Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in
http://www.archive.org/details/fragmentsonethicOOgrot
FRAGMENTS
ON ETHICAL SUBJECTS.
BY THE LATE
GEOEGE GEOTE,
BEING
F.E.S.
A SELECTION
Tlie
is reserved.
Library Edition.
With
Portrait,
Cabinet Edition.
Post 8vo.
*,*
6.
With
Portrait
and Plans.
be
12 vols.
each.
Edition
may
had
separately.
ARISTOTLE.
2 vols.
8vo.
32s.
With
By
Remarks on
and Speeches.
With
Portrait.
8vo.
14s.
Compiled from
to
Family Documents, Private Memoranda, and Original Letters Various Friends. By Mrs, Gbote. With Portrait. 8vo. 12s.
and from
LOKDOK
PRIXTBD BY WILLIAU CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CRCSS.
INTIIOUUCTION.
When
to be
several
appeared
to be
to
be
sufficiently consecutive
and complete
given to
the world.
afforded
him
opportunities
;
and
but
none of
his
trea-
of modern writers.
through
life,
one
its
He had
preceptive
followed
development, both as to
its
theoretical foundations
details,
and as
to
its
practical
or
in
may
have
been
;
shaped
by
his
early
contact
IV
INTRODUCTION.
meditations.
;
own independent
and
in
the arguments
to all its
used,
much
that
is
common
disciples
The
Ethical
first
On Sentiment
Essay
right
raises
the
Psychological ques-
timent
of
and
wrong.
After
giving
the
procity,
between
lives.
the
agent and
is
the
society
it
wherein
he
This
the
Form^ which
its
development.
There
also
between
urges
age
or
He
and
strongly the
of
bearing
on the
;
theory
an
Instinctive
Moral
Sentiment
tends to weaken
the
authority of
INTKODUCTION.
V of Morals
Philosophy
the
is
of
Moral Standard.
The
by Bentham
force.
illustrates it
with great
He
the
meaning of the
it,
" supremacy of
all
its
under
disguises,
with a reference
urges
right,
to
external
reciprocity
authority.
He
re-
the
essential
criticises
of
obligation
and
and
Kant's
theory
of the
moral
feelings.
The
third
Essay
Ancient
Systems
of Moral
Philosophy
goes
no farther than
to advert to the
making
their
summum
The
of the individual.
real
not to
make
one
man from
mum
honum had
and interpreted
to
The
author shews that the adherence to this startingpoint was the cause of
much
of the perplexity
find
and
confusion
moralists
;
of
ideas
that
we
in
the
ancient
Idea
of Ethical
Philosophy
is
the fullest in
its
vi
INTRODUCTION.
brought forward.
The author
repeats the
social
but indidoes
?
a farther enquiry
on what
how
Society
itself
proceed in
framing
its
enactments
and
far utility
or happiness
of the
Essay
is
occupied with
part,
the author
Essays, had
they been
dis-
Aristotle.'
They
are
the
fruit
of long
and
la-
The
falls
fifth
Essay On
the
first
treats
to
of Happiness;
Aristotle,
j.s_..
according
of
the chief
Happiness,
namely^ Virtu e.
On
Aristotle's
own
conception of
INTRODUCTION.
'
V"
turn-
over on
all
sides,
and looking
fully
full
at
it
from
While
acknowledging
measure of
its
merits,
defects.
His
on
this
author's
no
important as
regards Ethical
than as a commentary
on
Aristotle.
is
Particularly striking
and
on
vrpoatjoecrt?,
or
deliberate
is,
preference.
in detail
unhappily,
The
Politics of Aristotle
must
Although but a
is
remarkable
for
most con-
summate
A. B.
CONTENTS.
ESSAY
SENTIMENT
I.
FAQB
ESSAY
PHILOSOPHY OF MOEALS
IL
29
ESSAY
in.
..
49
ESSAY
IV.
65
ESSAY
^THE ETHICS OF AEISTOTLE
V.
127
ESSAY
5
VI.
213
ESSAY
I.
'/
Of
all
ancient
world, there
nothing which
is
more
characteristic
and admirable
than
the
writings
of
the
Greek
ethical
political science.
