Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
2.
3.
4.
CENTER
0.20
1.5
0.50
0.35
BAR SIZE
1/2" RD
H VALUE
1.0
0.70
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.20
0.35
0.50
SURFACE
2.0
53
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
0.70
1.0
AGITATION
1/2 RADIUS
1.5
3/4" RD
QUENCH
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
Hardenability
Data available
with each
shipment of steel.
These hardness
values represent
the approximate
surface-to-center
hardness
obtainable for
the type of steel
being heat
treated.
0.20
0.35
0.50
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
0.70
1.5 2.0
5.0
1" RD
1.0
SURFACE
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
SURFACE
16
20
24
28
32
CENTER
0.20
0.35
0.50
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
BAR SIZE
1-1/2" RD
H VALUE
1/2 RADIUS
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
CENTER
0.20
0.35
0.50
1.0
0.70
2.0
5.0
SURFACE
2" RD
QUENCH
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
AGITATION
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
1.5
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.20
0.35
0.50
1.0
0.70
1.5
5.0
2.0
54
SURFACE
3" RD
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
SURFACE
0.20
4" RD
1/2 RADIUS
SURFACE
0
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
16
20
24
28
32
BAR SIZE
5.0
1.5
1.0
CENTER
0.70
0.50
0.35
5" RD
5.0
SURFACE
CENTER
1.5
0.70
6" RD
1/2 RADIUS
1/2 RADIUS
0.35
55
SURFACE
CENTER
1.5
7" RD
1/2 RADIUS
0.35
SURFACE
CENTER
8" RD
1/2 RADIUS
1.5
0.35
SURFACE
0
4
8
JOMIN DISTANCE
12
16
20
24
28
32
EXPLANATION OF
COMBINED HARDENABILITY CHARTS
The following charts present hardenability data for thirteen popular
steels. They may be used to determine the approximate mid-radius
hardness which is developed, in various sized rounds up to 9" in
diameter using a good oil quench (.4-.5 Hv), or rounds up to 15" in
diameter when air cooling. The effect of a subsequent 1000F 2 hour
temper is also illustrated.
The relationship between hardness and section size was determined
using data from the Jominy end quench test, and air hardenability test,
and controlled cooling tests. It must be remembered that the results
for a particular steel type are based on one chemical analysis and one
austenitizing temperature. Variations of these will affect hardenability,
as shown by the Jominy hardenability bands (shaded area).
Therefore, the charts should be used to determine estimated, rather
than exact, hardness values.
USE OF CHARTS
1. Select steel type.
2. Find desired diameter for the quenching medium employed.
3. Read the approximate as-quenched or tempered hardness using
the appropriate curve; read hardness range using hardenability
band.
For example, a 2-inch round made of 1045 type steel will
develop the following mid-radius hardnesses:
As-Quenched
Tempered
1000 F-2 Hours
Mild Water
Oil .4-.5 Hv
Air
28(25/32) Rc
25(22/29) Rc
91Rb
22.5 Rc
21 Rc
91Rb
56
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
1045
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.42
Mn
.79
P
.019
S
.023
Si
.22
Cr
.11
Ni
.18
Mo
.04
Cu
.04
Al
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
57
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
1340
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.40
Mn
1.87
P
.011
S
.013
Si
.24
Cr
.08
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
Cu
.11
Al
.019
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
58
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
3310
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.08
Mn
.54
P
S
.012 .012
Si
.25
Cr
Ni
1.56 3.42
Mo
.05
Cu
.10
Al
.032
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
5"
30
20
90
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
59
614
484
2"
F
2"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
80
70
60
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4027
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.26
Mn
.86
P
.011
S
.027
Si
.29
Cr
.05
Ni
.09
Mo
.22
Cu
.07
Al
.032
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
60
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4130
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.31
Mn
.51
P
.013
S
.020
Si
.30
Cr
.96
Ni
.20
Mo
.21
Cu
.12
Al
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
61
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4140
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.39
Mn
.82
P
.031
S
.021
Si
.31
Cr
.96
Ni
.13
Mo
.20
Cu
.08
Al
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
5"
30
20
90
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
62
614
484
2"
F
2"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4320
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.18
Mn
.61
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.29
Cr
.50
Ni
1.79
Mo
.23
Cu
.09
Al
.021
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
63
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4340
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.41
Mn
.74
P
.014
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
.72
Ni
1.75
Mo
.26
Cu
.13
Al
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
5"
30
20
90
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
64
614
484
2"
F
2"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
4620
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.19
Mn
.60
P
.013
S
.019
Si
.32
Cr
.20
Ni
1.75
Mo
.22
Cu
.05
Al
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
65
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
5130
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.30
Mn
.79
P
.022
S
.026
Si
.26
Cr
.98
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
Cu
.14
Al
.019
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1600 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
66
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
5160
AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.58
Mn
.91
P
.014
S
.016
Si
.29
Cr
.78
Ni
.07
Mo
.01
Cu
.05
Al
.023
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
5"
30
20
90
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
67
614
484
2"
F
2"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
400 F. TEMPER
1000 F. TEMPER
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
8620
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.20
Mn
.85
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.30
Cr
.50
Ni
.51
Mo
.19
Cu
.09
Al
.031
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
90
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1700 F.
30
20
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
68
614
484
2"
F
2"
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
TYPE
HEAT TREATMENT
9310
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
C
.10
Mn
.58
P
.012
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
1.26
Ni
3.26
Mo
.11
Cu
.11
Al
.044
2"
3"
4"
32 /M
27 /M
19 /M
1"
1"
COOLING
RATE
55 /S
283
ROCKWELL
"C" HARDNESS
372
12 /S
6"
6"
7 /S
F
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
7"
290 /M 200 /M
F
80 /M
F
5"
30
20
90
107
25 /S
5"
F
5"
40
185
128
4"
F
4"
50
230
150
3"
3"
60
ROCKWELL
"B" HARDNESS
69
614
484
2"
F
2"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
80
70
60
5
10
15
20
27
48
4"
11/2"
11/4"
/4"
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
99.9% MARTENSITE
95% MARTENSITE
90% MARTENSITE
60
80% MARTENSITE
70
ROCKWELL C HARDNESS
50% MARTENSITE
50
40
Hodge, J. M. and Orehoski, M. A.
Relationship between hardenability
and percentage of martensite in
some low-alloy steels.
Transactions. AIME, 1946, v. 167,
pp. 627-642.
30
20
Note: Fine divisions added to
simplify use of the graph.
10
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
PERCENT CARBON
.60
.70
414
552
690
828
160
1140
828
120
POLISHED
690
100
GROUND
552
80
MACHINED
60
414
276
40
HOT ROLLED,
SEVERLY NOTCHED,
AS FORGED
20
60
80
100
120
140 160
180 200 220
TENSILE STRENGTH , 1000 psi
240
260
138
280
F.B. Stulen and W.C. Schulte, Metals Engineering Quarterly (Am. Soc. Metals), Vol. 5,
No. 3, Aug. 1965
SAE Fatigue Design Handbook (AE4) - 1968
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, (IME-ASME) - 1956
71
966
140
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .10% Carbon (Approx.) Higher Alloy Carburizing
Steels, i.e., 3310, 9310, etc.
