:

v . 0.95
.

2010

iv
1
1
2
6

2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
8
10
17

3
3.1 . . . . . . . .
3.2 .
3.3 . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
21
23
30

4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33
33
36
40

5 T aylor
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42
42
44
59

6
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64
64
66
75

7
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78
78
80
90

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii

94
94
96
101

8
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
105
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

124
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

10
10.1 . . . . . . . . .
10.2 . .
10.3 . . .

11
136
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

12
169
12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

iii

, .

. v.0.9
( 2010).
(x, y), (x, y, z), (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) .
. , .. F (t) = ix (t)+jy (t)+kz (t) (.
), F (x, y, z) = iP (x, y, z) + jQ (x, y, z) + kR (x, y, z) (.
) .

.
1. : u =ai+bj+ck u = (a, b,c).

2. i, j, k x, y, z
.
3. , . u = (a, b,c)
a, b, c

. , .., M1 M2

M1 (0, 0, 0) M2 (1, 2, 3) N1 N2
N1 (1, 1, 1) N2 (2, 1, 4) ,
u = (1, 1, 1).

4. u =ai + bj + ck, v =di + ej + f k

u v = (ai + bj + ck) (di + ej + f k) = ad + be + cf.

5. u =ai + bj + ck, v =di + ej + f k

u v= (ai + bj + ck) (di + ej + f k)



 i j k 


=  a b c  = (bf ce) i + (dc af ) j + (ae db) k.
 d e f 

iv

v
6. u =ai + bj + ck

a2 + b2 + c2 .

|u| =

7. , N - N - : a = (a1 , a2 , ...,aN ) .
N - () ( ).

p
a21 + ... + a2N

8. N - a = (a1 , a2 , ...,aN ) ||a|| =

PN
a b a b = n=1 an bn .

R2 . ..



2
2

D = (x, y) : x + y 1

. (0, 0) 1.
R3 . ..


D = (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 1

. (0, 0, 0) 1.

. ,
.
. !

, 2010

1.1

1.1.1. (x, y). (x, y), (x, y) (x0 , y0 ), o " (

lim(x,y)(x0 ,y0 ) (x, y) = 0 " )

q
> 0 > 0 : 0 < (x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < | (x, y) 0 | < .

(1.1)

1.1.2. (1.1) :
(x, y) 0
( ) , (x, y)
(x0 , y0 ) > 0 > 0
.
1.1.3. :


(x, y) 6= lim

lim

x,x0

(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )


lim (x, y)

yy0

lim

x,x0




lim (x, y) 6= lim
lim (x, y) .

yy0

y,y0

x,x0

1.1.4. (x, y) (x0 , y0 )

lim

(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )

(x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) .

1.1.5. (x, y) D R2
(x0 , y0 ) D .
1.1.6.

(x, y) = a00 + a10 x + a01 y + a11 xy + a20 x2 + a02 y 2 + ... + amn xm y n

1

1.
R2 , . (x0 , y0 ) R2

(x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) .

1.1.7.

(x, y) =

f (x, y)
g (x, y)

lim
(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )

f (x, y), g (x, y) , R2 , . (x0 , y0 )

R2 P

(x, y) = (x0 , y0 )

lim

(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )

P g (x, y) :

P = {(x, y) : g (x, y) = 0} .

1.1.8. f (x, y) , g (x, y) D R2

f (x, y) g (x, y) ,

f (x, y) + g (x, y) ,

f (x,y)
g(x,y)

f (x, y)
.
g (x, y)

D R2 (
g (x, y)).

f (x, y) g (x, y) ,

1.1.9. f (x) R g (x, y) R2 f (g (x, y))

R2 .

1.1.10. . .. lim(x,y,z)(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) (x, y, z) = 0

q
> 0 > 0 : 0 < (x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 < | (x, y, z) 0 | <

(x, y, z) (x0 , y0 , z0 )

lim

(x,y,z)(x0 ,y0 ,z0 )

1.2

(x, y, z) = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) .

1.2.1. lim(x,y)(a,b) 3x = 3a.

. , , > 0
() > 0

0<

(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < |3x 3a| < .

, () = /3.

q
q

2
2
0 < (x a) + (y b) < () = (x a)2 < |x a| < |3x 3a| <
3
3
3
.

1.
2

y
1.2.2. lim(x,y)(0,0) x3x
2 +y 2 = 0.
. , () = /3.

q
p

(x 0)2 + (y 0)2 < () = y 2 < |y| < .

3
3
3

x2
<1
x2 + y 2

lim(x,y)(0,0)



2
 3x2 y



 = 3 |y| x

0
<3 1=
 x2 + y 2

2
2
x +y
3

0<

3x2 y
x2 +y 2

= 0.

y
1.2.3. lim(x,y)(0,0) xx2 +y
2 .
. ,

x2 y 2
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
=
lim
lim
=
lim
lim
.
x0 y0 x2 + y 2
y0 x0 x2 + y 2
(x,y)(0,0) x2 + y 2

lim

x2 y 2
x2 0
=
lim
=1
x0 y0 x2 + y 2
x0 x2 + 0
x2 y 2
0 y2
lim lim 2
=
lim
= 1.
y0 x0 x + y 2
y0 0 + y 2

lim lim

1.2.4. lim(x,y)(0,0) x2xy

.
+y 2
. ,
(0, 0) y = kx, .
k

lim

(x,y)(0,0) x2

xy
xy
=
lim
.
2
2
(x,kx)(0,0) x + y 2
+y

xy
xkx
=
lim
(x,kx)(0,0) x2 + k 2 x2
(x,kx)(0,0) x2 + y 2
x2 k
k
k
=
lim
=
lim
=
.
2
2
2
(x,kx)(0,0) x (1 k )
(x,kx)(0,0) (1 k )
(1 k 2 )
lim

k
(1k2 )

, lim(x,y)(0,0)

1.2.5.

xy
x2 +y 2

1.
1. lim(x,y)(1,1) x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 . ,

x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 = x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3

lim

(x,y)=(1,1)

(x,y)(1,1)

= 12 + 2 1 1 12 + 5 12 13 = 7
2

y

2. lim(x,y)(1,0) xx2 +y
2.
.

x2 y 2
10
=1
= lim
2
2
x*1,y0 1 + 0
(x,y)(1,0) x + y
2

lim

y
3. limx0,y0 xx2 +y
2 . . y = Kx
x 0 y = Kx 0

x2 y 2
x2 K 2 x2
1 K2
=
lim
=
x0 x2 + y 2
x0 x2 + K 2 x2
1 + K2
lim

(x, y) (0, 0) ,

. 4. limx0,y1 x +xy+y
x2 +y 2
.

0+01+1
x2 + x y + y 2
=
lim
=1
lim
(x,y)(0,1)
(x,y)(0,1)
x2 + y 2
0+1

5. lim(x,y)(1,1)

x2 +xy+y 2
.
x2 +y 2

limx1,y1

1+1+1
1+1

2
3

1.2.6.
1. lim(x,y)(1,1) sin (x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 ). g (z) = sin (z)
. g (x, y) = x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3
. sin (x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 )

lim

(x,y)(1,1)

sin x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 = sin x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 (x,y)=(1,1) = sin (7) .

2. lim(x,y)(0,0) esin(x +2xyx +5y x ) . p (x, y) = sin (x2 + 2xy x2 + 5y 2 x3 ) . ep(x,y)

2

lim
(x,y)(0,0)

esin(x

2 3

2 +2xyx2 +5y 2 x3

h
i
) = esin(x2 +2xyx2 +5y2 x3 )
(x,y)=(1,1)

= esin(7) ..

1.

x2 xy

.
(x,y)(0,0)
x y
lim

1.2.7.

. (0, 0).

1.2.8.

 2

x+ y
x xy
x2 xy

lim
lim

(x,y)(0,0)
x y (x,y)(0,0)
x y
x+ y



x (x y)





=
lim

x+ y
=
lim
x
x + y = 0.
(x,y)(0,0)
(x,y)(0,0)
xy

x+y4

.
(x,y)(0,0)
x+y2
lim

. (0, 0).

x+y+2
x+y4

x+y2
x+y+2

(x + y 4) ( x + y + 2)
=
lim
=
lim
x + y + 2 = 2..
(x,y)(0,0)
(x,y)(0,0)
(x + y 4)


x+y4

lim
=
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
x + y 2 (x,y)(0,0)

1.2.9.

x+y+z1
.
(x,y,z)(0,1,2)
x2 + 2yz
lim

x+y+z1
0+1+21
1
= 2
= ..
2
(x,y,z)(0,1,2)
x + 2yz
0 +212
2
lim

1.2.10.

lim

(x, y) =

(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )

.
. lim(x,y)(x0 ,y0 ) (x, y) = o R (
)
lim(x,y)(x0 ,y0 ) (x, y) =

q
M R > 0 : 0 < (x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < | (x, y)| > M.

: (x, y) (x, y)
(x0 , y0 ) f (x, y)
M , (x, y) (x0 , y0 ) .

1.
2

D = {(x, y) : x
/ {1, 2}} .
2

y
1.2.11. R2 f (x, y) = x2x3x+2
;
. , f (x, y) (x0 , y0 )
.

;
1.2.12. R2 f (x, y) = xx2y
y
. , f (x, y) (x0 , y0 )
.

1.3


D = (x, y) : y 6= x2 .

1.3.1. lim(x,y)(1,1) x + y 1 = 1.
1.3.2. lim(x,y)(1,1) xy = 1.

1.3.3. lim(x,y)(1,1) x2 + y 2 = 2.

= 1.

1.3.5. lim(x,y)(0,0) xy
2

= 0.

1.3.4. lim(x,y)(1,1) xy
2

x +y 2

x +y 2

1.3.6. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. 0.

x2
x+y

1.3.7. lim(x,y)(/2,/2) sin (x + y)

. 0.
1.3.8. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. 1.

1.3.9. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. 0.

sin(x2 +y 2 )
x2 +y 2

x4 y 4
.
x2 +y 2

1.3.10. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. .

x
x+y

1.3.11. lim(x,y)(0,0)

x2 +y 2
x2 +y 2 +11

. 2.

1.3.12. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. 0.
1.3.13. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. 1.

x2 y 2 +11
x2 +y 2

sin(x2 +y 2 )
x2 +y 2

1.
1.3.14. lim(x,y)(0,0)
. .

x+y
xy

1.3.16. f (x, y) =
2

x+y
xy

1.3.15. f (x, y) =
lim(x,y)(1,2) f (x, y).

x+y
xy

lim(x,y)(0,0) . R
;
1.3.17. (x, y) =
(0, 0);
. .

sin(x+y)
x+y

1.3.18. (x, y) =
(0, 0);
. .

x2 y 2
x2 +y 2

(x, y) 6= (0, 0) (0, 0) = 0.

1.3.19. (x, y) =
(0, 0);
. .

xy
x2 +y 2

(x, y) 6= (0, 0) (0, 0) = 1.

1.3.20. (x, y) =
(0, 0);
. .

x4 y 4
x4 +y 4

(x, y) 6= (0, 0) (0, 0) = 1.

1.3.21. lim(x,y)(0,0)

1
x2

(x, y) 6= (0, 0) (0, 0) = 1.

= .

1.3.22. (x, y) =
(0, 0);
. .

x4 y 4
x4 +y 4

(x, y) 6= (0, 0) (0, 0) = 1.

1.3.23. lim(x,y,z)(1,1,1)
. 1/3.

x2
x+y+z

1.3.24. lim(x,y,z)(0,0,0)
. 0.

x2
x+y+z

1.3.25. lim(x,y,z)(0,0,0)
. .

xy+yz+zx
x2 +y 2 +z 2

2.1

2.1.1. (x, y) x

(x + x, y) (x, y)
= lim
.
x0
x
x
.
(x, y) x, y
x
y
. (x, y) y
y

(x, y + y, z) (x, y, z)
= lim
.
y y0
y

2.1.2. . ..

xx
yy

 
2

=
=
,
x2
x x
 
2

= 2 =
,
y
y y

 

2
=
yx =
yx
x y
 
2


xy =
=
.
xy
y x

2.1.3. . .. (x, y, z) x , y , z (x1 , x2 , ..., xN )

, ..., x
x
.
1
N

2.1.4. . ,
Dx = x , Dy = y , Dxx = Dx2 = xx , Dx Dy = xy .

2.1.5. x, y , x, y ,
(x, y)

= (x + x, y + y) (x, y) '

x +
y.
x
y

x 0, y 0 (x, y)

d =

dx +
dy.
x
y
8

2.

grad = i

+j .
x
y

2.1.6. (x, y) . (x, y), grad :

2.1.7. , (x, y, z)
, (x, y, z), grad
:

+j
+k .
x
y
z

grad = i

2.1.8.

+ +j

x
y

= i
+j
+k

x
y
z
=i

2.1.9.

grad =

2.1.10.

d = dr

, , r = ix + jy dr = idx + jdy (
r = ix + jy + kz dr = idx + jdy + kdz ).
. r .
2.1.11. . ..
() = () + ().

2.1.12. ,
(x, y) (x, y)
x
x.

| (x+x, y) |
= lim
.
x |r|0
|x|

,
y z

...

2.1.13. x, y v = ia + jb, (. ) (x, y))

v

d
(x + as, y + bs) (x, y)
= lim
dv s0
s

d
v
=
.
dv
||v||

(2.1)

10

2.
d
dv

v =

d
= || .
dv

||

2.1.14.

2.1.15. (x, y, z) = 0.
, (x0 , yo , z0 ),

|(x,y,z)=(x0 ,yo ,z0 ) .

, (x0 , yo , z0 ),

x x0
y y0
z z0
=
=
.
x (x0, y0 , z0 )
y (x0, y0 , z0 )
z (x0, y0 , z0 )

, (x0 , yo , z0 ),

x (x0, y0 , z0 ) (x x0 ) + y (x0, y0 , z0 ) (y y0 ) + z (x0, y0 , z0 ) (z z0 ) = 0.

2.1.16. (x, y)

2 2
=
+
x2 y 2
2

(x, y, z)

2 =

2.2

2 2 2
+
+ 2.
x2 y 2
z

2.2.1. (x, y) = x2 e
.

2 y+x3
3
3
3
3
(x e
) = 2xey+x + x2 ey+x (x3 )= 2xey+x + 3x4 ey+x
x
2 y+x3
3
3
(x e
) = x2 ey+x (y)= x2 ey+x
y

2.2.2. (x, y) =
.

1
3x2
3
=
(y + x )=
x
(y + x3 )2
(y + x3 )2
1
1

=
(y)
=

2
y
(y + x3)
(y + x3)2

1
y+x3

y+x3

11

2.

2.2.3. (x, y) =

x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 .


Dx x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = 3x2 + 8x + y


Dy x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = 3y 2 + x
:

Dx x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = Dx 3x2 + 8x + y = 6x + 8



Dy x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = 6y



Dx x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = 1



Dy x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = 1

Dxx x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = Dx


Dyy x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = Dy


Dxy x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = Dy


Dyx x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 = Dx

Dxy (x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 ) = Dyx (x3 + xy + y 3 + 4x2 ).

2.2.4. x , y , xx , yy , xy (x, y) = x2 sin (x + y) .

Dx x2 sin (x + y) = 2x sin (x + y) + x2 cos (x + y) , Dy x2 sin (x + y) = x2 cos (x + y)




Dxx x2 sin (x + y) = Dx 2x sin (x + y) + x2 cos (x + y) = 2 sin (x + y) + 4x cos (x + y) x2 sin (x + y)




Dyy x2 sin (x + y) = Dy x2 cos (x + y) = x2 sin (x + y)




Dxy x2 sin (x + y) = Dy 2x sin (x + y) + x2 cos (x + y) = 2x cos (x + y) x2 sin (x + y)




Dyx x2 sin (x + y) = Dx x2 cos (x + y) = 2x cos (x + y) x2 sin (x + y)

2.2.5. (x, y) = x + 2y
.

d =

dx +
dy = dx + 2dy.
x
y

2.2.6. (x, y) = x2 + y 3
.

d =

dx +
dy = 2xdx + 3y 2 dy.
x
y

2.2.7. (x, y, z) = x2 + y 3 + z 4
.

d =

dx +
dy +
dz = 2xdx + 3y 2 dy + 4z 3 dz.
x
y
z

2.2.8. (x, y, z) = sin (x + y 2 + z 3 )

.

dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z






= sin y 2 + z 3 + x dx 2y sin y 2 + z 3 + x dy 3z 2 sin y 2 + z 3 + x dz.

d =

12

2.

d =

dx +
dy = 3x2 dx + 2ydy.
x
y

2.2.9. d (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) (x, y) = x3 + y 2 ,

(x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1) () x = 0.1, y = 0.1 () x = 0.01, y = 0.01.
.

() (). ,
() x = y = 0.1

= (x0 + x, y0 + y) (x0 , y0 ) = 1.13 + 1.12 13 + 12 = 0.541 .

() x = y = 0.01

= (x0 + x, y0 + y) (x0 , y0 ) = 1.013 + 1.012 13 + 12 = 0.504 .

d (x = 0.1, y = 0.1) = 3x2 x + 2yy = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5.

, x, y , d
( ).

2.2.10. d (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) (x, y) = sin (x + y),

(x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0), x = 0.1, y = 0.2
.

= sin (0.1 + 0.2) sin (0.0 + 0.0) = 0.295 52 0 = 0.295 52

d = cos (x + y) x + cos (x + y) y = cos (0) 0.1 + cos (0) 0.2 = 0.3.
2.2.11. .
1. grad = x2 + y 3 .

grad =

i+
j = 2xi + 3y 2 j.
x
y

2. grad = x2 y 3 z .

i+
j+
k = 2xy 3 zi + 3xy 2 zj + x2 y 2 k.
x
y
z

grad =

3. grad = x2 e

y+x3

grad =

4. grad = x2 ye

grad =

zy

3
3
3
i+
j = (2xey+x + 3x4 ey+x )i + (x2 ey+x )j
x
y

i+
j+
k = (2xyezy )i + (x2 ezy + x2 yezy )j + (x2 yezy )k
x
y
z

13

2.
5. grad =

1
1
3x2
1

3
i+ j = [
(x
)

]i+[
(y)

]j
=

i
j
3
2
3
2
3
2
x y
(y + x )
(y + x )
(y + x )
(y + x3 )2

grad =

1
.
y+x3

2.2.12. (x, y) = (2, 3)

(x, y) = y sin x + xy

. (x, y) = i y cos x +
2
9

+j sin x

x
y2

(2, 3) = i 3 cos 2 +

j sin 2

1
y

1
3

+

2.2.13. (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1) (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z
. = i2xy 3 z + j3x2 y 2 z + kx2 y 3 . (1, 1, 1)
(1, 1, 1) = i2 + j3 + k.
. 6 cos (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) x2 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) y 2 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) z 2 ).
2.2.14. d = dr.
+ j
dr = idx + jdy ,
. , = i
x
y

dx +
dy = d.
x
y

dr =

.
2.2.15. c , (c r) = c.
2.2.16. . , r = ix + jy c =ai + bj ,

(c r) = (ax + by) = iDx (ax + by) + jDy (ax + by) =ai + bj = c.

2.2.17. P (x, y), Q (x, y).

( : P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy = d)

P
Q
=
y
x

2.2.18. .

P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy = d.

, dx, dy ,

d =

dx +
dy
x
y

P =

Q =
x
y

P

2
2

Q
=
=
=
=
=
.
y
y x
xy
yx
x y
x

14

2.

n
2
2
= i + j + 0 no =
|n|
8
8

2.2.19. = xy A(1, 2) n = 3i + 4j

. n |n| = 9 + 16 = 5.


2 2
, ,0 .
8 8

, , ) = (2xy 2 , 2yx2 , sin z) O|1,1,0 = (2, 2, 0).

O = (
x y z

d
= O(xo , yo , zo ) no
dn
2 2
4
= (2, 2, 0) ( , , 0) = +
8 8
8
8
8
8
4
= =
= = =
8
42
2 2
2

4 2
=2 2
2

2.2.20. = y 2 x2 + cos z A(1, 1, 0)

n = 2i + 2j+0k.

. n |n| = 22 + 22 + 0 = 8.

n
3
3
3 4
= i + j no = ( , ).
|n|
5
5
5 5
+ j
= iy + jx O|1,2 = (2, 1).
O = i
x
y

d
3 4
6 4
10
= O(xo , yo ) no = (2, 1) ( , ) = + =
=2
dn
5 5
5 5
5

2.2.21. = xyz (1, 2, 3)

(2, 3, 2).
.

O(x, y, z) = iyz + jxz + kxy

O(1, 2, 3) = 6i + 3j + 2k.

A (5, 1, 2) B (9, 4, 14)

AB = n = i (2 1) + j (3 2) + k (2 3) = i + j k

1
1
1
n0 = i + j k.
3
3
3

d
1
7
= (6 1 + 3 1 2 1) = .
dn
13
3

15

2.

O(x, y, z) = i2x + j2y + k2z

O(1, 1, 1) = 2i + 2j + 2k.
A (1, 1, 1) B (0, 1, 1)

2.2.22. u = x2 + y 2 + z 2
(1, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1).
.

AB = n = i (0 1) + j (1 1) + k (1 1) = i
: n = n0 .

d
= (2 1 + 2 0 + 2 0) = 2.
dn
x (1, 1, 1) ( ;).

2.2.23. = r12 = x2 +y12 +z 2

.
. kk ( ;).

2y
2z
2x
i+
j+
k
2
2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
q 2 2 2

d
= kk =
dn

4x +4y +4z
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )4

4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2
2
2
=
=
.
4
r3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2

2.2.24. ,
x2 + 2y 2 z = 0 (3, 1, 2).
. (x, y, z)

n = ix + jy + kz = i2x + j4yk.

(3, 1, 2)

n1 = 6i + 4j k.

x3
y1
z2
=
=
.
6
4
1

6 (x 3) + 4 (y 1) (z 2) = 0
.

6x + 4y z 20 = 0.

16

2.

2.2.25. ,
xyz = a3 (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
. (x0 , y0 , z0 )

n = ix + jy + kz = iy0 z0 + jx0 z0 +kx0 y0 .

x x0
y y0
z z0
=
=
.
y0 z0
x0 z0
x0 y 0

y0 z0 (x x0 ) + x0 z0 (y y0 ) + x0 y0 (z z0 ) = 0
.

xy0 z0 + yx0 z0 + zx0 z0 3x0 y0 z0 = 0

xy0 z0 + yx0 z0 + zx0 z0 3a3

( (x0 , y0 , z0 ) xyz = a3 ).

2.2.26. ,
2
2
x2
+ yb2 + zc2 = 1 (1, 1, 2).
a2
. (x, y, z)

n = ix + jy + kz = i

2x
2y
2z
+ j 2 +k 2 .
2
a
b
c

(1, 1, 2)

n1 = i

2
2
4
+ j 2 +k 2 .
2
a
b
c

y1
z2
x1
=
=
.
2
2
2/a
2/b
4/c2

2
2
4
(x 1) + 2 (y 1) + 2 (z 2) = 0
2
a
b
c

2x 2y 4z
+ 2 + 2
a2
b
c

2
2
8
+
+
a2 b 2 c 2


= 0.

2.2.27. .

17

2.
1. O2 = x2 e

y+x3

2 y+x3
3
3
( )+
( )=
(2xey+x + 3x4 ey+x ) +
(x e
)
x x
y y
x
y
3
3
3
3
3
= 2ey+x + 6x3 ey+x + 12x3 ey+x + 9x6 ey+x + x2 ey+x

2. O2 = e

x+y+z 3

O2 =

x+y+z3

3
3
(e
)+
(2yex+y+z ) + (3z 2 ex+y+z )
x
y
z
3
3
x+y+z 3
x+y+z 3
2 x+y+z 3
=e
+ 2e
+ 4y e
+ 6zex+y+z + 9z 4 ex+y+z
3

O2 =

= 3ex+y+z + 4y 2 ex+y+z + 6zex+y+z + 9z 4 ex+y+z

3. O2 =

1
,
y+x3

3x2

1
O =
( )+
( )=
(
)+
(
)
3
2
x x
y y
x (y + x )
y (y + x3)2
6x2 (y + x3 + 6x2 (y + x3 )3x2 2(y + x3 )3x2
+
=
(y + x3)4
(y + x3 )4
6(y + x3 ) + 18x4 + 6x2
6(y + x3 )2 + 18x(y + x3 ) + 6x2 (y + x3 )
=
=
(y + x3 )4
(y + x3 )3
4. O2 =

1
,
x+y 2 +z 3

( )+
( )+ ( )
x x
y y
z z

2y

3z 2
=
(
)+
(
) + (
)
x (x + y 2 + z 3 )2
y (x + y 2 + z 3 )2
z (x + y 2 + z 3 )2
2
2(x + y 2 + z 3 )2 8y 2 (x + y 2 + z 3 ) 6z(x + y 2 + z 3 ) 18z 4 (x + y 2 + z 3 )

+
=
(x + y 2 + z 3 )3
(x + y 2 + z 3 )4
(x + y 2 + z 3 )4
(x + y 2 + z 3 )4
(x + y 2 + z 3 )4
2
2
8y 2
6z
18z 4
=

+
(x + y 2 + z 3 )3 (x + y 2 + z 3 )2 (x + y 2 + z 3 )3 (x + y 2 + z 3 )3 (x + y 2 + z 3 )3

O2 =

2.3

2.3.1. x , y , xx , yy , xy (x, y) = x2 + 2xy +

y 3 + 4x.

. 2x + 2y + 4, 3y 2 + 2x, 2, 6y , 2.

2.3.2. x , y , xx , yy , xy (x, y) = x2 sin (x + y) .

. 2x sin (x + y) + x2 cos (x + y), x2 cos (x + y), 2 sin (x + y) + 4x cos (x + y)
2
x sin (x + y), x2 sin (x + y), 2x cos (x + y) x2 sin (x + y).

18

2.
2.3.3. x , y , xx , yy , xy (x, y) =

x+y
.
xy1

. x2 sin (x + y)

2.3.4. x , y , xx , yy , xy (x, y) = x2 sin (x + y) .

2(x+y)
y
1
1
x
2
2
. (xy1)
(x2 + 1), 2 (xy1)
(x2 + 1), (xy1)
2 (y + 1),
3 (y + 1), 2
3.
(xy1)2
(xy1)3
2.3.5. x , y , z , yy , xy (x, y, z) = x3 yz +

y 2 z 3 + cos (xyz) .
. yz (sin xyz 3x2 ), x3 z + 2yz 3 xz sin xyz , x3 y + 3y 2 z 2 xy sin xyz .

2.3.6. x , y , z , yy , xy (x, y, z) = zesin(x+y) .

. z (cos (x + y)) esin(x+y) , z (cos (x + y)) esin(x+y) , esin(x+y) .
2.3.7.
x2 + y 2 y (x) = x3 .
= 2x, d
= 2x + 6x5 .
.
x
dx

d
dx

(x, y) =

2.3.8. (x, y) = x2 sin (x + y) .

. d = (2x sin (x + y) + x2 cos (x + y)) dx + x2 cos (x + y) dy.

2.3.9. (x, y) = x3 y + x2 y 2 .
. d = (3x2 y + 2xy 2 ) dx + (x3 + 2yx2 ) dy.

2.3.10. (x, y, z) = x + y + z
. d = dx + dy + dz.

2.3.11. (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z 4
. d = 2xy 3 z 4 dx + 3x2 y 2 z 4 dy + 4x2 y 3 z 3 dz.
2.3.12. (x, y, z) = cos (x + y 2 + z 3 )
. d = sin (y 2 + z 3 + x) dx 2y sin (y 2 + z 3 + x) dy 3z 2 sin (y 2 + z 3 + x) dz .
2.3.13. d (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) (x, y) = x2 y 2 , (x0 , y0 ) =
(1, 1), x = 0.1, y = 0.1
. = 0.464, d = 0.4.
2.3.14. d (x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) (x, y) = sin (x2 + y 2 ),
(x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0), x = 0.1, y = 0.1
. = 0.01 999 9, d = 0.399 92.
2.3.15. (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1) (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z
. i2xy 3 z + j3x2 y 2 z + kx2 y 3 i2 + j3 + k.
2.3.16. (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1) (x, y, z) = yz sin x + xy ln z

. i yz cos x +

k (sin 1 + 1).

1
y



ln z + j z sin x

x
y2



ln z + k y sin x +

x
yz

i cos 1 + j sin 1 +

19

2.

2.3.17. (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1) (x, y, z) = x2 +y12 +z2 .

2y
2z
2
2
2
. i (x2 +y2x
2 +z 2 )2 j (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 k (x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 i 9 j 9 k 9 .

2.3.18. (x, y, z) =
(1, 1, 1) (x, y, z) = ln (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
. i x2 +y2x2 +z 2 + j x2 +y2y2 +z 2 + k x2 +y2z2 +z 2 i 92 + j 29 + k 29 ).

2.3.19. (x, y, z) = x2 + xyz 3 + 2y 2 z . 2 .

. 2 + 4z + 6xyz .

2.3.20. (x, y, z) = sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) . 2 .

. 6 cos (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) x2 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) y 2 4 (sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) z 2 ).
2.3.21. (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2
2i + j k
(1, 3, 2).
1
. 3 6.

2.3.22. z = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2

(3, 1) (6, 5).
. 0.
2.3.23. z = tan1 (xy) (1, 1)
i + j.
. 22 .

2.3.24. z = x2 y 2 xy 3 3y 1
(2,
1) (0, 0).
. 5.

2.3.25. z = ln (ex + ey ) (0, 0)

x.

. cos +sin
.
2
2.3.26. u (x, y, z) = xyz i j k
(1,
3, 2).
11
. 3 3.

2.3.27. u = xy 2 + z 3 xyz
(1, 1, 2) /3, /4, /3.
. 5.
2.3.28. u = xyz (5, 1, 2)
(9, 4, 14).
98
. 13
.
2.3.29. u = x2 y 2 z 2 (1, 1, 3)
(0, 1, 1).
. 22.

20

2.
2.3.30. u =

1
x2 +y 2 +z 2

u.
. r12 .

1
r

2.3.31. z = x2 + 2y 2
(1, 1, 3).
. 2x + 4y z = 3.

2.3.32. xy = z 2
(x0 , y0 , z0 ).
. xy0 + yx0 = 2zz0 .

2.3.33. xyz = a3
(x0 , y0 , z0 ).
. xy0 z0 + yx0 z0 + zx0 z0 = 3a3 .
2.3.34.
(x0 , y0 , z0 ).
0
0
0
. zz
xx
+ yy
= 1.
c2
a2
b2

x z
,
y y

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1

z
z
= 0, x x
+ y y
= z.

2.3.35. F

z2
c2

z
z
y y
= x y.
2.3.36. F (x + y z, x2 + y 2 ) = 0, x x

2.3.37. 2

 
1
|r|

= 0.
 
2.3.38. 2 |r|12 = |r|24 .

2.3.39. 2 () = 2 + 2 + 2 .
2.3.40. c , (c r) = c.
2.3.41. P (x, y, z), Q (x, y, z), R (x, y, z).

( : P (x, y, z) dx + Q (x, y, z) dy + R (x, y, z) dz = d)

P
y
Q
z
R
z

=
=
=

Q
x
R
y
P
z

2.3.42. 2 = 0. .
1. (x, y) = ln

p
x2 + y 2 .

2. (x, y, z) =

1
.
x2 +y 2 +z 2

3. (x, y, z) =

x
.
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )3/2

4. (x, y, z) = ln
5. (x, y, z) =

p

x
x2 +y 2

x2

y2

z2

+z

( !).

