due to the incoming labours bring their own custom and behaviour that probably different with local communitys. Thus impact of factory operation on custom and social process can be categorized as negative significant impact 6.2.3.7. Community Unrest Unrest will emerge in relation with local communitys job opportunity, effort opportunity, earning, and amenity which are related to production process,
transportation (material transported to/from factory), pollution (odour, dust, noise), and concern on explosion hazard. Thus impact of factory operation on community unrest can be categorized as negative significant impact. 6.2.3.8. Perception Labours recruitment predicted will emerge positive perception in the circumstance local community are many absorbed to work in various factory activities. On the other hands labour recruitment will also emerge negative perception in the circumstance numbers of in-migration are many recruited to work in the factory activities, this will lead to social jealousy, and conflict in social process.
Communitys positive perception will also emerge in the circumstance their aspirations are accommodated in factory operation especially in labour recruitment and factorys benefit on the community. From resulted interview with communitys leaders especially Guntung Head Officer, they expect the factory should have initiative to give helping/caring to the community and not due to communitys proposes. However, the factory is impossible to recruit more local workers concerning the job types will need high qualification workers. As a result, factory will not give significant impact on decreasing unemployed community. This will lead to community negative perception. Thus impact of factory operation on community perception can be categorized as negative significant impact
VI - 59
CHAPTER VII SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