By them
any
ties
very narrow
in
sjDite
of
all
nations
not
Hellenic
and,
what
is
of
still
greater
moment,
without any pre-existing specimens of philosophical enquiry on that or any other subject to serve them
either as
model or incentive.
clearly
To understand
ledge,
1.
human know-
To give
derives
2.
its
origin.
To
B 2
[Essay
I.
sentiment as
Socrates, with
whom
the
day-star of philosophical
enquiries
on ethical subjects
may
be considered to
have
arisen.
What
is
Ethical Sentiment
who
has ever
Without the
measure of
out
all
the
members
would
passions
of each
separate
in-
render
the
maintenance of any
Positive
established
rality,
communion
impossible.
mo-
every society of
experience.
But
if
Some few
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
to
out
Any
many and
and another.
No
Those who
common and
instincts
special
explain
what
is
the theory of
instinct be
shall be applied
to
the
the
more
For
Ethical sentiment
sentiment,
feelings,
is,
in fact, a
very complicated
presupposing
many
trains of ideas
distinct,
and
and even
[Essay
1.
yet so combined
affect
the
of the
mind which
it is
more or
1.
less
Our
self-regarding tendencies.
happiness,
for-
positive help of
all
these consequences,
again, depend
entertain
to-
upon the
dispositions
which
others
is
wards him.
plete
This dependence
life
but
is
most
urgently
when
the
first
associations
are
Our sympathetic
tendencies.
Generally speaking, and leaving out of sight particular cases of exception, the pains of others are
an
original
cause
of pain to
ourselves.
Several ex-
ceptions
might be enumerated
to this rule,
;
such as
but the
The
by no means
universally.
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
in this case
The exceptions
numerous.
and
others, either
or
the
We
love those
who
we
whose
presence
is
Our malevolent
hate those
affections.
We
us, or
who
who
;
expected
those
whose presence
enjoyment.
is
associated
with suffering or
5.
loss of
feel pain,
we
who
same intensity
we
are
hate those
who
we
who
Amongst
constant,
all
these
different
affections,
the
self-
lasting.
The sympathetic
becoming
[Essay
I.
an opposite system.
It
the
self-regarding
affections, that
we
to
common good
that
is,
in conjunction
with our
own
at the idea of a
and sentiments.
In
the
first
place,
he
is
an
agent,
seeking to satisfy
manner open
and
to him.
In this character,
his interests
from those
them.
is
a patient, in com-
mon
duals
are
commonly
unison
with
he
is
those
of
others.
life
constantly placed
two
positions,
and he accordingly
the one
is
When
he
about
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
when he
to
is
him
and presents
of
he himself were so
we
is
should feel
is
if
placed
necessarily
it
an acquired habit
so
but
acquired so early,
is
constantly
called
into
all
exercise,
and
is
so
in-
dispensably necessary at
even our
safety, that
it
becomes at
all
one of the
We
come
to
perform
it
where
it
we would
greatly
The
idea of the
judgment which
mind of
every agent
same (with
some
differences
which
shall
would form
if
It
is,
judgment of
others,
own
as a spectator or patient.
own judgment
as
spectators
in
concurrence with
10
others,
[Essay
I.
as agents,
is
the main
basis of
what
is
which
is
only by a number of
men
living in
some
sort of
communion more
or less intimate
is
and extensive.
identical either
Ethical sentiment
by no means
A man
may
feel
both sym-
who cannot be an
iufant,
object of ethical
towards an
an
idiot, or
an animal
senti-
he
may
ment
indulges
or no benevolence, or
Ethical sentiment
as
to
the line
of
conduct
to their protec-
tion, their
hand
their
or which exposes
displeasure,
to
their
indif-
ference.
It consists of
an association in
my mind
of
of a certain line
excited
by
it,
in
the
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
us.
11
around
It
is
reciprocity,
as
between
amongst
whom
he lives
such
to be rendered
on
to be manifested as requital
on
the
its
connection
fears,
on the confirst
prescribed to
him
for
obtaining,
the
protection,
and for
his becoming, or
even
upon
it
be,
whether perfect or
uniformly contains
idea of a certain
well
or
ill
directed,
:
1.