3.1

3.1.1. (x, y) x, y
t: x (t) , y (t). t: (x (t) , y (t)). t

d
dx dy
=
+
dt
x dt
y dt

(3.1)



dx
dy
d
= i + j
.
dt
dt
dt

3.1.2. , (x, y, z) x (t), y (t), z (t)

dx dy dz
d
=
+
+
dt
x dt
y dt
z dt


d
dx
dy
dz
= i + j + k
.
dt
dt
dt
dt

3.1.3. , (x, y) x, y
u, v : x (u, v), y (u, v).

x y
=
+
,
u
x u y u

x y
=
+
,
v
x v y v

(3.2)

( )

h
=
u

i

x
u
y
u

h
=
v

i

x
v
y
v


.

3.1.4. , (x, y, z) x, y, z
u, v : x (u, v), y (u, v), z (u, v).

x y z
=
+
+
,
u
x u y u z u

x y z
=
+
+
,
v
x v y v z v
21

(3.3)

22

3.

=
u

x
u
y
u
z
u

=
v

x
v
y
v

3.1.5. , P (x, y),Q (x, y)

x, y u, v : x (u, v), y (u, v).

y
,
u
y
,
v

Q
Q x Q y
=
+
,
u
x u
y u
Q
Q x Q y
=
+
v
x v
y v

(3.4)

P x P
P
=
+
u
x u
y
P
P x P
=
+
v
x v
y

(3.5)

3.1.6. .

P
u
Q
u

"


=

P
x
Q
x

P
y
Q
y

# 

x
u
y
u

P
v
Q
v

"

P
x
Q
x

P
y
Q
y

# 

x
v
y
v

3.1.7. P (x, y, z),Q (x, y, z),R (x, y, z)

x (u, v, w), y (u, v, w).

P
v
Q
v
R
v

P
w
Q
w
R
w

P
u
Q
u
R
u

P
x
Q
x
R
x

P
y
Q
y
R
y

P
z
Q
z
R
z

x
u
y
u
z
u

P
x
Q
x
R
x

P
y
Q
y
R
y

P
z
Q
z
R
z

x
v
y
v
z
v

P
x
Q
x
R
x

P
y
Q
y
R
y

P
z
Q
z
R
z

x
w
y
w
z
w

3.1.8. P (u, v) Q (u, v) .


D (P, Q) 
=

D (u, v)

P
x
Q
x

P
y
Q
y

 

 
  Pu Pv 
= Pu Qv Pv Qu .
=
Qu Qv 


3.1.9. P (u, v, w), Q (u, v, w) R (u, v, w)

.


 P Pv P w
D (P, Q, R)  u
=  Qu Qv Qw
D (u, v, w)
 Ru Rv Rw

23

3.
3.1.10. . ..

(x, y, z) = 0
z x y . zx zy

zx =

x
,
z

zx =

y
.
z

3.1.11. ,

Q (x, y, u, v) = 0.

P (x, y, u, v) = 0,

(3.6)

( ), (3.6)
u (x, y), v (x, y) (,
, x (u, v), y (u, v)).
, u , u , u ,
u
x x x x
(3.6), :
D(P,Q)

u
D(x,v)
= D(P,Q) ,
x

D(P,Q)

v
D(u,x)
= D(P,Q) ,
x

D(u,v)

D(u,v)

D(u,v)

D(P,Q)

u
D(y,v)
= D(P,Q) ,
y

D(P,Q)

v
D(u,y)
= D(P,Q) .
y
D(u,v)

3.1.12.

P (x, y, u, v, w) = 0,

Q (x, y, u, v, w) = 0,

R (x, y, u, v, w) = 0.

, ,
D(P,Q,R)

u
D(x,v,w)
= D(P,Q,R) ,
x
D(u,v,w)

D(P,Q,R)

v
D(u,x,w)
= D(P,Q,R) ,
x
D(u,v,w)

u v
, ,...
y y

D(P,Q,R)

w
D(u,v,x)
= D(P,Q,R)
x
D(u,v,w)

3.1.13. ,
:

D (x, y)
D (x, y) D (u, v)
=
,
D (r, s)
D (u, v) D (r, s)

3.2

D (x, y, z)
D (x, y, z) D (u, v, w)
=
D (r, s, t)
D (u, v, w) D (r, s, t)

...

3.2.1. (x, y) = x3 + y 3 t, x (t) = t

2
y (t) = t2t+1 .
.

d
dx dy
2t
=
+
= 3x2 1 + 3y 2
2
dt
x dt
y dt
(t + 1)2
6
4
2
t2
2t
2 (t + 3t + 3t + 2t + 1)
= 3t2 + 3 2

=
3t
.
t + 1 (t2 + 1)2
(t2 + 1)3

24

3.

3.2.2. (x, y) = u2 + v 2 , u = sin t, v = cos t.

.

du dv
d
=
+
= 2u cos t 2v sin t = 2 sin t cos t 2 cos t sin t = 0
dt
u dt
v dt
,

= u2 + v 2 = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1.

3.2.3. (x, y, z) = sin (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) t,

x (t) = t, y (t) = cos t z (t) = et .
.

du dv dv
d
=
+
+
dt
u dt
v dt
v

dt


2
2
2
= cos x + y + z 2x 1 2y sin t + 2z et




= cos t2 + cos2 t + e2t 2t 2 cos t sin t + 2e2t .

3.2.4. u , v (x, y) = x3 + y 3 ,
x (u, v) = u + v y (u, v) = uv .
.

u =

i

x
u
y
u

3x

3y

1
v

1
u

= 3x2 + 3y 2 v = 3 (u + v)2 + 3u2 v 3

v =

i

x
v
y
v

3x

3y

= 3x2 + 3y 2 u = 3 (u + v)2 + 3u3 v 2

3.2.5. u , v (x, y) = x2 + y 2 ,
x (u, v) = u2 + v 2 y (u, v) = u.
.

u =

i

x
u
y
u
3


=

2x 2y

2u
1


=

= 4xu + 2y = 4u + 4v 2 u + 2u.

3.2.6. u , v (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
x (u, v) = u2 + v 2 , y (u, v) = uv z (u, v) = u.
.

x
u
y
u
z
u

2u



= 2x 2y 2z v
u =
x
y
z
1


2
2
2
= 2z + 4ux + 2vy = 2u + 2u 2u + 2v + 2uv
h

25

3.

v =

x
v
y
v

2x 2y 2z

2v
u
1

= 2z + 2uy + 4vx = 2u + 2v 2u2 + 2v 2 + 2u2 v.

3.2.7. Pu , Pv , Qu , Qv P (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , Q (x, y) = xy

x (u, v) = u + v , y (u, v) = uv.
.
P
u
Q
u

"

P
x
Q
x

=

=

P
v
Q
v

"


=

x
u
y
u

1
1

v
u

2uv + 2v 2 + 2u2 v
uv 2 + u2 + uv

2x 2y
y x



P
x
Q
x

#

P
y
Q
y

2xv + 2yu
yv + xu

x
v
y
v

2u + 2v + 2uv
u + v + uv



2x 2y
y x

#

2x + 2y
x+y

P
y
Q
y

3.2.8. Pu , Pv , Qu , Qv P (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , Q (x, y) = xy

x (u, v) = cos (u + v), y (u, v) = sin (uv) .
.
P
u
Q
u

"

P
x
Q
x

P
y
Q
y

P
x
Q
x

P
y
Q
y

#

x
u
y
u

#

x
v
y
v



2x 2y
sin (u + v)
=
=
y x
v cos (uv)

 

2vy cos (uv) 2x sin (u + v)
2v sin (uv) cos (uv) 2 cos (u + v) sin (u + v)
=
=
vx cos (uv) y sin (u + v)
v cos (u + v) cos (uv) sin (uv) sin (u + v)

P
u
Q
u

"



2x 2y
sin (u + v)
=
=
y x
u cos (uv)

 

2vy cos (uv) 2x sin (u + v)
2v sin (uv) cos (uv) 2 sin (uv) sin (u + v)
=
=
ux cos (uv) y sin (u + v)
u cos (u + v) cos (uv) sin (uv) sin (u + v)

3.2.9. zx , zy (x, y, z) =
.



x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 =
x a2
b
c
 2

2
x
y
z2
+ 2 2 =
y a2
b
c

(1)
x

(1)
y

x2
a2

y2
b2

z2
c2

= 1.

2
2
c2 x
x

zz
=
0

z
=
,
x
x
a2
c2
a2 z
2
2
c2 y
y 2 zzy = 0 zy = 2 .
b2
c
b z

26

3.

x
2x/a2
c2 x
=
=
,
z
2z/c2
b2 z
y
2y/b2
c2 y
zy =
=
=
.
z
2z/c2
b2 z

zx =

3.2.10. zx , zy x2 2y 2 + z 2 6x + 7z 5 = 0.
.

6 2x
(0) 2x + 2zzx 6 + 7zx = 0 zx =
,
x
7 + 2z

4y
(0) 4y + 2zzy + 7zy = 0 zy =
.
y
7 + 2z

x2 2y 2 + z 2 6x + 7z 5 =
x

x2 2y 2 + z 2 6x + 7z 5 =
y

x
2x 6
=
,
z
2z + 7
y
4y
zy =
=
..
z
2z + 7

zx =

3.2.11. zx , zy z 2 + 3xyz = a3 .
.

3yz
z 2 + 3xyz =
a3 2zzx + 3yz + 3xyzx = 0 zx =
x
x
2z + 3xy

zy =

3xz
2z + 3xy

zx =

x
3yz
=
,
z
2z + 3xy

3.2.12.
.

D(u,v)
D(x,y)

zy =

y
3yz
=
..
z
2z + 3xy

u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy .


 

D (u, v)  ux uy   2x 2y 
=
=
= 4x2 + 4y 2 .
D (x, y)  vx vy   2y 2x 

3.2.13.
.

D(x,y)
D(u,v)

D(u,v)
D(x,y)


 
D (u, v)  ux uy   cos v
sin v
=
=

vx vy
u sin v u cos v
D (x, y)

x = u cos v , y = u sin v .





 = u cos2 v + sin2 v = u.


27

3.

p
x2 + y 2

1
1
D (u, v)
= =p
.
D (x, y)
u
x2 + y 2
3.2.14.
.

D(u,v,w)
D(x,y,z)

u =

x
,
x2 +y 2 +z 2

v=

ux =

x2 + y 2 + z 2
,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2

uy =

y
,
x2 +y 2 +z 2

w=

z
.
x2 +y 2 +z 2



 ux uy uz 


D (u, v, w) 
=  vx vy vz  .
D (x, y, z)
 wx wy wz 

x2 + y 2 = u2 cos2 v + u2 sin2 v = u2 u =

(x2

2xy
,
+ y 2 + z 2 )2

uz =

(x2

2xz
.
+ y 2 + z 2 )2

2xy
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
x2 y 2 +z 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2yz
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2

2xz
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2yz
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
x2 +y 2 z 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2

x6

3x4 y 2

3x4 z 2

3x2 y 4

6x2 y 2 z 2

+ 3x2 z 4 + y 6 + 3y 4 z 2 + 3y 2 z 4 + z 6

1
.
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3

x2 +y 2 +z 2
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2xy
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2
2xz
(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )2




D (u, v, w) 
=
D (x, y, z)



3.2.15.

D(x,y,z)
D(u,v,w)

x = 2u 3v + 4w, y = u2 v 2 w2 ,

z = u3 + v


 

 xu xv xw   2
3
4 



D (x, y, z)
=  yu yv yw  =  2u 2v 2w  = 4w + 8u + 18u2 w + 24u2 v..
D (u, v, w) 
zu zv zw   3u2
1
0 

3.2.16.
.

D(u,v,w)
D(x,y,z)

u = x2 + y 2 , v = y 2 + z 2 , w = z 2 + x2 .

 


 ux uy uz   2x 2y 0 




D (u, v, w) 
=  vx vy vz  =  0 2y 2z  = 16xyz.
D (x, y, z)
 wx wy wz   2x 0 2z 

3.2.17.
.

D(u,v,w)
D(x,y,z)

u = xy 2 , v = xyz , w = x + y + z

 2

 y 2xy 0 


D (u, v, w) 
=  yz xz xy  . = y 2 zx y 3 x + 2x2 y 2 .
D (x, y, z)
 1
1
1 

28

3.

P (x, y, u, v) = x + 2y u + 3v 1 = 0
Q (x, y, u, v) = 3x + y 4u + v 2 = 0

D(u,v)

u
=
y

D(P,Q)
D(y,v)
D(P,Q)
D(u,v)

Pv
Qv
Pv
Qv

Py
Qy
Pu
Qu

Pv
Qv
Pv
Qv




 1 3 




 3 1 

8
 = 

 1 3  = 11




 4 1 





 2 3 




 1 1 
1

 = 
 1 3  = 11




 4 1 


Pu
Qu
Pu
Qu

Px
Qx
Pv
Qv

Pu
Qu
Pu
Qu

Py
Qy
Pv
Qv



 1 1



 4 3

 = 

 1 3



 4 1



 1 2



 4 1
 = 

 1 3



 4 1

D(P,Q)





= 






= 



Px
Qx
Pu
Qu

D(P,Q)

u
D(x,v)
= D(P,Q)
x





= 






= 



v
D(u,x)
= D(P,Q)
x
D(u,v)

v
=
y

D(P,Q)
D(u,y)
D(P,Q)
D(u,v)

3.2.18. ux , uy , vx , vy x + 2y u + 3v 1 = 0
3x + y 4u + v 2 = 0.
.





1
 =

11






7
 =

11



3.2.19. ux , vx x2 +y 2 +u2 +v 2 = 0 u2 v 2 2xy+y 2 =

0.
.

P (x, y, u, v) = x2 + y 2 + u2 + v 2 = 0
Q (x, y, u, v) = u2 v 2 2xy + y 2 = 0

D(P,Q)

u
D(x,v)
= D(P,Q)
x
D(u,v)

v
=
x

D(P,Q)
D(u,x)
D(P,Q)
D(u,v)





= 






= 



Px
Qx
Pu
Qu

Pv
Qv
Pv
Qv

Pu
Qu
Pu
Qu

Px
Qx
Pv
Qv




 2x

2v 


 2y 2v 

4xv + 4vy
yx
 = 
 =
=

 2u 2v 
8uv
2u




 2u 2v 




 2u 2x 




 2u 2y 
4yu 4xu
x+y
 = 

=

 2u 2v  =
8uv
2v




 2u 2v 

29

3.

P (x, y, u, v) = x2 + y 2 uv 1 = 0
Q (x, y, u, v) = xy u + v 2 = 0

D(u,v)





= 






= 



Pv
Qv
Pv
Qv

Py
Qy
Pu
Qu

Pv
Qv
Pv
Qv

Pu
Qu
Pu
Qu



 2x



 y

 = 

 v



 1


 2y



 x

 = 
 v



 1



u 
1 
2x + uy
=

u+v
u 

1

u 
1 
2y + ux
=
u+v
u 

1

Px
Qx
Pv
Qv




 v



 1
 = 

 v



 1


 v



 1

 = 

 v



 1


2x 
y 
vy + 2x
=

u+v
u 
1 

2y 
x 
vx + 2y
=

u+v
u 

1

u
=
y

D(P,Q)
D(y,v)
D(P,Q)
D(u,v)

Px
Qx
Pu
Qu

D(P,Q)

u
D(x,v)
= D(P,Q)
x





= 






= 



D(P,Q)

v
D(u,x)
= D(P,Q)
x
D(u,v)

v
=
y

D(P,Q)
D(u,y)
D(P,Q)
D(u,v)

Pu
Qu
Pu
Qu


y

3.2.20. ux , uy , vx , vy x2 + y 2 uv 1 = 0 xy u +
v 2 = 0.
.

Py
Qy
Pv
Qv

3.2.21. x xx + yy = 0.
. z = xy .

y
x = z zx = z 2 ,
x

y
xx + yy = xz 2 + yz
x


 
1
y = z zy = z
x
 
 y y
1
= z +
=0
x
x x

3.2.22. (x2 + y 2 ) yx xy = 0.
. z = x2 + y 2 .

x = z zx = z 2x,

y = z zy = z 2y

yx + xy = yz 2x xz 2y = z (2xy 2xy) = 0.

30

3.
3.2.23. z = y (x2 y 2 ) x1 zx + y1 zy =

z
.
y2

. u = x2 y 2 .

y x2 y 2 = yu (u) ux = yu 2x
x

zy =
y x2 y 2 =
(y) (u) + yu (u) uy = yu 2y.
y
y

zx =

1
1
1
1

z/y
z
zx + zy = yu 2x + yu 2y = =
= 2.
x
y
x
y
y
y
y

3.2.24. x = cos , y = sin , u (x, y) (ux ) +

(uy )2 = (u )2 +

1
2

(u )2 .

u u

x x
y y

1
1
(u )2 = (ux cos + uy sin )2 + 2 ( (ux sin + uy cos ))2
2

2
2
= ux cos + 2ux (cos ) uy sin + u2y sin2 + u2x sin2 2ux (cos ) uy sin + u2y cos2




= (ux )2 cos2 + sin2 + (uy )2 cos2 + sin2 = (ux )2 + (uy)2 .

(u )2 +

cos sin
= ux uy
= ux uy
sin cos


= ux cos + uy sin (ux sin + uy cos ) .


3.3

3.3.1. (x, y) = x2 + y 2 t, x (t) = t

2
y (t) = t2t+1 .
.

2t(t4 +2t2 +2)

(t2 +1)2

3.3.2. f (x, y) = u2 + v 2 , u = sin t,

v = t cos t.
. 0.
3.3.3. (x, y) = cos (x + y + z) t,
x (t) = t, y (t) = cos t z (t) = et .
. (sin (t + cos t + et )) (et sin t + 1).
3.3.4. (x, y) = sin (x + y 3 + z) t,
2
x (t) = t, y (t) = cos t z (t) = t2t+1 .
.

cos

1
t2 +1

(t3 +t2 cos3 t+t2 +t+cos3 t)

(t2 +1)2

3
4

sin t 2t + 43 sin 3t + 32 t2 sin t + 34 t4 sin t + 32 t2 sin 3t + 34 t4 sin 3t 2

31

3.
3.3.5. zx , zy
c2 x

. zx = a2 z , zy =

2
cb2 yz .

x2
a2

y2
b2

z2
c2

= 1.

3.3.7. zx , zy z 3 + 3xyz = a3 .
yz
xz
. zx = xy+z
2 , zy = xy+z 2 .

3.3.6. zx , zy x2 2y 2 + z 2 4x + 2z 5 = 0.
2y
, zy = z+1
.
. zx = 2x
z+1

3.3.8. zx , zy x2 + y 2 + z 2 6x = 0.
, zy = yz .
. zx = 3x
z
3.3.9. zx , zy z 2 = xy.
. zx = yz , zy = xz .

3.3.10. u ,v (x, y) = sin (x2 + y 3 ), x (u, v) = u + v , y (u, v) =

u v.
. u = (cos (u3 3u2 v + u2 + 3uv 2 + 2uv v 3 + v 2 )) (3u2 6uv + 2u + 3v 2 + 2v) ,

v = (cos (u3 3u2 v + u2 + 3uv 2 + 2uv v 3 + v 2 )) (3u2 + 6uv + 2u 3v 2 + 2v) .

3.3.11. u ,v (x, y) = sin (x + y), x (u, v) = u2 + v 2 , y (u, v) =

uv .
. u = (cos (u2 + uv + v 2 )) (2u + v), v = (cos (u2 + uv + v 2 )) (u + 2v).
3.3.12. u ,v (x, y, z) = sin (x + y + z), x (u, v) = u2 + v 2 ,
1
.
y (u, v) = u, z (u, v) = u+v
. u =

cos

1
u+v

(u3 +u2 v+u2 +uv2 +uv+v3 +1)

(u+v)2
1
3 +u2 v+u2 +uv 2 +uv+v 3 +1
cos u+v
u
(
)

v =

(u+v)2

(2u3 + 4u2 v + u2 + 2uv 2 + 2uv + v 2 1),

(2u2 v + 4uv 2 + 2v 3 1) .

3.3.13. u ,v , w (x, y, z) = ex+y+z , x (u, v, w) = w2 , y (u, v, w) =

u + v , z (u, v, w) = u v.
2
. Dw ew +u+v+uv =
2
2
u = 2ew +2u , v = 0, 2wew +2u .
3.3.14. u ,v , w (x, y, z) = sin (x + y + z), x (u, v, w) = w sin u cos v ,
y (u, v, w) = w sin u sin v , z (u, v, w) = w cos u.
. u = (cos (w cos u + w cos v sin u + w sin u sin v)) (w cos u cos v w sin u + w cos u sin v) ,

v = w (cos (w cos u + w cos v sin u + w sin u sin v) sin u) (cos v sin v) ,

w = (cos (w cos u + w cos v sin u + w sin u sin v)) (cos u sin v + sin u cos v + cos u) .

3.3.15.

D(u,v)
D(x,y)

u = x2 + y 2 , v = 2xy .

D(x,y)

. 4x2 4y 2 .
3.3.16.
.

D(x,y)
D(u,v)


 cos v u sin v
= 
sin v u cos v

 D(u,v)

 = u, D(u,v) = 1 .
D(x,y)
u


D(u,v)
D(x,y)

x = u cos v , y = u sin v .

32

3.
3.3.17.

D(u,v)
D(x,y)

u = 3x2 xy , v = 2xy 2 + y 3 .

D(u,v)
D(x,y)

u =

. 24x2 y + 16xy 2 3y 3 .

y
(xy1)2

(x + y)

1
xy1

x
(xy1)2

(x + y)

1
x2 +1

1
y 2 +1
D(x,y,z)
D(u,v,w)

3.3.19.

x+y
,
1xy 
1

xy1 

v = tan1 x + tan1 y .

 = 0.


x = uv +w, y = u2 v 2 w2 , z = u3 +v

u cos w
. u2 sin w.
3.3.21.
. 2x2 y zx2 + x3 .

. 6wu2 + 2u + 6u2 v + 2w
3.3.20.

3.3.18.

D(x,y,z)
D(u,v,w)

D(u,v,w)
D(x,y,z)

x = u cos v sin w, y = u sin v sin w, z =

u = x2 y , v = zx, w = x + y + z

3.3.22. ux , vx , uy , vy . u2 + v 2 = x + y
u v = x cos y
cos y1
sin y1
sin y+1
cos y+1
, vx = 2u2u+2v
, uy = 2vx2u+2v
, vy = 2ux2u+2v
.
. ux = 2v2u+2v
3.3.23. z = (x y) zx + zy = 0.
3.3.24. z = (x, y) x = s + t y = s t,
(zx )2 + (zy )2 = zs zt .

3.3.25. z = arctan xy zu +zv =

u v.

3.3.26. z =

y
(x2 y 2 )

uv
u2 +v 2

x = u+v, y =

x1 x + y1 y = 0.

3.3.27. z = x (x + y) + y (x + y) zxx 2zxy zyy = 0.

3.3.28. x = cos , y = sin , uxx + uyy = u +

3.3.29. xk

z y
,
x x

1
u
2

+ 1 u .

xx + yy + zz = k.

3.3.30. z = f (x at) + g (x + at)

ztt = a2 zxx .

4.1

4.1.1. ;; (x, y, z). (..

) . ..
. .

4.1.2. . M R2 (x, y). M (, )

( .5.1).

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5.1

x = cos ,

p
x2 + y 2 ,

y = sin ,

z=0

y
= tan1 ,
x

z = 0.


 cos sin
(x, y)
dA = dxdy =
dd = 
sin cos
(, )
33



 dd = dd.


34

4.

4.1.3. . M R3 (x, y, z). M

(, , z) ( .5.2).

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5.2

x = cos ,

p
x2 + y 2 ,

y = sin ,

y
= tan1 ,
x

z=z
z = z.



 cos sin 0 


(x, y, z)
dV = dxdydz =
dd =  sin cos 0  dddz = dddz.
(, , z)
 0
0
1 

4.1.4. . M R3 (x, y, z). M

35

4.

(r, , ) ( .5.3).

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5.3

x = r cos sin ,

r=

y = r sin sin ,

z = r cos

y
= tan1 ,
x

x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,

z
= cos1 .
r


 cos sin
sin sin
cos

(x, y, z)

0
dV = dxdydz =
drdd =  r sin sin r cos sin
(r, , )
 r cos cos r sin cos r sin




 drdd = r2 sin drdd.



4.1.5. .
u, v, w

x = f (u, v, w) ,

y = g (u, v, w) ,

z = h (u, v, w) .

(x, y, z) r

r =xi + yj + zk = x (u, v, w) i + y (u, v, w) j+z (u, v, w) k

dr =

r
r
r
du +
dv +
dw.
u
v
w

(4.1)

 
 r 
a =   ,
u

 
 r 
b =   ,
v

 
 r 
c =  
w

(4.2)

36

4.

r
= bn,
v

r
= cp,
w

m, n, p :
r

,
m =  u
r 

,
n =  v
r 

.
p =  w
r 

(4.1) (4.4)

dr = amdu + bndv + vpdw

(4.3)

r
= am,
u

(4.4)

m, n, p i, j, k .

dV = dxdydz =

(x, y, z)
dudvdw.
(u, v, w)

(4.5)

4.1.6. (4.5) .
(x, y, z) dV = dxdydz
(u, v, w) dU = udvdw. , (4.5)

dudvdw
dU
(x, y, z)
=
=
(u, v, w)
dxdydz
dV

. .

4.2

4.2.1.
(0, 1, 0);
. (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 0). ,

x2 + y 2 = 1,

= arctan

= ,
0
2

z = 0.

. (, , z) = (1, /2, 0).

0 = x = r cos sin ,

1 = y = r sin sin ,

0 = r cos .

r=

p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

0 = r cos = cos =

.
2

.
2
, (r, , ) = (1, /2, /2).
0 = x = r cos sin = cos =

37

4.

12 + 12 =

2,

= arctan

1
= ,
1
4

z=

. (, , z) =
2, /4, 2 .

1 = y = r sin sin ,

r=

2.

2 = r cos .

1 = x = r cos sin ,

4.2.2.

1, 1, 2 ;


. (x, y, z) = 1, 1, 2 . ,

p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2.

1
1 = r cos cos = = .
2
3
q
p

2
sin = 1 cos2 = 1 (1/2) = 3/2.
tan =

r sin sin
x

= =1= .
r cos sin
y
4

, (r, , ) = (2, /4, /3).

4.2.3.
(2, 2, 2);
. (x, y, z) = (2, 2, 2). ,

22 + 22 = 2 2,

= arctan

= ,
2
4

z = 2.

. (, , z) = 2 2, /4, 2 .

r=

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 3.

1
1
1 = r cos cos = = arccos ' 0.95 .
3
3
q
p

2 p
sin = 1 cos2 = 1 1/ 3 = 2/3.
r sin sin
x

= =1= .
r cos sin
y
4


, (r, , ) = 2, /4, arccos 13 .
tan =

38

4.

4.2.4.
(1, /2, /3);
.

sin = 0
2
3

3
y = sin sin = 1 sin sin =
2
3
2

1
z = sin sin = 1 cos = .
3
2

. (x, y, z) = 0, 3/2, 1/2 . -

x = cos sin = 1 cos

x2 + y 2 = 3/2

3/2
= /2
0

y
= arctan = arctan
x
z = 1/2

. (, , z) =
3/2, /2, 1/2 .

4.2.5.
(2, /6, 3);
.

= 3
6

y = sin = 2 sin = 1
6

z = z = 1 cos = 3.
3

x = cos = 2 cos

3, 1, 3 . :
p

r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 + 1 + 9 = 13
y
1
= arctan = arctan = /6
x
3
= 1/2

3/2, /2, 1/2 .
. (r, , ) =
. (x, y, z) =

4.2.6.

x = u + 2v, y = u v + w, z = u + w.


 1 2 0

dxdydz
(x, y, z)
=
=  1 1 1
dudvdw
(u, v, w) 
1 0 1




 dxdydz = 1 dudvdw.



39

4.
4.2.7.

x = eu cos v, y = eu sin v, z = w.
 u

 e cos v eu sin v 0 


dxdydz
(x, y, z)
=
=  eu sin v eu cos v 0  dxdydz = eu dudvdw.
dudvdw
(u, v, w) 
0
0
1 
4.2.8.

u2 v 2
, y = uv, z = w.
2

x=



 u v 0 




dxdydz
(x, y, z)
=
=  v u 0  dxdydz = u2 + v 2 dudvdw
dudvdw
(u, v, w) 
0 0 1 

4.2.9. x = cosh u sin v cos w,

y = sinh u sin v sin w, z = sinh u.
.

(x, y, z)
dudvdw
(u, v, w)

 sinh (u) sin (v) cos (w) cosh (u) cos (v) cos (w) cosh (u) sin (v) sin (w)

=  sinh (u) sin (v) sin (w) cosh (u) cos (v) sin (w) cosh (u) sin (v) cos (w)

cosh (u) cos (v)
sinh (u) sin (v)
0

dxdydz =




 dudvdw



= cos2 v cos2 w sin v cosh3 u + cos2 v sin v sin2 w cosh3 u + cos2 w sin3 v cosh u sinh2 u + sin3 v sin2 w c


3
1
3
=
sin v cosh u + cosh 3u sin v sin v cosh u dudvdw
4
4

4.2.10.

x=

uv cos w
uv sin w
u2 v 2
,
y
=
,
z
=
.
(u2 + v 2 )2
(u2 + v 2 )2
(u2 + v 2 )2

(x, y, z)
dudvdw
(u, v, w)
 cos(w)v
2
u2 cos(w)v
u cos(w)
u sin(w)v

4 u(ucos(w)v
(u
2 +v 2 )3 + (u2 +v 2 )2
2 +v 2 )2
 (u2 +v2 )2 4 (u2 +v2 )3

2
 sin(w)v
u2 sin(w)v
u sin(w)
u cos(w)v
4 u(usin(w)v
=  (u2 +v2 )2 4 (u2 +v2 )3
2 +v 2 )3 + (u2 +v 2 )2
(u2 +v 2 )2


u2 v 2 u
u2 v 2 v
 2 2 u 2 2 4 ( 2 2)3 2 2 v 2 2 4 ( 2 2 )3
0
(u +v )
(u +v )
(u +v )
(u +v )

dxdydz =






 dudvdw





2u5 v cos2 w + 2u5 v sin2 w + 4u3 v 3 cos2 w + 10u3 v 3 sin2 w + 2uv 5 cos2 w
= 14
dudvdw
u + 7u12 v 2 + 21u10 v 4 + 35u8 v 6 + 35u6 v 8 + 21u4 v 10 + 7u2 v 12 + v 14
uv 5 + 2u5 v + 7u3 v 3 3u3 v 3 cos 2w + uv 5 cos 2w
=
dudvdw.
(u2 + v 2 )7

40

4.

4.3

4.3.1.
(1, 0, 0);
. (1, 0, 0), (1, /2, 0)
4.3.2.

(1, 1,
1);


2, /4, 1 ,
3, arctan 2, /4
.

4.3.3.
(1, 2, 3);



5, arctan 2, 3 ,
14, arctan 35 0, arctan 2

4.3.4.
(3, 0, /3);
. (0, 0, 3) , (0, 0, 3).

4.3.5.

/3)
;

(1, /4,
2/2, /3, 2/2 ,
2/4, 6/4, 2/2 .
.
4.3.6.

(1, 0, 3);


10, arctan (1/3) , 0 , (1, 0, 3)
.

4.3.7.

(1,
/4, 1)
;


2/2, 2/2, 1 ,
2/2, /4, /4 .
.
4.3.8. x = u + v , y = u v ,

z = w.


 1 1 0

. dV =  1 1 0
 0 0 1




 dudvdw = 2dudvdw.