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Time,
Hours
1600
1650
1700
1750
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.011"
.015"
.019"
.021"
.024"
.026"
.028"
.030"
.032"
.034"
.036"
.013"
.019"
.023"
.026"
.030"
.033"
.035"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.044"
.016"
.023"
.028"
.033"
.037"
.040"
.043"
.046"
.049"
.052"
.054"
.019"
.027"
.034"
.039"
.044"
.048"
.052"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.065"
12
.037"
.046"
.057"
.068"
16
.043"
.053"
.065"
.078"
20
.048"
.059"
.073"
.088"
24
.052"
.065"
.080"
.096"
30
.059"
.073"
.089"
.108"
Note:
Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data
Sheet in May 1974 by F. E. Harris.
72
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .20% Carbon (Approx.) Lower Alloy Carburizing
Steels, i.e., 4017, 4620, 8620, etc.
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH
for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Time,
Hours
Carburizing Temperature ( F)
1600
1650
1700
1750
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.013"
.018"
.022"
.025"
.029"
.031"
.034"
.036"
.038"
.040"
.042"
.015"
.022"
.027"
.031"
.034"
.038"
.041"
.044"
.046"
.049"
.051"
.019"
.026"
.032"
.037"
.042"
.045"
.049"
.053"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.022"
.031"
.039"
.045"
.050"
.055"
.059"
.063"
.067"
.071"
.073"
12
.044"
.053"
.065"
.077"
16
.051"
.061"
.075"
.088"
20
.057"
.069"
.084"
.099"
24
.062"
.075"
.092"
.109"
30
.070"
.085"
.103"
.122"
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in
May 1974 by F. E. Harris
73
Dew point, F
-20
20
40
60
80
100
Austenite
cementite
Low-carbon
steel
760 C
0.6
815 C
Austenite
+ ferrite
870 C
0.4
925 C
980 C
0.2
1040 C
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
1095 C
0.1
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
Dew point, C
74
75
Austenite cementite
1
Austenite
+ ferrite
760 C
0.6
815 C
0.4
980 C
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
1095 C
925 C
1040 C
870 C
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1,
50
60
1,
70
1,
60
40
1,
90
1,
80
20
10
6
4
400
200
100
80
60
40
20
10
11
12
13
14
15
PARAMETER, P
76
TIME AT HEAT, Hr
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
1008
1010
1015
1040
2250
2250
2250
2200
4320
4337
4340
2200
2200
2200
1118
1141
2250
2200
4422
4427
2250
2250
4520
2250
1350
2200
2317
2340
2250
2200
4615
4620
4640
2300
2300
2200
2512
2250
4718
2250
3115
3135
3140
2250
2200
2200
4820
2250
5060
2150
3240
2200
3310
3316
3335
2250
2250
2250
5120
5140
5160
2250
2200
2150
51100
52100
2050
2050
4017
4032
4047
4063
2300
2200
2200
2150
6120
6135
6150
2250
2250
2200
4130
4132
4135
4140
4142
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
8617
8620
8630
8640
8650
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
77
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS - continued
NOTE:
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
Timken
Type
8720
8735
8740
2250
2200
2200
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
9310
2250
302
303
304
309
310
316
317
321
347
2200
2200
2200
2150
2050
2150
2150
2150
2150
410
416
420
430
440A
440C
443
446
2200
2200
2200
2100
2100
2050
2100
1900
C-Mo
DM
2300
2300
DM-2
2300
Temperature
(F)
2250
2250
2100
2200
2250
2200
8 1/2 Ni
2200
Graph-Mo
Graph-Air
1950
1925
5 Cr Mo (1.00C)
2050
5Cr Mo W (1.00W) 2300
10105
Niriding #3
2050
2200
17-22A
17-22AS
17-22AV
2200
2200
2250
A 485-1
A 485-2
A 485-3
A 485-4
2050
2050
2100
2100
TBS-600
2050
CBS-600
CBS-1000M
2250
2200
78
Heating (F)
Ac1
Ac3
Cooling (F)
Ar3
Ar1
Quench
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
SAE
No.
79
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
1370
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1340
.............
.............
1565
1555
1485
1475
1460
1440
1420
.............
.............
1545
1515
1465
1440
1420
1405
1390
.............
.............
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1500
1625
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
525
420
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
300
175
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
1330
1335
1340
1345
1325
1315
1340
1325
1470
1460
1420
1420
1340
1340
1310
1300
1160
1165
1160
1160
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
640
.............
.............
.............
450
.............
.............
1330
1335
1340
1345
2317
2330
2340
2345
1285
1280
1285
1265
1435
1360
1350
1335
1265
1205
1185
1125
1065
910/1050
1060
1040
.............
.............
1450
.............
.............
.............
580
.............
.............
.............
400
.............
2317
2330
2340
2345
2512
2515
1290
1260
1400
1400
1150
1160
1060
1090
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
2512
2515
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
1355
1350
1345
1355
1355
1355
1500
1480
1460
1410
1410
1380
1480
1445
1360
1275
1300
1275
1240
1230
1220
1225
1215
1215
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
440
.............
.............
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
80
3310
3316
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695*
4718
4815
4820
5045
5060
5120
5140
Heating (F)
Ac1
Ac3
1335
1335
1360
1340
1340
1310
1360
1365
1385
1380
1380
.............
1390
.............
1355
1350
.............
1340
1300
1325
.............
1285
1285
1290
1360
1370
1380
1360
1440
1425
1500
1500
1460
1400
1390
1395
1500
1475
1460
.............
1450
.............
1485
1425
.............
1485
1490
1400
.............
1510
1450
1440
1430
1410
1525
1450
Cooling (F)
Ar3
Ar1
1235
1235
1400
1350
1340
1320
1220
1215
1410
1350
1370
.............
1290
.............
1330
1220
.............
1400
1335
1220
.............
1410
1310
1260
1305
1305
1460
1345
1160
1160
1230
1250
1210
1200
1190
1195
1275
1250
1280
.............
1245
.............
840/1170
725/1210
.............
1200
1220
875/1130
.............
1200
860/1110
825/1110
1255
1285
1305
1230
Quench
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
SAE
No.
.............
.............
.............
.............
1500
.............
1500
.............
.............
1600
1500
1500
.............
1575
.............
1550
1500
.............
.............
1550
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
610
.............
445
.............
.............
710
640
590
.............
500
.............
550
530
.............
.............
640
255
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
550
425
.............
.............
.............
.............
330
.............
.............
.............
490
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
460
3310
3316
4027
4032
4042
4053
4063
4068
4118
4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695*
4718
4815
4820
5045
5060
5120
5140
Heating (F)
Ac1
Ac3
81
51100
1385
52100
1340
52100
52100
6117
1400
6120
1410
6140
.............
6150
1380
.
8615
1360
8620
1350
8630
1350
8640
1350
8650
1325
8695*
.............
8720
1380
8740
1350
8750
1350
9310
1315
9317
1300
9395*
.............
9442
1350
9 Cr 1 Mo
1515
17-22-A
1370
17-22-AS
1440
17-22-AV
1435
Graph Mo
1380
Graph Air
1275
1415
1415
1560
1530
.............
1450
1550
1525
1480
1435
1390
.............
1520
1450
1410
1490
1455
.............
1435
1645
1480
1600
1700
1415
1415
Cooling (F)
Ar3
Ar1
1320
1320
1430
1440
.............
1375
1455
1400
1340
1275
1240
.............
1400
1300
1265
1305
1290
.............
1280
1430
1350
1460
1525
1365
1260
1300
1270
1270
1300
.............
1275
1265
1200
1210
1170
1195
.............
1200
1180
1190
830/1080
800
.............