The
The idea of a
by
certain
disposition
or
his conduct
and disposition as
manifested, or as there
it.
may
be
reason to understand
These two
ideas, intimately
association, con-
by
common
sanction,
and
as reciprocating
is
and
it
indis-
exists in
12
[Essav
I.
its
purest
and most
The
reciprocity
between
that
the agent
and the
society
consists
in
this,
although he does not expect to receive the protection or favour of society, except
upon condition of
on his part,
certain conduct
failing which,
and certain
dispositions
treatment
yet,
if
he has duly
him wrong
they withheld
it.
hound
a common sanction.
To
a certain extent
is
and in
In most
cases,
the
sum
of his
man
and
when he
feels that
him
a title to claim
If
dis-
to
if
such
protection
or
the
whom
Essay
I.j
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
13
the agent
Gods
as a
supplementary sanction.
The
idea of a
competent to interfere
a guarantee for the
and prepared
to interfere
as
however
ill
may
con-
The intimate
mind by
its
association be-
tween good or
desert
and
consequences, drives
them,
under
the
form
of
superintending
and ever-
and
to reward.
includes universally
acts
and under
all
circumstances
depend
of their protection or
the
ill-usage, their
indis-
solubly in the
the
idea of the
act or disposition
in
14
[Essay
I.
such manner that the one cannot be thought of without the other, and a compound sentiment
is
formed,
As
may
be
Form
in
some few
but
there
are also,
upon almost
all
Ethical
Sentiment always
dispositions of
places
some
limit
man
originally possesses of
hurting or tormenting
his neighbours.
without
it,
indeed, no
exist.
community what-
The
association
is
everywhere more or
less
formed, in the
mind
of
enmity of
feels this
society.
society
every
own
protection in
There
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
its
15
operation
the
upon
all
degree to which
all
it
protection of
and the
restraint of
all.
But
sentiment, and
move on without
dis-
The coincidence
of interest, or indeed of
is
necessity,
in this
would be astonishing
if
not uniform.
forms and
varieties, to
produces
some communities
to a greater degree,
:
but in
all,
without exception,
tion.
to,
it
produces an
In the
it
first place,
which
indispensably
necessary to
make room
for
man who
of others
is
is
them
it is
only
when he
16
[Essay
I.
forcible hold
of his mind.
indirect
The voice
everywhere more or
in
less favourable to
them, even
history.
is
and supporter of
all
the
dence, temperance,
of anger, &c.
The constant
to
making present
public, is the
selfish
of
the
his
grand and
by which
subjection.
Form, but
and
places.
It tends
volent impulses of
our nature
to
encourage the
to implant the
and
Essay
1.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
this nniformity of
17
But when
we cannot with
two ages
is this
we make
any given
age or country,
we
altogether inapplicable
we
try
it
with reference
to
any
The
virtuous
man
or
own age
or country, will no longer receive the same denominations if transferred to a remote climate or a different people.
Though
it
we compare
American
Hindostan, of
Turkey^ of England^
of Brazil, of the
mans,
we
shall perceive
that amongst
any one of
these nations a
man might
There
exist
errors, suj)erstitions,
18
ON
tup: UltiaiN
and nature
[Essay
I.
ment, quite as
much reverenced
much more
in
indeed,
reverenced.
When
Form, but
we
does not
extend beyond
few capital
points, of obvious
and pressing
necessity,
and in addirection.
aim and
:
The
rest
is
all peculiarity
and diversity
on which
its
own,
common
And
it
is
rude
first
constituted.
To
and misery
are
its
universal
of association,
would obey on
own ground
were ob-
these communities
would
all
form the
like
judgments
in such a
But
Essay
I,]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
19
human
intellect,
mistakes as to
make
a different
mistake
moreover,
among
of
rest.
sentiment,
as
conceived by each
community
ceived
of
and such
peculiarities,
when once
general
con-
and
incorporated
with
be
the
body
ethical
sentiment, would
to
transmitted from
generation
generation,
by the omnipotence of
and
incorrigible,
ment than
would be
There
much
phenomena
as
omens and
In treating of the
origin
moral
sentiment,
many
writers
latter as if
it
were
The
c 2
20
[Essay
I.