4.3.9.

x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = w.


 cos v u sin v 0 


. dV = dxdydz =  sin v u cos v 0  dudvdw = ududvdw.
 0
0
1 

4.3.10.

x = uv cos(w), y = uv sin(w), z =

u2 v 2
.
2

41

4.


 cos (w) v u cos (w) u sin (w) v


 sin (w) v u sin (w) u cos (w) v



u
v
0





 dudvdw




. dV =

= u3 v cos2 w + u3 v sin2 w + uv 3 cos2 w + uv 3 sin2 w dudvdw.
4.3.11.

u
v
w
,
y
=
,
z
=
.
u2 + v 2 + w2
u2 + v 2 + w2
u2 + v 2 + w2

x=


 u2 +v2 +w2
2 (u2 +vuv
2 (u2 +vuw
 (u2 +v2 +w2 )2
2 +w 2 )2
2 +w 2 )2

2 v 2 +w 2
u
vw
uv
2 (u2 +v2 +w2 )2
dV =  2 (u2 +v2 +w2 )2
(u2 +v 2 +w2 )2

uw
vw
u2 +v 2 w2
 2 (u2 +v2 +w2 )2 2 (u2 +v2 +w2 )2
(u2 +v 2 +w2 )2

dudvdw
u6 + 3u4 v 2 + 3u4 w2 + 3u2 v 4 + 6u2 v 2 w2 + 3u2 w4 + v 6 + 3v 4 w2 + 3v 2 w4 + w6





 dudvdw




4.3.12. 2 .
. :
4.3.13. 2 x = u + v , y = u v ,
z = w.

4.3.14. 2 x =

y = uv , z =

u2 v 2
2

1
2

(u2 v 2 ),

4.3.15. 2 x =
2
2
uv cos(w), y = uv sin(w), z = u v
.
2
4.3.16. 2
x = r cosh u cos v , y = r sinh u sin v , z = z .

5.1

T aylor

5.1.1.
T aylor x0 , T aylor (x0 , y0 ). T aylor
(x, y) (x0 , y0 )

y (x0 , y0 )
x (x0 , y0 )
(x x0 ) +
(y y0 )
(5.1)
1!
1!
xx (x0 , y0 )
2xy (x0 , y0 )
yy (x0 , y0 )
+
(x x0 )2 +
(x x0 ) (y y0 ) +
(y y0 )2
2!
2!
2!
3
(x
,
y
)
xxx (x0 , y0 )
xxy
0
0
(x x0 )3 +
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )
+
3!
3!
3xyy (x0 , y0 )
yyy (x0 , y0 )
+
(x x0 ) (y y0 )2 +
(y y0 )3 + ...
3!
3!

(x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) +

Dx , Dy ( Dx = x , Dy = y ).

(x, y) =

X
((x x0 ) Dx + (y y0 ) Dy )n

n!

n=0

Dxk Dyl = x...xy...y (x0 , y0 ) ,

. , k x l y ,
(x, y) = (x0 , y0 ).

42

 5. T AY LOR

43

5.1.2. M acLaurin, . x0 = y0 = 0 (5.1)

y (x0 , y0 )
x (x0 , y0 )
x+
y
1!
1!
xx (x0 , y0 ) 2 2xy (x0 , y0 )
yy (x0 , y0 ) 2
+
x +
xy +
y
2!
2!
2!
xxx (x0 , y0 ) 3 3xxy (x0 , y0 ) 2
3xyy (x0 , y0 ) 2 yyy (x0 , y0 ) 3
+
x +
x y+
xy +
y + ...
3!
3!
3!
3!

(x, y) = (x0 , y0 ) +

5.1.3. , (x, y, z), T aylor (x0 , y0 , z0 )

(x, y, z) = (x0 , y0 , z0 )
x (x0 , y0 , z0 )
x (x0 , y0 , z0 )
x (x0 , y0 , z0 )
+
(x x0 ) +
(y y0 ) +
(z z0 )
1!
1!
1!
xx (x0 , y0 , z0 )
yy (x0 , y0 , z0 )
zz (x0 , y0 , z0 )
+
(x x0 )2 +
(y y0 )2 +
(y y0 )2
2!
2!
2!
2xy (x0 , y0 , z0 )
2yz (x0 , y0 , z0 )
+
(x x0 ) (y y0 ) +
(y y0 ) (z z0 ) +
2!
2!
2zx (x0 , y0 , z0 )
(z z0 ) (x x0 ) + ...
+
2!
5.1.4. (x, y).
(x0 , y0 ). ,

x (x0 , y0 ) = y (x0 , y0 ) = 0.

(5.2)

(5.2), (x0 , y0 ) (x, y).

.



 xx (x0 , y0 ) xy (x0 , y0 ) 

 > 0 xx (x0 , y0 ) < 0.
1. 
yx (x0 , y0 ) yy (x0 , y0 ) 


 xx (x0 , y0 ) xy (x0 , y0 ) 

 > 0 xx (x0 , y0 ) > 0.
2. 
yx (x0 , y0 ) yy (x0 , y0 ) 


 xx (x0 , y0 ) xy (x0 , y0 ) 

 < 0.
3. 
yx (x0 , y0 ) yy (x0 , y0 ) 
4.

 (


xx (x0 , y0 ) xy (x0 , y0 ) 
) 
= 0.
yx (x0 , y0 ) yy (x0 , y0 ) 


5.1.5. (x, y, z)
N (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ). , (
, )

x (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = y (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = z (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0

 5. T AY LOR

44

x1 = x2 = ... = xN = 0
5.1.6. (x, y, z). (x, y, z)

(x, y, z) = 0

(x, y, z, ) = (x, y, z) + (x, y, z)

/ .

5.1.7. , (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ).

(x, y, z)

1 (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) = 0, ..., M (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) = 0

(x1 , x2 , ..., xN , 1 , ..., M ) = (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) +

M
X

m m (x1 , x2 , ..., xN )

m=1

/ .

5.2

5.2.1. T aylor F (x, y) = e2x+3y (0, 0).

3 .
.

ez = 1 + z +

1 2 1 3
z + z + ....
2!
3!

z = 2x + 3y

1
1
(2x + 3y)2 + (2x + 3y)3 + ... .
2!
3!
T aylor F (x, y). xm y n . k
(2x + 3y) :


1
e2x+3y = 1 + (2x + 3y) +
4x2 + 12xy + 9y 2 +
2!


1
8x3 + 36x2 y + 54xy 2 + 27y 3 + ... ..
3!
e2x+3y = 1 + (2x + 3y) +

1
2!

1
3!

9
4
9
e2x+3y = 1 + 2x + 3y + 2x2 + 6xy + y 2 + x3 + 6x2 y + 9xy 2 + y 3 + .....
2
3
2

 5. T AY LOR

45

5.2.2. T aylor F (x, y) = ex+y (2, 1).

3 .
m
n
. (x 2) (y 1) .

ex+y = e3 e(x2)+(y1) .

e(x2)+(y1)

1
1
((x 2) + (y 1))2 + ((x 2) + (y 1))3
2!
3!
1
1
= 1 + (x 2) + (y 1) + (x 2)2 + (x 2) (y 1) + (y 1)2 +
2!
2!
1
1
1
1
(x 2)3 + 3 (x 2)2 (y 1) + 3 (x 2) (y 1)2 + (y 1)3 + ....
3!
3!
3!
3!

e(x2)+(y1) = 1 + ((x 2) + (y 1)) +

, ex+y e(x2)+(y1)
e3

e3
e3
2
3
= e + e (x 2) + e (y 1) + (x 2) + e (x 2) (y 1) + (y 1)2 +
2
2
3
3
3
e
e
e
e3
(x 2)3 + (x 2)2 (y 1) + (x 2) (y 1)2 + (y 1)3 + ....
6
2
2
6
3

x+y

5.2.3. T aylor F (x, y) = cos (x2 + y 2 )

(0, 0). 8 .
.

z2 z4
cos (z) = 1
+
+ ....
2!
4!

z = x2 + y 2

2 1 2

4
1 2
cos x2 + y 2 = 1
x + y2 +
x + y 2 + ... .
2!
4!
2

, (x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 ) (
4
(a + b) ;)

1
1
cos x2 + y 2 = 1 x4 x2 y 2 y 4 +
2
2
1 8 1 2 6 1 4 4 1 6 2
1
x + y x + y x + y x + y 8 + ......
24
6
4
6
24

5.2.4. T aylor F (x, y) = xy cos (x2 + y 2 )

(0, 0). 6 .
. F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y) G (x, y) = cos (x2 + y 2 )
H (x, y) = xy ,
F (x, y) G (x, y), H (x, y) . , 4

1
1
G (x, y) = cos x2 + y 2 = 1 x4 x2 y 2 y 4 + ... .
2
2

 5. T AY LOR

46

, T aylor H (x, y) = xy

H (x, y) = xy = xy.



1 4
1 4
2 2
F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y) = 1 x x y y + ... xy
2
2
1
1
= xy x5 y x3 y 3 xy 5 + ...
2
2
x

e
(0, 0).
5.2.5. T aylor F (x, y) = 1y
4 .
. , F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y)
1
G (x, y) = ex H (x, y) = 1y
.

G (x, y) = ex = 1 + x +

1
= 1 + y + y 2 + y 3 + ...
1y

H (x, y) =

1 2 1 3
x + x + ... .
2!
3!





1 2 1 3
F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y) = 1 + x + x + x + ... 1 + y + y 2 + y 3 + ...
2!
3!

.
, .
, 1
, 2 ... (
).


1 2 1 3
F (x, y) = 1 + x + x + x + ...
2!
3!


2
3
1 + y + y + y + ...
1
1
1
= 1 + x + y + x2 + xy + y 2 + x3 + yx2 + y 2 x + y 3
2
6
2
1 4 1 3
1 2 2
+ x + x y + y x + y 3 x + y 4 + ...
24
6
2

5.2.6. T aylor F (x, y) = ex+y sin (x + y)

(0, 0). 3 .
.

1
1
G (x, y) = ex+y = 1 + x + y + x2 + xy + y 2 + ...
2
2
1 3 1 2
1
1
H (x, y) = sin (x + y) = x + y x x y xy 2 y 3 + ... .
6
2
2
6

 5. T AY LOR

47

F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y)



1 2
1 2
= 1 + x + y + x + xy + y + ...
2
2


1 3 1 2
1 2 1 3
x + y x x y xy y + ...
6
2
2
6
1
1
= x + y + x2 + 2xy + y 2 + x3 + yx2 + xy 2 + y 3 + ...
3
3

.
.. 6 , ,
F (x, y) 6
( 3 G (x, y) H (x, y)).
2

5.2.7. T aylor F (x, y) = ex +y / (1 x y)

(0, 0). 3 .
.

H (x, y) =

2 +y 2

1
1
= 1 + x2 + y 2 + x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 + ...
2
2

G (x, y) = ex

1
= 1 + x + y + x2 + 2xy + y 2 + x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 + ... .
1xy

F (x, y) = G (x, y) H (x, y)



1 4
1 4
2 2
2
2
= 1 + x + y + x + x y + y + ...
2
2


2
2
3
1 + x + y + x + 2xy + y + x + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 + ...
= 1 + x + y + 2x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 + 2x3 + 4x2 y + 4xy 2 + 2y 3 + ...

5.2.8. T aylor F (x, y) = 5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3

(0, 0). .
. ,

5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3

. . T aylor
(0, 0) xm y n F (x, y)
. ,
:

F (x, y) = F (0, 0)+

Fx (0, 0)
Fy (0, 0)
Fxx (0, 0) 2 2Fxy (0, 0)
Fyy (0, 0) 2
x+
y+
x +
xy +
y +...
1!
1!
2!
2!
2!

 5. T AY LOR

48

F (0, 0) = 0,
Fx (0, 0) = 5,
Fy (0, 0) = 4,
Fxx (0, 0) = 0,
Fxy (0, 0) = 6,
Fyy (0, 0) = 2

F (x, y) = 5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3 ,
Fx (x, y) = 5 6y + 3x2 ,
Fy (x, y) = 4 6x 2y,
Fxx (x, y) = 6x,
Fxy (x, y) = 6,
Fyy (x, y) = 2,

F (x, y) = 0 + 5x + 4y +

... 0 Fxxx (0, 0) = 6 ( ;).

2 2 6 3
0 2 2 (6)
x +
xy +
y + x = 5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3 .
2!
2!
2!
3!

5.2.9. T aylor F (x, y) = 5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3

(1, 2). .
.
m
n
(x 1) (y 2) .

F (x, y) = 5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3 ,
Fx (x, y) = 5 6y + 3x2 ,
Fy (x, y) = 4 6x 2y,
Fxx (x, y) = 6x,
Fxy (x, y) = 6,
Fyy (x, y) = 2,
...
Fxxx (x, y) = 6,

F (1, 2) = 2
Fx (1, 2) = 4
Fy (1, 2) = 6
Fxx (1, 2) = 6
Fxy (1, 2) = 6
Fyy (1, 2) = 2
Fxxx (1, 2) = 6.

F (x, y) = 2 4 (x 1) 6 (y 2) + 3 (x 1)2 6 (x 1) (y 2) (y 2)2 + (x 1)3

(
)

2 4 (x 1) 6 (y 2) + 3 (x 1)2 6 (x 1) (y 2) (y 2)2 + (x 1)3 =

5x + 4y 6xy y 2 + x3 = F (x, y) .
5.2.10. T aylor F (x, y, z) = ex+y+z
(0, 0, 0). 2 .
.

eu = 1 + u +

u2
+ ...
2!

, u = x + y + z

ex+y+z = 1 + x + y + z + (x + y + z)2 + ...

= 1 + x + y + z + x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx + ..

 5. T AY LOR

ex+y = 1 + x + y +

ex+y
1xz

(0, 0, 0).

5.2.11. T aylor F (x, y) =

2 .
.

49

1 2
x + 2xy + y 2 + ...
2!

1
= 1 + x + z + x2 + 2xz + z 2 + ...
1xz
,





ex+y
1 2
2
= 1+x+y+
x + 2xy + y + ..
1xz
2!


1 + x + z + x2 + 2xz + z 2 + ...
5
1
= 1 + 2x + y + z + x2 + 2xy + 3xz + y 2 + yz + z 2 + ...
2
2

5.2.12. F (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .
. .

Fx = 2x = 0
Fy = 2y = 0.

(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0).

Fxx (x, y) = 1,
Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 1 > 0


 
 Fxx Fxy   1 0 

 = 1 > 0.


=
D (x, y) = 
Fyx Fyy   0 1 

(x1 , y1 ) .
F (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .
5.2.13. F (x, y) = 4xy x2
3y 2 + 3x + 4.
. .

Fx = 4y 2x + 3 = 0
Fy = 4x 6y = 0.

, (x1 , y1 ) = (9/2, 3).

Fxx (x, y) = 2,
Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 2 < 0

 

 Fxx Fxy   2 4 
=
 = 4 < 0.
D (x, y) = 
Fyx Fyy   4 6 

(x1 , y1 ) F (x, y).

 5. T AY LOR

50

Fx = 3x2 3y = 0
Fy = 3y 2 3x = 0.

2

(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0)
.
(x2 , y2 ) = (1, 1)

x =y x =y =xx x 1 =0

5.2.14. F (x, y) = x3 + y 3
3xy .
. .

Fxx (x, y) = 6x,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

D (x1 , y1 ) = 9 < 0.
D (x2 , y2 ) = 27 > 0.

Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 6 0 = 0,
Fxx (x2 , y2) = 6 1 > 0,

 

  6x 3 
=

  3 6y  = 36xy 9.

(0, 0) (1, 1) F (x, y).

5.2.15. F (x, y) = x3 + y 3
3xy .
. .

Fx = 3yx2 + 24x = 0
Fy = x3 8 = 0.

x = 2 12y + 48 = 0 y = 4. .
(x1 , y1 ) = (2, 4).

Fxx (x, y) = 6x,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

 

  6xy + 24 3x2 
=
 = 9x4 .
 
3x2
0 

Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 6 2 = 12 > 0,

D (x1 , y1 ) = 9 24 < 0.

(2, 4) F (x, y).

5.2.16. F (x, y) = x3 y +
12x2 8y .
. .

Fx = 3yx2 + 24x = 0
Fy = x3 8 = 0.

 5. T AY LOR

51

x = 2 12y + 48 = 0 y = 4. .
(x1 , y1 ) = (2, 4).

 

  6xy + 24 3x2 
=
 = 9x4 .
 
3x2
0 

Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 6 2 = 12 > 0,

Fxx (x, y) = 6x,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

D (x1 , y1 ) = 9 24 < 0.

(2, 4) F (x, y).

5.2.17. F (x, y) = x4 + y 4
4xy + 2.
. .

Fx = 4x3 4y = 0
Fy = 4y 3 4x = 0.

x3 = y x9 = y 3 = x x x8 1 = 0 x x4 1 x4 + 1 = 0






x x2 1 x2 + 1 x4 + 1 = 0

(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0)
(x2 , y2 ) = (1, 1) .

(x3 , y3 ) = (1, 1)

2

Fxx (x, y) = 12x ,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

 
  12x2 4
=
  4 12y 2



 = 144x2 y 2 16.


Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 12 0 = 0,
Fxx (x2 , y2 ) = 12 1 > 0,
Fxx (x3 , y3 ) = 12 1 > 0,

D (x1 , y1 ) = 16 < 0.
D (x2 , y2 ) = 128 > 0.
D (x3 , y3 ) = 128 > 0.

(0, 0) (1, 1) , (1, 1) F (x, y).

5.2.18. F (x, y) = (1 + xy)
(x + y).
. .

Fx = y(x + y) + 1 + xy = 0
Fy = x(x + y) + 1 + xy = 0.

 5. T AY LOR

52

(x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1)
.
(x2 , y2 ) = (1, 1)

0 + 1 x2 = 0

 
 
2y
2x + 2y
=
  2x + 2y
2x



 = 4x2 4xy 4y 2 .


Fxx (x, y) = 2y,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

x = 0
y = 0. y (x + y) = x (x + y) , x = y , x = y . x = y
3x2 + 1 = 0. x = 1.

Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 2 > 0,

Fxx (x2 , y2 ) = 2 < 0,

D (x1 , y1 ) = 4 < 0.
D (x2 , y2 ) = 4 > 0.

(1, 1) (1, 1) F (x, y).

5.2.19. F (x, y) = xy
(1 x y).
. .

Fx = y(x + 1 y) xy = 0
Fy = x(x + 1 y) xy = 0.

(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0). x = 0, y 6= 0

y (1 y) = 0

(x2 , y2 ) = (0, 1) (x3 , y3 ) = (1, 0). , (x, y) 6= (0, 0)

x + 1 y = x
x + 1 y = y

(x4 , y4 ) = (1/3, 1/3). . .

Fxx (x, y) = 2y,


 F
Fxy
D (x, y) =  xx
Fyx Fyy

 
 
2y
1 2x 2y
=
  1 2x 2y
2x

= 4x2 4xy + 4x 4y 2 + 4y 1.

Fxx (x1 , y1 ) = 0,
Fxx (x2 , y2 ) = 2 < 0,
Fxx (x3 , y3 ) = 0,
Fxx (x4 , y4 ) = 2/3 < 0,

D (x1 , y1 ) = 1 < 0.
D (x2 , y2 ) = 1 < 0.
D (x3 , y3 ) = 1 < 0.
D (x4 , y4 ) = 31 > 0.

(0, 0) , (0, 1) , (1, 0) F (x, y) (1/3, 1/3)

.

 5. T AY LOR

53

Fx = 2x = 0
Fy = 2y = 0.
Fz = 2z = 0

5.2.20. F (x, y) = x2 +y 2 z 2 .
. .

, (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0).

Hesssian


Fxx (x, y, z)  = 2 > 0

 

Fxx (x, y, z) Fxy (x, y, z)   2 0 
=
=4>0
Fyx (x, y, z) Fyy (x, y, z)   0 2 

Fxx (x, y, z) Fxy (x, y, z) Fxz (x, y, z) 
Fyx (x, y, z) Fyy (x, y, z) Fyz (x, y, z)  = 8 < 0.
Fzx (x, y, z) Fzy (x, y, z) Fzz (x, y, z) 


D1 (x, y, z) = 


D2 (x, y, z) = 



D3 (x, y, z) = 


Fxx Fxy Fxz

2 0 0
D (x, y, z) = Fyx Fyy Fyz = 0 2 0 .
Fzx Fzy Fzz
0 0 2

(0, 0, 0) F (x, y, z).

5.2.21. F (x, y) = x2 y 2
z 2 + 2xy + xz 3y .
. .

Fx = 2x + 2y + z = 0
Fy = 2y + 2x 3 = 0.
Fz = 2z + x = 0

Cramer
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (6, 9/2, 3). Hesssian

Fxx Fxy Fxz

2 2
1
Fyx Fyy Fyz = 2 2 0 .
Fzx Fzy Fzz
1
0 2


D1 (x, y, z) = 


D2 (x, y, z) = 



D3 (x, y, z) = 



2  = 2 < 0

2 2 
=0
2 2 

2 2
1 
2 2 0  = 2 > 0.
1
0 2 

(x, y, z) (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0, ).

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) F (x, y, z).

 5. T AY LOR

54

Fx = 4x3 4yz = 0
Fy = 4y 3 4xz = 0.
Fz = 4z 3 4xy = 0

5.2.22. F (x, y) = x4 + y 4 +
z 4 4xyz .
. .

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0)
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (1, 1, 1). x 6= 0 yz 6= 0 , ..,

x3
y
= x4 = y 4 y = x
3
y
x
z = x.

x3 = yz,

y = x,

z = x

( )

(x3 , y3 , z3 ) = (1, 1, 1)
(x4 , y4 , z4 ) = (1, 1, 1)
(x5 , y5 , z5 ) = (1, 1, 1) .

Hesssian

12x2 4z 4y
Fxx Fxy Fxz
Fyx Fyy Fyz = 4z 12y 2 4x .
4y 4x 12z 2
Fzx Fzy Fzz


D1 (x, y, z) = 


D2 (x, y, z) = 



D3 (x, y, z) = 



12x2  = 12x2

12x2 4z 
= 144x2 y 2 16z 2
4z 12y 2 

12x2 4z 4y 
4z 12y 2 4x  = 192x4 + 1728x2 y 2 z 2 128xyz 192y 4 192z 4 .
4y 4x 12z 2 

1. (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0, )

D1 (0, 0, 0) = D2 (0, 0, 0) = D3 (0, 0, 0) = 0

(0, 0, 0).

2. (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (1, 1, 1)

D1 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 12 > 0
D2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 128 > 0
D3 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 1024 > 0.
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) F (x, y, z).

 5. T AY LOR

55

D1 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 12 > 0
D2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 128 > 0
D3 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 1280 > 0.
(x3 , y3 , z3 ) F (x, y, z).

3. (x3 , y3 , z3 ) = (1, 1, 1)

4. (x4 , y4 , z4 ) = (1, 1, 1) (x5 , y5 , z5 ) = (1, 1, 1) , .

5.2.23. F (x, y) = x3 + y 3
z 2 xyz .
. .

Fx = 3x2 yz = 0
Fy = 3y 2 xz = 0.
Fz = 2z xy = 0

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0) (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (6, 6, 18).

Hesssian

Fxx Fxy Fxz

6x z y
Fyx Fyy Fyz = z 6y x .
Fzx Fzy Fzz
y x 2


6x  = 6x

6x z 
= 36xy z 2
z 6y 

6x z y 
z 6y x  = 6x3 2xyz 72xy 6y 3 + 2z 2 .
y x 2 


D1 (x, y, z) = 


D2 (x, y, z) = 



D3 (x, y, z) = 


(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (0, 0, 0, )

D1 (0, 0, 0) = D2 (0, 0, 0) = D3 (0, 0, 0) = 0

(0, 0, 0).
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (6, 6, 18)


D1 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) =  6 (6)

 6 (6)
D2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 
18

 6 (6)

18
D3 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = 

6


 = 36 < 0


18
 = 972 > 0
6 (6) 

18
6 
6 (6) 6  = 1944 > 0.
6
2 

(x2 , y2 , z2 ) F (x, y, z).

 5. T AY LOR

56

5.2.24. F (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2
x2 + y 2 = 1.
. , /
Lagrange. F (x, y) = x2 +2y 2

L (x, y) = F (x, y) + G (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 + x2 + y 2 1 .

Lx = 2x + 2x = 0
Ly = 4y + 2y = 0
L = x2 + y 2 1 = 0.

2x = 2x
4y = 2y

x = 0 = 1. x = 0, y = 1.
= 1, y = 0 x = 1.
: (0, 1), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 0).

F (0, 1) = F (0, 1) = 2 F (1, 0) = F (1, 0) = 1.

(0, 1) (0, 1) (1, 0)
(1, 0).

5.2.25. F (x, y) = 3x + 4y
G (x, y) = x2 + y 2 1 = 0.
. , /
Lagrange. F (x, y) = 3x + 4y

L (x, y) = F (x, y) + G (x, y) = 3x + 4y + x2 + y 2 1 .

Lx = 3 + 2x = 0
Ly = 4 + 2y = 0
L = x2 + y 2 1 = 0.

x, y, 6= 0.

x=

3
,
2

y=

9
4
5
+ 2 =1= .
2
4

 5. T AY LOR

57

 

2
3 4
3
,
=
,
(x1 , y1 ) =
21 1
5 5

 

3
2
3 4
(x2 , y2 ) =
,
= ,
.
22 2
5 5

3
4
F (x1 , y1 ) = 3x1 + 4y1 = 3 + 4 = 5
5
5
3
4
F (x2 , y2 ) = 3x2 + 4y2 = 3
+4
= 5.
5
5




. F (x, y) (x1 , y1 ) = 53 , 45 (x2 , y2 ) = 35 , 54 .

5.2.26. F (x, y, z) = x + y + z xyz = 1.

. , /
Lagrange. F (x, y, z) = x + y + z

L (x, y, z) = F (x, y, z) + G (x, y, z) = x + y + z + (xyz 1) .

Lx
Ly
Lz
L

= 1 + yz = 0
= 1 + xz = 0
= 1 + xy = 0
= xyz 1 = 0.

xyz = 0 ( ) x 6= 0, y 6= 0, z 6= 0.

1
1
1
=
=
x = y = z.
yz
xz
xy

xyz = 1

x = y = z = 1. F (x, y, z) =
x + y + z ( G (x, y, z) = xyz 1 = 0).
  ,
1
(x, y, z) = x, y, xy
.

5.2.27. (3, 1, 1)
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
. (x, y, z) .
G (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 4 = 0.

 5. T AY LOR
() d (x, y, z) =

58

q
(x 3)2 + (y 1)2 + (z + 1)2
2

() F (x, y, z) = (x 3) + (y 1) +
(z + 1)2 .

L (x, y, z, ) = (x 3)2 + (y 1)2 + (z + 1)2 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 4 .

= 2 (x 3) + 2x = 0
= 2 (y 1) + 2y = 0
= 2 (z + 1) + 2z = 0
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 4 = 0.

Lx
Ly
Lz
L

x, y, z

x=

3
,
1

y=

1
,
1

z=

1
1

( 6= 1 ... ;).

3
1

2

1
1

2

1
1

2
=4

11
11
=1
.
(1 ) =
4
2



6
11
2
2
1 = 1 +
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = , ,
2
11 11
11



11
6
2
2
2 = 1
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) = , ,
2
11
11 11

s

2 
2 
2
6
2
2
3 + 1 + + 1 ' 1. 316 6
d (x1 , y1 , z1 ) =
11
11
11
s
2 
2 
2
6
2
2
3 + 1 + + + 1 ' 5. 316 6
d (x2 , y2 , z2 ) =
11
11
11

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x2 , y2 , z2 ).

 5. T AY LOR

59

5.2.28. F (x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z
G1 (x, y, z) = x y + z 1 = 0 G2 (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 1 = 0.
.

L (x, y, z, 1 , 2 ) = x + 2y + 3z + 1 (x y + z 1) + 2 x2 + y 2 1 .

1 + 1 + 22 x = 0
2 1 + 22 y = 0
3 + 1 = 0
xy+z1=0
x2 + y 2 1 = 0

1 = 3 x =
y = 25 2 .

25
1
+ 2 =1
2
2 42

22 = 29/4 2 = 29/2. 1 + 0.371 39 + 0.928 48 = 2. 299 9


x1 = 2/ 29 ' 0.371 39
z1 = 1 x1 + y1 ' 2. 3
y1 = 5/ 29 ' 0.928 48


x2 = 2/ 29 ' 0.371 39
z1 = 1 x1 + y1 ' 0. 3.
y2 = 5/ 29 ' 0.928 48

(x1 , y1 , z1 )

F (x1 , y1 , z1 ) ' F (0.37139, 0.92848, 2.3) = 8. 385 6

(x2 , y2 , z2 )

F (x2 , y2 , z2 ) ' F (0.37139, 0.92848, 2.3) = 2. 385 6.

F (x, y, z) (x1 , y1 , z1 ).

5.3

5.3.1. T aylor F (x, y) = ex+y (0, 0).

3 .
. 1 + x + y + 21 x2 + xy + 12 y 2 + 16 x3 + 12 x2 y + 12 xy 2 + 16 y 3 + ...

5.3.2. T aylor F (x, y) = ex+y (1, 2).

3 .
3
3
3
3
3
3
. e3 +e3 x+e3 y + e 2 x2 +e3 xy + e 2 y 2 + e 6 x3 + e 2 x2 y + e 2 xy 2 + e 6 y 3 +...

 5. T AY LOR

60

5.3.3. T aylor F (x, y) = sin (x2 + y 2 )

(0, 0). 6 .
. 1 61 x6 12 x4 y 2 12 x2 y 4 16 y 6 + ....
5.3.4. T aylor F (x, y) = x2 y sin (x2 + y 2 )
(0, 0). 9 .
. x2 y 61 x8 y 21 x6 y 3 12 x4 y 5 16 x2 y 7 + ...

5.3.5. T aylor F (x, y) = 21x + 42y 6xy 12y 2 + 4y 3 109

(5, 1). .
3
. 15 (x 5) 6 (x 5) (y 1) + 4 (y 1) .
5.3.6. T aylor F (x, y) = 1+x12 +y2 (0, 0).
8 .
. 1 x6 3x4 y 2 + x4 3x2 y 4 + 2x2 y 2 x2 y 6 + y 4 y 2 + ... .

5.3.7. T aylor F (x, y) = sin x sin y

(/4, /4). 2 .
2
2
. 21 + 12 (x /4)+ 12 (y /4) 41 (x /4) 14 (y /4) + 21 (x /4) (y /4)+

...

5.3.8. T aylor F (x, y) = ex sin y (0, 0).

3 .
. y + xy + 12 x2 y 61 y 3 + ...
5.3.9. T aylor F (x, y) = ex ln (1 + y)
(0, 0). 3 .
. y 12 y 2 + xy + 12 x2 y 21 xy 2 + 13 y 3 + ...

cos x
5.3.10. T aylor F (x, y) = 1+x
2 +y 2
(1, 2). 8 .
19 6 2
1 4 6
37 4 4
1 10
x 18 x8 y 2 + 13
x8 18 x6 y 4 + 12
x y 37
x6 24
x y + 24
x y 97
x4 y 2 +
. 1 24
24
24
24
37 4
1 2 6
7 2 4
5 2 2
3 2
6
4
2
x + 2 x y 2 x y + 2 x y 2 x y + y y + ... .
24

5.3.11. T aylor F (x, y) =

(0, 0). 3 .
. 1 + x + y + x2 + xy + y 2 + ... .

1
1xy+xy

5.3.12. T aylor F (x, y) = ln (1 x) ln (1 y)

(0, 0). 5 .
2
2
2 2
2 3
3 2
. xy + x2y + xy2 + x 4y + x 6y + x 6y + ... .
5.3.13. T aylor ( (1, 1) ) z (x, y)
z 3 + yz xy 2 x3 = 0. 2 .
9
. 1 + (x 1) + 41 (y 1) 81 (x 1) (y 1) + 64
(y 1)2 + ... .
5.3.14. T aylor F (x, y, z) = sin (x + y + z)
(0, 0, 0). 3 .
. x + y + z 61 x3 12 x2 y 12 x2 z 12 xy 2 xyz 12 xz 2 16 y 3 21 y 2 z 12 yz 2 16 z 3 + ...
.

