Buyers Credit: Buyer's credit is the credit availed by an importer (buyer) from overseas lenders, i.e.

banks and financial institutions for payment of his imports on due date. The overseas banks usually lend the importer (buyer) based on the letter of comfort (a bank guarantee) issued by the importers bank. Importer's bank or Buyers Credit Consultant or importer arranges buyer's credit from international branches of a domestic bank or international banks in foreign countries. For this service, importer's bank or buyer's credit consultant charges a fee called an arrangement fee. Buyer's credit helps local importers gain access to cheaper foreign funds close to LIBOR rates as against local sources of funding which are costly compared to LIBOR rates. The duration of buyer's credit may vary from country to country, as per the local regulations. For example in India, buyer's credit can be availed for one year in case the import is for tradeable goods and for three years if the import is for capital goods. Every six months, the interest on buyer's credit may get reset.

Benefits to importer 1. The exporter gets paid on due date; whereas importer gets extended date for making an import payment as per the cash flows 2. The importer can deal with exporter on sight basis, negotiate a better discount and use the buyers credit route to avail financing. 3. The funding currency can be in any FCY (USD, GBP, EURO, JPY etc.) depending on the choice of the customer. 4. The importer can use this financing for any form of trade viz. open account, collections, or LCs. 5. The currency of imports can be different from the funding currency, which enables importers to take a favourable view of a particular currency.

Steps involved 1. The customer will import the goods either under LC, collections or open account

2. The customer requests the Buyer's Credit Arranger to arrange the credit before the due date of the bill 3. Arrange to request overseas bank branches to provide a buyer's credit offer letter in the name of the importer. Best rate of interest is quoted to the importer 4. Overseas bank to fund Importer's bank Nostro account for the required amount 5. Importer's bank to make import bill payment by utilizing the amount credited (if the borrowing currency is different from the currency of Imports then a cross currency contract is utilized to effect the import payment) 6. Importer's bank will recover the required amount from the importer and remit the same to overseas bank on due date. 7. It helps importer in working capital management.

Cost involved 1. Interest cost: is charged by overseas bank as a financing cost 2. Letter of Comfort / Undertaking: Your existing bank would charge this cost for issuing letter of comfort / Undertaking 3. Forward Booking Cost / Hedging cost 4. Arrangement fee: Charged by person who is arranging buyer's credit for buyer. 5. Risk premium: Depending on the risk perceived on the transaction. 6. Other charges: A2 payment on maturity, For 15CA and 15CB on maturity, Intermediary bank charges. 7. WHT (Withholding tax): The customer may have to pay WHT on the interest amount remitted overseas to the local tax authorities depending on local tax regulations. In case of India, the WHT is not applicable where Indian banks arrange for buyer's credit through their offshore offices.

Indian regulatory framework Banks can provide buyers credit up to USD 20 million per import transactions for a maximum maturity period of one year from date of shipment. In case of import of capital goods, banks can approve buyers credits up to USD 20 million per transaction with a maturity period of up to three years. No rollover beyond that period is permitted. RBI has issued directions under Sec 10(4) and Sec 11(1) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, stating that authorized dealers may approve proposals received (in Form ECB) for short-term credit for financingby way of either suppliers' credit or buyers' creditof import of goods into India, based on uniform criteria. Credit is to be extended for a period of less than three years; amount of credit should not exceed $20 million, per import transaction; the `all-in-cost' per annum, payable for the credit is not to exceed LIBOR + 50 basis points for credit up to one year, and LIBOR + 125 basis points for credits for periods beyond one year but less than three years, for the currency of credit. All applications for short-term credit exceeding $20 million for any import transaction are to be forwarded to the Chief General Manager, Exchange Control Department, Reserve Bank of India, Central Office, External commercial Borrowing (ECB) Division, Mumbai. Each credit has to be given `a unique identification number' by authorised dealers and the number so allotted should be quoted in all references. The International Banking Division of the authorised dealer is required to furnish the details of approvals granted by all its branches, during the month, in Form ECB-ST to the RBI, so as to reach not later than 5th of the following month. (Circular AP (DIR Series) No 24 dated September 27, 2002. As per RBI Master circular on External Commercial Borrowing and Trade Finance 1 July 2011, the all-in cost ceiling for interest is now six month L + 200 bps(bps is Basis Points . A unit that is equal to 1/100th of 1%) for buyer's credit arrange for tenure up to three years. All cost ceiling includes arranger fee, upfront fee, management fee, handling and processing charges, out-of-pocket and legal expenses, if any. The above ceiling go revised on 15/11/2011 to 6 Month Libor + 350 bps and got further extended on 30/03/2012 till 30/09/2012. From 01-10-2012 Maximum cap of 6 Month Libor + 350 bit/s has been extended till further review.

Difference Between Buyers Credit and Suppliers Credit

Theoretically speaking, as the name suggests, importer of goods applies for buyers credit and exporter of goods applies for suppliers credit.

For all practical purposes, importer applies for buyer,s credit as well as suppliers credit.

Suppliers credit can only be arranged against LC backed transaction whereas buyers credits can be arranged Sight LC, Usance LC, DA & DP excluding Advance Payment

Generally Buyers Credit quote is arranged for after opening of the LC whereas suppliers credit quote is tied up before opening of the LC. LC is then opened as per the terms of the funding bank in case of suppliers credit. However, when the LC is opened before tying up for the funds in a suppliers credit, it might need amendment as per the funding bank.

Withholding Tax may be applicable in certain cases in a buyers credit but it is not applicable in suppliers credit.

Letter of Undertaking (LOU) issuance charges are applicable in case of buyers credit whereas since suppliers credit is an LC based transaction, no Letter of Undertaking (LOU) charges are applicable.

form A1