DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENT BEAM VIBRATION

1. Introduction
The purpose of this laboratory is to gain further experience of finite element analysis by using the modal capabilities of ANSYS to acquire results.

2. Problem Description
This laboratory will determine using ANSYS, the natural frequencies and modes of free oscillation of firstly a homogeneous isotropic beam and secondly beams of the same dimensions and fixity but constructed as laminates (inhomogeneous beams). The first beam will then be compared with results using the Euler-Bernoulli and Rayleigh beam models; the assumptions used in these theories will be examined for their appropriateness. The laminate beam structures, consisting of steel and polymer layers will be judged for their effect on natural frequency modification.

3. Model Description
The beam will be modelled using quad elements, 4 across the thickness and 10 along the length. The beam is nominally 0.5m long and 0.05m thick, that is an aspect ratio of 10. The homogeneous beam is made of a polymer material with a density of 1200 kg/m3 and Youngs modulus of 60 GN/m2. The laminate beams will include steel layers with material density of 8000 kg/m3 and Youngs modulus 200GN/m2.

POLYMER

HOMOGENEOUS BEAM

STEEL POLYMER STEEL

FIRST LAMINATE BEAM

POLYMER STEEL POLYMER

SECOND LAMINATE BEAM

4. Objectives
Use ANSYS to model and analyse the first five modes of free vibration of the homogeneous beam. Compare the frequencies with those from the Rayleigh and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories (will need to use a mathematics package for this, e.g. Mathcad, Matlab or Mathematica). Examine the transverse section for the assumption of plane sections remaining plane and perpendicular to the median. Analyse and record the first five frequencies and the first five modal shapes for each of the laminate beam configurations. Compile a report containing your results and explaining how you would improve the finite element model so as to yield more information of the stress diffusion at the interface between the steel/polymer interface.

5. ANSYS Processing Instructions 5.1 Preprocessing 1. Specify Title

Click on File on the utility menu and change the title to beamXXX where the Xs are replaced by your initials. THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ENGINEERS

2. Define Element Types and Options

Click on Element Type on the preprocessing menu and Add element PLANE 182. Under Options Chose K1 Parallel to Global, K2 Include, K3 Plane Stress, K5 and K6 No extra output.

3. Define Material Properties

On the preprocessor menu click on Material Properties-Material Models-Structural-Linear-Elastic-Isotropic and fill in the material properties for material 1, which is the polymer, in the pop up windows and then click on Apply. Fill in the properties for material 2, the steel, then click on OK.

4. Define Geometry
Go to Preprocessor-Modelling-Create-Areas-Rectangle-By Dimensions and fill in the boxes i) X1,X2=0,0.5 and Y1,Y2=0,0.0125 then Apply ii) X1,X2=0,0.5 and Y1,Y2=0.0125,0.0375 then Apply iii) X1,X2=0,0.5 and Y1,Y2=0.0375,0.05 then OK

5. Display Rectangle Numbers

Chose PlotCtrls-Numbering-Area-On-OK from the utility menu

6. Glue Areas
Chose Preprocessor-Modeling-Operate-Booleans-Glue and click on Pick All and Apply 7. Mesh Areas Click on Preprocessor-Meshtool-Lines Set-Lines-Set Pick each horizontal line, Apply and set NDIV to 10 and Apply. Pick the two vertical lines attached to the middle rectangle and Apply and set NDIV to 2 and Apply. Now pick the four vertical lines attached to the bottom and top rectangles and Apply and set NDIV to 1 and Apply and Mesh.

8. Save File
Click File-Save as and give the file a new name

9. Apply Constraints
Click on Solution-Define Loads-Displacement on nodes. Select a box that contains the five nodes at the left hand end of the beam and Apply. Select All Dof and Displacement value as 0 then Apply.

5.2 Solution and Postprocessing 1. Chose Analysis Type

Pick Solution-Analysis Type-New Analysis and set Modal on. Chose Analysis Options and set No. of Modes to extract as 5 and ensure that the lumped mass approx is set to off; then click OK. Set FreqB to 1 and FreqE to 1e8.

2. Solve
Click on Solve-Current LS

3. Examine Results
Chose General Postprocessor-Read Results and look at the results summary and the deformed shapes.

5.3 Alternative Constructions

To change the material types chose Preprocessor-Modelling-Move/Modify Elements-Modify Attributes. Chose top and bottom elements and Apply. Change Material 1 to Material 2 etc.

6. Report requirements
A full report is required which satisfies all the objectives in section 4. The computer room GB/B7 (Area B) has been booked for Wednesday (Structures+PhD students) and Friday (MED students), 9.00-12.00noon the 20th March and 22nd March for a guided session. All reports are required to be completed by 11.00pm on Wednesday the 17th April 2013 (please place your report in the box provided in GB by 11.00pm on the 17th April 2013). It is expected that all students will have completed the modal analysis of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous beams by the end of the laboratory session. ELECTRONIC SUBMISSIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ENGINEERS

If the beam is slender with one independent positional variable x ( 0 x L ), then the motion in this case is v(x , t ) and the governing equation for an Euler-Bernoulli beam is

Analytical Solution for Vibration of a Slender Beam

2 x 2

2v 2v EI x 2 + A t 2 = 0

(I.1)

where it is assumed that rotary inertia is negligible. This partial differential equation is second order in t and fourth order in x. The solution thus requires two initial conditions and four boundary conditions. The initial conditions specify the position or deformation and the velocity at the initial time and the boundary conditions specify the end fixities of the beam, either displacement or shear force, and rotation or bending moment at each end. The inclusion of the flexural stiffness EI within the differential term is retained there so that non-uniform beams can be included. The inclusion of rotary inertia results in the Rayleigh beam equation

2 2v 2v 3v + = EI A I 2 2 x 2 t 2 x x xt
This equation admits solutions of the form

(I.2)

v(x, t ) = e it (x ) where is angular frequency and (x ) is a mode.