 5. T AY LOR

61

1
5.3.15. T aylor F (x, y, z) = 1+x+y+z

(0, 0, 0). 2 .
. 1 x y z + x2 + 2xy + 2xz + y 2 + 2yz + z 2 + ... .

5.3.16. F (x, y) = 2xy x2

2y 2 + 3x + 4
. (3, 3/2).

5.3.17. F (x, y) = 2x3 + xy 2 + 5x2 + y 2

. (0, 0), (5/3, 0), (1, 2), (1, 2).

5.3.18. F (x, y) = 8x3 + y 3

12xy + 8

. (8) (1, 2) (0) (0, 0) .

5.3.19. F (x,
y) = xy (a x y)
. (0, 0) , (0, a), (a, 0), a3 , a3 .

5.3.20. F (x, y) = 2x2 + y 2

2xy 4x + 3

. (1) (2, 2).

5.3.21. F (x, y) = (2ax x2 ) (2by y 2 )

. (0, 0), (0, 2b), (2a, 0), (a, b), (2a, 2b).

5.3.22. F (x, y) = x4 4xy +

2y 2 5.
. (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1) .
5.3.23. F (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 +

3
. a/ 3, a/ 3 .

a3
x

a2
y

5.3.24. F (x, y) = 13x2 +

16xy + 7y 2 + 10x + 2y 5
. (1, 1).

5.3.25. F (x, y) = cos (x + y)

2x2 2y 2 + 8x 8y + 4xy

. .

4
4
2
2
5.3.26.

F(x,

y) = x + y 2x 4xy 2y .
.
2, 2 2, 2 .

5.3.27. F (x, y) = x3 + y 2 6xy 39x + 18y + 20.

. (5, 6) .
5.3.28. F (x, y) = x3 y 2 (12 x y).
. (6, 4).

 5. T AY LOR

62

5.3.29. F (x, y) = x3 + y 3 3xy .

. (0, 0), (1, 1).

5.3.30. F (x, y) = 2xy

x2 2y 2 + 3x + 4.
. (8, 5), 3, 23 .

5.3.31. F (x, y, z) = 2x2 + y 2 + 2z xy xz .

. (2, 1, 7).

5.3.32. F (x, y, z) = 3 ln x+2 ln y+5 ln z+ln (22 x y z) .

. (6, 4, 10).
5.3.33. F (x, y) = xm + y m ( m > 1)
x + y = 2.
. (1, 1).

5.3.34. F (x, y) = xy x2 +
y 2 = 2a2 .
. (a, a), (a, a) (a, a), (a, a) .
5.3.35. F (x, y) =
1
x2

1
y2

1
.
a2

1
x

1
y

. a 2, a 2 a 2, a 2 .

5.3.36. F (x, y, z) = x+y+z

1
+ y1 + z1 = 1.
x
. (3, 3, 3).

5.3.37. F (x, y, z) = xyz

x + y + z = 5.


. 35 , 53 , 53 .

5.3.38. F (x, y, z) = xyz

xy + yz + zx = 8.


. 35 , 53 , 53 .
5.3.39. F (x, y) = x3 3xy 2 + 18y
3x2 y 3 6x
=0.

3, 3 3, 3 .
.
5.3.40. (x, y, z) 2x 6y + 3z = 22
(3, 3, 1)
. (1, 3, 2).
5.3.41. (x, y, z) 3x + 2y + 3z = 5
(2, 3, 5)
. (1, 1, 2).

 5. T AY LOR

63

5.3.42.

y3
z+7
x+3
y+4
z5
x1
=
=
l2 :
=
=
.
2
1
2
3
1
1

l1 :

. 10 2.

5.3.43. z
2x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 + 8xz z + 8 = 0.
. (2, 0), (16/7, 0).

5.3.44. z
5x2 + 5y 2 + 5z 2 2xy 2xz 2yz 72 = 0.
. (1, 1) (1, 1).

6.1

6.1.1. C
D ( ). S D. ( .7.1).

7.1

6.1.2. S : D S

lim

x,y0

S =

lim

XX

x,y0

xy =

lim

x,y0

XX

yx.

, S

Z Z

S=

dS.
D

64

(6.1)

65

6.
dS dS = dxdy .

Z Z

S=

y2

x(y2 )

y(x2 )

dydx.

dxdy =

dS =

y(x1 )

x1

x(y1 )

y1

x2

6.1.3.
(6.2)

Z Z

y2

x(y2 )

f (x, y) dS =

x2

y(x2 )

f (x, y) dxdy =
y1

6.1.4. , f (x, y)
P
limx,y0
f (x, y) S )

x(y1 )

f (x, y) dydx.

x1

(6.3)

y(x1 )

6.1.5. , (6.3)
D {(x, y, f (x, y)) : (x, y) D}.
6.1.6.
( ):

Z Z

Z Z

af (x, y) dxdy

f (x, y) dxdy =

Z Z

ZD

[f (x, y) + g (x, y)] dxdy =

D

Z Z

f (x, y) dxdy +

g (x, y) dxdy
D

, (x, y) D f (x, y) g (x, y),

Z Z

Z Z

f (x, y) dxdy

g (x, y) dxdy.

6.1.7. , : f (x, y)
D S , (x0 , y0 )
D
Z Z

f (x, y) dxdy = f (x0 , y0 ) S.

6.1.8. (6.1)(6.3) " , y (x1 ), y (x2 ) .

C .
.
6.1.9.
. (x, y) (u, v)

x = x (u, v) ,

y = y (u, v) .

f (x, y) = f (x (u, v) , y (u, v))

66

6.



 dr dr  D (x, y)
dudv.
dS = dxdy =   =
du dv
D (u, v)

Z Z

Z Z
f (x, y) dxdy =

f (x (u, v) , y (u, v))

dS

D (x, y)
dudv.
D (u, v)

Z Z

= ,

Z Z

f (x, y) dxdy =
D

6.2

D(x,y)
D(u,v)

6.1.10. .., , u = , v =
dxdy = dd

f (x (, ) , y (, )) dd.

R1R2

6.2.1.
.
2

y 2 dydx.

y dydx =

R1Rx

6.2.2.
.
1

y3
3

y dydx =

6.2.3.
.

8
dx =
3

x3
dx =
3

dx =

y=0

8x
3

x=1

x4
12

x=1

x=0

8
= .
3

y=x

dx =
0

y=0

=
x=0

1
.
12

y 2 dydx.

x2

R 1 R x2
0

y=2

y 2 dydx.

y3
3

y 2 dydx =

y3
3

y=x2

y= x

dx =
0

!
x6
x3
dx

3
3

x=1
x7
2 3
1
2
3
x x
=

= .
21 15
21 15
35
x=0

6.2.4. y1 (x) = x,
y2 (x) = x2 .

. x = x2 , . x = 0 x = 1.

[0, 1] x2 x.

Z
dydx =

x2

y= x
(y)y=x2

Z
dx =
0

xx


dx =

2x3/2 x3

3
3

x=1
=
x=0

2 1
1
= .
3 3
3

67

6.

1x/2

(y)y=1x/2
y=0

dydx =

E=
0

dx =


x=2
x2
= x
= 2 1 = 1.
4 x=0

6.2.5. : x = 0, y = 0, 21 x + y = 1.
. (0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1) (
x = 0, y = 0, 21 x + y = 1).

x
1
dx
2

1/x

x2

6.2.6. : xy = 1, y = x2 , x = 1, x =
2.
.



x=2
x3
1
2
x dx = ln x
dydx =
dx =
x
3 x=1
1
1


1
8
7
= ln 2 0
= ln 2 + .
3
3
3
2

y=1/x
(y)y=x2

6 4 ln 2.

6.2.7. D y = 4xx2
y = 0, y = 3x + 6.
. D , D1 ,
y = 4x x2 x = 2, y = 3x + 6 D2 ,
.y = 4x x2 , x = 2, y = 0 D2 .

Z Z

Z Z

dydx =

2 42

43
3


2 22

Z Z

23
3

D1

dydx +
D1

dydx
D2

16
3

4xx2

dydx =

Z Z

4x x2 (3x + 6) dx

dydx =

3x+6


x=2
x3 3 2
13
2
= 2x
+ x 6x
=
3
2
6
x=1

x=4
Z Z
Z 4 Z 4xx2
Z 4


x3
16
2
2
dydx =
dydx =
4x x dx = 2x
=
3 x=2
3
2
0
2
D2

Z Z

Z Z
dydx =

Z Z
dydx +

D1

dydx =
D2

13 16
45
15
+
=
= .
6
3
6
2

68

6.

Z Z

6.2.8. (0, 0) R.
2
2
2
.

 x + y = R , x y
R2 x2 , R2 x2 .
R2 x2

R2 x2

dydx.

dd =
0

. () = R

=R

2
2

d =

=0

R2
d =
2

R2

2

= R2

=0

6.2.9. = cos 2 , [/2, /2]

. [/4, /4].

/4

cos 2

/4

dd = 4

/4

=cos 2

/4

/4

=4

/4

2
2

/4

d = 4
/4

=0

cos2 2
d
2

1 + cos 4

=/4
d = ( + cos 4)=/4 = .
4
2

6.2.10. 2 = cos 2 , [/4, /4]

().
. [0, /4].

/4

cos 2

/4

dd = 4

2
2

=cos 2

/4

Z
d = 4
0

=0

cos 2
=/4
d = (sin 2)=0 = 1.
2

6.2.11. = cos 3 , [0, ].

. [/6, 6] ( ;).

/6

cos 3

/6

dd = 3

/6

/6

3
2

6.2.12.

/6

/6

RR
D

2
2

=cos 3
=0

3
d =
2

/6

cos2 3d

/6

1 + cos 6
3

=/6
d = ()=/6 = .
2
4
4

xydxdy D : x2 + y 2 R2 .

69

6.
.
2

0
2 Z R

cos sin dd

xydd =
0

1
=
2

3 sin 2dd
0
0
Z 2  4 =R
1

=
sin 2d
2 0
4 =0
Z
1 2 R4
sin 2d
=
2 0
4
Z
R4 2
=
sin 2d = 0
8 0

( [0, 2] ).

RR

6.2.13.
(x2 + y 2 ) dydx, D x2 + y 2
D
2Rx.
. , D

x2 + y 2 = 2Rx x2 2Rx + R2 + y 2 = R2 (x R)2 + y 2 = R2

. (0, R) R.
... (0, R),
.

x = R + cos ,

y = sin .


 cos sin
D (x, y)
dd = 
dxdy =
sin cos
D ()



 dd = dd


(. ).

R2 + 2 cos + 2 dd
0
0
=R
Z 2 
2
3
R4
2
=
R
+ 2 cos +
d
2
3
4 =0
0

(R + cos ) + sin dd =

= 2

R4
R4
3R4
+ 2 0 + 2
=
.
2
4
2

70

6.
6.2.14.

R R sin x
D

dxdy

D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y x}
R R sin x
.
dxdy x
D
R
sinx x dx, . , .

Z Z

sin x
dxdy =
x

sin x
dydx.
x

Z Z


y=x
Z 1
sin x
sin x
dy dx =
y
dx
x
x
0
0
0
y=0
D

Z 1
Z 1
sin x
sin x
sin xdx = 1 cos 1..
=
x
0 dx =
x
x
0
0
RR
6.2.15.
x cos (xy) dydx
Z Z

sin x
dydx =
x

Z

D = {(x, y) : 0 x , 0 y 1} .

Z Z

Z

Z

x cos (xy) dy dx =

x cos (xy) dydx =

(sin (xy))y=1
y=0 dx =


cos (xy) d (xy) dx

sin xdx = ( cos x)x=

x=0 = 2.

6.2.16.

RR

xydxdy D

y = x 1 y 2 = 2x + 6,
.
. y = x 1 y 2 = 2x + 6

y 2 = 2 (1 + y) + 6 y1 = 2 y2 = 4.

D=


y2
(x, y) : 2 y 4, 3 x y + 1 .
2

y+1

x2 y
2

x=y+1

 5

y
3
2
xydx dy =
dy =
+ 4y + 2y 8y dy
y2
y2
4
3
2
2
x=
3
2
2
 6
y=4
y
2
1
=
+ y 4 + y 3 4y 2
= 36.
2
24
3
y=2
Z

71

6.
6.2.17.

RR

(3x + 4y 2 ) dxdy D



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 x2 + y 2 4 y 0 .
. ( )

Z Z
3x + 4y

3x + 4y 2 dd

dxdy =
0

1
Z

Z0

3 cos + 42 sin2 dd

=2
3 cos + 4 sin2 =1 d
0
=2
Z 
3
4 1 cos 2
=
cos +
d
2
0
=1

Z 
15
(1 cos 2) d
=
7 cos +
2
0
=

15
15
=
.
= 7 sin +
2
2
=0

6.2.18. D x2 + y 2 = 1 x2 + y 2 =
5.

Z Z

x2 + y dxdy

Z Z

2 cos2 + sin dd

x + y dxdy =

Z

2
2

cos + sin d d
0

Z


 
1 + cos 2
=

+ sin d d
2
1
0
=2
Z 5 
sin 2
2
=

+
cos
d
2
4
1
=0
 4 =5
Z 5

=
2 () d =
= 6.
4 =1
1
Z

6.2.19. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = 2,

y = 1 z = x2 + y 2 + 1

72

6.
.
1

1+x +y
0

y=1
y3
y+x y+
dydx =
dx
3 y=0
0


x=2
Z 2
4
4x x3
16
2
=
+ x dx =
+
= .
3
3
3 x=0
3
0
Z

1x

Z
(1 x y) dydx =

Z
=

y=1x

y2
dx
y xy
2 y=0

(1 x)2
1 x x (y) 1 x
2

6.2.20. x = 0, y = 0,
z = 0, x + y + z = 1.
. ( !).
(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0), (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 0), (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 0) (
x = 0, y = 0, x+y = 1).
z z = 1 x y .

1
dx = .
6

6.2.21. x2 + y 2 = R2 .
z = 2, z = 5.
. ( D
x2 + y 2 = R 2 )

Z Z

Z Z

(z2 (x, y) z1 (x, y)) dydx =

(5 2) dydx = 3R2

RR

dydx = R2 , ).

6.2.22. x2 +
2y 2 + z 2 = 16 x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0.
. .
0 x 2, 0 y 2.

16 x 2y

dxdy =

x=2


Z 2
88
x3
2
2
2y x
4y dy = 48.
16x
dy =
3
3
0
x=0

6.2.23. z = sin x cos y

z = 0.
. .
0 x , 2 y 2 .

/2

Z
sin x cos ydxdy =

/2

 Z
sin xdx

/2

/2

cos ydy

x=/2

= (cos x)x=
x=0 (sin y)y=/2 = 4.

73

6.

6.2.24. z = x2 + y 2
D y = 2x y = x2 .
. . D ( xy )



D = (x, y) : 0 x 2, x2 y 2x .

2


y=2x
y3
2
dydx =
x y+
dx
3 y=x2
0
y=2x
Z 2
8x3
x6
3
4
=
2x +
x
dx
3
3 y=x2
0
 4
x=2
x
216
8x4 x5 x7
= 2 +
dx =

.
4
12
5
21 x=0
35

2x
2

x +y

x2

6.2.25. z = 0
z = 1 x2 y 2 .
. z = 0 ( z = 0) x2 + y 2 =
1.

dd =

2 4

2
4

=1

Z
d =
0

=0

d =
4
2

6.2.26. z = 0,
z = x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 = 1.
. ( )

Z Z

x2 + y 2 dxdy

D = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 = 1} ( D , S = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 = 1} !!!).

dd =

4
4

=1
d =
=0

.
2

6.2.27. z = 0,
z = x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 = 2x.
. ( !)

C : x2 + y 2 = 2x C : (x 1)2 + y 2 = 1.

x = 1 + cos ,

y = sin

74

6.

dxdy = dd.

2

1
2

x +y

dd =
Z0 2 Z0 1

(1 + cos )2 + 2 sin2 dd


2 + 2 cos + 1 dd

Z0 2 Z0 1

3 + 22 cos + dd
0
0
=1
Z 2  4

2 3
2
=
+ cos +
d
4
3
2 =0
0

Z 2 
3 2
=
+ cos d
4 3
0

=2
3 2
3
=
+ sin
=
.
4
3
2
=0

6.2.28. .
y = 0, y = 2x x = 1 d (x, y) = 6x + 6y + 6.
. ,
(x1 , y1 ) = (0, 0), (x2 , y2 ) = (1, 0), (x3 , y3 ) = (1, 2) ( ; !).

1

2x

(6x + 6y + 6) dydx =

Z0 1

6xy + 3y 2 + 6y

y=2x
y=0


dy dx

x=1
24x2 + 12x dx = 8x3 + 6x2 x=0 = 14.

=
0

6.2.29. (0, 0), R

.
. x2 + y 2 R2 . d (x, y) =
d0 .
2
2
x +y

Z Z

R2 x2

R2 x2

d
p 0
dydx.
x2 + y 2

Z
0

Z
0

d0
dd =

Z
0

(d0 )=R
=0

Z
d =
0

d0 Rd = (d0 R)2
=0 = 2Rd0 .

75

6.

6.3

Z
0


=R
3
d0 ydd =
d0 sin dd =
d0
sin d
3 =0
0
0
0

2
Z
R3
R3
2
d0
sin d = d0
cos
= d0 R3 .
=
3
3
3
0
=0
Z

6.3.1.
. 32 a3/2 .

R a R x
0

6.3.2.
. 9.

R 4 R 2x

6.3.3.
. 1/2.

R 2 R ln y

y
dydx.
x

ex dxdy .

dydx.

6.2.30. (0, 0),

R (x, y) d0 y .
. [0, R], [0, ].

6.3.4. : x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
. 1/2.

6.3.5. : y 2 =
.
. ab
6
6.3.6. : y =
. 16/3.

b2
x,
a

y = ab x.

x, y = 2 x, x = 4.

6.3.7. : x = y , y = 5x, x = 1.
. 2.
6.3.8. : xy = 4, y = x, x = 4.
. 6 4 ln 2.
6.3.9. : y 2 = 4 + x, x + 3y = 0.
. 100/6.
6.3.10. : ay = x2 2ax, y = x.
. 9a2 /2.

6.3.11. : y = ln x, x y = 1, y =
1.
. e2
.
2e

6.3.12. : xy = a2 /2, xy = 2a2 , y =

x/2, y = 2x.
. 32 a2 ln 2.

76

6.
2

6.3.13. : (x2 + y 2 ) = 2ax3 .

. 85 a2 .

6.3.15.
. 1.

RR

6.3.16.
2
. (e 1) .

RR

6.3.17.
. /12.

RR

6.3.18.
. 33/140.

RR

6.3.19.
. 9/4.

RR

x3 y 2 dxdy D : x2 + y 2 R2 .

xydxdy , D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 2}

ex+y dxdy , D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1}

x2
dxdy ,
D 1+y 2

RR

6.3.14.
. 0.

D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1}

(x2 + y 2 ) dxdy D : y = x2 , x = y 2 .

x2
dxdy
D y2

D : x = 2, y = x, xy = 1.

6.3.20.
. 2.

RR

6.3.21.
. 2.

RR

6.3.22.
. 0.

RR

6.3.23.
xy = 1.
. 9/4.

RR

6.3.24.
y = x = y .
. 2.

RR

6.3.25.
y 0 x2 + y 2 1.
. /6.

RR p
1 x2 y 2 dxdy , x 0,
D

x sin (x + y) dxdy , D = {(x, y) : 0 x , 0 y /2}

x2 exy dxdy , D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 2}

x3 y 2 dxdy , D = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 R2 }.

x2
dxdy ,
D y2

D x = 2, y = x

cos (x + y) dxdy , D x = 0,

R R R R2 x2

ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.
6.3.26. 0 0
. /4 . ..
6.3.27.

R R q 1x2 y2
D

1+x2 +y 2

dydx, D x 0,

y 0 x2 + y 2 1.
.

2 2
8

. .

77

6.

RR

6.3.28.
(h 2x 3y) dydx, D x2 + y 2 R2 .
D
. R2 h . .

.
6.3.30.
.

R3

. .

RR
a2 b2
8

RR p
R2 x2 y 2 dydx, D x2 + y 2 Rx.
D

xydydx, D

x2
a2

y2
b2

1, x 0, y 0.

. .

R R R R2 x2

6.3.31. 0 0
ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.
. /4 . .

R R R R2 x2

ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.
6.3.32. 0 0
. /4 . .
R R R R2 x2

6.3.33. 0 0
ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.
. /4 . .

R R R R2 x2

ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.
6.3.34. 0 0
. /4 . .
0

6.3.35.

R R R R2 x2

6.3.29.

ln (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dydx.

7.1

7.1.1. A
D ( ). V D. ( .8.1).

7.1

7.1.2. V : V V

lim

x,y,z0

V =

XXX

lim

x,y,z0

xyz.

, V

Z Z Z

V =

dV.

(7.1)

dV dV = dxdydz .
7.1.3.

Z Z Z

V =

z2

y2 (z2 )

x(y2 ,z2 )

dV =
D

dxdydz.
z1

y1 (z1 )

78

x(y1 ,z1 )

(7.2)

79

7.

7.1.4. , f (x, y, z) (.
P
f (x, y, z) V )

V =

z2

y2 (z2 )

x(y2 ,z2 )

f (x, y, z) dxdydz.

dV =
y1 (z1 )

z1

Z Z Z

x(y1 ,z1 )

(7.3)

7.1.5. :

Z Z Z

Z Z Z
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =

a
D

af (x, y) dxdydz
Z Z ZD

Z Z Z

Z Z Z

[f (x, y, z) + g (x, y, z)] dxdydz =

D

f (x, y, z) dxdydz +

g (x, y, z) dxdydz

, (x, y, z) D f (x, y, z) g (x, y, z),

Z Z Z

Z Z Z

f (x, y, z) dxdydz
D

g (x, y) dxdydz.

7.1.6. , :
f (x, y, z) D V ,
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) D

Z Z Z

f (x, y, z) dxdy = f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) V.

7.1.7. (7.1)(7.3) " , A.

.
7.1.8.
. (x, y, z) (u, v, w)

x = x (u, v, w) ,

y = y (u, v, w) ,

z = z (u, v, w)

D D 0 .

f (x, y, z) = f (x (u, v, w) , y (u, v, w) , z (u, v, w))

dV

dS = dxdydz =

D (x, y, z)
dudvdw.
D (u, v, w)

Z Z Z

Z Z Z
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =
D

f (x (u, v, w) , y (u, v, we))

D0

D (x, y, z)
dudvdw.
D (u, v, w)

80

7.

7.1.9. .., , u = , v = , w = z

y = sin ,

z=z

x = cos ,

D (x, y, z)
= .
D (, , z)

dxdydz = dddz

Z Z Z

Z Z Z
f (x, y, z) dxdydz =

f (x (, , z) , y (, , z) , z (, , z)) dddz.
D0

7.1.10. , , u = r , v = , w = z

x = r cos sin ,

y = r sin sin ,

D (x, y, z)
= r2 sin .
D (, , )

dxdydz = r 2 sin drdd

Z Z Z

Z Z Z

f (x (r, , ) , y (r, , ) , z (r, , )) r2 sin drdd.

f (x, y, z) dxdydz =

D0

7.2

7.2.1.
.

Z

Z

R3R2R5
0

dzdydx.

Z

(z)z=5
z=0

Z

Z

Z

7.2.2.
.
3

5dy dx
dy dx =
0
0
Z 3
Z 3
y=2
=
(5y)y=0 dx =
10dx = (10x)x=3
x=0 = 30.

dz dy dx =

z = r cos

R3R2R5
0

xyzdzdydx.

z=5 !

Z 3 Z 2
z2
25
xyzdz dy dx =
xy
dy dx =
xy dy dx
2 z=0
2
0
0
0
0
y=2

x=3
Z 3
Z 3 
25 y 2
100
25x2
225
=
x
dx =
xdx =
=
.
2 2 y=0
4
2
2
0
0
x=0


7.2.3.

RRR

xyzdzdydx P

(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1).

81

7.

. ( ). ..
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (0, 0, 0),
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0),

A0+B0+C 0+D =0
A1+B0+C 0+D =0
A0+B1+C 0+D =0

. A = D, B = D, D = 0, Cz = 0 z = 0.
x = 0, y = 0 x + y + z = 1. Q (
z = 0) z = 0 ( z = 0)

Q = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x} .

P = {(x, y, z) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x, 0 z 1 x y} .

Z

1x

Z

1xy

1x

xy

xyzdz dy dx =

1x

7.2.4.

RRR

z2
2

z=1xy

dy dx

z=0

!
(1 x y)2
xy
dy dx
2

1

1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 4
=
xy x y xy + x y + x y + xy
4
2
3
4
3
8
0

Z 1
1
1
1
1
1
=
x x2 + x3 x4 + x5 dx
24
6
4
6
24
0
1

1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 2
1
x x + x x +
x
..
=
=
48
18
16
30
144
720
x=0

y=1x
dx
y=0

(x2 3y + 2z) dzdydx D

D = {(x, y, z) : x 0, y 0, z 0, x + y + z 1} .

1x

1xy

1x

x2 z 3yz + z 2

x 3y + 2z dzdydx =

0
1

=
0

z=1xy
z=0

dydx

1x

x2 3y (1 x y) + (1 x y)2 dydx

0
1




2
1
1
3
3
2
2
=
y +
x 3 + 3x y + x (1 x) y (1 x y)
2
3
0

Z 1
1 1
5
1
1
=
+ x x3 + x4 dx =
6 2
6
2
40
0
Z

82

7.

RRR

1x

(y + z) dzdydx =
x2

x2

!
(1 x)2
y (1 x) +
dydx
2
x2
!
2 y= x
2
y
(1 x)
(1 x) + y
dx
2
2
2

1Z

=
0

=
0

y=x

(1 x)
x
(1 x) + x

2
2

=
0

=
0

53
.
420

x4
(1 x)2
(1 x) + x2
2
2

7.2.6. D z = x2 + 3y 2
z = 8 x2 y 2 .
. D z

x2 + 3y 2 z 8 x2 y 2 .

x y .
, .

8 x2 y 2 = x2 + 3y 2 2x2 + 4y 2 = 8 x2 + 2y 2 = 4.

!!
dx


1 3 1 2 1 7 2 5 1 3
1 6 1 5 1 4
2
2
2
x + x + x x + x + x x + x dx
3
4
7
5
3
12
5
4


z=1x
z2
yz +
dydx
2 z=0

7.2.5.
(y + z) dxdydz , D
D

2
y = x, y = x , z = 0 x + z = 1.

. y = x, y = x2 . D
.

4 x2
y
2

4 x2
,
2

2 x 2.

83

7.

2

4x2
2

8x2 y 2

dzdydx =

4x2
2

x2 +3y 2

q
2
4x
2
q

4x2
2

4x2
2

q
2
4x
2

8 x2 y 2 x2 3y 2 dydx

8 2x2 4y 2 dydx
q

2

y= 4x
2
4y 3
2
=
8y 2x y
dx
q
3 y= 4x2
2
2

s
r
3
Z 2
2
2


8
4x
4x
2 8 2x2
dx
=

2
3
2
2
Z 
3/2

4 2 2 4 x2
=
dx = 8 2.
3 2
2

7.2.7.



D = (x, y, z) : 2 z 5, x2 y x .

. y = x2 y = x .
P z = 2



P = (x, y, z) : z = 2, x2 y x, 0 x 1

( 0 1 y = x2 , y = x).
1

dzdydx =

x2

Z
3dydx =

x2

1
3x 3x2 dx = .
2

7.2.8. z = 4 x2 y 2
z = 0.
. .

4x2 y 2

dzdd =

Z0 2 Z0 2
=
Z0 2 Z0 2

4 x2 y 2 dd


4 2 dd

4 3 dd
0
0
=2
Z 2 
4
2
=
2
d
4 =0
0
Z 2
=
(8 4) d = 8.

84

7.

4x2 y 2

(z)z=
z=0 dd

dzdd =
0

Z0 2 Z0 2

7.2.9. z = x2 + y 2 ,
x2 + y 2 = 4 z = 0.
. . x2 + y 2 = 4
. .

3 dd
0
0
Z 2  4 =2

=
dd
4 =0
0
Z 2
4d = 8.
=

7.2.10. D r = 1
= /3 ( ).
. ( )
2

/3

/3

1
sin dd
3
0
0
=/3
Z 2 
1
=
cos
d
3
0
=0

Z 2 

1 1
=

d = .
3 6
3
0

r sin drdd =

7.2.11. ( ) = 2 sin x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
. . . z

x2 + y 2 + z 2 4 2 + z 2 4 |z|

p
4 2

85

7.

Z
0

2 sin

Z 42

2 sin

p
2 4 2 dd

dzdd =
42

0
/2

2 sin

4 2

=2
0

0
/2

Z
=2
0

1/2

4 /2
8 8 cos3 d
3 0
Z
Z


32 /2
32 /2
d
1 sin2 cos d
3 0
3 0
Z /2
Z


32
32 /2
d
1 sin2 d (sin )
3 0
3 0

=/2
sin3
16 32

sin
3
3
3
=0


16 32
1
16 64

.
1
=
3
3
3
3
3

d 2 d


=2 sin


2
2 3/2
4
d
3
=0

7.2.12.

x2 y 2 z 2
+

=1
5
5
4
S2 : x2 + y 2 = 25

S1 :

. S1 S2 ( ).

x2
5

+ y5 z4 = 1
x2 + y 2 = 25


5

z2
= 1 z = 4.
4

S1 S2 :



C1 = (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 = 25, z = 4


C2 = (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 = 25, z = 4

V ,
V1 . V1 = R2 h = 52 8 =
200 .

s

p
(z) = x2 + y 2 =



z2
5 1+
4

86

7.

4

320
200 280

=
.
1
3
3

V = V1 V2 =



z2
280
dz =
5 1 +
V2 =
dz =
.
4
3
4
4
Z

a2 x2

0
0

a2 x2

a2

=8
Z0 a

a2 x2

dzdydx

V = 8V = 8
Z

7.2.13.
S1 : x2 + y 2 = a2 S2 : x2 + z 2 = a2 .
. ,
.

x2 dydx

=8

a2 x2 a2 x2 dx


0
3 x=a
x
8a3
16a3
=8
a2 x dx = 8 a2 x
= 8a3
=
.
3 x=0
3
3
0
RRR
7.2.14.
(x2 + y 2 ) dzdydx D
D

2

.
. ( )

/3

1
2

x +y
0

/3

r2 sin2 cos2 + r2 sin2 sin2 r2 sin drdd

r sin drdd =

/3

=
0

0
2 Z /3

=
0

r4 sin3 drdd

/3

1 3
sin dd
5

1
1 cos2 sin dd
5 0
0
Z Z


1 2 /3
=
1 cos2 d cos d
5 0
0
=/3
Z 2 Z /3 
1
cos3
=
cos
d
5 0
3
0
=0

Z 
1
1
1

1 2
=
+1+

d = .
5 0
2
24 3
12
=

7.2.15.

D = {(x, y, z) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1}
.

87

7.
. d (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2
1

x +y +z
0

x=1
x3
2
2
dxdydz =
+y x+z x
dydz
3
0
0
x=0

Z 1Z 1
1
2
2
=
+ y + z dydz
3
0
0
y=1
Z 1
y y3
2
=
+
+z y
dz
3
3
0
y=0

Z 1
1 1
2
+ + z dz
=
3 3
0

z=1
2z z 3
=
+
dz = 1.
3
3 z=0
Z

7.2.16. R
.
. . d (r) =
kr
/2

kr r dr sin dd =

7.2.17.
(0, 0, 0) 2.