1190
1350
1245
1280
1230
1275
1150
Quench
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
.............
1560
1650
1740
1650
1740
1550
.............
.............
.............
1600
.............
.............
1500
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1700
1575
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
1460
.............
345
305
260
305
260
620
.............
.............
.............
690
.............
.............
275
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
170
620
.............
.............
.............
.............
410
325
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
460
.............
.............
.............
540
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
410
............
............
............
............
............
............
SAE
No.
51100
52100
52100
6117
6120
6140
6150
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695*
8720
8740
8750
9310
9317
9395*
9442
9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
Graph Mo
Graph Air
* Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.
Note: (1) All data in this table is empirically derived unless noted otherwise.
(2) When two temperatures are given for Ar1, the higher represents the pearlitic reaction and the lower represents the bainitic reaction.
(3) See USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS (see Table of Contents) for formulas to calculate
approximate critical temperatures and Ms points.
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
82
OD - Outside Diameter
ID - Inside Diameter
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
83
OD - Outside Diameter
ID - Inside Diameter
All tolerances and dimensions are in inches.
84
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
OD - Outside Diameter
ID - Inside Diameter
T - Tolerance
W - Wall Thickness
85
LENGTH TOLERANCES
All Conditions - Seamless Steel Tubing
Random Lengths
Tubing shipped on random length orders will range from 5 feet to 24
feet long unless otherwise specified.
Multiple Lengths
For tubing ordered in multiple lengths, it is standard practice for the
customer to make his own allowance for loss of steel due to his cutting
operations. These allowances will vary from one customer to another
due to their cutting practices and the amount of facing required on the
ends of the part. Therefore, tubing will be furnished to the multiple
length as specified by the customer.
Specified Length
Specified Size
Outside Diameter
86
Permissible
Variations
Over
Under
1/16 inch
3/32 inch
1/8 inch
3/32 inch
1/8 inch
3/16 inch
5/16 inch
7/16 inch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES
All Conditions - Seamless Steel Tubing
Straightness tolerances (T) should not exceed those shown in the
tables below. The tolerance (T) for any 3-foot length is measured as
shown in Figure 1. The total tolerance, the maximum curvature in the
total length, is measured as shown in Figure 2. The table applies to
lengths not exceeding 22 feet.
The tolerances shown apply to conventional steel grades of as rolled,
annealed, and heat treated tubing up to 302 Brinell maximum or micro
alloy grades with a hardness of 229 Brinell or below. Heat treated
tubes with a Brinell hardness of 302 maximum up to 401 maximum or
micro alloy grades with a Brinell hardness exceeding 229 will have
tolerance (T) twice the values shown in the table. Tubes with lighter
walls, or with hardness exceeding 401 Brinell maximum, or weighing
greater than 140 pounds per foot, require agreement on tolerances at
time of order.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
Tmax
Three foot straight-edge
Tmax
Surface plate
Specified Size
Maximum
Curvature
in Total Lengths
of 5 feet or more
Maximum
Curvature
for Lengths
Under 5 feet
Ratio of
.010"
per foot
Maximum
Curvature
in any 3 feet
.030"
.045"
.060"
3
.030 x length in feet
3
.045 x length in feet
3
87
Ratio of
0.015"
per foot
Ratio of
0.020"
per foot
D
d
W = 10.68 (D - t) t
W = 13.60 (D - t) t
eD = 1.128 D
ed = 1.128 d
D
t
2d
t
W = 13.60 (D - t) t
eD = 1.128 D
ed = 1.128 d
2D
d2 D2
t
d1
D1
Where:
W = 5.34 (D 1 + D 2 - 2t) t
eD = D 1 + D 2
2
ed = d 1 + d 2
2
88
TUBING
CD HR MECH-HR BRG O.D. CLEANUPS
Outside Diameter (mm)
25.40
50.80
76.20
101.60
127.00
228.00
254.00
279.40
304.80
0.18
4.572
0.17
4.318
0.16
4.064
HR-OD
Clean-up
0.15
3.810
3.556
CD-OD
Cleanup
0.13
0.12
3.302
3.048
0.11
2.794
0.10
2.540
0.09
2.286
HR-CD-ID Cleanup
0.08
2.032
0.07
1.778
0.06
1.524
0.05
1.270
0.04
1.016
0.03
0.762
0.02
0.508
0.01
0.254
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
Cleanup (mm)
89
Cleanup (inches)
0.14
Over
Under
To 5/16" incl.
.005"
.005"
.008"
.006"
.006"
.009"
.007"
.007"
.010"
.008"
.008"
.012"
.009"
.009"
.013"
.010"
.010"
.015"
.011"
.011"
.016"
.012"
.012"
.018"
.014"
.014"
.021"
1/64"
1/64"
.023"
1/32"
0"
.023"
3/64"
0"
.035"
1/16"
0"
.046"
5/64"
0"
.058"
1/8"
0"
.070"
5/32"
0"
.085"
3/16"
0"
.100"
1/4"
0"
.120"
90
Out-of-Round
or Square
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE
HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, Octagons, Flats,
and SpringFlats
Measurement is taken on the concave side of the bar
with a straight edge.
Normal Straightness
Special Straightness
or
1
/4" x
or
length in ft.
/8" x
length in ft.
5
MACHINING ALLOWANCE
FOR HOT ROLLED BARS
Minimum Stock Removal (diameter)
Standard Grades
2% per side
Resulfursized Grades
3% per side
91
1/8"
9/64"
5/32"
11/64"
.0531
.0672
.0830
.1004
.0417
.0528
.0652
.0789
3/4"
49/64"
25/32"
51/64"
1.9125
1.9930
2.0752
2.1590
1.5021
1.5653
1.6299
1.6957
3/16"
13/64"
7/32"
15/64"
.1195
.1403
.1627
.1868
.0939
.1102
.1278
.1467
13/16"
53/64"
27/32"
55/64"
2.2445
2.3317
2.4205
2.5110
1.7629
1.8313
1.9011
1.9721
1/4"
17/64"
9/32"
19/64"
.2125
.2399
.2689
.2997
.1669
.1884
.2112
.2354
7/8"
57/64"
29/32"
59/64"
2.6031
2.6969
2.7924
2.8895
2.0445
2.1182
2.1931
2.2694
5/16"
21/64"
11/32"
23/64"
.3320
.3661
.4018
.4391
.2608
.2875
.3155
.3449
15/16"
61/64"
31/32"
63/64"
2.9883
3.0887
3.1908
3.2946
2.3470
2.4259
2.5061
2.5876
3/8"
25/64"
13/32"
27/64"
.4781
.5188
.5611
.6051
.3755
.4075
.4407
.4753
1"
1-1/32"
1-1/16"
1-3/32"
3.400
3.616
3.838
4.067
2.6704
2.8399
3.0146
3.1945
7/16"
29/64"
15/32"
31/64"
.6508
.6981
.7471
.7977
.5111
.5483
.5867
.6265
1-1/8"
1-5/32"
1-3/16"
1-7/32"
4.303
4.546
4.795
5.050
3.3797
3.5700
3.7656
3.9664
1/2"
33/64"
17/32"
35/64"
.8500
.9040
.9596
1.0168
.6676
.7100
.7536
.7986
1-1/4"
1-9/32"
1-5/16"
1-11/32"
5.313
5.581
5.587
6.139
4.1724
4.3836
4.6001
4.8218
9/16"
37/64"
19/32"
39/64"
1.0758
1.1364
1.1986
1.2625
.8449
.8925
.9414
.9916
1-3/8"
1-13/32"
1-7/16"
1-15/32"
6.428
6.724
7.026
7.335
5.0486
5.2807
5.5180
5.7606
5/8"
41/64"
21/32"
43/64"
1.3281
1.3954
1.4643
1.5348
1.0431
1.0959
1.1500
1.2054
1-1/2"
1-17/32"
1-9/16"
1-19/32"
7.650
7.972
8.301
8.636
6.0083
6.2612
6.5194
6.7838
11/16"
45/64"
23/32"
47/64"
1.6070
1.6809
1.7564
1.8336
1.2622
1.3202
1.3795
1.4401
1-5/8"
1-21/32"
1-11/16"
1-23/32"
8.978
9.327
9.682
10.044
7.0514
7.3252
7.6043
7.8885
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule. However, round
cornered squares can usually be rolled to foot weights shown above when desired.