We pursue
this
inward and
and quite
may
indeed appear
as an auxiliary
and a modifying
influence, but it is
:
man
would
find himself
criticise
him.
me
Erroneous, because
altogether misconceives
:
Unphilosophical,
because
it
which
is
common
and
sities
places, to that in
which
it
and anomalies.
That such
and applauded,
in different countries
:
and
ages, is a
comprised under
it,
man
man
of another.
If this
mode of explanation be
moral disapprobation, in
all
it
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
21
accounted
for.
If the same
mode be extended
to all
some in one
society
No
phifor
losopher, so far as I
and separate
though
it is
starting point of
an explanatory theory
ethical sentiment
that those
who have
represented
our
the
tq
sentiment
out
of
which
it
arises
were admitted
be derivative and
generated by association.
moral sentiments
adequately
(they
imagined)
the
sustained,
unless
be
and ready-made
directly
impressed
to
upon
the
mind
by
Nature
herself, or
commands and
to
impulses,
man.
Such seems
insisted
have been
who have
22
[Essay
I.
in
:
morality.
nothing
gained in the
way
of authority
by
setting forth
hands of nature.
They have
and
this in
common with
is
many
other impulses
authority
whatever,
which
it
frequently
all
necessary to disregard.
part
of
our natural
constitution
yet
there
is
we
are justified in
so re-
them must be
strained
and modified as
If
it
to fall into
harmony with
by nature,
they ought
our duty.
were
true,
to infer that
implicitly to be obeyed:
like
since
nature implants in
it
is
indispensable often to
in the
Nothing
is
acquired,
way
by
on the contrary,
much
is lost
for
by
mon
level,
from rectitude.
Are we
to
are factitious
tive,
They
are deriva-
Essay
1.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
:
23
but
Form
it is
they
No
training,
time,
and
But
it
must have
all
the languages
now
:
we
shall not
be astonvast
ished
that
men who
could
overcome so
of
reciprocal
help
reciprocal
socialized
abstinence
from injury.
the
semi-
man were
first
construction of a
fortiori
he must
to
to conceive,
and disposed
24
[Essay
1.
more
especially
when
we
much,
which ought
perhaps,
to
have
been taken in
and
taking
in,
still
more
which ought
to
have been
left out.
The
arises
But
who
they leave
full
extent.
It is
quite
its
amongst
whom
it is
found
but
as the great
its
supplementary sanction
observances.
the enforcement of
and
this
class
of
tastes
which
differ
may happen
materially
:
to
be ascribed to
pass
the Gods,
when we
from
one people
to
another
Essay
I.]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
25
interests,
is
no operative cause
of uniformity.
With regard
was
rude
first
to the
way
in
which
ethical sentiment
men
permanent
social
communion, we
must
exceptionable theory.
in
to the
way
which
and trans-
we have ample
We
know
they acquire
it
in the
rudi-
ments
It will
any exactness
mode
have
we
the
previously
familiarised
its
ourselves
with
principle of association in
modes of working.
Two
more
especially if
interesting,
have a tendency
26
[Essay
I.
ness
recollection of
lives
when
this
we
spontaneous, production
of the
mind
ginally indifferent,
familiarly
known
of what was at
jBrst
very often
Many
ideas,
which originally
by
a bor-
power
(if
one
may
magnet
is
often
is
derived.
is
Any
act,
or
any
state of existence,
which
conducts.
Essay L]
OF ETHICAL SENTIMENT.
27
of complex
sentiments, opinions,
and
dispositions,
which
and de-
Amongst
one
and
one
among
all
representing
comparison
the result of
many and
ESSAY
II.
PHILOSOPHY OF MOEALS.
PHILOSOPHY OF MOKALS.
There
may
be pursued with
we may examine
morahty with
a
the
various
to
systems of
positive
view
ascertain
what
the
points
they
have
in
are
wherein
thus
de-
those
principles
to
and
distinctions
which
positive
ill
belong
essentially
every
system
of
con-
Or, secondly,
we may endeavour
all
to determine the
standard to which
more or
less to
it,
or worse systems.
may
be confounded
in such
a.
manner
32
PHILOSOPHY OP MOPALS.
[Essay
II.
What
constitutes
morality/ ?
may
be
so
belong
sometimes to the
the second.