/2

R4
sin dd
4

Z0
R4 2
=/2
=k
( cos )=0 d
4 0
Z
kR4
R4 2
(0 + 1) d =
.
=k
4 0
2

RRR
D

z (y 2 + z 2 ) dxdydz , D

88

7.
.
2

Z 4x2 y2

4x2

4x2

z y2 + z

2

Z
dzdydz =

Z 4x2 y2

4x2

4x2

4x2
2 Z

Z
=

4x2

2 Z
4x2

Z
=

1
4

z=

4x2 y 2

dydx

z=0

y 2 (4 x2 y 2 ) (4 x2 y 2 )
+
2
4

1
=
4

y2z2 z4
+
2
4

4x2

4x2
2 Z

z y 2 + z 2 dzdydx


4 x2

4x2

2
2

4x

2 2

2

2
Z 2

y
5


y 4 dydx

y=4x2

y= 4x2

dx

5/2
4
4 x2
dx ( x = 2 sin u)
5 0
Z
4 u=/2
64 cos6 udu = 8.
=
5 u=0

7.2.18. = /6 (
) z = a, d (r, , ) = r cos .
. . r .

0 z a 0 r cos a 0 r

a
.
cos

/6

a/ cos

/6

a/ cos

r3 cos sin drdd

d (r, , ) r sin drdd =

0
2

0
/6

=
0

0
2

/6

=
0
4

a
=
4

a
=
4

0
2

r4
4

r=a/ cos
cos sin dd
r=0

a4
sin dd
4 cos3
/6

cos3 d (cos ) d

0
2

cos2
2

=/6
=0

a4
d =
24

d =
0

a4
.
12

7.2.19. r = 5 (
) z = 4, d (r, , ) = r 1 .
. .
r. ( )

4 z 4 r cos

4
r r 5.
cos

dydx

89

7.
0 arccos 45 .
2

arccos(4/5)

arccos(4/5)

4/ cos

r sin drdd

d (r, , ) r sin drdd =

0

4/ cos
arccos(4/5)  2 r=5

r
2

=
0

0
2

arccos(4/5)

sin dd

r=4/ cos


25
8
=

sin dd
2
cos2
0
0

Z 2 Z arccos(4/5) 
25
8
=

d (cos ) d
2
cos2
0
0
=arccos(4/5)
Z 2 
25
8
cos +
=
d
2
cos =0
0

Z 2 
25 4
8
25
+8

d
=
2
2 5 4/5
0
Z 2
1
=
d =
2
0
n
o
RRR
2
y2
x2
z2
7.2.20.
(2x
+
3y)
dxdydz

D
=
(x,
y,
z)
:
+
+

1
.
4
9
16
D
Z

. .

x = 2u,

z = 4w.

D(x,y,z)
D(u,v,w)

= 24


D = (x, y, z) : u2 + v 2 + w2 1

dxdydz =

y = 3v,

,
u, v, w :.

u = r cos sin
v = r sin sin
w = r cos

Z Z Z

Z Z Z

(4u + 9v)2 24dudvdw

Z 2 Z D Z 1
=
(4r cos sin + 9r sin sin )2 24r2 sin drdd
0
Z 20 Z 0 Z 1
= 24
(4 cos + 9 sin )2 r4 sin3 drdd
0
0Z 1 0 
Z
 Z 2

2
4
3
= 24
r dr
sin d
(4 cos + 9 sin ) d

(2x + 3y) dxdydz =

4656
.
=
15

90

7.

7.3.1.
(. 6)

R1R2R3

7.3.2.
(. 21 bca (a + c + b))

RaRbRc

7.3.3.
(. a6 /48)

RaRxRy

7.3.4.
(. a12 /144)

R a R x R xy

dzdydx.
(x + y + z) dzdydx.
xyzdzdydx.

7.3

x3 y 3 zdzdydx.

dxdydz
7.3.5.
, D
D (x+y+z+1)3
x = 0
, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1.
(. 12 ln (2) 58 )

RRR

RRR

7.3.6.
z = xy , x + y = 1 z = 0.
(. 1/180)

xydxdydz , D

RRR

7.3.7.
y cos (z + x) dxdydz , D
D

y = x, y = 0, z = 0 x + z = /2.
2
(. 16 21 )

7.3.8.
(. a/2)

7.3.9.
(. 8a2 /9)

R 1 R 1x2 R a
0

1x2

dzdydx.

R 2 R 2xx2 R a p
z x2 + y 2 dzdydx.
0 0
0

R R R R2 x2 R R2 x2 y2
7.3.10. R R2 x2 2 2 2 (x2 + y 2 ) dzdydx.

R x y

(. 4R /15)

R 1 R 1x2 R 1x2 y2 p
7.3.11. 0 0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dzdydx.
0
(. /8)
RRR
7.3.12.
(x2 + y 2 ) dzdydx D
D
2
2
2
2
2
z 0, r x + y + z R .
4 (R5 r5 )
(.

15

7.3.13.
x2 + y 2 + z 2 1.
(. 2
)
3

RRR
D

1
x2 +y 2 +(z2)2

dzdydx D

91

7.

x2 + y 2 
1.

21
(. 3 10 + ln 101

1
x2 +y 2 +(z2)2


28 )

7.3.15.
(.

RRR

RRR
0

dzdydx D

7.3.14.

1
dzdydx.
(1+x+y+z)4

1
)
6

7.3.16. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, 3x +
2y + z = 6.
. 6.
7.3.17. : z = 0, 2y = x, x = 1, y =
0, z = x2 + 3y + 1.
. 1/2.

7.3.18. : z = 0, y = x, y = 2x, y =
3, z = x + y 2 .
. 27/2.

7.3.19. : x2 = 2y, y = 2, z = 0, z =
x2 + 3y 2 .
. 8 .

7.3.20. : x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y =
2, z = 0, z = 4 x2 .
. 22/3.
7.3.21. : z = 1 y 2 , x2 = 4y, z = 0.
. 32/21.

7.3.22. : 3y = 9 x2 , z = 0, y =
0, x = 3 z .
. 36.

7.3.23. : x = 0, x = 16 z 2 4y 2 .
. 64 .
7.3.24. : x2 + y 2 = k 2 , z = 0, z =
k 2 x2 (k > 0).
. 3k 4 /4.
7.3.25. : z = 0, y = 3x, y = x, z =
16 x2 .
. abc/6.
7.3.26. : z = 4 x2 , z = 4 y 2 .
. 32.

92

7.

7.3.27. : x2 + z 2 = a2 , y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
. 16a3 /3.

7.3.28. : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
. 34 a3 .

7.3.29. : x2 + y 2 = a2 , x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
4a2 .


. 2a3 8 3 3 /3.

7.3.30. : r = 2, y x + 2z = 8.
. 16 .
7.3.31. : r = 3 sin , z = x.
. 9/4.

7.3.32. : r = 1 cos , z = y .
. 4/3.

7.3.33. : x2 +y 2 = 1, z 2 = 4x2 +4y 2 .

. 4/3.
7.3.34. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = 4,
y = 4 z = x2 + y 2 + 1
.
. 560
3

7.3.35. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x
+ yb + zc = 1.
a
.
. abc
6
7.3.36. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x
+ yb + zc = 1.
a
. 84/3.

7.3.37. : z = x + y + a, y 2 = ax,
x = a, z = 0, y = 0.
. 79a3 /60.

7.3.38. : y = 0, z = 0, 3x + y = 6,
3x + 2y = 12, x + y + z = 6.
. 12.
7.3.39. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
z = x2 + y 2 , x + y = 1.
. 1/6.

7.3.40. : x2 + y 2 = a2 , x2 + z 2 = a2 .
. 16a3 /3.

93

7.

7.3.41. : z 2 = xy, x = a, x = 0, y =
a, y = 0.
. 8a3 /9.
7.3.42. : x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
z = 9 y 2 ,3x + 4y = 12.
. 45.
. /4 . .

7.3.43. z = mx, x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0.
. 4ma3 /3 . .
7.3.44. az = a2 x2 y 2 , z = 0.
. a3 /2 . .

7.3.45. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a2 , x2 + y 2 =
a2 .

. 4a3 3 . .
2

7.3.46. xa2 + zb2 = 1,

. 16ab2 /3 . .

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1.

7.3.47. z 2 = (x + a) , x2 + y 2 = a2 .
. 2a3 . .
7.3.48. z =

4
,
x2 +y 2

z = 0, x2 +y 2 = 1,

x2 + y 2 = 4.
. 8 ln 2 . .

7.3.49. az = x2 + y 2 , z = 0,
x2 + y 2 ax = 0.
. 3a3 /16 . .
2
2
2
7.3.50.
z = a, x + y = a ,
2
2
2
2
x + y + z = 5a
( a
z a 5).
. a3 10 5 19 /3 . .

7.3.51. r = a, z = a2 x2 , z 0.
. 3a4 /4 . .

7.3.52. z = 12 x2 y 2 , z = 8.
. 8 . .

8.1

8.1.1. , . R R3 .
r (t): t ,

r (t) = x (t) i + y (t) j + z (t) k.

(x (t) , y (t) , z (t)).

{(x (t) , y (t) , z (t))}tR ,
.
8.1.2. , F : R R3 , .
t:

F (t) = P (t) i + Q (t) j + R (t) k.

8.1.3. F (t) t t0

lim F (t) = F0 ( > 0 > 0 : 0 < |t t0 | < |F (t) F0 | < ) .

tt0

8.1.4. F (t) t0

lim F (t) = F (t0 ) .

tt0

8.1.5. F (t) = P (t) i + Q (t) j+R (t) k

F0 (t) =

F (t + t) F (t)
dP
dQ dR
d
F (t) = lim
=
i+
j+ k.
t0
dt
t
dt
dt
dt

94

95

8.

8.1.6.

d
d
d
(F + G) = F + G
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
(F G) = F G + G F
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
(F G) = F (t) G + G F
dt
dt
dt
d
d
d
(F) = F + F
dt
dt
dt 


d
d
d
d
(F G H) = F G H + F
G H + F (G H) .
dt
dt
dt
dt
dF
dP
dQ
dR
=
i+
j+
k
dt
dt
dt
dt

dF = dP i + dQj + dRk

d (F + G) = dF + dG
d (F G) = F dG + G dF
d (F G) = F (t) dG + G dF
d (F) = Fd + dF
d (F G H) = F (G dH) + F (dG H) + dF (G H) .

8.1.7. M .
, (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)). M
C , :

C : (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) ,

t [t1 , t2 ] .

, C

r (t) = x (t) i + y (t) j + z (t) k ,

t [t1 , t2 ] .

1 .

8.1.8. r (t) ,
.
1

dr
dt

C 3- :

C : (x, y, z) = 0,

(x, y, z) = 0.

 8.

96

8.1.9. r (t) , t [t1 , t2 ] r (t1 ) = r (t2 ),

d
t dt
r (t) (.
),
( p 6= q r (p) 6= r (q)).
8.1.10. r (t) = ix (t) + jy (t) + kz (t)
r0 = r (t0 )= ix (t0 ) + jy (t0 ) + kz (t0 )= ix0 + jy0 + kz0 .
R (t) = iX (t) + jY (t) + kZ (t), R (t)

X (t) x0
Y (t) y0
Z (t) z0
dr (t0 )
= 0
=
=
.
0
0
dt
x (t0 )
y (t0 )
z 0 (t0 )

(R (t) r0 )

8.1.11. r (t) r0 = r (t0 )= ix (t0 ) +

jy (t0 )+kz (t0 )= ix0 +jy0 +kz0 .
R = iX + jY + kZ ,

(R r0 )

dr (t0 )
=0
dt

x0 (t0 ) (X x0 ) + y 0 (t0 ) (Y y0 ) + z 0 (t0 ) (Z z0 ) = 0.

8.1.12. . (, ) F (t)


Z

Z

F (t) dt =
P (t) dt i +
Q (t) dt j +
R (t) dt k,
Z t2

Z t2

Z t2

Z t2
F (t) dt =
P (t) dt i +
Q (t) dt j +
R (t) dt k.
Z

t1

Z

t1

t1

t1

. ..

Z
cF (t) dt = c

F (t) dt,
Z
c F (t) dt = c F (t) dt,
Z
Z
c F (t) dt = c F (t) dt.
Z

8.2

8.2.1. , , F (t) = i cos t +

j sin t + k G (t) = i (t2 + 1) + jt + ket .
. F (t) = G (t) .

cos t = t2 + 1
sin t = t
1 = et

t = 0.
F (0) = G (0) = i + k, . (1, 0, 1).

 8.

97

cos t = t2
1 = 2t
et
t=
t+1

8.2.2. , , F (t) = i cos t +

et
j + kt G (t) = it2 + j2t + k t+1
.
. F (t) = G (t) .

t = 1/2,
cos 12 = 41 , . .
t
8.2.3. limt2 F (t) = i cos t + j t+1
+ kt.
.


2
t
+ k lim (t) = i cos 2 + j + 2k..
lim F (t) = i lim (cos t) + j lim
t2
t2
t2
t2
t+1
3


d
8.2.4. dt
F (t),  dtd F (t), dtd |F (t)| F (t) = i cos t + j sin t + kt


d
d
F (t) =
(i cos t + j sin t + kt) = i sin t + j cos t + k
dt
dt

d

 F (t) = |i sin t + j cos t + k| = sin2 t + cos2 t + 1 = 2.
 dt


|F (t)| = |i cos t + j sin t + tk| =

d
d
|F (t)| =
dt

cos2 t + sin2 t + t2 = t2 + 1

t2 + 1
t
=
.
2
dt
t +1

8.2.5. F (t) = i cos t + j sin t + kt, G (t) = it2 + jt3 + k, (t) = t

d
dt
(F + G), dtd (F G), dtd (F) .
.

d
d
(F + G) =
i cos t + j sin t + kt + it2 + jt3 + k
dt
dt




d
=
i (t + cos t) + j t2 + sin t + k (1 + t)
dt
= i (1 sin t) + j (2t + cos t) + k.

d 2
d
(F G) =
t cos t + t3 sin t + t
dt
dt
= t3 cos t + 2t2 sin t + 2t cos t + 1.

 8.

98

d
d
(F) =
it cos t + jt sin t + kt2
dt
dt
= i (cos t t sin t) + j (t cos t + sin t) + k2t.

8.2.6. F R
(t) = i sin t + jt2 +Rkt, G (t) = it + jRln t + ket , c = i2 + j3 k
(F (t) + G (t)) dt, (F (t) G (t)) dt, c F (t) dt.
.

c =c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.

1
1
t sin t + t2 ln t + tet dt = sin tet + t3 ln tt cos t+tet t3 +c.
3
9

(F (t) G (t)) dt =

i (t + sin t) + j t2 + ln t + k t + et dt

 3

 2

  2
t
t
t
t
cos t + c1 + j
+ t (ln t 1) + c2 + k
+ e + c3
= i
2
3
2
 2

 3

 2

t
t
t
t
=i
cos t + j
+ t (ln t 1) + k
+e +c
2
3
2

(F (t) + G (t)) dt =

c F (t) dt =

1
2 sin t + 3t2 t dt = t3 t2 2 cos t + c.
2

8.2.7.
r (t) = i (1 + t) jt2 + k (1 + t3 ) r (1).
. r0 = r (1)

r0 = r (1) = i2 j + k2


dr
n0 = |t=1 = i j2t + k3t2 |t=1 = i 2j + 3k.
dt

R (t) r (t) r0

X (t) 2
Y (t) + 1
Z (t) 2
=
=
=t
1
2
3

, ,

R (t) = i (2 + t) j (1 + 2t) + k (2 + 3t) .

r (t) r0

1 (X 2) 2 (Y + 1) + 3 (Z 2) = 0

X 2Y + 3Z = 10.

 8.

99

r0 = r (/2) = j + k
n0 =

8.2.8. r (t) = i2 cos t

j sin t + kt r (/2).
. r0 = r (/2)

dr
|t=/2 = (i2 sin t + j cos t + k) |t=1 = 2i + k.
dt

R (t) r (t) r0

Y (t) 1
Z (t) /2
X (t)
=
=
=t
2
0
1
, ,

R (t) = i2t j + k (/2 + t) .

8.2.9. r (t) = i cos t +

j sin t + kt r (t) |t=/2 = j + k 2 .
. r (t = /2) n = dr
|
= i+
dt t=/2
k.



=0
1 (X 0) + 0 (Y 1) + 1 Z
2

X + Z = /2.

8.2.10. t, r (t) = i 2t
+jt2 +kt3
3
v = i + k.
. R (t) = iX (t) + jY (t) + kZ (t) r (t)
(x0 , y0 , z0 )

X (t) x0
Y (t) y0
Z (t) z0
=
=
.
2/3
2t
3t2

n (t) = i 23 +j2t + k3t2

n (t) v = i + k

n (t) v
cos =
=q
kn (t)k ||v||

2 2
3

+ 3t2

+ (2t)2 + (3t2 )2 12 + 12

2
+ 3t2
3
q
=

2
2 2
4 + 4t2 + 4 2
2 )2 12 + 12
9t
+
(2t)
+
(3t
9
3

2
2
+ 3t
2
=q 3
.
=

2
2 2
2
3t + 3
2

=q

2
3

2
3

+ 3t2

= /4, t .

 8.

100

a (t) =

dr
= i sin t + jet + k cos t.
dt

8.2.11. r (t) = i cos t + jet + k sin t E : X + Z = 1.

. r (t)

E n = i + k. r (t)
E

+ n n {0, 1, 2, ...} .
4


( +n)



4
cos 4 + n , e
, sin 4 + n =



2 ( 4 +n )
, 22 r (t) E .
,e
2
8.2.12.
.

d
dt

(F G) = F

a (t) n = sin t + cos t = 0 sin t = cos t t =

d
G
dt

+G

d
F.
dt

d
d
d
(F G) =
((F1 i+F2 j+F3 k) (G1 i+G2 j+G3 k)) =
((F1 G1 +F2 G2 +F3 G3 ))
dt
dt
dt

 

dG1
dG2
dG3
dF1
dF2
dF3
= F1
+F2
+F3
+
G1 +
G2 +
G3
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
d
d
= F G + G F.
dt
dt

8.2.13.

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2,

S2 : z = 1.

. , S1
S2 . S1 z = 1 x2 + y 2 = 1.

x (t) = cos t,

y (t) = sin t,

z (t) = 1

, r (t) = i cos t + j sin t + k.

8.2.14. r (t) x2 + y 2 = 1
y + z = 2.
. r (t) xy x2 + y 2 = 1

x = cos t,

y (t) = sin t,

z = 0.

(x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) r (t) x y

. , y + z = 2,

z (t) = 2 y (t) = 2 sin t.

 8.

101

r (t) = i cos t + j sin t + k (2 sin t) .

(x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) = (cos t, sin t, 2 sin t)

d
r (t) =0.
8.2.15. r (t) t r (t) dt
r (t) .
2
. f (t) = kr (t)k

df
d
d
d
d
d
=
kr (t)k2 =
(r (t) r (t)) = r (t) r (t) + r (t) r (t) = 2r (t) r (t) = 0
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
( ). , c

f (t) = kr (t)k2 = c

f (t) = kr (t)k = c.

8.3

, . 0

c.

8.3.1. F (t) = i sin t + j cos t + kt2

G (t) = it + jet + k2t.
. (0, 1, 0) .
8.3.2. F (t) = it + jt + kt G (t) =
it + jet + kt2 .
. .

8.3.3. F (t) = it + jt2 + kt3

G (t) = it2 + jt3 + kt4 . .
.
. (1, 1, 1). = arccos 20
406
8.3.4. limt1 F (t) = it + jt + kt.
. i + j + k.

. i cos t j sin t +

|F (t)| F (t) = i sin t + j cos t + kt2

d
F (t),  dtd F (t), dtd |F (t)|
dt
q

2
2t
2
e2t + 1t + 1, 1t e 2tt+ln 2t+t 2 .
e +ln t+t

8.3.6.
. iet + j 1t + k,

d
F (t),  dtd F (t), dtd
dt
3
k2t, 4t2 + 1, 4t8t4 +1 .

8.3.5.

d
8.3.7. dt
F (t),  dtd F (t),

t cos t+t
. i cos t + j, cos2 t + 1, sin
.
t2 +1cos2 t

d
dt

F (t) = iet + j ln t + kt

|F (t)| F (t) = i sin t + jt

 8.

102

8.3.8. F (t) = i sin t + j cos t + kt2 , G (t) = it + jt2 + k2, (t) = t + 2

d
dt
(F + G), dtd (F G), dtd (F G), dtd (F)
.

i (cos t + 1) j (sin t + 2t) + k2t,

3t cos t + sin t t2 sin t + 4t,






i 2 sin t 4t3 + j 3t2 2 cos t + k t2 cos t + 3t sin t cos t ,


i (sin t + (t + 2) cos t) + j (cos t (t + 2) sin t) + k 3t2 + 2t .

8.3.9. F (t) = i ln t + jt + kt, G (t) = it3 + jt2 + ket , (t) = t + 1

d
dt
(F + G), dtd (F G), dtd (F G), dtd (F).
.




1
2
+ 3t + j (1 + 2t) + k 1 + et ,
i
t
2
4t + 3t2 ln t + et + tet ,






1 t
t
t
t
2
3
i e + te 3t + j 4t e (ln t) e + k t + 2 (ln t) t 4t3 ,
t


t+1
i ln t +
+ j (1 + 2t) + k (1 + 2t) .
t

3
2
t
8.3.10. F
R (t) = i ln t + jt + Rk2t, G (t) = it +R jt + ke , c = i2 +
R j3 k

(F
(t)
+
G
(t))
dt
,
(F
(t)

G
(t))
dt
,
(F
(t)

G
(t))
dt
,
c F (t) dt,
R
c F (t) dt.
.







1 4
1 2 1 3
i t ln t t + t + j
t + t + k t2 + et ,
4
2
3
3
1 4
t ln t + t4 + 2tet 2et ,
4
16





1 4
2 5
1 3
1 3 1 5
t
t
t
i te e t + j e ln t + t + k
t ln t t t ,
2
5
3
9
5
1
2t ln t 2t + t2 ,
2




7 2
i t + j t ln t + t 2t2 + k t2 3t ln t + 3t .
2

8.3.11. r (t) = it + jt2 + kt3 s (t) = i sin t +

j cos 2t + kt
r
(0).
. = arccos
6/6 .
8.3.12. r (t) = it + j (1 t) + k (3 + t2 )
s ( ) = i (3 ) + j ( 2) + k ( 2 ).


. r (t = 1) = s ( = 2) = (1, 0, 4) = arccos
3/3 .

103

8.

8.3.13.
r (t) = i (1 + t) jt2 + k (1 + t3 ) r (1).
. i (2 + t) j (1 + 2t) + k (2 + 3t) X 2Y + 3Z = 10.
8.3.14.
3
2
4
r (t) = i t4 + j t3 + k t2 .

. r (t0 ): i t20 t +
t60
4

t40
3

t40
4


+j t0 t +

t20
.
2

t30
3


+k t +

t20
2

t20 X +t0 Y +Z =

8.3.15.
2
3
r (t) = it + j t2 + k t3 (6, 18, 72).
. i (t + 6) + j (6t + 18) + k (36t + 72) X + 6Y + 36Z = 2706).

8.3.16. r (t) = i2 sin 3t + jt +

k cos 3t r ().
. Y 6X = .

8.3.17. r (t) = it + jt2 + kt3

r (1).
. X + 2Y + 3Z = 6.
8.3.18. r (t) = it3 + j3t + kt4
6X + 6Y 8Z = 1;
. r (1)=(1, 3, 1).

8.3.19.
r (t) = i cos t + j sin t + ket

3X + Y = 4.

3/2, 1/2, e/6

.
8.3.20.

r (t) = i


 3

 3

t3
t
t
2
2
+t t +j
t t +k
5t
3
3
3

X Y + Z = 4.
. t = 1 t = 5.
8.3.21. r (t) = it cos t + jt sin t + kt
z 2 = x2 + y 2 . .
8.3.22. r (t) = i sin t + j cos t + k sin2 t
z = x2 x2 + y 2 = 1. .

8.3.23. r (t) = it2 + j (1 3t) + k (1 + t3 )

(1, 4, 0) (9, 8, 28).
8.3.24. x2 + y 2 = 4 z = xy .
.
. i2 cos t + j2 sin t + k2 sin 2t.

104

8.

p
x2 + y 2

8.3.25. z =
z = 1 + y . .
2
2
. it + j t 21 + k t 2+1 .

8.3.26. z = 4x2 +y 2 y = x2 .
.
. it + jt2 + k (4t2 + t4 ) .
d
dt

(F G) = F (t)

d
G
dt

8.3.28.

d
dt

(F) = F dtd + dtd F.

8.3.29.

d
dt

(F (h (t))) =

+G

d
F.
dt

8.3.27.

dh
dt

d
F
dh

8.3.30. r (t) = i cos t + j sin t r (t)

).

dr(t)
dt

= 0 (.

d
r (t) = a r (t),
8.3.31. r (t) t r (t) dt
a . r (t)
a.

8.3.32. r (t) t
r (t) .

d2
r (t) dtd r (t)
dt2

= 0.

8.3.33. r (t) t kr (t)k = c ().

d
r (t) = 0.
r (t) dt

9.1

9.1.1. C r (t) =x (t) i + y (t) j + z (t) k

(t1 t t2 ).
C 0 . ds
= |r0 (t)| ds = |r0 (t)| dt.
dt

9.1.2. (x, y, z).

,

t2

(x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) |r0 (t)| dt

(9.1)

t1

. |r0 (t)| =
:
Z

ds
,
dt

(x, y, z) ds

(9.2)

C r (t) , . r (t1 ) = r (t2 ),

(x, y, z) ds.
C

(9.1) (9.2) ,
R
. , C (x, y, z) ds
C , . .
9.1.3.
( t1 t2 ) C :

t2

S=
t1

s

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2


+

105

dx
dt

2

t2

dt =
t1

1 |r0 (t)| dt.

106

9.

s

s (t) =
a

dx
d

2


+

dy
d

2


+

dz
d

2

9.1.4. , a ,
a t

d.

9.1.5. . .

1.
.
Z
Z

(x, y, z) ds =

(x, y, z) ds

C0

2. C C1 , C2 , ..., CK
( C = C1 C2 ...CK )

(x, y, z) ds =
C

(x, y, z) ds +
C1

(x, y, z) ds + ... +

C2

(x, y, z) ds.

CK

9.1.6. .
, .
C
r (t) =x (t) i + y (t) j + z (t) k t1 t t2 .
(x, y, z).

m=

(x, y, z) ds.

, (x0 , y0 , z0 )

Z
1
x (x, y, z) ds
x0 =
m C
Z
1
y (x, y, z) ds
y0 =
m C
Z
1
z0 =
z (x, y, z) ds.
m C

, x, y, z

Ix =
ZC
Iy =
ZC
Iz =
C

y 2 + z 2 (x, y, z) ds


z 2 + x2 (x, y, z) ds


x2 + y 2 (x, y, z) ds.

107

9.
xy, yz, zx

Ixy =
ZC
Iyz =
ZC
Izx =

z 2 (x, y, z) ds

x2 (x, y, z) ds
y 2 (x, y, z) ds.

t2

Z
P (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) x (t) dt+
0

t1

t2

9.1.7. C r (t) =x (t) i + y (t) j + z (t) k (t1 t t2 )

F (r) = iP (x, y, z) + jQ (x, y, z) + kR (x, y, z).
,

Z
Q (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) y (t) dt+
0

t1

t2

R (x (t) , y (t) , z (t)) z 0 (t) dt

t1

(9.3)
.

Z
P (x, y, z) dx +

Q (x, y, z) dy +

R (x, y, z) dz.

(9.4)

F (r) dr.
I

(9.5)

F (r) dr. (9.3), (9.4) (9.5)

,
.

9.1.8. ,
C , . .

R
C

F (r) dr

9.1.9.
F (r).
9.1.10.
. .
1. .
Z
Z

F (r) dr =

F (r) dr
C0

2. C C1 , C2 , ..., CK
( C = C1 C2 ...CK )

Z
F (r) dr =

Z
F (r) dr +

C1

Z
F (r) dr + ... +

C2

F (r) dr.
CK

108

9.

Z
F (r) dr =

C1

3. (x, y, z) F =
A R3 . , r1 / C1 r2 / C2 A
(r1 (t1 ) = r2 (t1 ) r1 (t2 ) = r2 (t2 )),

F (r) dr = (r1 (t2 )) r1 (t1 ) .

C2

r2

. C F (r)dr ( C A)
.

F (r) dr

(x2 ,y2 ,z2 )

F (r) dr.

(x1 ,y1 ,z1 )

r1

4. 3,
0:

F (r) dr = 0.

9.1.11. ( Green) C r (t) = ix (t) + jy (t) .1

C , D R2 .
F (x, y) = iP (x, y) + jQ (x, y) P Q
D .

ZZ 

F (r) dr =

Q P

x
y


dxdy

(9.6)

ZZ 

(P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy) =

Q P

x
y


dxdy.

9.1.12. , C D
F (x, y) = iP (x, y) + jQ (x, y).

Q
P
=
x
y

(9.7)

(x, y) D , (9.7)

ZZ 

I
(P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy) =
C
1

Q P

x
y


dxdy = 0.

xy .

109

9.

9.1.13. C1 C2 D
. F (x, y) = iP (x, y) + jQ (x, y).

P
Q
=
x
y

(9.8)

(x, y) D ,

(P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy) ,

(P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy) =

C2

C1

(9.9)

. (9.9) .

9.1.14. .2 (9.7) P (x, y) dx+

Q (x, y) dy . . (9.7),

I
(P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy) =

2
d = (x (t) , y (t))|t=t
t=t1 = (x (t2 ) , y (t2 )) (x (t1 ) , y (t1 )) = 0

, C (x (t2 ) , y (t2 )) = (x (t1 ) , y (t1 )).

9.1.15. Riemann Green

S D C r (t):

S=

I
I
1
xdy = ydx =
(xdy ydx) .
2
C

9.2

9.2.1. r (t) = iR cos t + jR sin t t [0, 2].

. () .
t2

s

S=

t1
Z 2

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2
dt
2

Z
q
2
2
(R sin t) + (R cos t) dt =

Rdt = 2R.

9.2.2. r (t) = i cos t + j sin t + kt t [0, 2].

.

t2

S=
t1
Z 2

=
0

s

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2
dt

Z
q
2
2
2
( sin t) + (cos t) + (1) dt =
0

2dt = 2 2.

110

9.

s

t2

Z
S=

t1
Z 1

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2


+

dx
dt

2
dt

q
2
122 + (12t1/2 ) + (6t)2 dt

9.2.3. r (t) = i12t + j8t3/2 + k3t2 t [0, 1].

.

Z0 1
144 + 144t + 36t2 dt =
=
0
Z 1

t=1
=
6 (2 + t) dt = 12t + 3t2 t=0 = 15.
0

9.2.4. C (2 + x2 y) ds C x2 +y 2 = 1.
. C x (t) = cos t, y (t) = sin t.

dx
dy
= cos t,
= sin t, t [0, ]
dt
dt
s 
 2
2
dx
dy
ds =
+
dt = dt.
dt
dt

2 + cos t sin t dt =

2 + x y ds =
C


t=
2
cos3 t
= 2 + .
2t
3
3
t=0

9.2.5. C 2xds C = C1 C2 () C1
y = x2 (0, 0) (1, 1), () C2 x = 1 (1, 1)
(1, 2).
. C1 x (t) = t, y (t) = t2 . ( t [0, 1])
s 
 2
2

dx
dy
dx
dy
= 1,
= 2t, ds =
+
dt = 1 + 4t2 dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

2xds =

C1

t=1 5 5 1
1
2
2
2t 1 + 4t2 dt =
1 + 4t t=0 =
.
4 3
6

C2 x (t) = 1, y (t) = t. ( t [1, 2])

dx
= 0,
dt

dy
= 1,
dt

s
ds =

2


+

dy
dt

2
dt = dt

2 1dt = 2.