7.1. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION Evaluation of significant impact on environmental component is holistically study on various emerging significant impacts due to Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction activity initiated by PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (PT KNI). The various significant impacts are investigated as an interrelated and inter-affected unity, based on predicted significant impacts possibly emerge in the context of spatial and temporal determination. Resulted evaluation is used as a decision tool by responsible institution in deciding environmental feasibility of the activity plan. Resulted evaluation on large and significant impact is presented as significant impacts that must be managed. The existence of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction activity plan located in Guntung Village, North Bontang District, Bontang City will cause positive or negative impact on environmental components. Significant impacts are evaluated holistically based on activity description, living environmental initial condition, and significant impact prediction. To evaluate impact holistically, Fisher-Davies method is used. This method is suitable used for dynamic and changing rapidly activities plan especially those located in the city area. The method, principally, is comparing existing condition (without project) to the future condition (with project) in the form of interaction matrix between activity component and environmental component. Analyses results using this method, then, is poured into the matrix of significant impact evaluation results to show impact importance level required in Living Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Living Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) arrangement Environmental quality is reflected in the scales of environmental quality and environmental importance. In the matrix, interaction between activity components and environmental components is scaled by impact level and importance. Scale
Chapter VII : Significant Impact Evaluation VII - 1
of impact level is based on the resulted field measurements, available data/information, and/or the resulted calculation, followed by comparing them to environmental standard level, or disturbance standard level. The importance of impact is determined by scaling community interest on these environmental qualities. From the total calculation, the change of environmental quality can be determined both in the percentage as well as in the scale. In the circumstance of future environmental quality percentage is larger than or the same with the initial (without project) environmental quality, the activity still can be said as environmentally feasible, however, several conditions must be fulfilled. Significant impact is evaluated holistically referred to the criteria mentioned in Government Regulation No. 27/1999: 1. The amount of impacted human, 2. The width of impact distribution area, 3. The impact intensity and duration, 4. The amount of impacted environmental components, 5. Cumulative impact characteristics, 6. Impact reversible/irreversible. Impact level is divided into two categories, that is significant (P) and insignificant (TP), impact characteristics is also divided into two categories, that is positive (+) and negative (-). Resulted significant impact holistically evaluated and must be managed are presented on Table 7.1, Table 7.2, Table 7.3. and Table 7.4.
Chapter VII : Significant Impact Evaluation
VII - 2
Table 7.1. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Geo-physic-chemistry Component Impact Characteristic and Importance
No 1 1.1 Activity Component Causing Impact GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT Land preparation Equipment and MaterialMobilization Activity Phase Environmental Component Impacted Air Quality Noise Hydro-oceanography Soil Type Air Quality Noise Water Quality Air Quality Noise Water Quality Hydro-oceanography Topography and Morphology Soil Type Space Planning Land use Planning Air quality Noise Air quality Noise Water quality Space Planning Land use Planning Impact Characteristic Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Impact Importance Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Significant Insignificant Insignificant Significant Insignificant Insignificant Significant Significant Significant Insignificant Significant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Significant Insignificant Significant Clarification Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative significant
Land Clearing Land Preparation
1.2.
Construction
Equipment and MaterialMobilization Factory Construction
Chapter VII : Significant Imapact Evaluation
VII - 3
Continuation Table 7.1. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Geo-physic-chemistry Component Impact Characteristic and Importance
No 1 1.3 Activity Component Causing Impact GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT Raw and supporting material Operation procurement Production process Activity Phase Environmental Component Impacted Emerging Garbage Climate Air quality Noise Water quality Emerging Garbage Hidrooseanografi Water quality Emerging Garbage Hydro-oceanography Noise Hydro-oceanography Impact Characteristic Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Impact Importance Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Insignificant Significant Clarification Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative significant
Waste Treatment
Product Shipping
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Table 7.2. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Biology Component Impact Characteristic and Importance
No 2. 2.1. Activity Component Causing Impact BIOLOGY COMPONENT Land Preparation Labour Recruitment Activity Phase Equipment and MaterialMobilization Land clearing Land Preparation 2.2. 2.3. Construction Operation Labour recruitment Waste Treatment Environmental Component Impacted Water Microbe Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial Fauna Water Microbe Plankton Benthos Nekton Product Shipping Plankton Benthos Nekton Impact Characteristic Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Impact Importance Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Negative insignificant Clarification Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant Negative insignificant
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Table 7.3. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Impact Component Characteristic and Importance No 3 3.1 Activity Component Causing Impact SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT Land Preparation Labour recruitment Activity Phase Environmental Component Impacted Job opportunity Community Unrest Equipment and MaterialMobilization Community Perception Aesthetic and Amenity Community Unrest Community Perception Land Clearing Land Preparation 3.2. Construction Labour recruitment Community Unrest Community Perception Job opportunity Demography Job opportunity Effort Opportunity Earning Custom/Social Process Community Unrest Community Perception Equipment and MaterialMobilization Aesthetic and Amenity Community Unrest Community Perception Impact Characteristic Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Impact Importance Significant Significant Significant Insignificant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Insignificant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Clarification Positive significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Positive significant Negative insignificant Positive significant Positive significant Positive significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant
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Continuation Table 7.3. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Impact Component Characteristic and Importance No 3 Activity Component Causing Impact SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT Factory Construction Activity Phase Environmental Component Impacted Job opportunity Effort Opportunity Earning Custom/Social Process Community Unrest Community Perception Labour and Equipment Demobilization 3.3 Operation Labour recruitment Aesthetic and Amenity Community Perception Demography Job opportunity Effort Opportunity Custom/Social Process Community Unrest Community Perception Production process Job opportunity Earning Aesthetic and Amenity Community Unrest Community Perception Impact Characteristic Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Impact Importance Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Insignificant Significant Significant Clarification Positive significant Positive significant Positive significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Positive significant Positive significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Positive significant Positive significant Negative insignificant Negative significant Negative significant
VII - 7
Table 7.4. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Community Health Component Impact Characteristic and Importance No 3.3 Activity Phase Operation Activity Component Causing Impact Product Shipping Environmental Component Impacted Job Opportunity Earning Community Unrest Community Perception 4 4.1 4.2. 4.3 COMMUNITY HEALTH COMPONENT Land Preparation Pembersihan Lahan Construction Operation Pembangunan Pabrik Production process Health Disturbance Work Safety Work Safety Disease Pattern Health Disturbance Environmental Sanitation Impact Characteristic Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Impact Importance Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Clarification Positive significant Positive significant Negative significant Negatip Penting Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant Negative significant
VII - 8
6.2. CHOOSING THE BEST ALTERNATIVE Significant impact on living environment evaluation of a planned effort and/or activity that is needed in decision process of holding effort and/or activity has to be carried out. While several activities potential as impact sources should have several alternatives, both that have been planned since the beginning as well as have been resulted during study proceed. In this environmental impact study of Ammonium Nitrate Plant will be constructed in North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province initiated by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia, as environmental study arranged as a part of feasibility studies (living environmental aspect), the initiator does not have any location, design, and process alternatives as it is presented in Chapter II. Thus the Activity Description presented in the chapter is assumed as the best alternative. However, besides technical and economical considerations, any living environment consideration has also been integrated in choosing alternative process. In alternative determination on this Chapter II, the decision of chosen alternative has been confirmed that is also considering and applying pollution control principles in the environmental management reference. 6.3. EVALUATION AS MANAGEMENT BASE Based on significant impact that must be managed presented on Table 7.1 Table 7.4. , living environmental management direction for each activity phase of ammonium nitrate factory construction is arranged. Detail living environmental management direction is presented on Table 7.5, Table 7.6., 7.7. and Table 7.8.
Chapter VI : Significant Impact Evaluation
VI - 9
6.4. RECOMENDATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY EVALUATION Significant impact evaluation process to holistically investigate the tendencies of significant impact of all activity components on all environmental components and sub components in fact has found several limitations in interpretation calculation results that are approached semi quantitatively for environmental feasibility decision. The first limitation; in the condition using 6 criteria of impact importance based on Government Regulation No. 27/1999 or Decree of Head of the Environmental Impact Management Board Number KEP-056/BAPEDAL/1994, the criteria cannot be operated in large and important impact evaluation holistically. Several addition criteria have to be used in each impact importance level criterion, environmental quality scale criterion, and impact importance level decision process criterion. Legally, these addition criteria have not yet been decided, therefore, several scientific optional are used in alternative criteria, thus, the results probably will vary among the researchers. The second limitation; after deciding impact importance level of each activity component or environmental component, the following step is still needed to decide importance level of all activity components on all environmental components and/or vice versa. The impact importance level regulation of large and important impacts caused by certain activity has not yet been decided specifically. Therefore, several scientific optional are used in alternative criteria, thus, the results probably will vary among the researchers. The third limitation; the criteria used in conversion of environmental parameter values to environmental quality scale, impact importance level, and susceptibility level on environmental management are utilizing non-ordinal numeric (Leopold scale and/or Liechert scale). Such results are only numerically/statistically significant, however, the results cannot significantly picture the environmental conditions which are ecologically complex, and their environmental gradations are not sufficient if only represented by non-ordinal numeric scales. The fourth limitation; the results which are approached semi quantitatively to determine environmental change holistically due to activity that will be planned in certain ecosystem, are still needed subsequent interpretation. Bias is commonly occurred in determining criteria value agreement or in the interpretation process
Chapter VI : Significant Impact Evaluation VI - 10
of final conclusion scale. The change gradation of environmental quality or ecology change gradient is quite humbling if only represented by value change in non-ordinal numeric scale. The fifth limitation; only environmental standard level or disturbance standard level of observable and measurable environmental parameters including its availability quantitative unit and measurement instrument can be determined. However, other environmental parameters, even biota condition parameter, their quantitative magnitudes interpretation are not significant at all in the circumstance of the occurring community structure difference or local specific environmental characteristics. Thus, value of the same parameters will not warrant to also representing the same ecology quality conditions. Several parameters not fully measurable, such as socio-culture condition, using non-ordinal numeric is only presser with the purpose of data can be statistically analyses and look like as quantitative data. The limitations mentioned above, factually and significantly are common to be found in this environmental study, which are legally scenario as an input to environmental feasibility decision process of activity plan on its surrounding living environment. Concerning such limitations and method limitation used and adopted in this study, hence, referred to resulting significant impact holistically evaluation of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia construction activity plan in North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province initiated by PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia, will increase living environmental quality percentage without any increasing living environmental quality scale, therefore the activity plan can be explained as conditional environmentally feasible. In this study, holistically impact evaluation of all significant impacts has resulted conditional environmental feasibility decisions (only and if only). Positive impact can be reached only and if only PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia as the activity initiator conducts living environmental management and monitoring plans recommended in Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents.
Chapter VI : Significant Impact Evaluation
VI - 11
Table 7.5. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component