You may
Or
as asking
What
we
common
as
positive morality
asking By what
line of
enquiry or
is
often
and which
is
of great importance to
keep in mind.
Morality always implies two things
:
First,
an
acting morally
tators, or
proceedings
by whose
or apprehended as possible,
a rule of conduct
is
artificial invita-
distinct points of
view from
at
as
it
concerns the
and judging
public.
Society requires
its
from each
individual person
among
members a
upon him,
certain series
if
of observances, and
inflicts
he should
offices
and
sympathy,
perhaps
positive
ill-treatment.
:
Each
as a separate
Essay
II.]
PBILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
lie
33
to
agent,
is
perform
of
as a constituent
member
at
he
is
of
Looking
_,
mora-
lity
it
consists
of an aggregate of duties
looking at
it
consists of to perform,
an aggregate
whether per-
which he
is
bound
formance be
aii'reeable to
him
or not.
and
sanction.
Society
is
the superior
by whom
commands
threatened or executed
inferior,
is
the
by
whom commands
or
infringed,
received, duties
performed
anticipated to be endured.
distinct points of
view
issues
according
or to reason
as
who
It
who
obeys them.
is
im-
upon them
Society
is
commanding party
The ancient
more or
D
less
34
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay IL
The summum
determine, and
to
another,
had
reference
to
individual
agency.
They
They
estimated
different
objects as
fit
to
be sought or
They
did
they addressed
him
that 'his
own
feelings
and the
would be
best satisfied
by
a certain course of
life
This
is
But
it
is
and feelings of
order to
interests
it is
and
Now
of great of
moment
that
the
interests
and feelings
each
much
any
useful.
and
line of
to this result is
But
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MOEALS.
of any system of positive
35
morality.
representation
Every system of
and feelings of
society
society.
It
supposes that
the
majority of
concur in opinion as to
indi-
certain duties
vidually,
to
and thus
an authority competent
duties.
The foundation
opinions of the
of morality
in
the
collective
of each individual
own
good
^just
mand
of the legislator
who
society, not in
may
suit his
views to
The idea
mand and
interior
entitled
movements of individual
to
contend.
This idea of
an extraneous
constitutes
science,
what
is
called
the
or
passions
so
and
is
which
much
Sir
James
Mackintosh.
authority
of
The
law,
conceived as residing
in
D 2
36
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay IL
superior without
in
The
the
public
and
extrinsic
to the individual, is
:
the
paramount element
individual
is
of morality
the part
of the
this authority.
If then, in
and obedience
to such
we
mental mistake.
And
this is the
mistake committed
by
so
many
when they
laid
summum
at.
bonum, or of that which they would recommend to each individual as the primary object to aim
It
may be contended perhaps that the supremacy which we ascribe to conscience cannot be considered
as the idea of authority
ment of the
with
it
pointedly.
occa-
is
not
it
we
ascribe to
originally
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MOEALS.
37
or disapprobation acting
science
is
it
com-
and
self-admiration.
Now
we
upon
to be so also.
is
The disapprobation
of those around us
productive
highest degree
we
naturally
come
to partake,
by means
we
see manifested
It
whom we
in their
They
to our
own bosoms
and even
if
the
we
we
carry
who would concur with us. In the large majority of cases, a man agrees in his particular acts
public
which he belongs
if it
were not
so,
there would be
subjects.
In this wav.
38
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay
If.
ment pronounced by
others as well as
by
ourselves.
And
if
by virtue of any
train of reasoning, or of
any
special authority,
we come
to dissent
public,
and
with
would be
in this
if
And
ought
manner the
to he, will
public voice as
it is.
The
is,
we
deserve or are
that we
felt
de-
within
own mind,
are imagined
as
proceeding
from others.
There
is
moral sentiment a
The
individual
who
command
of the public
individual the
is
same obser-
himself submitting.
as those in
which he
is
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
89
placed, another
man would
is
If as
an individual he
is
is
entitled to
upon other
individuals.
title
to
command
obey as
and the
obligation to
an individual,
an
moral sentiment.
