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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ORAL (BUCCAL) CAVITY


1. THE MOUTH First portion of the digestive tract. It is a cavity of oval shape, it is located in the central and lower part of the face, extends from the lips to the oropharyngeal jaws. Limits: Sides of mouth formed by cheeks (m. Buccinator) front, formed by the lips.The roof of the mouth this conformed by the palate, which presents two areas: bone or hard palate and soft palate . The floor of the mouth composed of milohioideos muscles. Mouth contains the tongue, alveolar arches, the gums, the tooth and the holes of the salivary ducts.

Salivary glands:

Minor salivary glands, are distributed in the mucosa and submucosa of the mouth organs. The major salivary glands represented by 3 pairs glands: Parotid gland: It is a gland tubuloacinosa which is only

serous, located on the side of the trench retromandibular.It is the largest. Submaxillary gland: It is located in the rear part of the floor of the mouth. This gland produces a secretion mucoserosa. Sublingual gland: Is the smallest in volume and weight located in the alveololingual sulcus.

2. THE TONGUE:

The tongue is a mobile organ placed inside the mouth, odd, average and symmetrical, which plays important functions as the mastication, the swallowing, the language and the sense of the taste. Shaped by muscular fabric skeletal rifling. It possesses 3 portions: the base or root, the body and the top. The low face of the language is joined to the floor of the mouth by the frenum of the mouth, in his top face there are located the lingual papilas, which present

the gustatory buttons, which come to be structures receptoras of the gustatory sensations. There are 4 basic falvors: sweet, salty,acid and bitter. The sweet flavor is picked up by the tip of the tongue, the acid and salt by the sides, and the bitter at the base of a tongue.

ESOPHAGUS:
CHARACTERISTICS: Flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus Joins stomach at the cardiac orifice

LAYERS Mucosa(contains a stratified squamous epithelium) Submucosa(areolar connective tissue) Muscularisexterna: -Circular layer -Longitudinal Adventitia (fibrous connective tissue) not serosa

Function of the esophagus 1.Take food from the mouth to the stomach. 2. Serve as a way to end to form the food bolus before reaching the stomach Alterations in the esophagus

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can be due to irritation or infection.

Achalasia: the lower esophageal sphincter does not relax properly. Difficulty swallowing and regurgitation of food are symptoms.

Esophageal cancer: Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy drinking, and chronic reflux.

THE STOMACH
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestion system which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract. Is located between the esophagus and the small intestine. It secretes protein-digesting enzymes called protease and strong acids to aid in food digestion, (sent to it via oesophageal peristalsis) through smooth muscular contortions (called segmentation) before sending partially digested food (chyme) to the small intestine. SECTIONS

Is divided into four sections, each of which has different cells and functions.

CARDIA

Surrounds the cardiac orifice. Where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach.

FUNDUS

Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm. Formed by the upper curvature of the organ.

BODY OR CORPUS

The main, central region.

PYLORUS

The lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine.

STOMACH: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

The stomach walls are made of the following layers, from inside to outside: Mucosa: Simple columnar epithelium composed of mucous cells. The first main layer. This consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria , with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis

mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath.

Submucosa:This layer consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. The Meissner's plexus is in this layer Muscularis externa:Have three layers instead of two: outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique layers. Serosa:This layer is over the muscularisexterna, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.

STOMACH FUNCTIONS Acts as a storage tank for food. Site of food breakdown. Chemical breakdown of protein begins. Mixing: The stomach mixes the food with water and gastric juice to produce a creamy medium called chyme. Controlled release: Movement of chyme into the small intestine is regulated by a sphincter at the end of the stomach, the pyloric sphincter.

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