92
1-3/4"
1-25/32"
1-13/16"
1-27/32"
10.413
10.788
11.170
11.558
8.1780
8.4726
8.7725
9.0776
3"
3-1/32"
3-1/16"
3-3/32"
30.600
31.241
31.888
32.542
24.033
24.537
25.045
25.559
1-7/8"
1-29/32"
1-15/16"
1-31/32"
11.953
12.355
12.763
13.178
9.3880
9.7035
10.0243
10.3502
3-1/8"
3-5/32"
3-3/16"
3-7/32"
33.203
33.871
34.545
35.225
26.078
26.602
27.131
27.666
2"
2-1/32"
2-1/16"
2-3/32"
13.600
14.028
14.463
14.905
10.6814
11.0178
11.3595
11.7063
3-1/4"
3-9/32"
3-5/16"
3-11/32"
35.913
36.606
37.307
38.014
28.206
28.751
29.301
29.856
2-1/8"
2-5/32"
2-3/16"
2-7/32"
15.353
15.808
16.270
16.738
12.0583
12.4156
12.7781
13.1458
3-3/8"
3-13/32"
3-7/16"
3-15/32"
38.728
39.449
40.176
40.910
30.417
30.983
31.554
32.130
2-1/4"
2-9/32"
2-5/16"
2-11/32"
17.213
17.694
18.182
18.677
13.5187
13.8968
14.2802
14.6687
3-1/2"
3-9/16"
3-5/8"
3-11/16"
41.650
43.151
44.678
46.232
32.712
33.891
35.090
36.311
2-3/8"
2-13/32"
2-7/16"
2-15/32"
19.178
19.686
20.201
20.722
15.0625
15.4615
15.8657
16.2751
3-3/4"
3-13/16"
3-7/8"
3-15/16"
47.813
49.420
51.053
52.713
37.552
38.814
40.097
41.401
2-1/2"
2-17/32"
2-9/16"
2-19/32"
21.250
21.785
22.326
22.874
16.6898
17.1096
17.5346
17.9650
4"
4-1/16"
4-1/8"
4-3/16"
54.400
56.113
57.853
59.620
42.726
44.071
45.438
46.825
2-5/8"
2-21/32"
2-11/16"
2-23/32"
23.428
23.989
24.557
25.131
18.4004
18.8410
19.2870
19.7382
4-1/4"
4-5/16"
4-3/8"
4-7/16"
61.413
63.232
65.078
66.951
48.233
49.662
51.112
52.583
2-3/4"
2-25/32"
2-13/16"
2-27/32"
25.713
26.300
26.895
27.496
20.1946
20.656
21.123
21.595
4-1/2"
4-9/16"
4-5/8"
4-11/16"
68.850
70.776
72.728
74.707
54.075
55.587
57.121
58.675
2-7/8"
2-29/32"
2-15/16"
2-31/32"
28.103
28.717
29.338
29.996
22.072
22.555
23.042
23.535
4-3/4"
4-13/16"
4-7/8"
4-15/16"
76.713
78.745
80.803
82.888
60.250
61.846
63.463
65.100
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule. However, round
cornered squares can usually be rolled to foot weights shown above when desired.
93
5"
5-1/16"
5-1/8"
5-3/16"
85.000
87.138
89.303
91.495
66.759
68.438
70.139
71.860
7-1/2"
7-9/16"
7-5/8"
7-11/16"
191.25
194.45
197.68
200.93
150.21
152.72
155.26
157.81
5-1/4"
5-5/16"
5-3/8"
5-7/16"
93.713
95.957
98.228
100.526
73.602
75.364
77.148
78.953
7-3/4"
7-13/16"
7-7/8"
7-15/16"
204.21
207.52
210.85
214.21
160.39
162.99
165.60
168.24
5-1/2"
5-9/16"
5-5/8"
5-11/16"
102.850
105.20
107.58
109.98
80.778
82.62
84.49
86.38
8"
8-1/16"
8-1/8"
8-3/16"
217.60
221.01
224.45
227.92
170.90
173.58
176.29
179.01
5-3/4"
5-13/16"
5-7/8"
5-15/16"
112.41
114.87
117.35
119.86
88.29
90.22
92.17
94.14
8-1/4"
8-5/16"
8-3/8"
8-7/16"
231.41
234.93
238.48
242.05
181.75
184.52
187.30
190.11
6"
6-1/16"
6-1/8"
6-3/16"
122.40
124.96
127.55
130.17
96.13
98.15
100.18
102.24
8-1/2"
8-9/16"
8-5/8"
8-11/16"
245.65
249.28
252.93
256.61
192.93
195.78
198.65
201.54
6-1/4"
6-5/16"
6-3/8"
6-7/16"
132.81
135.48
138.18
140.90
104.31
106.41
108.53
110.66
8-3/4"
8-13/16"
8-7/8"
8-15/16"
260.31
264.04
267.80
271.59
204.45
207.38
210.33
213.31
6-1/2"
6-9/16"
6-5/8"
6-11/16"
143.65
146.43
149.23
152.06
112.82
115.00
117.20
119.43
9"
9-1/16"
9-1/8"
9-3/16"
275.40
279.2
283.1
287.0
216.30
219.3
222.4
225.4
6-3/4"
6-13/16"
6-7/8"
6-15/16"
154.91
157.79
160.70
163.64
121.67
123.93
126.22
128.52
9-1/4"
9-5/16"
9-3/8"
9-7/16"
290.9
294.9
298.8
302.8
228.5
231.6
234.7
237.8
7"
7-1/16"
7-1/8"
7-3/16"
166.60
169.59
172.60
175.64
130.85
133.19
135.56
137.95
9-1/2"
9-9/16"
9-5/8"
9-11/16"
306.8
310.9
315.0
319.1
241.0
244.2
247.4
250.6
7-1/4"
7-5/16"
7-3/8"
7-7/16"
178.71
181.81
184.93
188.08
140.36
142.79
145.24
147.71
9-3/4"
9-13/16"
9-7/8"
9-15/32"
323.2
327.4
331.6
335.8
253.9
257.1
260.4
263.7
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule. However, round
cornered squares can usually be rolled to foot weights shown above when desired.