No I 1. Environmental Component Impacted Land Preparation Dust Land clearing Land preparation Watering regularly to anticipate emerging dust. Maintaining truck machine used for transporting material and heavy duty material to decrease dust. Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust distribution. Installing filter in waterway mouth from land filling area to drainage in the side of land filling Constructing slope slightly in the shore and compacting soil in this shore. Constructing terrace ring and slope resulted from digging should be maximum of 1 : 2 Constructing drainage directed to existing main drainage. Constructing embankment/barrier in the shore as a border of filling Installing geotextile before filling Filling done layer by layer with compaction in optimum water concentration Planting vegetation as soon as possible in the planned green area Activity Component Causing Impact Environmental Management Direction
2.
Hydro-oceanography Seawater turbidity Shore abrasion Morphology Emerging slope Disappearing coastal marsh Soil type due to decreasing soil carrying capacity caused by land filled with other soil Land use planning due to shifting usage
Land preparation
3.
Land preparation
4.
Land preparation
5.
Land clearing Land preparation
VII - 13
Continuation Table 7.5 Eenvironmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component
No II 1.
Environmental Component Impacted Construction Dust
Activity Component Causing Impact Equipment and construction material mobilization Labour and equipment demobilization Factory construction activity
Environmental Management Direction
Watering regularly to anticipate emerging dust. Maintaining truck machine used for transporting material and heavy duty material to decrease dust. Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust distribution. Constructing retention pond to decrease solid material going to seawater. Constructing drainage in the surrounding project site. Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust distribution. Built area maximum 40 % of area width Planting vegetation as wider as can in the leftover open area
2.
Water quality due to suspended solid (ZPT)
3.
Land use planning due to shifting usage Operation Climate
Factory building and its supporting building construction Production process
III 1.
Keeping operation condition appropriate with recommended procedure. Maintaining processing machines suitable with maintenance schedule. Doing inspection routinely in order to keep the equipment work well.
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Continuation Table 7.5. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component