2xds =
C1

dx
dt

5 51
2xds =
2xds +
2xds =
+2
6
C
C1
C2

111

9.

x (t) = t,
dx = dt,

y (t) = t,
z (t) = t,
dy = dt, dz = dt

s

t [0, 1].

2
+
1

2

dz
dt

2t 3t2

x 3y + z ds =
C

dy
dt

2
dt =

3dt

ds =

dx
dt

9.2.6. C (x 3y 2 + z) ds C
(0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1).
. C r (t) = it + jt + kt. .

3dt =

3 t2 t3

t=1
t=0

= 0.

9.2.7. C (x 3y 2 + z) ds C = C1 C2 () C1
(0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 0), () C2 (1, 1, 0)
(1, 1, 1).
. C1 : t [0, 1]:

y (t) = t,
z (t) = 0,
dy = dt, dz = 0.

x (t) = t,
dx = dt,

C2 : t [0, 1]:

x (t) = 1,
dx = 0,

y (t) = 1,
z (t) = t,
dy = 0, dz = dt.

C1

s

ds =

2

dx
dt


+

dy
dt

2
+ 0dt =

2dt

x 3y + z ds =

C1

t 3t + 0 2dt = 2
2

t2
t3
2

t=1
=
t=0

2
..
2

C2

ds =

0+0+

x 3y + z ds =

C2

dz
dt

2
dt = dt


t=1
t2
(1 3 + t) dt = 2t +
= 2.
2 t=0

x 3y + z ds =
C

x 3y + z ds +
C1

x 3y + z ds =
C2

2 3
.
2
2

112

9.

m=

(1 y (t))

(x, y) ds =
0

Z
(1 sin t)

dx
dt

2


+

dy
dt

2

dt

p
sin2 t + cos2 tdt = (t + cos t)t=
t=0 = 2

s

9.2.8. C : x2 + y 2 = 1, y 0 (x, y) = 1 y .
. C x = cos t, y = sin t, t [0, ].

Z
1
y (x, y) ds =
sin t (1 sin t) dt
2 0
C
t=

1
t 1
4
=
=
.
cos t + sin 2t
2
2 4
2 4
t=0

1
y0 =
m

x0 = 0 .

9.2.9. r (t) = i (t sin t) + j (1 cos t)

(t [0, 2]) (x, y) = 1..
.

s 
 2
2
dx
dy
1
(x, y) ds =
m=
+
dt
dt
dt
0
C
Z 2 q
Z 2 p
2
2
=
(1 cos t) + sin tdt =
1 + cos2 t + sin2 t 2 cos tdt
0
0
Z 2
Z 2
t
sin dt = 8.
= 2
1 cos tdt = 2
2
0
0
Z

Z
Z

1 2
1
x (x, y) ds =
(t sin t) 1 cos tdt
x0 =
m C
8 0
Z 2
1
t
8
=
(t sin t) sin dt =
= .
8 0
2
8

Z
Z

1
1 2
y0 =
y (x, y) ds ==
(1 cos t) 1 cos tdt
m C
8 0
Z 2
1
t
32
4
=
(1 cos t) sin dt =
= .
8 0
2
83
3

(, 4/3).

113

9.

9.2.10. C
r (t) = i cos 4t + j sin 4t + kt, t [0, 2]
.

s 
 2  2
2
dx
dy
dz
1
m=
(x, y, z) ds =
+
+
dt
dt
dt
dt
0
C
Z 2 p

16 sin2 4t + 16 cos2 4t + 1dt = 2 17.

=
Z

1
z0 =
m

t 17dt = .

z (x, y) ds =
C

2 17

x0 = 0, y0 = 0 . (0, 0, )

9.2.11. C y 2 dx + xdy C x = 4 y 2
(5, 3) (0, 2).
. C . C : x =
4 y 2

dx = 2ydy

y (2y) dy + 4 y

y dx + xdy =
C

dy =

y
y
+ 4y
2
3

y=2

y=3

2y 3 + 4 y 2 dy

245
.
6

9.2.12. C F dr F = ix2 jxy C

r (t) = i cos t + j sin t, t [0, /2].
.

dr= (i sin t + j cos t) dt

F = i cos2 t j cos t sin t

cos t sin t cos t sin t dt= 2

Fdr =

/2

/2
2

cos td (cos t) =2
0

cos3 t
3

/2
t=0

2
= .
3

9.2.13. C ydx + zdy + xdz C C

(2, 0, 0) (3, 4, 5).
. C

x2
y0
z0
=
=
32
40
50

114

9.
( t [0, 1]):

x = 2 + t, y = 4t, z = 5t,
dx = dt, dy = 4dt, dz = 5dt

Z
4tdt+5t4dt+(2 + t)5dt =

ydx+zdy+xdz =
0

(4t + 20t + 10 + 5t) dt =

(10 + 29t) dt =

9.2.14. C F dr F = i (y x2 ) + j (z y 2 ) + k (x z 2 ) C
r (t) = it + jt2 + kt3 , t [0, 1].
.

dr= i + j2t + j3t2 dt






F = i t2 t2 + j t3 t4 + k t t6

t3 t4 2t + t t6 3t2 dt
0
t=1
 5
29
2t6 3t4 3t9
2t
= .

=
5
6
4
9 t=0 60

F dr=

F dr F = ixy + jyz + kzx C r (t) =

9.2.15.
it + jt2 + kt3 , t [0, 1].
.

F dr =

dr= i + j2t + k3t2 dt
F = it3 + jt5 + kt4

t + 2t + 3t


dt=

t4 5t7
+
4
7

t=1
=
t=0

27
.
28

9.2.16. C F dr F = ix + jz + ky C r (t) =
i cos t + j sin t + kt, t [0, /2].
.

dr= (i sin t + j cos t + k) dt

F = i cos t + jt + k sin t

Z
F dr =

/2


( cos t sin t + t cos t + sin t) dt=

t=/2
1
cos2 t
+ t sin t
= .
2
2 2
t=0

49
.
2

115

9.

9.2.17. C F dr, F = i (3 + 2xy) + j (x2 3y 2 ),

C .
2
2
R. P = 3 + 2xy , Q = x 3y , Py = 2x = Qx
C F dr C.

9.2.18. C F dr, F = i (ex cos y + yz) + j (xz ex sin y) +

k (xy + z), C .
. (x, y, z)
= F, .

y = xz ex sin y,

z = xy + z.

x = ex cos y + yz,

x x

Z
=

Z
x dx =

(ex cos y + yz) dx = ex cos y + xyz + g (y, z) .

y .

xz ex sin y = y = xz ex sin y + gy gy = 0.
y

g=

0dy = h (z)

= xyz + ex cos y + h (z) .

xy + z = z = xy +

dh
z2
dh

= z h (z) =
+ d.
dz
dz
2

(x, y, z) = xyz + ex cos y +

z2
+ d.
2

, = F
C .

R
C

F dr

F dr, F = i (3 + 2xy) + j (x2 3y 2 ) C

r (t) = iet sin t + jet cos t, t [0, ].R
. C F dr .
(x, y) F =.


i (3 + 2xy) + j x2 3y 2 = ix + jy
9.2.19.

x = 3 + 2xy,

y = x2 3y 2 .

116

9.

(x, y) =

(3 + 2xy) dx = 3x + x2 y + c (y) ,

x dx =

c (y) x, y (
x). (x, y) = 3x + x2 y + c (y)
y

x2 3y 2 = y = x2 +

dc
.
dy

dc
= 3y 2 c (y) = y 3 + d.
dy

(x, y) = 3x + x2 y 3 + d

t=

F dr=

dr = (x () , y ()) (x (0) , y (0))



2

3 t=
= 3et sin t + et sin t et cos t
= e3 + 1.
t=0

t=0

9.2.20. C F dr, F = i (x y) + j (x 2),

C .
R. P = x y , Q = x 2, Py = 1 6= 1 = Qx
C F dr C.

9.2.21. C F dr, F = iy 2 + j (2xy + e3z ) + k3ye3z ,

C .
. (x, y, z)
= F, .

x = y 2 ,

y = 2xy + e3z ,

z = 3ye3z .

x x

x dx =

y 2 dx = xy 2 + g (y, z) .

y .

2xy + e3z = y = 2xy + gy gy = e3z .

Z
g=

gy dy = ye3z + h (z)

117

9.

dh
dh

= 0 h (z) = d.
dz
dz

3ye3z = z = 3ye3z +

(x, y, z) = xy 2 + ye3z + d.
,

= xy 2 + ye3z + h (z) .

= iy 2 + j 2xy + e3z + k3ye3z = F
R
C F dr C .
R
9.2.22. C F dr, F = iyz + jxz + kxy C
(1, 3, 9) (1, 6, 4).
. F = = xyz .
Z
F dr= (1, 6, 4) (1, 3, 9) = 1 6 (4) (1) 3 9 = 24 + 27 = 3.
C

9.2.23. C F dr, F = iy + jx + k4 C
(1, 1, 1) (2, 3, 1).
. F = , = xy + 4z + c.

F dr = (2, 3, 1) (1, 1, 1) = 2 3 + 4 (1) + c 1 1 4 1 c = 3

9.2.24. C F dr F = ix4 + jxy C

(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1).
. .
Green.

Z Z

F dr=

1x

(Qx Py ) dydx=

(1 x)2
dx =
2

Z
(y 0) dydx=

y2
2

y=1x
dx
y=0


x=1
1
1
3
(1 x)
= .
6
6
x=0

9.2.25. Green F = i (x y) + jx
x2 + y 2 = 1.
.

r (t) = i cos t + j sin t,

t [0, 2] .

118

9.

(i (cos t sin t) + j cos t) (i sin t + j cos t) dt

F dr=
0

cos t sin t + sin2 t + cos2 t dt

Z0 2
(1 cos t sin t) dt = 2.

=
0

Z Z

Z Z
(Qx Py ) dydx=

dd = 2.

(1 + 1) dydx=2

9.2.26.



p


sin x
4
F

dr

F
=
i
3y

e
+
j
7x
+
1
+
y
C

C x2 + y 2 = 9.
. .
Green.

Z Z

Z Z

(Qx Py ) dydx=
D
Z 2  2 =3

=4
d = 36.
2 =0
0

(7 3) dydx=4

dd

F dr=

9.2.27. C Fdr F = iy 2 +jxy C

(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1).
. Green.

Z Z

Z Z

(Qx Py ) dydx=

Fdr=

(y (2y)) dydx=
D

Z
3ydydx = 3

0
2

y2
2

9.2.28. C : xa2 + yb2 1.

. x = a cos t, y = b sin t, t [0, 2].

Z Z

Z
1 2
xdy ydx =
a cos t b cos tdt b sin t a sin tdt
2 0
C
Z


ab 2
=
cos2 t + sin2 t dt = ab.
2 0

1
dxdy =
2
D

9.2.29. r (t) = i cos3 t + j sin3 t, t

[0, 2].
. .

dx = 3 cos2 t sin tdt,

dx = 3 sin2 t cos tdt,

y=1

3
dx = .
2
y=0

119

9.

1
dxdy =
2
D

3
xdy ydx =
2

cos t sin2 t cos t + sin t cos2 t sin t dt

Z Z

Z
Z


3 2
3 2
2
2
2
2
=
cos t sin t cos t + sin t dt =
cos2 t sin2 tdt
2 0
2 0
Z
Z
3 2 2
3
3 2 1 cos 4t
=
dt =
.
sin 2tdt =
8 0
8 0
2
8

9.2.30. r (t) = it2 + j

 
3, 3 .

. .

dx = 2tdt,

1
=
2

1
xdy ydx =
2


t , t

t
1
+ t2 dt =
3
2

t 1
3

t
t
+
15
3

 
t3
t 2t dt
3

t=3

t= 3

8 3
=
.
5

9.3

1
dxdy =
2
D

t3
3

dx = t2 1 dt,

Z Z

9.3.1. r (t) = it + jt2 + k 34 t3/2 t [0, 1].

. 2.

9.3.2. r (t) = i sin t + j5t + k2 cos t t

[10, 10].
. 20 29.

9.3.3. r (t) = it2 +j (sin t t cos t)+k (cos t + t sin t)

t [0,
].2
. 5 /2.

9.3.4. r (t) = i 2t + jet + k 34 et t [0, 1].

. e e1 .
9.3.5. r (t) = it2 + j2t + k ln t t [1, e].
. e2 .
9.3.6.
r (t) = i + jt2 + kt3 t [0, 1].


3/2
. 13 8 /27.

120

9.

9.3.8.

C : it + j

9.3.11.

xyds C : (0, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0),

9.3.10.
. 2a2n+1 .

(x2 + y 2 ) ds C : ia cos t + ja sin t, t1 = 0, t2 = 2 .

z2
ds
C x2 +y 2

. 8 a 2/3.
9.3.12.
3/2

(1 + 2 2 )

R 
C

2z


1 2 2/3.

C : ia cos t + ja sin t + kat, t1 = 0, t2 = 2 .


p
x2 + y 2 ds C : it cos t + jt sin t + kt, t1 = 0,

2 , t1 = 0, t2 = 4.

5 ln 2.

9.3.9.
(4, 2, 0), (0, 2, 0).
. 24.

t2 = 2 .

t
2

ds
C xy

9.3.7. C : i cos t + j sin t + kt, t1 = 0, t2 =

. ,

.
. 2, (0, 2/, /2).

9.3.13.
. a2 /2.

9.3.14.

. 2a3 2/3.

9.3.15.
t2 = 2 .

. 8a 3 / 2/3.

9.3.16.
x, y, z 0.
. R4 3/32.

(x y) ds C : x2 + y 2 = ax.

p
2
x x2 y 2 ds C : (x2 + y 2 ) = a2 (x2 y 2 ).

arctan xy ds C : x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = at, t1 = 0,

xyzds C : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 x2 + y 2 =

R2
4

9.3.17. x, y z
C : i cos t
+ j sin t + kt/2
0, t2 = 2 , .
, t1 =
. 65 1 + 4 2 , 56 1 + 4 2 , 1 + 4 2 .
9.3.18.
0 t 1.
. 1/3.

9.3.19.
0 t 1.
. 1/12.

F (r) dr F (r) = ixy + j (y x),r (t) = it + jt

F (r) dr F (r) = ixy + j (y x), r (t) = it + jt2

121

9.
9.3.20.
0 t 1.
. 1.

9.3.21.
0 t 1.
. 1.

F (r) dr F (r) = i2xy + jx2 , r (t) = it + jt2

y2
.
b2

. ab.

x2
a2

F (r) dr F (r) = i2xy + jx2 , r (t) = it + jt

F (r) dr F (r) = iy + j2x r (t)

9.3.22.

9.3.23. C F (r) dr F (r) = i (2y + 3) + jxz + k (yz x),r (t) =

i2t2 + jt + kt3 0 t 2.
. 8728/105.

9.3.24. C F (r) dr F (r) = i3x2 + j (2xz y) + kz r (t) =

i2t2 + jt + k (4t 1) t 1 t 1.
. 8/5.
t2

3t3

F (r) dr F (r) = i3x2 + j (2xz y) + kz r (t) =

9.3.25.

it + j 4 + k 8 0 t 1.
. 141/128.
R

9.3.26. C F (r) dr F (r) = i (2y + 3) + jxz + k (yz x)

r (t) (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1), (2, 1, 1).
. 29/3.

9.3.27. C F (r) dr F (r) = i (2x + y 2 ) + j (3y 4x) C

(0, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0).
. 7.

9.3.28. C F (r) dr F (r) = i (x y) + j (x + y) + kz , C = C1 C2

C1 : y = x2 , C2 : y = x (0 x 1).
. 2/3.

9.3.29. C F (r) dr r (t) = ix + jy + k (x + y 1) C

(1, 1, 1) (2, 3, 4).
. 13.

9.3.30. C (x cos ydx + y sin xdy) C (0, 0) (, 2).

. 4 .

9.3.31. C (x2 + y 2 ) dy C (0, 0) , (2, 0) , (4, 4),(0, 4).

. 37/3.

122

9.

9.3.33.

x2 dyy 2 dx
C x5/3 +y 5/3

9.3.32. C ((2a y) dx (a y) dy) C

x = a (t sin t), y = a (1 cos t).
. a2 ..
C x = R cos3 t,

y = R sin3 t, (R, 0) (0, R) .

3
. 16
R4/3 .
R
9.3.34. C (yzdx + zxdy + xydz) C x = R cos t, y =
at
t [0, 2] .
R sin t, z = 2
. 0.
R
9.3.35. C xdx+ydy+zdz
C
x2 +y 2 +z 2 xy2z

(1, 1, 1)
(4, 4, 4) .
. 3 3.
R

9.3.36. C ((yx3 + ey ) dx + (xy 3 + xey 2y) dy) C , (0, 0).

R
C

xdyydx
x2 +y 2

= 2 C

9.3.37.
(0, 0).

9.3.39. Green
C : 4x2 + y 2 = 4.
. 0.

9.3.38. Green
C : (0, 0) R.
. R4 /2.

9.3.40. Green
2

((1 x2 ) ydx + x (1 + y 2 ) dy)

((xy + x + y) dx + (xy + x y) dy)

R 
C

x2 y +

y3
3


+ yexy dx + (x + xexy ) d

C : x + y = 1 y 0.
. /4.

9.3.41. C (xdx y 2 dy + zdz) C (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x2 , y2 , z2 ),

.
. (x2 , y2 , z2 ) (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x, y, z) = 12 (x2 + z 2 ) 31 y 3 ).

9.3.42. C (yzdx + xzdy + xydz) C (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x2 , y2 , z2 ),

.
. (x2 , y2 , z2 ) (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x, y, z) = xyz .
9.3.43. F (r) = i (4xy 3x2 z 2 ) + j2x2 2x3 zk.
C .
. (x, y, z) = 2x2 y x3 z 2 .

R
C

F (r) dr

123

9.

9.3.45.

9.3.44.
F (r) = i (y 2 cos x + z 3 ) + j (2y sin x 4) + k (3xz 2 + 2).
R
F (r) dr C .
C
. (x, y, z) = y 2 sin x + xz 3 4y + 2z ).
xdx+ydy

C
2
2
x +y

(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2p

); , .
. x2 + y 2 .
9.3.46.

R
C

yzdx+zxdy+xydz
(xyz)2

9.3.47.

R (2,1,3)
(1,1,2)

C.
. 10/3.
9.3.48.

R (3,2,1)
(0,2,3)

. 0.

(xdx y 2 dy + zdz)

(yzdx + zxdy + xydz)

C.

C (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x2 , y2 , z2 ); ,
.
. yz/ (x yz).

9.3.49. r (t) = ia cos t+

jb sin t, 0 t 2 .
. ab.

9.3.50. r (t) = ia cos3 t+

ja sin3 t, 0 t 2 .
. 83 a2 .

9.3.51. r (t) = i (2a cos t a cos 2t)+

j (2a sin t a sin 2t), 0 t 2 .
. 6a2 .

10

10.1

10.1.1. R3
R.

10.1.2. .. (r) = (x, y, z).

, : R3 R ( r =
ix + jy + kz )

(r) = (ix + jy + kz) = (x, y, z) .

10.1.3. R3 .
..

F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z) i + Q (x, y, z) j + R (x, y, z) k.

F (r) = P (r) i + Q (r) j + R (r) k.

.
10.1.4. (r)

lim (r) = 0 ( > 0 > 0 : 0 < |r r0 | < | (r) 0 | < ) .

rr0

10.1.5. (r) r0

lim (r) = 0 .

rr0

10.1.6. F (r)

lim F (r) = F0 ( > 0 > 0 : 0 < |r r0 | < |F (r) F0 | < ) .

rr0

124

125

10.
10.1.7. F (r) r0

lim F (r) = F (r0 ) .

rr0

10.1.8. F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z) i + Q (x, y, z) j + R (x, y, z) k.

r (t) = ix (t) + jy (t) + kz (t)
(x, y, z) F (x, y, z).

10.1.9. F (x, y, z)
(Fx , Fy , Fz , Fxx , Fxy , Fxz , ...)

F (x + x, y, z) F (x, y, z)

F (x, y, z) = lim
,
x0
x
x
Fy , Fz , Fxx , ... .

Fx (x, y, z) =

10.1.10.
(x, y, z) , (x, y, z),
grad :

grad = i

+j
+k .
x
x
x

grad =

d
dr
=
=
dt
dt

 


dx
dy
dz
i+
j+
k
i+ j+ k .
x
y
z
dt
dt
dt

10.1.11. F divF
:

P
Q R
+
+
x
y
z
10.1.12. F rotF
divF = F =


 i

rotF = F =  x
 P








k 
R Q
R P
Q P


+k

.
z  = i
y
z
x
z
x
y

R

10.1.13.

(F) = () F + ( F)
(F) = () F + ( F)
() = 0
(F G) = ( F) G F ( G)
= 0
( F) = 0.

126

10.

10.1.14. F
= F. F.

R (x0 , y0 , z) dz
z0

y0

x0

Q (x0 , y, z) dy +

P (x, y, z) dx +

(x, y, z) =

x0 , y0 , z0 .

10.1.15. F = iP +jQ+kR,

F dr

10.1.16. F ,
C.

(10.1)

10.1.17. F F = 0.

10.1.18. F .
10.1.19. F F = 0.

10.1.20. F G
F = G. G F.

10.2

10.2.1. F (x, y, z) = ixz + jxyz ky 2 F, F.

.




F= i
+j
+k
ixz + jxyz ky 2
x
y
z

(xz) +
(xyz)
=
y 2 = z + xz.
x
y
z



 i

j
k




F=  x y
z 
 xz xyz y 2 







y
z


 x z 2
=i 

j
 xz y
xyz y 2 



 + k  x y

 xz xyz

= i (2y xy) j (x) + k (yz)

= i (2y + xy) + jx + kyz.

10.2.2. F (x, y, z) = i sin z + jxey + ky 2 F, F.

.



F= i
+j
+k
i sin z + jxey + ky 2
x
y
z

=
(sin z) +
(xey ) +
y 2 = xey .
x
y
z

127

10.



 i
j
k 



F=  x
y
z 
 sin z xey y 2 







y
z


=i  y 2  j  x z2
sin z y
xe y



y
 + k  x

 sin z xey

= i (2y 0) j (0 cos z) + k (ey 0)

= i2y + j cos z + key .

10.2.3. () = 0.
.



 i
j k 
 
()=  x y z 
 


 x y z 

 
 



 y z 
y 
z  + k  x
 x
=i 


 j 

 x y 
 y z 
x
z












=i

+k

= 0.
y z
x z
x z
z x
x y y x
10.2.4. c = ic1 +jc2 +kc3 , r = ix+jy+kz ,
(c r) = 2c.
.



 i j k 


(c r) =  c1 c2 c3  = (i (c2 z c3 y) j (c1 z xc3 ) + k (c1 y c2 x))
 x y z 




i
j
k



.
= 
x
y
z

 (c2 z c3 y) (c1 z xc3 ) (c1 y c2 x) 











y
z
x
y
x
z






j
= i
+
k
 (c2 z c3 y) (c1 y c2 x) 
 (c2 z c3 y) (c1 z x
(c1 z xc3 ) (c1 y c2 x) 
= i (c1 + c1 ) j (c2 c2 ) + k (c3 + c3 ) = 2c.

10.2.5. (rg (r)), r = ix+jy+kz r = krk.

.

g (r)
=
x

p

2
2
2
g
x +y +z
x

p

x2

y2

z2


=

g
g y
=
,
y
r r

g
g z
=
.
y
r r

g
x
g x
p
=

2
2
2
r
r r
x +y +z

128

10.

rg (r) = ixg (r) +jyg (r) +kzg (r)



 i
j
k 


.
(rg (r)) =  x
y
z

 xg (r) yg (r) zg (r) 











y
z
y
x
z


 x


= i
+
k

j
 xg (r) yg (r)
 xg (r) zg (r) 
yg (r) zg (r) 






g
g
g
g
g
g
y
j z
x
+k y
x
=i z
y
z
x
z
x
y


zy yz
zx xz
xy yx
g
i
+i
+i
=
= 0.
r
r
r
r

10.2.6. F = iP + jQ + kR. , F = 0, (F r) =0,

r = ix+jy+kz .
.


 i

0 = F =  x
 P

R
y
P
z
Q
x

=
=
=

Q
z
R
x
P
y

 


 x y z 

(F r) =  P Q R 
 x y z 

(Qz Ry)
(P z Rx) +
(P y Qx)
=
x
y
z






Q P
P
R
R Q
=z

+y

+x

= 0.
x
y
z
x
y
z

10.2.7. , 2 =0, .
. , , , ( ) =
0.

2 =

2 2 2
+
+ 2 =0.
x2 y 2
z

= i

+j
+k
x
y
z

, (10.2)

2 2 2
+
+
=
+
+ 2 =0
x x y y z z
x2 y 2
z

(10.2)

129

10.

10.2.8. F = ixz+jxyzky 3 .
. F , , . F =
0.



 i

j
k




F=  x y
z 
 xz xyz y 3 











y
z
x
y
x
z





j
=i 
+ k
xz y 3 
xyz y 3 
xz xyz


2
= i 3y xy j (x) + k (yz)


= i 3y 2 + xy + jx + kyz 6= 0.

10.2.9. F = iy 2 z 3 +j2xyz 3 +k3xy 2 z 2

.
. F , . F = 0.



 i

j
k





F=  x
y
z

 y 2 z 3 2xyz 3 3xy 2 z 2 













y
z
x
y
x
z





=i 
3
2 2  j  y 2 z 3 3xy 2 z 2  + k  2 3
2 2 
2xyz 3xy z
y z 2xy z






= i 6xyz 2 6xyz 2 j 3y 2 z 2 3y 2 z 2 + k 2yz 3 2yz 3 = 0.

x0 = y0 = z0 = 0 (10.1),
x

2 3

3 0 02 z 2 dz = xy 2 z 3 .

2 0 yz dy +

y z dx +

(xy 2 z 3 )
(xy 2 z 3 ) (xy 2 z 3 )
= xy z = i
+j
+k
x
y
z
2 3
3
2 2
= ixy z +j2xyz +k3xy z = F.
2 3

10.2.10. F = ix+jy+kz
.
. F , . F = 0.


 i
 j
F=  x y
 x y


=i  y z
y z


k 

z 
z 




 j







 + k  x

 x
z

= i (1 1) j (1 1) + k (1 1) = 0.

130

10.
x0 = y0 = z0 = 0 (10.1),
x

zdz =

ydy +

x+

x2 + y 2 + z 2
.
2


=

x2 + y 2 + z
2


2

=i

x2 +y 2 +z 2
2

+j

x2 +y 2 +z 2
2

+k

x2 +y 2 +z 2
2

= ix+jy+kz = F.

10.2.11. F = i (ex cos y + yz) +j (xz ex sin y) +k (xy + z) .

. F , . F = 0.





i
j
k




F= 
x
y
z

 ex cos y + yz xz ex sin y xy + z 







y
z
z


 x x
=i 

j
 e cos y + yz xy + z
xz ex sin y xy + z 



x
y
 + k

 ex cos y + yz xz ex sin y

= i (x x) j (y y) + k (z ex sin y + ex sin y z) = 0.

x0 = y0 = z0 = 0 (10.1),

Z
=

(e cos y + yz) dx +

( sin y) dy +

= ex cos y + xyz cos y + cos y +

zdz
0

z2
z2
= ex cos y + xyz +
2
2



z2
x
= e cos y + xyz +
2





2
2
ex cos y + xyz + z2
ex cos y + xyz + z2
ex cos y + xyz +
=i
+j
+k
x
y
z
x
x
= i (e cos y + yz) +j (e sin y + xz) +k (xy + z) = F.

z2
2

10.2.12. R F = i2xy+j (x2 y)

C F dr C (1, 4)
(1, 2).
.


 i
j



F=  x
y
 2xy x2 y



y
 x
=
k
z 
 2xy x2 y
0 



 = k (2x 2x) = 0.


131

10.

F .
C. :
x

Z
2xydx +

(x, y) =

y2
0 y dy = x y .
2
2

y2
x y
2

Z
F dr = (1, 2) (1, 4) =
C

(x,y)=(1,2)

= 4.

(x,y)=(1,4)



i
j



F=  x
y
 ex sin y ex cos y

10.2.13.
F = iex sin y+jex cos y
R
C F dr C (0, 0)
(1, /2).
.



y
 x
=
k
z 
 ex sin y ex cos y
0 



 = k (ex cos y ex cos y) = 0.


e sin ydx +

(x, y) =
0

F .
C. :

Z
C

ex cos ydy = ex sin y e0 sin y + sin y = ex sin y.

(x,y)=(1,/2)

F dr = (0, 0) (1, /2) = (ex sin y)(x,y)=(0,0)

= e.

2
2
10.2.14.
R F = i2xy+j (x + z ) +k2zy C F dr C
(1, 1, 0) (0, 2, 3).
.


 i
j


F=  x
y
 2xy x2 + z 2



=i  2 y 2 z
x + z 2zy


z 
2zy 




 j





y
 + k  x
 2xy x2 + z 2
2xy 2zy 

= i (2z 2z) j (0 0) + k (2x 2x) = 0.

F .
C. :

(x, y, z) =
Z
C

2xydx +
0

y
2

0 +z
0

Z
dy +

0dz = x2 y + z 2 y.

F dr = (1, 1, 0) (0, 2, 3) = x2 y + z 2 y

(x,y,z)=(0,2,3)
(x,y,z)=(1,1,0)

= 17.

132

10.



x
y
 + k
 ex cos y ex sin y
2 





i
j
k




F= 
x
y
z 
 ex cos y ex sin y 2 







y
z  j 
x
=i 
 ex cos y
ex sin y 2 

x
x
10.2.15.
R F = ie cos yje sin y+k2 C F dr C
(0, /2, 1) (1, , 3).
.

= i (0 0) j (0 0) + k (ex sin y + ex sin y) = 0.

F .
C. :

x
x

e cos ydx

(x, y, z) =
0

e sin ydy +

2dz = ex cos y + 2z.

(x,y,z)=(1,,3)

F dr = (0, /2, 1) (1, , 3) = (ex cos y + 2z)(x,y,z)=(0,/2,1) = e + 6 2 = 4 e.

10.3

10.3.1. F (x, y, z) = i (2x2 y x4 ) + j (exy y sin x) + kz 2 2

2
2
2F
2F
2F
F
, F , F , F , F , 2 zF2 , xy
, yz
, zx
.
x y z 2 x2 2 y 2

. i (4xy 4x3 ) + j (yexy y cos x) , i2x2 + j (xexy sin x) , k2z , i (4y 12x2 ) +
j (y 2 exy + y sin x) , jx2 exy , k2 , i4x + j (exy + yxexy cos x) , 0, 0.
10.3.2. F (x, y, z) x (t) , y (t) , z (t) :

d
F dx F dy F dz
F=
+
+
.
dt
x dt
y dt
z dt

10.3.3. F F F (x, y, z) = ix2 y 3 +

jz + k sin (xy)
. 2xy 3 , i (x cos (xy) 1) jy cos xy k3x2 y 2 .
10.3.4. F F F (x, y, z) = iyz sin x +

jzx + k sin (xy)

. yz cos x, i (x cos (xy) x) + j(y sin x (cos xy) y )+ k (z z sin x).
10.3.5. F F F (x, y, z) = iz 2 y 2 +

jxyz + kz 2 x2
.zx + 2zx2 , ixy + j (2zy 2 2z 2 x) + k (zy 2z 2 y).