You may
look at
it
from either of
either
and according
it
you look
at
it
assumes,
a different aspect.
embrace
botlt
the
necessarily in-
is
issued
by a
deteris
minate superior
obey.
to
The
superior
may perhaps
be, but is
not
indi-
necessarily, a
As an
individual, he
is
conceived as
the 2^ublic, of
necessarily
and
essentially a
He
40
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay
II.
member
of this public he
others.
The
idea of
dicta-
essential
if
and position
as
he
is
himself,
in
fact
much
better
and
and
the
fundamental
positive morality,
we
shall
them
on the part of an
emanating
individual to
commands from
without,
mem-
The
strictly
command executed
by which
it is
is
a moral
is
command
the sanction
enforced
the
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
is
41
Kant
objective
maxim
is,
and not
That
who
acts
like.
The
obliga-
Kant
{i. e.
is
by
itself
alone
of
feeling
and
call
is
gives to
This
concerned in sug-
forbid
will
encourage.
it
the
Kant
This
in
not
subjective.
which he means
When
resists
is,
moral law
is
42
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay iL
tation,
his behaviour.
But
this
sentiment
that
is,
in a degree
is
There
indeed a
man
in calling
just as there
is
a similarity
feai'
and
/iO/je
in different indiis
in every
Kant seems
and pleasures
for this is
no "
subjective
Bestimmungsgrundey
He
and by
itself,
feel-
in
a manner inexjjlicable,
to
He
confounds
with
:
come upon us
viz.,
loss of
advancement, &c.
It is
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
first
43
mentioned,
is
derived by
way
sequent
on violations of duty.
:
But
still
it is
it is
an association which
:
it is
firmly established
stitutes the truly
moral man.
a moral obligation because he anticipates some positive loss or suffering in the event of his infringing
it,
his
behaviour
is
pjiichtmdssig,
that a
man
upon himself by
his sense
of duty
feeling,
what
we
really
in
is
mean
is,
associated
his
him than
to encounter in per-
forming
it.
The
ideas
of self-reproach
of subsebeing able
of the
of not
up
his
all
On
the other
of subsequent mental
44
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay
IT.
approbation
of having
acquired increased
title to
all
and at the
It is
very
least
consolatory under
suffering.
not
meant
of duty under
these supposed
painful
the
is
man
to
nothing
open
He
to
it is
agreeable to
him
is
do so
wrong
more painful
sufferings
Moral action
is
not to be at
all
considered as an
human
conduct.
much under
man who
science
acts
immorally
The
portant of
among the most remarkable and imAny philosophical all human emotions.
must of necessity be very
often
defective.
We
" Si extasy
know
that they
amount
to
torture or
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
45
"
Mens
flagellis."
concitaret."
Many
be
cited,
which
When
man
his
what Kant
calls
a
own
His
of self-esteem
is
inseparably connected
But a man's
to express
word
ought
to
receive
from others
which
the
public
would award
to him, if they
minded and
the
it
as a
calls the
Auto-
nomy
of the will, in contradistinction to the Heterin every other case of action of the
onomy which
will is observable.
this
remark, I think
not correct.
He means by
Autonomy,
in
It
46
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay H.
appears to
me
is
others, determined
moral law
science.
duty or Con-
But there
is
observation of
Kant
is
partly true.
Under
is
the in-
my
will
determined to
object.
aim
ploy
at the
accomplishment of a given
em-
my
most strenuous
efforts
do every thing
for the
failure is
skill,
pur-
accomplishing
failure,
it
but I
fail.
Notwith-
standing the
the
exigencies
of the moral
sentiment are
satisfied.
Provided the
not
owing
to
or perfinds
severing
an enlightened conscience
nothing to disapprove.
the outset
Though
do
my
and
the
energetic
is
all
which
ex-
required
what Kant
calls ein
reiner Wille,
it,
plained in the
expression
is
way
that he defines
one.
though the
a very misleading
My
will, or
is
my
desire,
:
is
object
not
attained
my
desire
originated,
nevertheless
satisfied, if
every thing
done
to
Essay
II.]
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
47
attain
it.
The
and
zeal
Now
it is
Autonomy
Our
we
and try
to attain
them
upon
sense,
success.
The
positive
selves
:
own
The
satisfaction of the
moral sentiment
it is
is
no exwill is
The
by the
by ourselves
it
onomous.