Environmental Component Impacted Air quality due to gaseous waste emission Activity Component Causing Impact Production process Waste treatment Operating production process equipment Discharging production process wastewater Waste treatment Raw material and supporting material procurement
No 2.
Environmental Management Direction Maintaining processing machines suitable with maintenance schedule. Doing inspection routinely in order to keep the equipment work well. Making green belt in project location border. Using ear plug or ear muff in process production Wastewater treatment suitable with procedure in order to comply with standard. Assessing wastewater periodically to know occurring wastewater fluctuation 1. Domestic solid waste : Managed by collecting firstly in the litter container before dumped to land fill (TPA) Paper and cartoon managed by sold them to collector due to it can be recycled 2. Process solid waste used catalyst : Collected suitable with its characteristic, Packaged in drum and labelled, Stored in suitable and safe place, Managed suitable with toxic and hazardous waste procedure.
3. 4.
Noise level changed Decreasing water quality due to production process wastewater generating and waste treatment. Emerging garbage due to domestic and process activity
5.
VII - 15

Environmental Component Impacted Operation Garbage due to domestic and process activity Raw material and supporting material procurement Inert material (plastic) containing nitrate Packaged as minimum as can, wash with water to diminish nitrate contaminant until < 100 mg/L, Sent to suitable location by environmental licensed waste contractor. Lilamine bag Washed until clean Sent to land fill (TPA). Empty drum Washed until clean, Stored in suitable and safe place, Managed suitable with toxic and hazardous waste procedure Coating Agent Collecting and dumping by licensed contractor Filter Washed and taken the existing contaminant, Stored in suitable and safe place, Managed by waste contractor Ammonium nitrate bag Stored in suitable and safe place, ,Managed by waste contractor Wastewater treatment suitable with procedure in order to comply with standard. Assessing wastewater periodically to know occurring wastewater fluctuation Activity Component Causing Impact
No III 5.
Production process Waste treatment
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No 6.
Environmental Component Impacted Hydro-oceanography Increasing seawater temperature Shore abrasion
Activity Component Causing Impact Production process Product shipping activity
Environmental Management Direction Constructing open waterways from the factory directing to the sea outlet, in order to cool water naturally during contacting with the atmosphere Constructing slope slightly in the shore and compacting soil in this shore Constructing retaining wall
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Table 7.6. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Biology Component

No III 1. Environmental Component Impacted Operation Decreasing plankton and macro benthos quality and quantity due to decreasing water quality Activity Component Causing Impact Increasing wharf operation to accommodate PT KNI product shipping (1-2 kali per week) Higher water temperature delta as PT KNI caloric waste (about 5C, quantity 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.day1) Increasing wharf operation to accommodate PT KNI product shipping (1-2 kali per week) Higher water temperature delta as PT KNI caloric waste (about 5C, quantity 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.day1) Environmental Management Direction
Suitable with water physical-chemistry and hydro-oceanography quality management Keeping local environment sanitation through managing greasy wastes dumping (daily cleaning of ship, equipment, waste lubricant, use packaging) and domestic garbage (MCK, food packaging, workshop equipment, clothing and work pack laundry) not directly discharged to the seawater Avoiding hypoxic bottom water in wharf area Applying recent standard on domestic and industrial wastes Suitable with water physical-chemistry and hydro-oceanography quality management Keeping local environment sanitation through managing greasy wastes dumping (daily cleaning of ship, equipment, waste lubricant, use packaging) and domestic garbage (MCK, food packaging, workshop equipment, clothing and work pack laundry) not directly discharged to the seawater Avoiding hypoxic bottom water in wharf area Applying recent standard on domestic and industrial wastes
2.
Decreasing nekton quality and quantity due to decreasing water quality
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Table 7.7. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Component