133

10.
10.3.6. F F F (x, y, z) = i
y
x2 +y 2 +z 2

+ k

z
x2 +y 2 +z 2

2
,
x2 +y 2 +z 2

0 ).

x
+
x2 +y 2 +z 2

10.3.7. F F F (x, y, z) = xyi+ (x2 + y 2 ) j.

. 3y , xk.

10.3.8. F F F (x, y, z) = xyzi + z 2 j.

. yz + 2y , 2zi+xyj zxk.

10.3.9. F F F (x, y, z) = (x + y + z 2 ) i+
(y + z + x2 ) j + (z + x + y 2 ) k.
. 3, (2y 1) i + (2z 1) j+ (2x 1) k).
10.3.10. F F F (x, y, z) = (x2 yz) i +

(xy 2 + 2 sin z) j + (z + x) k
. 2xyz + 2xy + 1, (2 cos z) i + (x2 y 1) j+ (y 2 zx2 ) k).

1
z

1
x

x+y
i
z

10.3.11. F F F (x, y, z) =
y+z
j + z+x
k.
x
y







x+y
1
1
i
+

j+ y+z
+ y1 , z+x

z1 k).
y2
x
z2
y
x2

10.3.12. F F F (x, y, z) = (x2 yz) i +

(xy 2 + 2 sin z) j + (z + x) k
. 2xyz + 2xy + 1, (2 cos z) i + (x2 y 1) j+ (y 2 zx2 ) k).
10.3.13. F = c r ( c ), F = 2c.
n

10.3.14. (r |r| ) = (n + 3) |r| .

km
10.3.15. F (r) = |r|
2 r, F (r) =

km
|r|

F = 0.

10.3.16. F (r) G (r) F = G G = F.

F = G = 0.
10.3.17. n (A n) (A n) = A, A, n ,
||n|| = 1.
10.3.18. F = ( F).

10.3.19. (F) = ( F) + F .
10.3.20. (F G) = G ( F) + F ( G) .

10.3.21. () = 0.
10.3.22. ( F) = ( F) .

134

10.

10.3.24. F = r/r n , n F =0;

. , n = 3.

10.3.23. r = ix + jy + kz r = krk. : () r = r/r , () r = 0,

() (r 1 ) = r/r 3 , () (ln r) = r/r 2 .

10.3.25. F = iP (y, z) + jQ (x, z) + kR (x, y)

.

10.3.26. F, F = (a r) r2a r r.
. 0.

10.3.27. F, F = (r r0 ) / ||r r0 || .
. 0.
10.3.28. F, F = 1/ ||r r0 || .
. 0.

10.3.29. F = ix+jy
.
. = x2 + y 2 .
10.3.30. F = i3y 2 +j6xy
.
. = 3xy 2 .

10.3.31. F = i2xey+z +jx2 ey+z + kx2 ey+z .

. = x2 ey+z .
2

10.3.32. F = i2 (cos (x2 + y 3 )) xez +j3 (cos (x2 + y 3 )) y 2 ez +k2 (sin (x2 + y 3 )) zez
.
2
. = sin (x2 + y 3 ) ez .
10.3.33. R F = i2xey +jx2 ey
C F dr C (0, 0)
(3, 2).
. 9e2 .
10.3.34. F = iR(ex ln y ey /x) +j (ex /y ey ln x)
C F dr C
(1, 1) (3, 3).
. 0.

10.3.35.
F = iy+jx+kz R
C Fdr C (0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1).
. 3/2.

135

10.

10.3.36. RF = iex y+j (ex + 2yz 2 ) +k2y 2 z C F dr C

(0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1).
. e + 1.

2
2
10.3.37.
R F = i cosh x+j6yz +k6y z C F dr C
(0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1).
. sinh 1 + 3.

10.3.38. F = ia + jb + kc.
. = ax + by + cz .
10.3.39. F (r) = k r/ ||r|| .
2
. = 21 ||r|| .

10.3.40. F (r) = f (||r||) r/ ||r|| .

a

f (p) dp..

R ||r||

. (r) =

11.1

11

11.1.1. S : S R3 .

11.1.2. ;; S

S : (x, y, z) = 0.
(11.1)

S = {(x, y, z) : (x, y, z) = 0}

11.1.3. ,
:

S : r (u, v) = ix (u, v) + jy (u, v) + kz (u, v)

(11.2)

(u, v) D R2 .

11.1.4. (11.2) u = x v = y , .

S : r (x, y) = ix + jy + kz (x, y) .

(11.3)

11.1.5. , S (x, y, z) = 0,
(x0 , y0 , z0 )

n = (x, y, z) |(x,y,z)=(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) .

11.1.6. S r (u, v), ( (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) )

n=

D (y, z)
D (z, x)
D (x, y)
r r

=i
+j
+k
.
u v
D (u, v)
D (u, v)
D (u, v)
136

(11.4)

137

11.
11.1.7. S

r (x, y) = ix + jy + kz (x, y)
(11.4) ( (x, y, z (x, y))
)

n=

r r
z
z

= i
j
+ k.
x y
x
y

11.1.8.
.
11.1.9. S
 .
 r
r 

.., r (u, v), u v 6= 0
u, v .
11.1.10. (x0 , y0 , z0 )

(r r0 ) n0 = 0

r0 = r (x0 , y0 , z0 ) n0 = n (x0 , y0 , z0 ) (
(x0 , y0 , z0 )).
11.1.11. (x0 , y0 , z0 )

(i (x x0 ) + j (y y0 ) + k (z z0 )) n0 = 0.

11.1.12. , S
(
, ).

11.1.13. S
.
n0 S .
11.1.14. (.. M oebius
11.2.31).
11.1.15.
. .., S

r (u, v) = ix (u, v) + jy (u, v) + kz (u, v) .

(11.5)

u0 u. (11.5)

r (u0 , v) = ix (u0 , v) + jy (u0 , v) + kz (u0 , v) ,

(11.6)

138

11.

u0 R {r (u0 , v)}vR = {r (u, v)}u,vR = S,

. C v . (11.6)
(11.5), C S . {r (u0 , v)}uR

. . ,
S v0 R {r (u, v0 )}uR v
v0 (11.5)

11.2

(11.7)

r (u, v0 ) = ix (u, v0 ) + jy (u, v0 ) + kz (u, v0 ) ,

11.2.1. E : x y + z = 2
.
. u = x, v = y. x y + z = 2 z

z = 2 x + y z = 2 u + v r (u, v) = iu + jv + k (2 u + v) .
.

11.2.2. r (u, v) = iu + jv + k (a u v)
x, y, z .
. x

r (u1 , v1 ) = iu1 = iu1 + jv1 + k (a u1 v1 )2 .

v1 = 0,

(a u1 v1 )2 = 0 u1 = a.

. x (a, 0, 0). ,
y r (u2 , v2 ) = 0
(0, a, 0). , z

r (u3 , v3 ) = k (a u3 v3 )2 = iu3 + jv3 + k (a u3 v3 )2 .

u3 = v3 = 0 (
z ) (0, 0, a).

 11.

139

r r0 = ua + vb r = r0 + ua + vb.
.

u R, v R.

r (u, v) = r0 + ua + vb,

11.2.3. E r0 = ix0 +
jy0 + kz0 a b.
. r = ix + jy + kz E. r r0
a b. .

.11.1.
a b.

11.1: .

 11.

140

i2 cos cos + j2 sin cos + k2 sin

u = , v = .

u [0, 2] , v [0, ] .

r (u, v) = i2 cos u cos v + j2 sin u cos v + k2 sin v,

11.2.4. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 22
.
. , 2 R = 2.

.
.11.2.

11.2: .

( u0 )

r (u, v) = i2 cos u0 cos v + j2 sin u0 cos v + k2 sin v,

v [0, ] ,

( v0 )

r (u, v) = i2 cos u cos v0 + j2 sin u cos v0 + k2 sin v0 ,

u [0, 2] .

141

11.
2

r (u, v) = i (1 + 2 cos u cos v)+j (2 + 2 sin u cos v)+k (3 + 2 sin v) ,

11.2.5. (x 1) + (y 2) + (z 3) =
22 .
. :

u [0, 2] , v [0, ] .

(x (u, v) 1)2 + (y (u, v) 2)2 + (z (u, v) 2)2

= (1 + 2 cos u cos v 1)2 + (2 + 2 sin u cos v 2)2 + (3 + 2 sin v 3)2

= 4 cos2 u cos2 v + 4 sin2 u cos2 v + 4 sin2 v




= 4 cos2 u + sin2 u cos2 v + sin2 v


= 4 cos2 v + sin2 v = 4.

.11.3.

11.3: .

142

11.
2

r (u, v) = ia cos u cos v + jb sin u cos v + kc sin v,

11.2.6. xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1

.
. ( ):

u [0, 2] , v R.

2 
2 
2
y (u, v)
z (u, v)
x (u, v)
+
+
a
b
c
 a cos u cos v 2  b sin u cos v 2  c sin v 2
=
+
+
a
b
c
2
2
2
2
2
= cos u cos v + sin u cos v + sin v


= cos2 u + sin2 u cos2 v + sin2 v
= cos2 v + sin2 v = 1.

.11.4. ;

11.4: .

143

11.
2

r (u, v) = ia cos u cosh v + jb sin u cosh v + kc sinh v,

11.2.7. xa2 + yb2 zc2 =

1 .
. ( ):

u [0, 2] , v R.

2 
2 
2
y (u, v)
z (u, v)
x (u, v)
+

a
b
c

2 
2 
2
a cos u cosh v
b sin u cosh v
c sinh v
=
+

a
b
c
2
2
2
2
2
= cos u cosh v + sin u cosh v sinh v


= cos2 u + sin2 u cosh2 v sinh2 v

= cosh2 v sinh2 v = 1.

.11.5. ;

11.5: .

11.2.8.
.
.

r (u, v) = ia cos u 1 + v 2 + jb sin u 1 + v 2 + kcv,

x2
a2

+ yb2 zc2 = 1

u [0, 2] , v R.

2 
2 
2
x (u, v)
y (u, v)
z (u, v)
+

a
b
c
2  
 a cos u
2  b sin u
c 2
=
1 + v2 +
1 + v2 v
a
b
c




2
2
2
2
= cos u + sin u 1 + v v = 1.

144

11.
11.2.9.
z2
c2

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1 .

r (u, v) = ia cos u sinh v + jb sin u sinh v + kc cosh v,

. ( )

u [0, 2] , v R

2 
2 
2
x (u, v)
y (u, v)
z (u, v)
+

a
b
c

2 
2 
2
a cos u sinh v
b sin u sinh v
c cosh v
=
+

a
b
c
2
2
2
2
2
= cos u sinh v v + sin u sinh v cosh v


= cos2 u + sin2 u sinh2 v cosh2 v = 1.

( )

u [0, 2] , v R (1, 1) .

r (u, v) = ia cos u v 2 1 + jb sin u v 2 1 + kcv,

2 
2 
2
x (u, v)
y (u, v)
z (u, v)
+

a
b
c
2  

2
 a cos u
b sin u 2
c 2
2
v 1 +
v 1 v
=
a
b
c

2


2
2
2
= cos u + sin u v 1 v = 1.

.11.6. ; . 11.6;

145

11.

11.6: .

 11.

146

11.2.10. z =

x2
a2

.
. ():


r (u, v) = iu + jv + k

u2 v 2
+ 2
a2
b


,

u R, v R.

u [0, 2] , v R.

r (u, v) = ia cos u v + jb sin u v + kcv,

y2
b2

2 
2 
2 
2
x (u, v)
y (u, v)
a cos u v
b sin u v
+
=
+
a
b
a
b


2
2
= cos u + sin u v = v = z (u, v) .

.11.7.

r (u0 , v) = ia cos u0 v + jb sin u0 v + kcv,

v R.

r (u, v0 ) = ia cos u v0 + jb sin u v0 + kcv0 ,

u [0, 2] .

11.7: .

 11.

147

11.2.11. z =

x2
a2

.
. ():


r (u, v) = iu + jv + k

u2 v 2
2
a2
b

y2
b2

u R, v R.

r (u, v) = ia cosh u v + jb sinh u v + kc sin v,

u [0, 2] , v R.

2 
2 
2 
2
y (u, v)
a cosh u v
b sinh u v
x (u, v)

=
a
b
a
b


2
2
= cosh u sinh u v = v = z (u, v) .

.11.8.

r (u0 , v) = iu0 + jv + k

u20 v 2
2
a2
b

v R.

( )

r (u, v0 ) = iu + jv0 + k

u2 v02
2
a2
b


,

u R.

( ).

11.8: .

 11.
11.2.12. z 2 =
.

+ yb2 .

u [0, 2] , v R.

r (u, v) = iav cos u + jbv sin u + kv,

x2
a2

2 
2 
2

y (u, v)
a cos u 2
x (u, v)
b sin u
+
=
v +
v =
a
b
a
b


= cos2 u + sin2 u v 2 = v 2 = z 2 (u, v) .

.11.9.

148

11.9: .

149

11.

r (u, v) = ia cos u + jb sin u + kv,

x2
a2

y2
b2

11.2.13. 1 =
.
.

u [0, 2] , v R.

2 
2 
2

y (u, v)
a cos u 2
x (u, v)
b sin u
+
=
=
+
a
b
a
b


= cos2 u + sin2 u = 1.

.11.10.

11.10: .

150

11.
11.2.14.

r (u, v) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )

(11.8)

r0 r1 (u).
r1 (u) , (11.8) .
r0 = 0 r1 (u) = i cos u + j sin u + k.
.

r (u, v) = 0 + vr1 (u) = iv cos u + jv sin u + kv

. ,
r1 (u)
(0, 0, 1), 1 z = 1 (
;). ,
(0, 0, 1).
.11.11.

11.11: .

 11.

151

r (u, v) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )

11.2.15. r0 = k
r1 (u) = i cos u + j sin u.
. (0, 0, 1)
r1 (u) (0, 0, 0), 1
z = 0. ,
(0, 0, 1).

r (u, v) = r0 +v(r1 (u) r0 ) = k+v(i cos u + j sin u k) . = iv cos u+jv sin u+k (1 v) ..

.11.12.

11.12: .

 11.

152

r (u, v) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )

11.2.16. r0 = i + j + k
r1 (u) = i2 cos u + j sin u.
. (1, 1, 1)
2
x22 + y 2 = 1 z = 0. ,

(1, 1, 1).

r (u, v) = r0 + v (r1 (u) r0 )

= i + j + k + v (i2 cos u + j sin u)
= i (1 + 2v cos u) + j (1 + v sin u) + k..

.11.13.

11.13: .

153

11.
11.2.17.

r (u, v) = r1 (u) + v r2

(11.9)

r2 r1 (u).
r1 (u) r2 Ox, Oy , Oz
(11.9) .
r1 (u) = i cos u + j sin u r2 = k.
.

r (u, v) = i cos u + j sin u + kv

. ,
z
r1 (u) (0, 0, 0), 1
z = 0 ( ;). ,

k ( z ). .11.14.

11.14: .

 11.

154

r (u, v) = r1 + v r2 (u)

11.2.18. r2 = i + k
r1 (u) = i2 cos u + j sin u.
. i + k
2
x21 + y 2 = 1 z = 0. ,

i + k.

r (u, v) = r1 + v r2 (u)
= i2 cos u + j sin u + v (i + k)
= i (1 + 2 cos u) + j sin u + k (1 + v) ..

.11.15.

11.15: .

155

11.

11.2.19. r (u, v) = i (2u + 1)+j (u + 3v)+k (2 + 4u + 5v).

.

i (2u + 1)+j (u + 3v)+k (2 + 4u + 5v) = (i + 2k)+u(i2 j + k4)+v(j3 + k5) = r0 +ur1 +vr2

r1 = i2 j + k4,

r0 = i + 2k,

r2 = j3 + k5.

, (1, 0, 2)
i2 j + k4 j3 + k5.

11.2.20. r (u, v) = i2u + j3v + k (u2 + v 2 ).

.

x (u, v) = 2u,

x (u, v)
2

2

y (u, v)
3

z (u, v) = u2

y (u, v) = 3u,
2

2u
2

2

3u
3

2

= u2 = z (u, v) .

11.2.21. r (u, v) = i2u cos v + j3u sin v + ku2 .

.

x (u, v) = 2u cos v,

x (u, v)
2

2

y (u, v)
3

y (u, v) = 3u sin v,

2

z (u, v) = u2

2 
2
2u cos v
3u sin v
=
+
2
3


2
2
2
= u cos v + sin v = u2 = z (u, v) .


.
11.2.22. r (u, v) = iu + j3 cos v + k4 sin v .
.

x (u, v) = u,

y (u, v)
3

2

y (u, v) = 3 cos v,

z (u, v)
4

2


=

3 cos v
3

z (u, v) = 4 sin v
2


+

4 sin v
4

2
= 1..

x.
11.2.23. r (u, v) = iu + j3u cos v + k4u sin v .
.

x (u, v) = u,

y (u, v)
3

2


+

y (u, v) = 3u cos v,

z (u, v)
4

2


=

3u cos v
3

z (u, v) = 4u sin v
2


+

4u sin v
4

2

= u2 .

x.

 11.

156

11.2.24. r (u, v) = iu cos v +ju sin v +kv ,

u [0, 5], v [0, 6].
. . 11.16.
.
.

11.16: .

r (u0 , v) = iu0 cos v + ju0 sin v + kv

( u0 [0, 5] ). u0 ,
u0 . . 11.16
.

 11.

157

11.2.25. r (u, v) = iu + jeu cos v + keu sin v , u [0, 1],

v [0, 2].
. . 11.17.
.

11.17: .

r (u0 , v) = iu0 + jeu0 cos v + keu0 sin v

( u0 [0, 1] ). u0 ,
(u, 0, 0), eu0 x = u0 .
.
eu0 .

 11.

158

11.2.26. r (u, v) = i3u + ju2 (4 u2 ) cos v + ku2 (4 u2 ) sin v ,

u [2, 2], v [0, 2].
. . ;;.
.

11.18: .

r (u, v0 ) = i3u + ju2 4 u2 cos v0 + ku2 4 u2 sin v0
v0 [0, 2]. v1 = 0. xy



2
2

r (u, v1 ) = i3u + ju

4u

{2, 0, 2}
.11.19. v2 = /2 yz

11.19: .

r (u, v2 ) = i3u + ku2 4 u2

. . r (u, v1 ) /2.
r (u, v),
r (u, v1 ), v [0, 2] .

 11.

159

11.2.27. r (u, v) = i cos3 u cos v + j sin3 u cos v + k sin v , u

[2, 2], v [0, 2].
. . ;;.

11.20: .

r (u, v0 ) = i cos3 u cos v0 + j sin3 u cos v0 + k sin v0

v0 [0, 2]. v1 = 0. xy

r (u, v1 ) = i cos3 u + j sin3 u.

x2/3 + y 2/3 = cos2 u + sin2 u = 1.

.11.21.

11.21: .

r (u, v), r (u, v1 ), v [0, 2]

.;;.

 11.

160

11.2.28. r (u, v) = i (6 + cos u) cos v +

j (6 + cos u) sin v + k sin u, u [0, 2], v [0, 2].
. . 11.22. -

11.22: .

r (u, v0 ) = i (6 + cos u) cos v0 + j (6 + cos u) sin v0 + k sin u

v0 [0, 2]. v1 = 0. xy

r (u, v1 ) = i (6 + cos u) + k sin u.

xz , (6, 0, 0) 1.
.11.23.

11.23: .

r (u, v), r (u, v1 ), v [0, 2]

.

 11.

161

11.2.29. r (u, v) = i cos3 u cos v + j sin3 u cos v + k sin v , u

[0, 2], v [0, 2].
. . 11.24. -

11.24: .

r (u, v0 ) = i cos3 u cos v0 + j sin3 u cos v + k sin v

v0 [0, 2]. v1 = 0. xy

r (u, v1 ) = i cos3 u + j sin3 u.

xy .
.;;. r (u, v),

11.25: .

r (u, v1 ), v [0, 2]
.

 11.

162

11.2.30. r (u, v) = i (2 + sin v) cos u + j (2 + sin v) sin u +

k (u + cos v), u [0, 2], v [6, 6].
. , .11.26.

11.26: .

. r (u, v) :

r (u, v) = (i2 cos u + j2 sin u + ku) + (i cos u sin v + j sin u sin v + k cos v)

r (u, v) r1 (u) = i2 cos u + j2 sin u + ku

(. ) ( u0 )
r2 (v) = i cos u0 sin v + j sin u0 sin v + k cos v ,
, . r1 (u0 ). .

 11.

163

11.2.31. 
r (u, v) = i 2 cos u + v cos u2 +j 2 sin u + v cos u2 +

kv sin u2 , u [0, 2], v 14 , 14 .
. . ;;.

11.27: .
M oebius. :

u
u
u
r (u, v) = (i2 cos u + j2 sin u) + iv cos + jv cos v + kv sin
2
2
2


r (u, v) r1 (u) = i2 cos u + j2 sin u (

xy (0, 0, 0) 2) r2 (v) = iv cos u2 +
jv cos u2 v + kv sin u2 , , u0 .
M oebius. .

164

11.


 i j
k
r r 

= 1 0 6u
n=
u v 
0 1 2v

11.2.32. r (u, v) = iu+jvk (3u2 + v 2 ). (1, 1, 4).

. .




 = i6u + j2v + k



n1 = i6 + j2 + k.

0 = (i (x1) + j (y 1) + k (z+4)) (i6 + j2 + k) 4 = 6x + 2y + z

R (u, v) = iu + jv + k (4 6u 2v) .

11.2.33. z x2 + y 2 = 0.
(1, 0, 1).
.

n = |(x,y,z)=(1,0,1) = (i2x + j2y + k)(x,y,z)=(1,0,1) = (i2 + k) .

0 = (i (x1) + j (y 0) + k (z1)) (i2 + k) 1 = 2x + z

R (u, v) = iu + jv + k (1 + 2u) .

(0, 0, 0). 3 (x20 y0 ) x 3x0 (y + y0 ) + 2z + 4z0 = 0.

11.2.34. S :
1/2
z = (x2 + y 2 ) (0, 0, 0).
.

(x, y, z) = z x2 + y 2

1/2

=0

n (x, y, z) = |(x,y,z)=(1,0,1) =

i p
jp
+k .
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2

(0, 0, 0, ) n(x,y,z)=(1,0,1) = (i2 + k)

( )! ,
S . ;; (0, 0, 0)
.

165

11.

11.28: (0, 0, 0)
.

11.2.35. (xa , 0, 0), (0, ya , 0), (0, 0, za ),

x, y , z x + y + z 1 = 0
(x 0, y 0, z 0). xa + ya + za ..
. (x0 , y0 , z0 )



1
1
1
n = |(x,y,z)=(1,0,1) = i + j + k
2 y
2 x
2 z (x,y,z)=(x0 ,y0 ,z0 )


1
1
1
= i +j +k
.
2 x0
2 y0
2 z0

(x0 , y0 , z0 )



1
1
1
0 = (i (xx0 ) + j (y y0 ) + k (zz0 )) i + j + k
2 x0
2 y0
2 z0
x x0 y y0 z z0

+ + = 0.
2 x0
2 y0
2 z0

xa y = z = 0, .

xa x0
y0
z0
=0

2 x0
2 y0 2 z0

xa

= x0 + y0 + z0 = 1
x0

xa = x0

ya =

y0 ,

za =

z0

166

11.

xa + ya + za =

x0 +

y0 +

z0 = 1.

11.3

( (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ,

x0 + y0 + z0 = 1.)

11.3.1. x 2y + z = 4
.
. r (u, v) = iu + jv + k (4 u + 2v) .

11.3.2.
r0 = (1, 2, 3) a = i2+j k b = i j+2k.
. r (u, v) = i (1 + 2u + v) + j (2 + u v) + k (3 u + 2v) .
11.3.3.
r0 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) a b.
. r (u, v) = r0 + ua + vb.

11.3.4. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
. r (u, v) = (1 + 2 cos u cos v, 2 + sin u cos v, 1 + sin v).
2

11.3.5. (x 1) +(y 2) +(z 1) = 4.

. r (u, v) = (1 + 2 cos u cos v, 2 + sin u cos v, 1 + sin v).

11.3.6.
. r (u, v) = (2 cos u cos v, 3 sin u cos v, 5 sin v).

x2
4

y2
9

z2
25

=1

11.3.7. 1 = x2 + y 2 .
. r (u, v) = (cos v, sin v, u).

11.3.8. z = x2 + 4y 2 .

. r (u, v) = ( u cos v, 2 u sin v, u).

11.3.9. x2 = z 2 + y 2 .
. r (u, v) = (u, u cos v, u sin v).
11.3.10.
(0, 0, 1) x2 + y 2 = 1 xy .
.
. r (u, v) = (0, 0, 1) + v ((cos u, sin u, 0) (0, 0, 1)) = (v cos u, v sin u, 1 v) .
11.3.11.
(0, 1, 0) x2 = z xz .
.
. r (u, v) = (0, 1, 0) + v ((u, 0, u2 ) (0, 1, 0)) = (vu, 1 v, vu2 ) .

 11.

167

11.3.12.
(0, 1, 0) x2 + z 2 = 1 xz .
.
. r (u, v) = (cos u, 0, sin u) + v (0, 1, 0) = (cos u, v, sin u) .
11.3.13.
2
(1, 1, 1) x2 + z4 = 1 xz . .
. r (u, v) = (cos u, 0, 2 sin u) + v (1, 1, 1) = (v + cos u, v, v + 2 sin u).

11.3.14. r (u, v) = iu cos v+ju sin v+ku2 .

. .
11.3.15. r (u, v) = i (5 + 3u + 2v) +

j (u + 3v) + k (1 + u + v).
. .

11.3.16. r (u, v) = iu + j cos v + k sin v .

. .

11.3.17. r (u, v) = iu+ju cos v +ku sin v .

. .
11.3.18. r (u, v) = i (1 v + 3v cos u) +
j (1 v + 2v sin v) + k (1 v).
. .

11.3.19. r (u, v) = i2 cos u+jv +k2 sin u.

. , y .

11.3.20. r (u, v) = i (v + 3 cos u) +

j (v + 2 sin u) + kv .
. .
11.3.21. z xy = 0. (2, 3, 6)
.i3 j2 + k, 3x + 2y z 6 = 0.
11.3.22. 4z x2 y 2 = 0.
(2, 4, 5).
. i j2 k, x 2y z 5 = 0.
11.3.23. 4z x2 + y 2 = 0.
(3, 1, 2).
. 6i + j2 + k4, 6x + 2y + 4z + 8 = 0.
11.3.24. x2 yz + 3y 2 2xz 2 + 8z = 0.
(1, 2, 1).
. i6 + j11 + k14, 6x 11y 14z + 2 = 0.

168

11.

11.3.25. z 2x2 + 4y 2 = 0.
(2, 1, 4).
= 1y
= 4 z , 8x 8y z 4 = 0.
. x2
8
8
11.3.26. z x3 y 3 + 3xy = 0.
(1, 1, 1).
11.3.27. . x = y = 1, z = 1.

11.3.28. x3 + y 3 + z 3 + xyz 6 = 0.
(1, 2, 1).
= z+1
, x + 11y + 5z 18 = 0.
.x 1 = y2
11
5

11.3.29. 4 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 (x + y + z) = 0.
(2, 3, 6).
= y3
= z 6, 5x + 4y + z 28 = 0.
. x2
5
4

11.3.30. r (u, v) = iu+jv+k u2 + v 2

uv (3, 4, 7).
. 17x + 11y + 5z = 60.
11.3.31.
r (u, v) = ia cos u sin v +


a 3 b 3 c 3
jb sin u sin v + kc cos v 3 , 3 , 3 .
.

x
a

y
b

z
c

3.

11.3.32.
r (u, v) = i cos u sin v +

2
j 2 sin u sin v + k cos v x y + 2z = 0.
. x y + 2z =

p
11/2.

11.3.33. r (u, v) = ia cos u sin v +

jb sin u sin v + kc cos v
x, y z .
. x + y + z+ = a2 + b2 + c2 .
11.3.34.
r (u, v) = iu cos v + ju sin v +

2
2
k a u (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
. x0 x + y0 y + z0 z = a2 .

11.3.35. r (u, v) = iu + jv + kuv

(2, 2, 1).
. 2x + y z = 2
11.3.36. r (u, v) = iu +
jv + kuf (v/u) .

11.3.37. r (u, v) = iu +
1
jv + k uv
, xy , yz , zx
.

12

12.1

12.1.1. , A

(u, v) D R2

r (u, v) = ix (u, v) + jy (u, v) + kz (u, v) ,

, S .

r
12.1.2. dS =  u

 2
 r 
G =   ,
v

F =

r r

u v

 2
 r 
E =   ,
u

r 
dudv .
v

 r r 
 dudv = EG F 2 dudv
dS = 

u v 

(12.1)

ZZ

ZZ

S=

dS =

s





ZZ
 D (y, z) 2  D (z, x) 2  D (x, y) 2






EG F 2 dudv.
 D (u, v)  +  D (u, v)  +  D (u, v)  dudv =

(12.2)

12.1.3.

r (x, y) = ix + jy + kz (x, y)

(12.1)

s
dS =

1+

z
x

2

169


+

z
y

2
dxdy

(12.3)

170

12.

( (12.3) )

ZZ

s
1+

dS =
A

z
x

2


+

z
y

2

ZZ

dxdy

Dxy

(12.4)

Dxy D xy : Dxy = {(x (u, v) , y (u, v)) : (u, v D)}.

12.1.4. , (x, y, z) = 0,

2
x

dS =
r

2
x

2
x

2

 
 
z
 2

 
 
x
 2

2
z

dxdy,

(12.5)

dydz,

(12.6)

dzdx

(12.7)

2
z

2
z

( (12.5)(12.7) (12.3) )

ZZ

ZZ

2
x

dS =

2
x

2
z

2

dxdy

(12.8)

dydz

(12.9)

2
z

Dyz

Dzx

2

ZZ

Dxy

ZZ

2
x

2

2
z
dzdx.

(12.10)

12.1.5.
.
12.1.6. A r (u, v) =
ix (u, v) + jy (u, v) + kz (u, v), (u, v) D R2 .
,

ZZ
D



 r r 

 dudv.
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) 

u v 

(12.11)

171

12.
r
u

r
v

r r

u v


dudv = ndudv

n =

r
r 
A  u
v
dudv ".



 r r 
 dudv,

dS = 
u v 

ZZ

ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS =
A



 r r 
 dudv.
f (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) 

u v 

(12.12)

.
12.1.7.

D (y, z)
D (z, x)
D (x, y)
r r

=i
+j
+k
u v
D (u, v)
D (u, v)
D (u, v)

(12.12)

ZZ

s





 D (y, z) 2  D (z, x) 2  D (x, y) 2
 +



f (x (u, v) , y (u, v) , z (u, v)) 
 D (u, v)  +  D (u, v)  dudv. (12.13)
D (u, v) 

12.1.8. u = x, v = y , (12.12)

ZZ

ZZ

f (x, y, z) dS =

f (x, y, z (x, y))

z
x

2

y
x

2


1+

z
y

2

y
z

2


+

dxdy.

(12.14)

dxdz.

(12.15)

, u = x, v = z , (12.12)

ZZ

ZZ

f (x, y, z) dS =

f (x, y(x, z), z)


1+


+

u = y , v = z , (12.12)

ZZ

ZZ

f (x, y, z) dS =
A

f (x (y, z) , y, z)
D

s
1+

x
y

2


+

x
z

2
dydz.

(12.16)

172

12.

12.1.9. , (x, y, z) (x, y, z) D ,

(12.12)

ZZ

ZZ

f (x, y, z)

f (x, y, z) dS =
A

2
x

2

2
z

Dxy

r
ZZ

2
x

f (x, y, z)

2

(12.17)

dydz

(12.18)

2
z

Dyz

dxdy

ZZ

2
x

f (x, y, z)

=
Dzx

2

2
z

dzdx

(12.19)

Dxy D xy , Dyz D
yz , Dzx D zx.