In another sense,
also, the
expression autonomous
is
may man
in
be used.
in
command which a
himself.
He
own
is,
sentiment
either actually
or
what he
: :
48
PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS.
[Essay IL
If
he obeys the
command
own
moral acting
it is
it is
heteronomy and
is
not
autonomy.
Properly
man
ideal.
ESSAY
III.
The
summum bonum
of the individual.
It
was assumed,
own happiness
as
different
or
his
but
individuals
different
summum bonum,
the problem
summum bonum
Ends which it was
taken to aim
at,
consisted
what
if
?
and which
he attained, he was to
They
con-
certain extent as
and creating
still
in
them gratitude
or resentment.
But
52
[Essay
TII.
was the
position
himself.
To
advise
him
means
requisite for
it,
though
it
involved
their
them
and enabled
in their opinion, to
else
produced a happy
to
" Nam
esse,
Cato
is
made
de
Fiiiib.
iii.
3)
si
solum bonum
probari possit,
si
quod honestum
nullo
:
modo
quod
:
effici
ita
sit,
cur
danda, nescio
nse ego
si
enim sapiens
miser esse
possit,
istam gloriosam
it
in such a
way
as to alter
from such
individual both
Essay III]
happiness
Now
man
in
own
individual case.
They maintained
that there
this point
did
another,
and
to be
man was
man
that pro-
understood to be happy,
whom
nounced
own
man
was understood
to be
unhappy,
whom
the wise
man
and
was disposed
to
repudiate.
The
the
Summum Bonum,
ought
to
or grand end
aim
at,
scheme
laid
down by
man
the
Sunimum
^alum,
wise
or that which
was proper
for every
man
to avoid,
was Unhappiness
defined
it.
in the sense in
which the
man
According
fit
to the
seems that a
man might
felt
though he neither
At
j
least
the man's
own
He might
54
[Essay
III.
man might
Or he might be
in a state
man might
this,
him unhappy.
and the Stoics
se
Seneca indeed
and
as authorities
Non
est
beatus,
esse
qui
non putat
"
and
non placent
omnis
however,
it is
of great
moment
to
way
The
in
ethical
ap^
But
injunction
own
happiness.
allowed to be interpreted by
to
every man's
different
^
*
maximum
sects
all
lay
down
the
same scheme.
To pursue
was
to follow
man
tastes
to
this,
whatever
his
own
might
be,
be
Essay
III.]
own
when
piness
was
so
restricted as to
call happiness,
comprehended in
it.
He might
perhaps
not
account another
alone,
man happy
advantages
qualities
The ancient
means
to that end.
In
this
manner the
interests
mingled in their theories with the interests and happiness of the individual himself, although the latter
perplexing.
When
some-
times good with reference to the interests and liappiness of the individual agent
56
[Essay
III.
to the
soever.
If a
man
both
and
glorious
deed,
him
as
as
j
i
having
plojced
situation
to
be
without taking
all,
judging by his
vidual sentiments.
I
him, according to
general
rule
determined
An
man
ancient moralists.
it,
At
especially Aristotle
which
good
for
the
individual
Essay
III.]
agent
may
is
him, and
vice versa.
But
still
their ordinary
mode of
reasoning
to
Stoics
must be considered
to
when they
that
the
so unqualified a
manner
never
virtuously could
I
'
man who
least
acted viciously
At
they presupposed a
Aristotle re-
and acquired
of ethical motives
would be
and
for
the Stoics
upon
and
distinct
The happiness
2.
agent himself.
The
58
[Essay IIL
or beginnings of ethical
more
frequently in
coincidence
by no
means
co-ordinate, or of equal
When
the
commu-
A
]
sole
Every
action
it
which
is
wrong
so
|j
because
'I
jat
is
right
or praise-
worthy,
'
it
of these ends
an action indeed
may have
it
such ten:
but
conform to
whatever
blame.
is
a proper
of praise or
is
the proper
and knowledge
but
is
it
is
useful or hurtful,
:
it
as only a vicious
man would
The
who
takes
Essay HI.]
upon bim
and
criticise
pers, dispositions,
exclusively.