94
10"
10-1/16"
10-1/8"
10-3/16"
340.0
344.3
348.5
352.9
267.0
270.4
273.8
277.1
11-3/4"
11-13/16"
11-7/8"
11-15/16"
469.4
474.4
479.5
484.5
368.7
372.6
376.6
380.5
10-1/4"
10-5/16"
10-3/8"
10-7/16"
357.2
361.6
366.0
370.4
280.6
284.0
287.4
290.9
12"
12-1/16"
12-1/8"
12-3/16"
489.6
494.6
499.8
505.0
384.5
388.5
392.5
396.6
10-1/2"
10-9/16"
10-5/8"
10-11/16"
374.9
379.3
383.8
388.4
294.4
297.9
301.5
305.0
12-1/4"
12-5/16"
12-3/8"
12-7/16"
510.2
515.4
520.6
525.9
400.7
404.8
408.9
413.0
10-3/4"
10-13/16"
10-7/8"
10-15/16"
392.9
397.5
402.1
406.7
308.6
312.2
315.8
319.5
12-1/2"
13"
13-1/2"
14"
531.2
575
620
666
417.2
451
487
523
11"
11-1/16"
11-1/8"
11-3/16"
411.4
416.1
420.8
425.5
323.1
326.8
330.5
334.2
14-1/2"
15"
15-1/2"
16"
715
765
817
871
561
601
642
684
11-1/4"
11-5/16"
11-3/8"
11-7/16"
430.3
435.1
439.9
448.8
337.9
341.7
345.5
349.3
16-1/2"
17"
17-1/2"
18"
926
982
1040
1102
727
772
818
865
11-1/2"
11-9/16"
11-5/8"
11-11/16"
449.6
454.6
459.5
464.4
353.1
357.0
360.9
364.8
18-1/2"
19"
19-1/2"
20"
1164
1227
1293
1360
914
964
1015
1068
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule. However, round
cornered squares can usually be rolled to foot weights shown above when desired.
95
SPC TERMS
X -
X -
X -
R -
n -
k -
<
R -
96
PROCESS CAPABILITY
Estimated_ ()
= R/d2
X 1 + X2 + . . . . . X n
n
R = Xmax - Xmin
X=
_
Calculate the Average Range (R)
X 1 + X2 + . . . . . X k
k
R1 + R2 + . . . . . Rk
k
X=
R=
UCLR = D4R
LCL X = X - A2R
LCLR = D3R
CPU =
UCL _X = X + A2R
USL - LSL
6
USL - X
3
CPL =
X - LSL
3
Note:A2, D3, D4, d2 factors are dependent on subgroup size (n). See factor values table.
Note:Calculations of Process capability (Cp, Cpk, Cr) are only valid for stable processes.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR VALUES
N
D4
3.27
2.57
2.28
12
D3
A2
1.86
1.02
0.73
0.26
d2
1.13
1.69
2.06
-3
97
-2
-1
X
+1
68.3%
95.4%
99.7%
+2 +3
The u Chart
_
total nonconformities
number of rejects in subgroup _ __________________
p = _________________________ u =
total units inspected
number inspected in subgroups
______
_
_
3 p ( 1- p )
_________
UCLP = P +
_
_
3
The np Chart
The u Chart
np = Number of non-conforming
units within a sample
c=
LCL np = np - 3
c=
UCLc = c + 3 c
np (1 - p )
_
np = Average number of
nonconforming units per
sample
_
3 u
LCLu = u - _____
3 p ( 1- p )
LCLP = P - _________
UCLnp = np + 3
UCLu = u + _____
LCL c = c - 3 c
np (1 - p )
One or
More Points
Outside
Control
Limits.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Increasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Decreasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points On
Either Side
Of Aim Size.
98
GLOSSARY OF
METALLURGICAL TERMS
Alloying Elements
ALUMINUM - Al
is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control
is effected by forming a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen
which restricts austenite grain growth. Aluminum is also an extremely
effective nitride former in nitriding steels.
BORON - B
is usually added between .0005-.003% to significantly increase the
hardenability, especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the
strength of ferrite, therefore not sacrificing ductility, formability or
machinability in the annealed state.
CALCIUM - Ca
is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of
oxide and/or sulfide inclusions. Benefits may include improved
ductility, impact strength and machinability.
CARBON - C
is the most important alloying element which is essential for the
formation of cementite, pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon
martensite. Compared to steels with similar microstructures, strength,
hardness, hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
are increased with increasing carbon content up to approximately
.60%. Toughness and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with
increasing carbon content.
CHROMIUM - Cr
is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and
oxidation, 2) high temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4)
abrasion resistance in high carbon alloys. Straight chromium steels
are susceptible to temper embrittlement and can be brittle.
COPPER - Cu
is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is
used in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
LEAD - Pb
improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as
globules. Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased
usage of lead in the steel industry.
MANGANESE - Mn
is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working
of the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines
with sulfur to form MnS stringers which increases machinability.
Manganese contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing for
strengthening, to the formation of fine pearlite, and lowers the Ms
temperature, therefore increasing the probability of retained austenite.
99
GLOSSARY - continued
MOLYBDENUM - Mo
increases hardenability of steels and helps maintain a specified
hardenability. It increases high temperature tensile and creep
strengths. Molybdenum hardened steels require higher tempering
temperatures for softening purposes.
NICKEL - Ni
is used in low alloy steels to reduce the sensitivity of the steel to
variations in heat treatment and distortion and cracking on quenching.
It also improves low temperature toughness and hardenability.
NIOBIUM - Nb (Columbium - Cb)
lowers transition temperature and raises the strength of low carbon
steel. Niobium increases strength at elevated temperatures, results
in finer grain size and forms stable carbides, lowering the hardenability
of the steel.
NITROGEN - N
increases the strength, hardness and machinability of steel, but it
decreases the ductility and toughness. In aluminum killed steels,
nitrogen combines with the aluminum to provide grain size control,
thereby improving both toughness and strength. Nitrogen can reduce
the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.
PHOSPHORUS - P
is generally restricted to below 0.04 weight percent to minimize its
detrimental effect on ductility and toughness. Certain steels may
contain higher levels to enhance machinability, strength and/or
atmospheric corrosion resistance.
SILICON - Si
is one of the principal deoxidizers with the amount used dependent
on the deoxidization practice. It slightly increases the strength of
ferrite without a serious loss of ductility. In larger quantities, it aids
the resistance to scaling up to 500F in air and decreases magnetic
hysteresis loss.
SULFUR - S
is detrimental to transverse strength and impact resistance. It affects
longitudinal properties to a lesser degree. Existing primarily in the
form of manganese sulfide stringers, sulfur is typically added to
improve machinability.
TITANIUM - Ti
is added to boron steels because it combines with oxygen and
nitrogen, thus increasing the effectiveness of boron. Titanium, as
titanium nitride, also provides grain size control at elevated
temperatures in microalloy steels. In excess, titanium is detrimental
to machinability and internal cleanness.
100
GLOSSARY - continued
TELLURIUM - Te
is added to steel to modify sulfide type inclusion size, morphology
and distribution. The resulting sulfide type inclusions are finer and
remain ellipsoidal in shape following hot working, thereby improving
transverse properties.
VANADIUM - V
inhibits grain growth during heat treating while improving strength
and toughness of hardened and tempered steels. Additions up to
.05% increase hardenability whereas larger amounts tend to reduce
hardenability because of carbide formation. Vanadium is also utilized
in ferrite/pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through
carbonitride precipitation strengthening of the matrix.
101
GLOSSARY - continued
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (Jominy Test)
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or
other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot
specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one
end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring
the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced
intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness
versus distance from the quenched end.
HARDNESS
Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation.