No I 1. Environmental Component Impacted Land Preparation Emerging local community job opportunity due to labour recruitment activity Community unrest Community negative attitude on the ammonium nitrate explosion possibility Community negative attitude on job opportunity uncertainty High technology that requiring worker qualification Activity Component Causing Impact Labour recruitment and land clearing activities Labour recruitment and land preparation activities Land clearing and land preparation activities Community concern on ammonium nitrate explosion hazard Community concern that labour recruitment will not accommodate local labour, Adoption of high technology high capital Environmental Management Direction
Giving job opportunity information Considering local labour Minimization through information system and community communication
2.
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Continuation Table 7.7. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Component

No I 3. Environmental Component Impacted Land preparation Community perception Community negative attitude on mangrove clearing for factory location Community negative attitude on the ammonium nitrate explosion possibility Community negative attitude on job opportunity uncertainty High technology that requiring worker qualification Construction Demography Increasing in-migration Increasing population density Increasing public facility need Increasing service effort in informal sector Activity Component Causing Impact Land preparation and land clearing Labour recruitment Environmental Management Direction
Minimizing unrest and emerging positive perception through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization
II 1.
Labour recruitment for factory construction
Information system and good communication with the community.
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No II 2. Environmental Component Impacted Construction Labour recruitment for equipment and material mobilization, factory construction, and equipment demobilization. Emerging effort opportunity and increasing effort volume Increasing earning due to factory construction Aesthetic and amenity Heavy transportation causing aesthetic and amenity disturbance Activity Component Causing Impact Labour recruitment activity causing increasing job opportunity Job opportunity and service in the surrounding project Local labour recruitment for construction activity and service Labour recruitment for equipment and material mobilization, factory construction, and equipment demobilization. Environmental Management Direction
Giving information on labour recruitment clearly and transparently Providing job opportunity and local labour recruitment suitable with construction activity Increasing positive impact of construction activity to local community Considering job and effort opportunity to local community Worker shifting schedule, using heavy duty during day time
3. 4. 5.
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No II 6. Environmental Component Impacted Construction Custom/Social process Difference chance on job opportunity due to various community education background and skill Different custom and behaviour between local community and incoming labours Competition among migrant groups brought family/friends Community unrest Negative attitude due to lesser local community job opportunity, Negative attitude due to custom and behaviour differences Negative attitude due to amenity disturbance Activity Component Causing Impact Occurring social gaps among local communities, as well as local communities and incoming workers Environmental Management Direction
Transparency recruitment to avoid social conflict Considering local community absorption Limitation incoming labours
7.
Concerning on labour recruitment will not accommodate local community Unrest due to different custom and behaviour Amenity disturbance due to mobilization and demobilization of equipment and material
Minimizing unrest through information system and communication with community
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No II 8. Environmental Component Impacted Construction Community perception Community unsatisfied on local labour absorption Negative attitude due to different custom and behaviour between local community and incoming labours Unrest due to amenity disturbance Operation Demography Increasing in-migration increasing population density Increasing effort opportunity in informal sector. Public facility needs Activity Component Causing Impact Factory operation activity causing negative perception on explosive material. Labour recruitment causing social jealousy. Amenity disturbance Environmental Management Direction
Minimizing unrest and emerging positive perception through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization Scheduling heavy duty working time
III 1.
Labour recruitment for factory operation and product shipping
Minimizing through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization
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No III 2. Environmental Component Impacted Operation Labour recruitment Activity Component Causing Impact Labour recruitment based on qualification Labour recruitment will increase effort opportunity especially various service in informal sector. Unemployed level change Environmental Management Direction
Providing job opportunity and local labour absorption suitable with factory needs.
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No III 3. 4. Environmental Component Impacted Operation Job opportunity Earning management Family Welfare change (earning and budget) Decreasing amenity due to decreasing air quality, noise level, and stinky odour, and potential explosion Activity Component Causing Impact Labour recruitment causing effort opportunity especially service effort Factory operation directly/indirectly causing alteration in community economic Production process directly/indirectly causing amenity disturbance and ammonium nitrate potential hazard Environmental Management Direction
Providing local community job opportunity Community Development programme
5.
Information programme on factory operation and its relation with safety system on impact of ammonium nitrate hazard
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No III 6. Environmental Component Impacted Operation Community unrest Community negative attitude on explosion hazard of ammonium nitrate especially those living close to the factory Community negative attitude due to lesser job opportunity Community negative attitude due to lesser effort opportunity Community negative attitude due to decreasing amenity Community perception Community negative attitude on explosion hazard of ammonium nitrate especially those living close to the factory Community negative attitude due to lesser job opportunity Activity Component Causing Impact Environmental Management Direction
Information programme on factory operation especially those related to Concerning on ammonium safety and factory product nitrate explosion hazard. Labour recruitment does not consider local labour absorption Amenity disturbance due to factory operation activity
7.
Factory operation causing community negative perception on explosion hazard. Labour recruitment causing social jealousy
Minimizing negative perception through system information and communication with the community
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Table 7.8. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Community Health Component