12.1.10.
.
12.1.11. A (x, y, z),
,
( x, y, z ) A

ZZ

(x, y, z) dS

m=
Z ZA

x (x, y, z) dS,

x0 =

ZZ

Z ZA

Ix =

Z ZA

Iy =

Z ZA

Iz =

y0 =

y (x, y, z) dS,

ZZ
z0 =

z (x, y, z) dS
A

y 2 + z 2 (x, y, z) dS,

z 2 + x2 (x, y, z) dS,

x2 + y 2 (x, y, z) dS.

12.1.12. A f (x, y, z).

(x, y, z)

n0 = ia (x, y, z) + jb (x, y, z) + kc (x, y, z)

1 = |n0 | =

(12.20)

a2 + b2 + c2 .

(12.20)

n0 = i cos () + j cos () + k cos ()

(12.21)

, , (, n0 x,
n0 y n0 z ).

173

12.

ZZ
F n0 dS =
A

Z ZA
=

(iP + jQ + kR) (i cos () + j cos () + k cos ()) dS

ZZ
ZZ
P cos () dS +
Q cos () dS +
R cos () dS

Dyz

Dxy

Rdxdy

Qdzdx +

P dydz +

ZZ

ZZ

ZZ

Dzx

(12.22)

(12.23)

(12.24)

ZZ

12.1.13. ,
.

F .

(n0 i) dS = dS cos = dydz,

(n0 j) dS = dS cos = dzdx,
(n0 k) dS = dS cos = dxdy.

(12.25)

(12.26)
(12.27)

.. (n0 i) dS dS yz .

12.1.14. , (12.22)(12.24) .

12.1.15. ( Gauss ) A
F = iP + jQ + kR . A
D R3 .
ZZZ
ZZ

FdV =

F n0 dS.
A

12.1.16. ( Stokes ) , A
, C. F =
iP + jQ + kR .

ZZ

I
( F) 0 dS =

12.2

F dr.
C

12.2.1.

S1 : z = x2 + y 2 ,
S2 : z = 9.

174

12.

. S2 S1 ()
x + y 2 = 9 ( z = 9). z (x, y) = x2 + y 2 .

Z Z q
Z Z p
1 + zx2 + zy2 dydx =
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dydx
D



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 9 = {(, ) : 0 3, 0 2}
.

Z


1+

42 d

 Z 3





1
2 1/2
2
d =
1 + 4
d
d
2 0
0
=3
Z 2 


1 2
2 3/2

1 + 4
d
=
8 3
0
=0
Z 2


1 

3/2
3/2
(37) 1 d =
(37) 1 .
=
12
6
0
Z

12.2.2.

S 1 : z = 2 x2 y 2 ,
S2 : z = 0.

. z (x, y) = 2 x2 y 2 .

Z Z p
Z Z q

1 + zx2 + zy2 dydx =

1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dydx

D x, y .
S1 z = 0, z = 0. .


n
D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 2 = (, ) : 0 2, 0 2

Z


Z
p
1 + 42 d d =

1
2

=
0

Z
=
0

1 + 4

2 1/2

2

1
1 + 4
12

2 3/2

13
13
d =
.
6
3

=2
d
=0

175

12.

12.2.3.

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 ,

a 2
a2
S2 : x
+ y2 = .
2
4

. S1 S2 ( .;;).

p . , z (x, y) =
a2 x2 y 2

x
zx = p
,
a2 x 2 y 2

y
zy = p
.
a2 x 2 y 2

Z Z
Z Z q
a
2
2
p
1 + zx + zy dydx =
dydx.
2
a x2 y 2
D
D

z = 0,

2
2
x a2 + y 2 = a4 .

a 2
a2 
a2
= x
+ y2
+ y 2 = x2 ax +
4
2
4
x2 + y 2 = ax 2 = a cos = a cos

[/2, /2] ( ;).

/2

/2

a cos

/2

 Z a cos





a
2
2 1/2
2
p
d d =
a
d
d
2 0
a2 2
/2
Z /2 

1/2 =a cos
=
a a 2
d
a

=a

/2
Z /2
2

=0

(1 sin ) d = ( 2) a2

/2

, . 2 ( 2) a2 .
12.2.4. r (u, v) = i cos u sin v + j sin u sin v +

k cos v , u [0, 2], v [0, ].

.
,



i
j
k

0
ru rv =  sin u sin v cos u sin v
 cos u cos v sin u cos v sin v

= i cos u sin2 v + j sin u sin2 v + k cos v sin v.

176

12.

p
cos2 u sin4 v + sin2 u sin4 v + cos2 v sin2 v
p
= sin4 v + cos2 v sin2 v = sin v.

Z Z

Z

kru rv k dvdu =

( cos v)v=
v=0 du = 4.

sin vdv du =
0

kru rv k =

R;

12.2.5. S1 : x + 2y + z = 4
S2 : x2 + y 2 = 4.
. z = 4x2y zx = 1, zy = 2.

2

Z Z q
Z
2
2
1 + (1) + (2) dA =
D

Z

6d d = 4 6.


12.2.6. S1 : z = xy
S2 : x2 + y 2 = 2.
. z = xy zx = y , zy = x.


Z Z
Z Z
2

p
1 + x2 + y 2 dA =

p

2
1 + 2 d d = 53/2 1
.
3

12.2.7. S1 : z = y 2 x2
S2 : x2 + y 2 = 1 S3 : x2 + y 2 = 4.
. z = y 2 x2 zx = 2x, zy = 2y . ,

D = {(, ) : 1 2, 0 2} .

Z Z p
Z
2
2
1 + 4x + 4y dA =
D

Z


1+

42 d

d = 173/2 53/2

.
6

12.2.8. S1 : 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , z 0
S2 : x2 p
+ y 2 = 1.
. z (x, y) = 2 x2 y 2 .

x
zx = p
,
2 x2 y 2

y
zy = p
,
2 x2 y 2

177

12.

Z Z q
Z Z s
x2
y2
1 + zx2 + zy2 dydx =
1+
+
dydx
2 x2 y 2 2 x2 y 2
D
D
Z Z
1
p
= 2
dydx.
2 x2 y 2
D

D x, y S2
z = 0, z = 0. .



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 = {(, ) : 0 1, 0 2}
.

Z
2

1
2 2

Z
d d = 2

2 2

1/2 =1

Z
= 2

=0




2 1 d = 2 2 2 .

12.2.9. S1 : z = 2
S2 : z = x2 + y 2 .
. = x2 + y 2 z = 0.

x = 2x,

y = 2y,

z = 1

Z Z p
Z Z p 2
x + 2y + 2z
dxdy =
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1dxdy.
|
|
z
D
D

S2 S1

2 = z = x2 + y 2

D x, y :

n
D = (x, y) : x + y 2 = (, ) : 0 2, 0 2
2

42

3/2 = 2
1  2
4 + 1
d
12
=0

13
13
d =
.
6
3

+ 1d d =

Z
=
0

Z Z p 2
Z Z p
x + 2y + 2z
dxdy =
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1dxdy.
|z |
D
D

178

12.

x = 2x,

y = 2y,

z = 2z

12.2.10. S1 : z = x2 + y 2
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2.
. = x2 + y 2 + z 2 2 = 0.

Z Z p 2
Z Z p 2
x + 2y + 2z
4x + 4y 2 + 4z 2
dxdy =
dxdy
|z |
2z
D
D
Z Z p 2
Z Z
x + y2 + z2
2
=
dxdy =
dxdy.
z
D
D z
S2 S1

x 2 + y 2 = 2 z 2 = 2 x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 = 1

D x, y :



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 = {(, ) : 0 1, 0 2}



Z 2 Z 1 1
2
d d = 2
d d
z
0
0 z
!
Z 2 Z 1
1
p
= 2
d d
2 2
0
0


Z 2 

= 2
2 1 d = 2 2 2 ..

12.2.11. S1 : x2 + y 2 = 1
S2 : z = x.
. = x z = 0.

x = 1,

y = 0,

z = 1

Z Z p 2
Z Z
Z Z
x + 2y + 2z
2
dxdy =
dxdy =
2dxdy.
|z |
D
D 1
D

D x, y :



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 = {(, ) : 0 1, 0 2}

Z
0

Z
0


2d d =

2.

179

12.

x = 1,

y = 2y,

z = 2z

12.2.12. S1 : x = 4 z 2 y 2
1 y 2 + z 2 4, x = 0.
. = x + y 2 + z 2 4 = 0.

Z Z p 2
Z Z p
x + 2y + 2z
dxdy =
1 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 dxdy.
|z |
D
D

D x, y (
yz ):


D = (x, y) : 1 y 2 + z 2 4 = {(, ) : 1 2, 0 2}

Z


Z
p
2
1 + 4 d d =

3/2 =2


1 

1 + 42
173/2 53/2 .
d =
12
6
=1
0
1
0
RR
12.2.13.
ydS
S
S : z = x + y2,

x [0, 1] , y [0, 2] .

. z (x, y) = x + y 2 .

Z Z p
q
2
2
y 1 + 1 + 4y 2 dydx
y 1 + zx + zy dydx =
D
D


Z 1 Z 2p
2
= 2
1 + 2y ydy dx
0
0

y=2
Z 1 1


2 3/2
dx
= 2
1 + 2y
6
0
y=0
Z

13 2
13 2 1
=
dx =
.
3
3
0
RR 2
12.2.14.
x dS S x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
S

Z Z

r (u, v) = i cos u sin v + j sin u sin v + k cos v,

u [0, 2] , v [0, ] .

ru rv = i cos u sin2 v + j sin u sin2 v + k cos v sin v,

kru rv k = sin v.

180

12.

Z Z

(cos u sin v)2 sin vdvdu

D
Z

Z0 2 0
2
3
cos u
sin vdv du
=
0
0
 Z

Z 2


2
2
cos udu
sin v sin v cos v dv
=
0
0
Z 2

v=
1 + cos 2u
cos3 v
4
=
du
cos v +
.
=
2
3
3
0
v=0
RR
12.2.15.
zdS S
S
S1 : z = 1 + x S2 : x2 + y 2 = 1.
. = x z + 1 = 0.
2

x = 1,

y = 0,

z = 1

p 2
Z Z
x + 2y + 2z
z
dxdy = 2
(1 + x) dxdy.
|z |
D
D

Z Z

x kru rv k dvdu =

D x, y :



D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 = {(, ) : 0 1, 0 2}

Z

=1
2 3
d
+ cos
2
3
0
=0


Z 2 1 1
= 2
+ cos d
2 3
0


sin =2
= 2
+
= 2..
2
3
=0

Z
(1 + cos ) d d = 2

Z
2

12.2.16.

x = 0,

x = 1,

RR

y = 0,

xyzdS S

y = 1,

z = 0,

z = 1.

Z Z
xyzdS =
S

6 Z Z
X
n=1

xyzdS
Sn

S1 , S2 , ..., S6 . , x = 0, y = 0,
z = 0, .

S6 = {(x, y, 1) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1}

181

12.

Z Z

y2
2

y=1

1
xdx = .
4
0
0
0
S2
0
RR
, S2 S4
xyzdS = 34 .
S
RR 2
12.2.17.
x yzdS S
S
S1 : z = 1 + 2x + 3y
x = 0,

x = 3,

y = 0,

y = 2,

z = 0.

xydydx =

xyzdS =

1
dx =
2
y=0

. z (x, y) = 1 + 2x + 3y zx = 2, zy = 3,

Z Z
q

2
2
x2 y (1 + 2x + 3y) 1 + 32 + 22 dydx
x yz 1 + zx + zy dydx =
D
D
Z 3Z 2 2


= 14
x y + 2x3 y + 3x2 y 2 dydx
0
0

y=2
Z 3 x2 y 2
3 2
2 3
+x y +x y
dx
= 14
2
0
y=0
Z 3


10x2 + 4x3 dx
= 14
0

x=3

10x3
4
= 14
= 171 14.
+x
3
x=0
RR
12.2.18.
xydS S
S
(1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 2)
. Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Z Z

A1+B0+C 0+D =0
A0+B2+C 0+D =0
A0+B0+C 2+D =0

, D = 2 , A = 2, B = 1, C = 1, .
2x + y + z = 2 z = 2 2x y . zx = 2, zy = 1

Z Z
Z Z

xy 1 + 4 + 1dydx = 6

xydydx.
D

D xy ,

D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 2 2x} .

Z
6
0

Z
0

22x

Z
xydydx = 6

Z
= 6
0

xy 2
2

y=22x

Z
dx = 6

y=0

2x + 2x3 4x2 dx =

x (2 2x)2
dx
2

6
.
6

182

12.

ZZ
(ixy + jyz + kzx) n0 dS A

12.2.19.
A

0 x 1,

0 y 1,

z = 0.

S1 : z = 4 x2 y 2

. ixy + jyz + kzx

r (x, y) = ixy + j 4y x2 y y 3 + k 4 x3 y 2 x .


n0 dS =

r r

x y


 i j
k


dxdy =  1 0 2x
 0 1 2y




 dxdy = (i2x + j2y k) dxdy



k . n0 dS
!

ZZ
(iy + jx + kz) n0 dS
A

Z Z

ixy + j 4y x2 y y 3 + k 4x x3 y 2 x (i2x + j2y k) dydx

=
Z

ZD 1

2x2 y + 8y 2 2x2 y 2 2y 4 4x x3 y 2 x dydx

Z0 1 0 2
11x
34
713
x
3
+
x +
dx =
.
=
3
3
15
180
0
ZZ
12.2.20.
(jyz + kz 2 ) n0 dS A

S1 : 1 = y 2 + z 2 z 0, x = 0 x = 1.
. :

r (x, v) = ix + j cos v + k sin v,

x [0, 1] , v [0, ]

( v [0, ] z 0)

n0 dS =

r r

x v


 i
j
k


0
0
dxdy =  1
 0 sin v cos v




 dxdv = (j cos v k sin v) dxdv



n0 dS = j cos v k sin v
.. v = /4 n0 dS = j k.

D = {(x, v) : x [0, 1] , v [0, ]} .

183

12.
jyz + kz 2

F (x, v) = j cos v sin v + k sin2 v.

ZZ
jyz + kz

Z Z

j cos v sin v + k sin2 v (j cos v k sin v) dxdv

n0 dS =
D

cos2 v sin v + sin3 v dvdx
Z 1
Z
Z0 1 Z0
v=
sin vdvdx =
(cos v)v=0 dx =
=
0

ZZ

2dx = 2.

(iy + jx + kz) n0 dS A -

12.2.21.
A

S1 : z = 1 x2 y 2 z 0.
. iy + jx + kz

F (x, y) = iy + jx + k 1 x2 y 2 .

r (x, y) = ix + jy + k 1 x2 y 2

r r

x y


 i j
k


dxdy =  1 0 2x
 0 1 2y

n0 dS =




 dxdy = (i2x + j2y k) dxdy



k . n0 dS
!
z = 0,

D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 1 .

ZZ

Z Z

iy + jx + k 1 x2 y 2

(iy + jx + kz) n0 dS =

Z Z

(i2x + j2y k) dxdy

2xy + 2xy 1 + x2 + y 2 dxdy
Z D2 Z 1


=
1 + 42 cos sin 2 dd
Z0 2 Z0 1


=
+ 23 sin 2 3 dd
0
0

 =2
Z 2 
1 1
1

=
+ sin 2
d =
= .
2 2
4
4 =0
2
0

184

12.

ZZ
12.2.22.

(iz + jy + kx) n0 dS A S : x2 + y 2 +

. :

r (u, v) = i cos u sin v + j sin u sin v + k cos v,

z 2 = 1.

u [0, 2] , u [0, ] ,



i
j
k

r r
0
n0 dS =

dudv =  sin u sin v cos u sin v

u v
 cos u cos v sin u cos v sin v


= i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv.





 dudv



n0 dS
! iz + jy + kx

F (x, y) = i cos v + j sin u sin v + k cos u sin v.

ZZ

(iy + jx + kz) n0 dS
A

Z Z

(i cos v + j sin u sin v + k cos u sin v) i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv
Z D2 Z


=
cos u sin2 v cos v + sin2 u sin3 v + cos u sin2 v cos v dudv
Z 2 Z
Z0 2 Z0
4
2
2 cos u cos v sin vdudv
sin2 u sin3 vdudv = .
=
3
0
0
0
0
ZZ
12.2.23.
(ixzey jxzey + kz) n0 dS A

S1 : x + y + z = 1 x, y, z 0.
. :

r (x, y) = ix + jy + k (1 x y) .

D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x} .


n0 dS =

r r

x y


 i j k

dxdy =  1 0 1
 0 1 1




 dxdy = (i + j + k) dxdy.



185

12.

y

Z Z

(ixzey jxzey + k (1 x y)) (i + j + k) dxdy

(ixze jxze + kz) n0 dS =

ZZ

1x

=
0

1
(1 x y) dxdy = .
6

ZZ

(jy kz) n0 dS A -

12.2.24.

S1 : y = x2 + z 2 y 1.
. :

r (x, z) = ix + j x2 + z 2 + kz.

D
y = 1, . 1 = x2 + z 2 ()

D = (x, y) : x2 + z 2 1 .


n0 dS =

r r

x z


 i j k

dxdy =  1 2x 0
 0 2z 1




 dxdy = (i2x j + k2z) dxdy.



ZZ

Z Z

(jy kz) n0 dS =

j x2 + z 2 kz (i2x j + k2z) dxdy

Z Z

x2 z 2 2z 2 dxdy
Z D2 Z 1


=
2 + 22 cos2 dd
0
0
=1
Z 2  4
4

+ cos
d
=
4
2
0
=0
Z


1 2
1 + 2 cos2 d = .
=
4 0
=

( xz : x = cos ,
z = sin .)

ZZ
(ixz + jx + ky) n0 dS A

12.2.25.
A

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 y 0.

186

12.
. :

u [0, 2] , v [0, ] ,

r (u, v) = i5 cos u sin v + j5 sin u sin v + k5 cos v,

( )


n0 dS =

r r

u v

dudv = 25 i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv.

ixz + jx + ky

F (u, v) = i25 cos u sin v cos v + j5 cos u sin v + k5 sin u sin v.

ZZ
(ixz + jx + ky) n0 dS
A

Z Z

(i5 cos u sin v cos v + j cos u sin v + k sin u sin v)

i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv
Z 2 Z


= 125
5 cos2 u sin3 v cos v + cos u sin u sin3 v + sin u sin2 v cos v dudv.

= 125

, 0!

ZZ

(kz) n0 dS A S1 :

12.2.26.

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 x, y, z 0.

. :

u [0, /2] , v [0, /2] ,

r (u, v) = ia cos u sin v + ja sin u sin v + ka cos v,

( u [0, /2] , v [0, /2] x, y, z 0.)

( )

n0 dS =

r r

u v

dudv = a2 i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv.

kz

F (u, v) = ka cos v.

ZZ

kzn0 dS = a

Z Z

= a

/2

/2

sin v cos vdudv = a

0

=a

(k cos v) i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv

(u)u=/2
u=0

v=/2
=
v=0

a3
.
6

!
du

cos3 v
3

/2

/2
2

cos vd (cos v)
0

187

12.

ZZ
(iy jx + k) n0 dS A

12.2.27.

. :

r (u, v) = ia cos u sin v + ja sin u sin v + ka cos v,

n0 dS =

r r

u v

u [0, /2] , v [0, /2] ,

dudv = a2 i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv.

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 x, y, z 0.

(iy jx + k)

F (u, v) = (ia sin u sin v ja cos u sin v + k) .

ZZ
A

Z Z

(ia sin u sin v ja cos u sin v + k) i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v dudv
D
Z /2 Z /2


= a2
a sin u cos u sin3 v a cos u sin u sin3 v + sin v cos v dudv
0
0
! Z
!
Z
=a

(iy jx + k) n0 dS

/2

= a2

/2

sin vd (sin v)

du

= a

(u)u=/2
u=0

sin2 v
2

v=/2

v=0

a2
.
2

12.2.28. Gauss F = ix + jy + kz
S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
.

n0 dS = i cos u sin2 v j sin u sin2 v k sin v cos v.

n0 dS = i cos u sin2 v + j sin u sin2 v + k sin v cos v.

188

12.

ZZ
S

Z Z

(i cos u sin v + j sin u sin v + k cos v) i cos u sin2 v + j sin u sin2 v + k sin v cos v dudv

ZD

cos2 u sin3 v + sin2 u sin3 v + cos2 v sin v dudv
Z
Z Z 2


3
2
sin vdudv =
sin v + cos v sin v dudv =

=
Z0 Z0 2
=
0

( cos v)v=
v=0

(u)u=2
u=0

= 4.

Z Z Z

Z Z Z
(ix + jy + kz) dV =

 Z

sin vdv

Gauss .

12.2.29. Gauss

ZZ

(ixy + jyz + kxz) n0 dS,

0 x 1,

0 y 1,

0 z 1.

ZZ


du

4
(1 + 1 + 1) dV = 3V = 3 12 = 4.
3

=
Z

(ix + jy + kz) n0 dS

Z Z Z
(ixy + jyz + kxz) dV

(ixy + jyz + kxz) n0 dS =

V

(y + z + x) dxdydz
x=1
Z 1Z 1
x2
=
xy + xz +
dydz
2 x=0
0
0

Z 1Z 1
1
dydz
=
y+z+
2
0
0
y=1
Z 1 2
y
y
=
+ zy +
dz
2
2 y=0
0


z=1
Z 1
1
1
z2
3
=
+z+
dz = z +
= .
2
2
2 z=0 2
0
0

189

12.

ZZ 
x
y
z
i 3 + j 3 + k 3 n0 dS,
r
r
r
S

r =

p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 S
a2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 b 2

.
.

12.2.30. Gauss

 x
y
z
2x2 + y 2 + z 2
x2 2y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 2z 2
i 3 +j 3 +k 3 =
+
+
= 0.
r
r
r
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2

Z Z Z
Z Z Z
ZZ 
x
y
z
i 3 + j 3 + k 3 n0 dS =
(ixy + jyz + kxz) dV =
0dV = 0.
r
r
r
V
V

12.2.31. Gauss

ZZ

i3xy 2 + jxez + kz 3 n0 dS,

S y 2 + z 2 = a
x = 1 x = 2.
.

i3xy 2 + jxez + kz 3 = 3y 2 + 3z 2 .

ZZ

i3xy + jxe + kz

Z Z Z

i3xy 2 + jxez + kz 3 dV

n0 dS =
V

Z Z Z

y 2 + z 2 dV
V
Z 2 Z 2
Z a
9
=3
2 dddx = a4 .
2
1 0
0
=3

( x, . x = x, y =
cos , z = sin .)
12.2.32. Stokes

ZZ
(ixz + jyz + kxy) n0 dS
A

190

12.

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
x2 + y 2 = 1

z 2 = 3.

A S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
S2 : x2 + y 2 = 1 xy .
. Stokes
. S1 S2 .

xy ,

n
o
2
2
C : (x, y, z) : x + y = 1, z = 3
,

r (t) = i cos t + j sin t + k 3,

t [0, 2]

dr = i sin tdt + j cos tdt.

, C ,

F (t) = ixz + jyz + kxy = i 3 cos t + j 3 sin t + k cos t sin t.

ZZ

(ixz + jyz + kxy) dr

(ixz + jyz + kxy) n0 dS =

Z
=




i 3 cos t + j 3 sin t + k cos t sin t (i sin t + j cos t) dt

Z0 2 


=
3 cos t sin t + 3 sin t cos t = 0.
0

! .
F (x, y, z) = ixz + jyz + kxy .

(ixz + jyz + kxy) = i (x y) + j (x y) 6= 0.

12.2.33. Stokes

ZZ

(iyz + jxz + kxy) n0 dS

A S2 : z = 9 x2 y 2
S1 : z = 5.

191

12.

z = 9 x2 y 2
z=5

x2 + y 2 = 4.



C : (x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 5

. Stokes
.
S1 S2 .


r (t) = i2 cos t + j2 sin t + k5,

t [0, 2]

dr = i2 sin tdt + j2 cos tdt.

, C ,

F (t) = iyz + jxz + kxy = i10 sin t + j10 cos t + k4 cos t sin t.

ZZ

(ixz + jyz + kxy) n0 dS =

A

(ixz + jyz + kxy) dr

(i10 sin t + j10 cos t + k4 cos t sin t) (i sin t + j cos t) dt

Z 2
Z 2


2
2
=
10 sin t + 10 cos t = 10
cos 2t = 0.

12.2.34. Stokes

ZZ

ix2 y 3 z + j sin (xyz) + kxyz n0 dS

A S2 :
y = 0 y = 3.
. y = 0
y = 3

y 2 = x2 + z 2
, (0, 0, 0).

y 2 = x2 + z 2
y=3

x2 + z 2 = 9,

r (t) = i3 sin t + j3 + k3 cos t,

t [0, 2]

dr = i3 cos tdt k3 sin tdt.

192

12.
, C ,

ZZ

ix2 y 3 z + j sin (xyz) + kxyz n0 dS

Z
ZC2
=

ix2 y 3 z + j sin (xyz) + kxyz dr

F (t) = i729 sin2 t cos t + j27 sin t cos t + k27 cos t sin t.

i729 sin2 t cos t + j27 sin t cos t + k27 cos t sin t (i3 cos t k3 sin t) dt

Z0 2

2187 cos2 t sin2 t 81 sin2 t cos t dt

Z0 2 
2187 2
2
=
sin 2t 81 sin t cos t dt
2
0
t=2

t=2 
2187 t sin 4t
81 3
2187
=

sin t
=
.

4
2
8
3
4
t=0
t=0

12.3

12.3.1. x + 2y + 2z = 12
x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1.
. 3/2.

12.3.2. x + 2y + 2z = 12
x = 0, y = 0 x2 + y 2 = 16.
. 6 .
12.3.3. y 2 +z 2 az = 0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
. 2a2 .
12.3.4.
x2 + y 2 = 1, x2 + z 2 = 1.
. 16.

ZZ

(z + 2x + 4y/3) dS , A

12.3.5.

12x + 8y
+ 6z = 24 .
. 4 61.
ZZ p
12.3.6.
R2 x2 y 2 dS , A . z =
A

p
R 2 x2 y 2
. R3 .

193

12.

ZZ

dS
,
x2 +y 2 +(zc)2

12.3.7.

A x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2

2R
C

c > R..
ln c+R
.
cR
ZZ

xyzdS , A x+y +z = 1

12.3.8.
A

ZZ

. 3/120.

xdS , A x2 +y 2 +z 2 = a2

12.3.9.
A

.
. a3 /4.

ZZ

ydS , A z =

12.3.10.
A

. 0.

ZZ

x2 y 2 dS , A z =

12.3.11.

p
a2 x 2 y 2 .

p
a2 x 2 y 2 .

. 2a6 /15.

ZZ

12.3.12.

1
dS ,
x2 +y 2 +z 2

A x2 +

y 2 = 1 z =0 z = 1.
. 2 /2.
ZZ
12.3.13.
(iy + j2x kz) n0 dS A
A

2x + y 6 = 0 z = 4.
. 108.
ZZ
12.3.14.
(i (y 2 + x) j2x + k2yz) n0 dS A
A

2x + y + 2z 6 = 0 .
. 81.

ZZ

12.3.15.

(i2y jz + kx2 ) n0 dS S y 2 8x =

0 y = 4 z = 6.
. 132.
ZZ
12.3.16.
(i6z + j (2x + y) kx) n0 dS A
A

x2 + z 2 = 9, x = 0, y = 0, y = 8, z = 0.
. 18 .

194

12.

ZZ
(ix + jy + kz)n0 dS A

12.3.17.

ZZ

(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), ..., (1, 1, 1).

. 3.

(ix + jy + kz) n0 dS A

12.3.18.
A

(0, 0, 0)
. 4 .

ZZ

(i4xz + jxyz 2 + k3z) n0 dS A

12.3.19.
A

x2 + z 2 = z 2 , z = 4 z = 0.
. 320 .

ZZ

(iz + jx k3zy 2 ) n0 dS A

12.3.20.
A

x2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0 z = 5

. 90.

ZZ

(ix + jy + kz) n0 dS A

12.3.21.

(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), ..., (1, 1, 1). (. 3).

ZZ

12.3.22.

p
(kx2 y 2 z)n0 dS A z = 1 x2 y 2 .

. 2/105.

ZZ

12.3.23.

(ixy + jyz + kxz) n0 dS A

(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0).

. 1/8.

ZZ

12.3.24.

(izx + jxy + kyz) n0 dS A -

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1.
. 1/8.

ZZ

12.3.25.

(xdzdy + ydxdz + zdxdy) A

x + y + z = a .
. a3 /2.

195

12.

ZZ
12.3.26.

(x2 dzdy + y 2 dxdz + z 2 dxdy) A

x
2 + y 2 + 2az = a2 .
4

. a3 45 + 16
.

ZZ

(yzdxdy + xzdydz + yxdxdz) A

12.3.27.
A

ZZ

x2 + y 2 = R2
x = 0, y = 0.z = 0, z = H .
. R2 H 2R
+ H
.
3
8

(xzdxdy + xydydz + yzdxdz) A

12.3.28.
A

x2 + y 2 = 1 x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, z = 1.
. 32 + 8 .

ZZ
12.3.29.
A

(y 2 zdxdy + xzdydz + yx2 dxdz) A -

z = x2 + y 2 , x2 + y 2 = 1
x = 0, y = 0.z = 0.
. /8.
12.3.30. Gauss

ZZ

i2xy + jyz 2 + kxz n0 dS

A x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1,
z = 0, z = 3.
12.3.31. . 30.

12.3.32. Gauss

ZZ p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 (i + j + k) n0 dS
A

A x + y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
. 351/2.
12.3.33. Gauss

ZZ

i2xy + jyz 2 + kxz n0 dS

A x = 0, x = 6 2z , y = 0,
y = 3, z = 0.
. 351/2.

196

12.

ZZ

i2x2 y jy 2 + k4xz 2 n0 dS

12.3.34. Gauss

A
y 2 + z 2 = 9, x = 2.
. 180.

ZZ

12.3.35. Gauss

i4x j2y 2 + kz 2 n0 dS

A y 2 + x2 = 4, z = 0, z = 3.
. 84 .
12.3.36. Gauss

ZZ

(ix + jy + kz) n0 dS

A (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), ..., (1, 1, 1).

. 24.

ZZ
(ix + jy + kz)

12.3.37. Gauss
A

n0 dS A (0, 0, 0) 2.
. 32 .
ZZ
12.3.38. Gauss
(ix + jy + kz)
A

n0 dS A y 2 + x2 = 4 z z = 0.
. 24 .
ZZ
12.3.39.
(x3 dzdy + y 3 dxdz + z 3 dxdy) A
A

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
. 12a5 /5.

ZZ

12.3.40.

(x3 dzdy + y 3 dxdz + z 3 dxdy) A

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 x + y + z =
a.
. 15a5 /100.

197

12.

12.3.41. Stokes F (x, y, z)= ixz jy + kyx2

S (4, 0, 0), (0, 8, 0) (0, 0, 4).
. 32/3.
12.3.42. Stokes F (x, y, z)= i (y z + 2) +
j (yz + 4) kxz S x = 0, x = 2, y = 0,
y = 2, z = 0, z = 2.
. 4.

2
12.3.43. Stokes
p F (x, y, z)= i (2x y) jyz
2
2
2
ky z S z = 1 y x .
. .

12.3.44. C (x (z y) dx + y (x z) dy + z (y x)dz)) C
(a, 0, 0) , (0, a, 0) , (0, 0, a).
. a3 .

12.3.45. C (yzdx + xzdy + xydz) C (0, 0, 0) , (1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 1).

. 0.