However, this may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance
to scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
IMPACT TEST
A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high
rates of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity
measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a
single blow, as in the Charpy or Izod tests.
INGOT
A casting of a simple shape which can be used for hot working or
remelting.
KILLED STEEL
Steel treated with a strong deoxidizer to reduce oxygen to a level
where no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during
solidification.
LAP
A surface imperfection which appears as a seam. It is caused by the
folding over of hot metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or
forging them into the surface but not welding them. Laps on tubes
can form from seams on piercing mill billets.
MACHINABILITY
This is a generic term for describing the ability of a material to be
machined. To be meaningful, machinability must be qualified in
terms of tool wear, tool life, chip control, and/or surface finish and
integrity. Overall machining performance is affected by a myriad of
variables relating to the machining operation and the workpiece. An
overall review is provided in the ASM Metals Handbook: Machinability,
Ninth Edition, Volume 16, 1989.
NORMALIZING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to temperature at least
100 F above the critical range and cooling in still air at room
temperature. The treatment produces a recrystallization and
refinement of the grain structure and gives uniformity in hardness
and structure to the product.
102
GLOSSARY - continued
PICKLING
An operation by which surface oxide (scale) is removed by chemical
action. Sulfuric acid is typically used for carbon and low-alloy steels.
After the acid bath, the steel is rinsed in water.
QUENCHING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a predetermined
temperature and cooling rapidly in air or liquid medium to produce a
desired crystalline structure.
REDUCTION OF AREA
The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between
the original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the
minimum cross-sectional area measured after complete separation.
RIMMED STEEL
A low carbon steel having enough iron oxide to give a continuous
evolution of carbon monoxide during solidification giving a rim of
material virtually free of voids.
SCAB
An imperfection which is a flat piece of metal rolled into the steel
surface.
SEAM
A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack.
Experience indicates that most seams are created during the cooling
or reheating of cast structures.
SEMI-KILLED STEEL
Incompletely deoxidized steel which contains enough dissolved
oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset
solidification shrinkage.
SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL
A special type of annealing that requires an extremely long cycle.
This treatment is used to produce globular carbides and maximum
softness for best machinability in some analyses, or to improve cold
formability.
STRAND CASTING (Continuous Casting)
Operation in which a cast shape is continuously drawn through the
bottom of the mold as it solidifies. The length is not determined by
mold dimensions.
STRESS RELIEVE TEMPER
A thermal treatment to restore elastic properties and to minimize
distortion on subsequent machining or hardening operations. This
treatment is usually applied to material that has been heat treated
(quenched and tempered). Normal practice would be to heat to a
temperature 100F lower than the tempering temperatures used to
establish mechanical properties and hardness. Ordinarily, no
straightening is performed after the stress relieve temper.
103
GLOSSARY - continued
TEMPERING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to some predetermined
temperature under the critical range, holding at that temperature a
designated period of time and cooling in air or liquid. This treatment
is used to produce one or more of the following end results: A) to
soften material for subsequent machining or cold working, B) to
improve ductility and relieve stresses resulting from prior treatment
or cold working, and C) to produce the desired mechanical properties or structure in the second step of a double treatment.
TENSILE STRENGTH
In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original crosssectional area.
YIELD POINT
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum
attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a
distinction may be made between upper and lower yield points.
YIELD STRENGTH
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of .2% is commonly
used.
A
A
A
M
M
M
M
B
B
104
___________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1 & 2:
3 & 4:
5:
6-12:
13-15:
105
Gas Constant, R
Gas volume (STP: 68oF, 1 atm)
Joules Constant, J
Poissons ratio,
30 X 106 psi
Steel Densities:
Carbon & Low-Alloy Steels
304 SS
Tool Steels
Moly High Speed
Multiphase Alloys
SI PREFIXES
giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
nano
G
M
k
m
m
n
106
109
106
103
10-3
10-6
10-9
Example Conversion
Meters to Yards
(50 m) X (3.28084 ft/m) X (1/3 yd/ft) = 54.68066 yd
Significant Digits
The convention is to retain the number of digits which correctly infers
the known accuracy of the numbers involved. Normally, this means
using the same number of significant digits as occur in the original
number. For the above example, the answer would therefore be
rounded to 55 yards.
When the accuracy of the measurement is known, additional digits
may become significant. For example, if the measurement of 50
meters is known to be accurate to .01 meters (.0109 yards), then the
conversion result may be rounded to 54.58 yards.
107
108
Multiplier
to Convert
to Convert
Mass Density [M] [L]-3
lbm/in3
27.68
lbm/ft3
16.0184
0.03613
0.062428
g/cm3