Environmental Component Impacted Land preparation Community health disturbance Dust caused by land preparation activity Socialization on health disturbance due to dust and its management. Regular watering to anticipate dust. Maintaining heavy duty machines used for land preparation to decrease gaseous waste emission Constructing buffer to minimize dust Activity Component Causing Impact
No I 1.
II 1.
Construction Work accident Factory construction Regular training on self safety during emergency time Giving information to worker in order to always wear safety work such as shoes, helmet, etc. Installing signs in work place area Evaluation and medication as soon as possible in the case of occurring accident Constructing building suitable with standard operating procedure (SOP). Giving information of PT KNI environmental management activity, giving information on self protection equipment (APD) and followed by evaluation of wearing the APD in the field. Regular training on self safety during emergency time in the factory as well as in project location
III 1.
Operation Work safety for factory workers Factory operation activities
VII - 27
Continuation Table 7.8. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Community Health Component
No III 2. Environmental Component Impacted Operation Shifting of disease pattern, increasing chronic inhalation tractus disease Health disturbance Impact of long term and continuing exposure on factory workers Production process Decreasing production process gaseous emision through operation process recondition. Decreasing gaseous waste emision to ambient by planting wider leaf vegetation. Worker health disturbance identification, preventing health disturbance, and managing helath disturbance. Giving information of PT KNI environmental management activity, information of healthy life pattern, and factory environment sanitation to workers. Regular management on work health complaint and disease incidence Using ergonomic working tools to prevent possibly anatomic disturbance. Worker health check up through physical examination, radiology, and clinical laboratory. Carrying out controlling and maintaining process suitable with SOP Dumping Solid garbage (domestic / household) to land fill. . Activity Component Causing Impact Environmental Management Direction
3.
Factory Activity operation phase
4.
Environmental Sanitation
Production activity cusing decreasing water quality Domestic (household) waste dumping
VII - 28

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Head Office: Gedung Sentral Senayan Lt. 4, Jl. Asia Afrika VIII No.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Ir. Antung Pandoyo Managing Director

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

10. 11. 12.

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Number 46 Year 1986

Number 41 Year 1996

The factory is located in industrial Estate of PT KIE

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

G. DECREE OF MINISTER OF HEALTH 1. Number 907 Year 2002

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Number 26 Year 2002

Number 40 Year 2002

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Figure 1.1. Map of Bontang City

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

CHAPTER II METHOD OF STUDY

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Primary and secondary

Oceanography Space and Land

Primary and secondary Secondary

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Table 2.2. Scale Criteria of Climate Quality

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Table 2.3. Sampling Location of Air Quality

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Table 2.5. Sampling Location of Noise

Lek = 10 log 124

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Table 2.8. Environmental Quality Scale for Soil

Pt A-8 Source: modified from Hardiyatmo (2002).

Table 2.9. Permeability Classification (ground water)

Chapter II : Method of Study

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Table 2.10. Environmental Quality Scale for Rock

Table 2.11. Geology Data Collection and Analyses Methods

Survey and mapping

Description and matching Description and matching

Survey and mapping Secondary data

Chapter II : Method of Study