This solution implies the synchronous movement of all particles. Substituting this form of the solution into the differential equation results in an ordinary differential equation
2 d 4 2 d + = 0 (I.3) 4 2 dx dx k where wave number = c , c = E is propagation speed and k = I A is the radius of gyration about 2

the neutral axis. The solution to Equation (I.3) is of the form

where 1 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation + ( 1) k = 0 , whose solutions are
4 i i 2 i 2 2 2

(x ) = A sin (1 x ) + B cos(1 x ) + C sinh ( 2 x ) + D cosh ( 2 x )

(I.4)

2 1 =

2 4 2 4 1 + 2 2 + 1 and 2 1 + 2 2 1 = 2 2 2 k k ck .

(I.5)

Neglecting the effect of rotary inertia results in 1 = 2 = travelling waves is thus c = / i = ck i =

/ k = / ck and the speed of propagation of

There is a discrepancy here, in that this speed is proportional to the wave number (note that wavelength is = 2 / and to the square root of the signal frequency. This suggests that the wave speed is unbounded and can exceed the propagation speed of stress c, which is not possible. This shows that there is a fault with the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory whereas with the Rayleigh beam theory the wave speed for high frequencies or wave numbers is limited by

c=

= 1

2 4 1 + 2 k 2 + 1

as

c=

= 2

2 4 + 1 1 2 2 k

as

THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ENGINEERS

The second asymptote is incorrect but indicates an infinite stiffness in the beam between rotation of the section and the slope of the median, that is, in shear. The Timoshenko beam addresses this by considering shear deformation together with rotary inertia and for this theory the second limit can be shown to be c s (shear wave speed). The constants A, B, C and D together with are determined by application of the four boundary conditions where one of the constants will be indeterminate. In the cantilever configuration, both the deflection and the slope at x = 0 are zero, and at the other end, x = L , the bending moment and shear forces are zero. At x = 0 , v = 0 (zero deflection) and

Constraints and Boundary Conditions

v 2v = 0 (zero slope), and at x = L , = 0 (zero moment) and x x 2

v(x, t ) = e it (x ) with (x ) = A sin (1 x ) + B cos(1 x ) + C sinh ( 2 x ) + D cosh ( 2 x ) . Note that, v (0, t ) = 0 gives (0) = 0 , which implies that B + D = 0 . Similarly, v x (0, t ) = 0 gives d dx (0 ) = 0 , which implies that A1 + C 2 = 0 . It follows that (x ) is of the form (x ) = A( 2 sin (1 x ) 1 sinh ( 2 x )) + 2 B(cos(1 x ) cosh ( 2 x ))
Recall the general solution Now considering the other end of the beam and applying the free end boundary conditions gives

3v = 0 (zero shear). x 3

d 2 2 = 0 = A1 2 (1 sin (1 L ) + 2 sinh ( 2 L )) B 2 1 cos(1L ) + 2 2 cosh ( 2 L ) 2 dx d 3 2 3 3 = 0 = A1 2 1 cos(1L ) + 2 2 cosh ( 2 L ) + B 2 1 sin (1 L ) 2 sinh ( 2 L ) 3 dx The determinental equation follows by solving for A/B, i.e. 2 3 cos(1L ) + 2 sin (1L ) 3 A 1 1 1 1 2 cosh ( 2 L ) 2 sinh ( 2 L ) = = 2 B 1 1 sin (1L ) + 2 sinh ( 2 L ) 1 1 cos(1L ) + 2 2 cosh ( 2 L )

or or

2 1

3 3 cos(1L ) + 2 2 cosh ( 2 L ) + (1 sin (1 L ) + 2 sinh ( 2 L )) 1 sin (1 L ) 2 sinh ( 2 L ) = 0 2

4 2 2 2 2 1 + 4 2 + 21 2 cos(1L ) cosh( 2 L ) + 1 2 1 2 sin (1L )sinh( 2 L ) = 0 For the Euler-Bernoulli beam this reduces to 1 + cos(1L ) cosh (1L ) = 0 .

(I.6)

The roots,

(1L)i

for the cantilever beam are 1.8751, 4.6941, 7.8548, 10.9955 (2i 1) / 2 . (and

2 i for the Rayleigh beam), the frequencies of free vibration can be determined, and the modes of deformation i (x ) , which are excited, are determined by the evaluation of the constants A, B, C and D. Three of these constants can be determined, the fourth being arbitrarily assigned 1, to give cosh (1L )i + cos(1L )i i (x ) = cosh (1i x ) cos(1i x ) (sinh (1i x ) sin (1i x )) sinh (1L )i + sin (1L )i
Given the roots

1i

THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ENGINEERS