kg/m3
3.41443
0.737562
1.341022 E-3
0.001818
Watt (W)
W
W
ft-lbf/s
0.068046
9.869233 E-6
2.088543 E-2
0.036126
lbf/in2
Pascal (Pa)
Pa
in. H20 at 39.2F
0.101972 E2
0.145038
1.
.70307
MPa
MPa
MPa
ksi
0.061024
35.3147
0.133681
0.035315
0.264172
cm3
m3
Gallon
Liter (l)
Liter
Specific Heat
Btu/lbm-F
1.
1.
cal/g-C
Temperature*
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Rankine
(F-32) /1.8
F+459.67
C+273.16
R/1.8
1.8(C) +32
R-459.67
K-273.16
1.8(K)
Celsius
Rankine
Kelvin
Kelvin
.067197
cal-cm/hr-cm2-C
Thermal Conductivity
Btu-ft/hr-ft2-F
14.8816
109
METRIC-ENGLISH STRESS
CONVERSION TABLE
Kg Per Sq Mm to Psi to M Pa
M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
M Pa
14,223
15,646
17,068
18,490
19,913
98.1
107.9
117.7
127.5
137.3
50
51
52
53
54
71,117
72,539
73,962
75,384
76,806
490.3
500.1
510.0
519.8
529.6
90
91
92
93
94
128,011
129,433
130,855
132,278
133,700
882.6
892.4
902.2
912.0
921.8
130
131
132
133
134
184,904
186,327
187,749
189,171
190,594
1274.9
1284.7
1294.5
1304.3
1314.1
15
16
17
18
19
21,335
22,757
24,180
25,602
27,024
147.1
156.9
166.7
176.5
186.3
55
56
57
58
59
78,229
79,651
81,073
82,496
83,918
539.4
549.2
559.0
568.8
578.6
95
96
97
98
99
135,122
136,545
137,967
139,389
140,812
931.6
941.4
951.2
961.0
970.9
135
136
137
138
139
192,016
193,438
194,861
196,283
197,705
1323.9
1333.7
1343.5
1353.3
1363.1
20
21
22
23
24
28,447
29,869
31,291
32,714
34,136
196.1
205.9
215.7
225.6
235.4
60
61
62
63
64
85,340
86,763
88,185
89,607
91,030
588.4
598.2
608.0
617.8
622.6
100
101
102
103
104
1372.9
1382.7
1392.5
1402.4
1412.2
25
26
27
28
29
35,558
36,981
38,403
39,826
41,248
245.2
255.0
264.8
274.6
284.4
65
66
67
68
69
92,452
93,874
95,297
96,719
98,141
637.4
647.2
657.0
666.9
676.7
105
106
107
108
109
149,346
150,768
152,190
153,613
155,035
1029.7
1039.5
1049.3
1059.1
1068.9
145
146
147
148
149
206,239
207,662
209,084
210,506
211,929
1422.0
1431.8
1441.6
1451.4
1461.2
30
31
32
33
34
42,670
44,093
45,515
46,937
48,360
294.2
304.0
313.8
323.6
333.4
70
71
72
73
74
99,564
100,986
102,408
103,831
105,253
686.5
696.3
706.1
715.9
725.7
110
111
112
113
114
156,457
157,880
159,302
160,724
162,147
1078.7
1088.5
1098.3
1108.2
1118.0
150
151
152
153
154
213,351
214,773
216,196
217,618
219,040
1471.0
1480.8
1490.6
1500.4
1510.2
35
36
37
38
39
49,782
51,204
52,627
54,049
55,471
343.2
353.0
362.8
372.7
382.5
75
76
77
78
79
106,675
108,098
109,520
110,943
112,365
735.5
745.3
755.1
764.9
774.7
115
116
117
118
119
163,569
164,991
166,414
167,836
169,258
1127.8
1137.6
1147.4
1157.2
1167.0
155
156
157
158
159
220,463
221,885
223,307
224,730
226,152
1520.0
1529.8
1539.6
1549.5
1559.3
40
41
42
43
44
56,894
58,316
59,738
61,161
62,583
393.3
402.1
411.9
421.7
431.5
80
81
82
83
84
113,787
115,210
116,632
118,054
119,477
784.5
794.3
804.1
814.0
823.8
120
121
122
123
124
170,681
172,103
173,525
174,948
176,370
1176.8
1186.6
1196.4
1206.2
1216.0
45
46
47
48
49
64,005
65,428
66,850
68,272
69,695
441.3
451.1
460.9
470.7
480.5
85
86
87
88
89
120,899
122,321
123,744
125,166
126,588
833.6
843.4
853.2
863.0
872.8
125
126
127
128
129
177,792
179,215
180,637
182,059
183,482
1225.8
1235.6
1245.4
1255.3
1265.1
Kg
per
sq
mm
Psi
10
11
12
13
14
110
0.7376
1.4751
2.2127
2.9502
3.6878
4.4254
5.1629
5.9005
6.6381
7.3756
8.1132
8.8507
9.5883
10.3259
11.0634
11.8010
12.5386
13.2761
14.0137
14.7512
15.4888
16.2264
16.9639
17.7015
18.4391
19.1766
19.9142
20.6517
21.3893
22.1269
22.8644
23.6020
24.3396
25.0771
25.8147
26.5522
27.2898
28.0274
28.7649
29.5025
30.2400
30.9776
31.7152
32.4527
33.1903
33.9279
34.6654
35.4030
36.1405
36.8781
joules
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
ft.-lbf
37.6157 51
38.3532 52
39.0908 53
39.8284 54
40.5659 55
41.3035 56
42.0410 57
42.7786 58
43.5162 59
44.2537 60
44.9913 61
45.7289 62
46.4664 63
47.2040 64
47.9415 65
48.6791 66
49.4167 67
50.1542 68
50.8918 69
51.6294 70
52.3669 71
53.1045 72
53.8420 73
54.5796 74
55.3172 75
56.0547 76
56.7923 77
57.5298 78
58.2674 79
59.0050 80
59.7425 81
60.4801 82
61.2177 83
61.9552 84
62.6928 85
63.4303 86
64.1679 87
64.9055 88
65.6430 89
66.3806 90
67.1182 91
67.8557 92
68.5933 93
69.3308 94
70.0684 95
70.8060 96
71.5435 97
72.2811 98
73.0186 99
73.7562 100
1.356
2.712
4.067
5.423
6.779
8.135
9.491
10.847
12.202
13.558
14.914
16.270
17.626
18.981
20.337
21.693
23.049
24.405
25.761
27.116
28.472
29.828
31.184
32.540
33.895
35.251
36.607
37.963
39.319
40.675
42.030
43.386
44.742
46.098
47.454
48.809
50.165
51.521
52.877
54.233
55.589
56.944
58.300
59.656
61.012
62.368
63.723
65.079
66.435
67.791
111
joules
69.147
70.503
71.858
73.214
74.570
75.926
77.282
78.637
79.993
81.349
82.705
84.061
85.417
86.772
88.128
89.484
90.840
92.196
93.551
94.907
96.263
97.619
98.975
100.331
101.686
103.042
104.398
105.754
107.110
108.465
109.821
111.177
112.533
113.889
115.245
116.600
117.956
119.312
120.668
122.024
123.379
124.735
126.091
127.447
128.803
130.159
131.514
132.870
134.226
135.582
/64
/32
3
/64
/16
5
/64
/32
7
/64
/8
9
/64
/32
11
/64
/16
13
/64
/32
15
/64
/4
17
/64
/32
19
/64
/16
21
/64
11
/32
23
/64
/8
25
/64
13
/32
27
/64
/16
29
/64
15
/32
31
/64
/2
Millimeters
.015625
.031250
.046875
.062500
.078125
.093750
.109375
.125000
.140625
.156250
.171875
.187500
.203125
.218750
.234375
.250000
.265625
.281250
.296875
.312500
.328125
.343750
.359375
.375000
.390625
.406250
.421875
.437500
.453125
.468750
.484375
.500000
112
.396875
.793750
1.190625
1.587500
1.984375
2.381250
2.778125
3.175000
3.571875
3.968750
4.365625
4.762500
5.159375
5.556250
5.953125
6.350000
6.746875
7.143750
7.540625
7.937500
8.334375
8.731250
9.128125
9.525000
9.921875
10.318750
10.715625
11.112500
11.509375
11.906250
12.303125
12.700000
Inches
Millimeters
33
/64
17
/32
35
/64
/16
37
/64
19
/32
39
/64
/8
41
/64
21
/32
43
/64
11
/16
45
/64
23
/32
47
/64
/4
49
/64
25
/32
51
/64
13
/16
53
/64
27
/32
55
/64
/8
57
/64
29
/32
59
/64
15
/16
61
/64
31
/32
63
/64
1
(All the values in these tables are exact).
113
.515625
.531250
.546875
.562500
.578125
.593750
.609375
.625000
.640625
.656250
.671875
.687500
.703125
.718750
.734375
.750000
.765625
.781250
.796875
.812500
.828125
.843750
.859375
.875000
.890625
.906250
.921875
.937500
.953125
.968750
.984375
1.000000
13.096875
13.493750
13.890625
14.287500
14.684375
15.081250
15.478125
15.875000
16.271875
16.668750
17.065625
17.462500
17.859375
18.256250
18.653125
19.050000
19.446875
19.843750
20.240625
20.637500
21.034375
21.431250
21.828125
22.225000
22.621875
23.018750
23.415625
23.812500
24.209375
24.606250
25.003125
25.400000
0 to 100
F/C
-273
-268
-262
-257
-251
-459.4
-450
-440
-430
-420
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
F/C
100 to 1000
F/C
F/C
0
1
2
3
4
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
50
51
52
53
54
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
38
43
49
54
60
100
110
120
130
140
212
230
248
266
284
260
266
271
277
282
F/C
500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
5
6
7
8
9
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
55
56
57
58
59
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
66
71
77
82
88
150
160
170
180
190
302
320
338
356
374
288
293
299
304
310
550
560
570
580
590
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
60
61
62
63
64
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
93
99
100
104
110
200
210
212
220
230
392
410
413.6
428
446
316
321
327
332
338
600
610
620
630
640
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273 -459.4
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
65
66
67
68
69
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
116
121
127
132
138
240
250
260
270
280
464
482
500
518
536
343
349
354
360
366
650
660
670
680
690
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
70
71
72
73
74
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
143
149
154
160
166
290
300
310
320
330
554
572
590
608
626
371
377
382
388
393
700
710
720
730
740
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
75
76
77
78
79
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
171
177
182
188
193
340
350
360
370
380
644
662
680
698
716
399
404
410
416
421
750
760
770
780
790
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-274
-256
-238
-220
-202
-1.1
- .6
0
.6
1.1
30
31
32
33
34
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
80
81
82
83
84
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
199
204
210
216
221
390
400
410
420
430
734
752
770
788
806
427
432
438
443
449
800
810
820
830
840
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-184
-166
-148
-130
-112
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
35 95.0
36 96.8
37 98.6
38 100.4
39 102.2
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
85
86
87
88
89
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
227
232
238
243
249
440
450
460
470
480
824
842
860
878
896
454
460
466
471
477
850
860
870
880
890
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-94
-76
-58
-40
-22
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
40
41
42
43
44
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
90
91
92
93
94
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
254
900
910
920
930
940
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
-29
-23
-17.8
-20
-10
0
-4
14
32
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
45
46
47
48
49
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
37.8 100
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
510
516
521
527
532
538
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
114
F/C
538
543
549
554
560
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
566
571
577
582
588
2000 to 3000
F/C
F/C
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
816
821
827
832
838
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
F/C
1093
1099
1104
1110
1116
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
3632
3650
3668
3686
3704
1371
1377
1382
1388
1393
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
843
849
854
860
866
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
593
599
604
610
616
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
871
877
882
888
893
621
627
632
638
643
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
649
654
660
666
671
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
677
682
688
693
699
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
4532
4650
4568
4586
4604
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
1399
1404
1410
1416
1421
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
4622
4640
4658
4676
4694
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
1427
1432
1438
1443
1449
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
4712
4730
4748
4766
4784
899
904
910
916
921
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
1454
1460
1466
1471
1477
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
4802
4820
4838
4856
4874
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
927
932
938
943
949
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
1482
1488
1493
1499
1504
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
4892
4910
4928
4946
4964
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
954
960
966
971
977
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154
1510
1516
1521
1527
1532
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
4982
5000
5018
5036
5054
704
710
716
721
727
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
982
988
993
999
1004
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
3272
3290
3308
3326
3344
1260
1266
1271
1277
1282
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
4172
4190
4208
4226
4244
1538
1543
1549
1554
1560
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
5072
5090
5108
5126
5144
732
738
743
749
754
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434
1288
1293
1299
1304
1310
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
4262
4280
4298
4316
4334
1566
1571
1577
1582
1588
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
5162
5180
5198
5216
5234
760
766
771
777
782
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
1316
1321
1327
1332
1338
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
4352
4370
4388
4406
4424
1593
1599
1604
1610
1616
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
5252
5270
5288
5306
5324
788
793
799
804
810
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
2642
2660
2678
2696
2714
1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
3542
3560
3578
3596
3614
3632
1343
1349
1354
1360
1366
2450
2460
2470
2480
2490
4442
4460
4478
4496
4514
1621
1627
1632
1638
1643
1649
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000
5342
5360
5378
5396
5414
5432
115
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
A-Scale B-Scale
60 Kg
100 Kg
Brale 1/16" Ball
Diamond
Pyramid
C-Scale
Hardness
150 Kg Superficial Number
Brale
30 N
(Vickers)
Approx.
Tensile
Stength
1000 psi
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
757
86.5
86.0
85.6
85.0
84.4
....
....
....
....
....
70.0
69.0
68.0
67.0
65.9
86.0
85.0
84.4
83.6
82.7
1076
1004
940
900
860
....
....
....
....
....
2.25
....
....
2.35
2.40
745
722
710
682
653
84.1
83.4
83.0
82.2
81.2
....
....
....
....
....
65.3
64.0
63.3
61.7
60.0
82.2
81.1
80.4
79.0
77.5
840
800
780
737
697
....
....
....
....
....
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
627
601
578
555
534
80.5
79.8
79.1
78.4
77.8
....
....
....
....
....
58.7
57.3
56.0
54.7
53.5
76.3
75.1
73.9
72.7
71.6
667
640
615
591
569
323
309
297
285
274
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
514
495
477
461
444
76.9
76.3
75.6
74.9
74.2
....
....
....
....
....
52.1
51.0
49.6
48.5
47.1
70.3
69.4
68.2
67.2
65.8
547
528
508
491
472
263
253
243
235
225
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
429
415
401
388
375
73.4
72.8
72.0
71.4
70.6
....
....
....
....
....
45.7
44.5
43.1
41.8
40.4
64.6
63.5
62.3
61.1
59.9
455
440
425
410
396
217
210
202
195
188
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
363
352
341
331
321
70.0
69.3
68.7
68.1
67.5
....
(110.0)
(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)
39.1
37.9
36.6
35.5
34.3
58.7
57.6
56.4
55.4
54.3
383
372
360
350
339
182
176
170
166
160
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
311
302
293
285
277
66.9
66.3
65.7
65.3
64.6
(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)
33.1
32.1
30.9
29.9
28.8
53.3
52.2
51.2
50.3
49.3
328
319
309
301
292
155
150
145
141
137
116
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
A-Scale B-Scale
60 Kg
100 Kg
Brale 1/16" Ball
Diamond
Pyramid Approx.
C-Scale
Hardness Tensile
150 Kg Superficial Number
Stength
Brale
30 N
(Vickers) 1000 psi
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
269
262
255
248
241
64.1
63.6
63.0
62.5
61.8
(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.0)
(101.0)
100.0
27.6
26.6
25.4
24.2
22.8
48.3
47.3
46.2
45.1
43.9
284
276
269
261
253
133
129
126
122
118
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
235
229
223
217
212
61.4
60.8
59.7
59.2
58.5
99.0
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.5
21.7
20.5
(18.8)
(17.5)
(16.0)
42.9
41.9
....
....
....
247
241
234
228
222
115
111
....
105
102
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
207
201
197
192
187
57.8
57.4
56.9
56.5
55.9
94.6
93.8
92.8
91.9
90.7
(15.2)
(13.8)
(12.7)
(11.5)
(10.0)
....
....
....
....
....
218
212
207
202
196
100
98
95
93
90
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
183
179
174
170
167
55.5
55.0
53.9
53.4
53.0
90.0
89.0
87.8
86.8
86.0
(9.0)
(8.0)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(4.4)
....
....
....
....
....
192
188
182
178
175
89
87
85
83
81
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
163
156
149
143
137
52.5
51.0
49.9
48.9
47.4
85.0
82.9
80.8
78.7
76.4
(3.3)
(.9)
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
171
163
156
150
143
79
76
73
71
67
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
131
126
121
116
111
46.0
45.0
43.9
42.8
41.9
74.0
72.0
69.8
67.6
65.7
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
137
132
127
122
117
65
63
60
58
56
Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only.
The Brinell values in this table are based on the use of a 10mm tungsten
carbide ball; at hardness levels of 429 Brinell and below, the values
obtained with the tungsten carbide ball, the Hultgren ball, and the standard
ball are the same.
117
MPB - Medemblik
Overleek 9
1671GD Medemblik
The Netherlands
Telephone: (31) 227-54-2344
118
119
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Solon, Ohio 44139
440-349-1939
Fax: 440-498-0563
120