His business
is
to
and those
dis-
indi-
He
is
therefore called
upon
to consider
from action
by
his
own
Each person
the
different points of
view.
classification of actions
1.
above alluded to
any
the
gratification
of
his
immediate
60
[Essay HI.
actions
and
of dispositions which
in ethical philosophy.
either coin-
or clash, in
any particular
case.
In the long
'run,
to the greater
number of
:
actions
dispositions, they
do coincide
for it is
'obvious that
what tends
to
among
the public,
of these
One
two propositions
two systems
cases
to
any
particular
individual.
An
may
greater degree.
it
When
is
philosopher to determine
:
will prefer
whether he will
whether he
is
which
latter.
When
the case
Essay
III.]
to
indeed by means of a
and
but
when
been
stated,
When
lies
and
the
either suffering
by any
must be
Hence
is
is
called
obligation.
The
he
vidual
in
the
community, and
command and
the
society
left
supremacy.
requires
When
the
happiness of
shall
be done or
The
inter-
obedience on the part of the agent, whether such obedience be easy or painful.
the moral imperative
entire
:
This
is
the source of
it
is
an agent who
is
one of
members.
The
right of
tlie
community
to
C2
[Essay
ITT.
exact
from each of
its
its
own
individual
serious
interests are
he never attempts
to
Without
:
positive law is
which
If
it is
another.
we
in the greater
number of
saving
always par-
ticular exceptions
it
may
in his
to a
own bosom the obligation to render obedience command so issued in the name and for the
community.
interests of the
He
is
himself one of
in
upon
others.
He
cannot
fail
to
apply to himself
more or
less the
philosopher
it
does not
The moral
imperative,
and the
legal imperative,
have same
same
relations
is
and
in the
exercised
by or
its
members
supremacy of
J:ssay III.]
any part
is
implied
and happiness
commnuity, even
assumed as
In
fact,
now
is
positive
posi-
now
is
us.
ESSAY
lY.
I.
is
the science of
actions, in
human
and
by
society as af-
or the happiness
and sentiments of
others.
All these
common
in a different degree
different circumstances, in
man and
and national
differences
:
society
from another
the
societies
in so
much
that
general
propositions
may
be
affirmed
or
denied of each
To explain
feelings
to trace them both to their causes and their consequences to shew by what circumstances they
are encouraged, repressed, or modified
to
F 2
explain
68
that
[Essay IV.
which
all
ethical systems
have in common, as
may
be
to
classify
all
these complicated
and business
whole
of
human
action
feeling.
For the
com-
munity are
directly concerned.
And
none of these
ethical criticisms
But there
is
is
it.
He
is
is
he
also a critic.
He
is
to explain
how far
and of
to be
and how
fostered or counteracted.
for stifling, as far as
He
is
to suggest
means
may
beneficent
exist, inde-
Essay IV.]
69
but
they
better,
The
critical
and worse,
be, to re-
and in accustoming
cognise and aim at
others, as far as
may
it.
The
are
expository function,
and the
critical function,
decidedly distinct,
but
intimately connected.
The
both
it
assists
assists,
and
presupposes the
expository.
First,
by
The
dis-
sum
total of effects
is
position,
infinitely large,
know how
to separate
Now
is
Unless
an
what
is
Next, the
sitory.
critical function
You
cannot
criticise
any
disposition
it
or
know
previously what
is
and
what are
its effects.
You cannot
70
[Essay IV.
of encouraging or repressing
circumstances under which
unless
it is
usually generated.
Both these
critical
functions
essential
the
expository
and the
Both
are
to ethical philosophy.
fact,
more
It
is
philo-
human
dispositions with-
sentiment and
intimating some
judgment of
his
own
respecting them.
is
But though
man
so
doing he has
them
critically
or he expatiates
upon the
value of certain dispositions and sentiments as admirable portions of our nature, and thinks that
by
so
doing he
or
is
expounding
In
this
manner,
is
nor
an assumed standard of
Thus, for example, the
Essay IV.]
71
and
that
natural.
it is it is
or disposition,
natural,
that
justifiable
and becoming
human mind
Upon what
is
To
been
returned.
But
in
think
the
somewhat ambiguous,
put.
the terms in
which
it is
The
mind
of each individual
him and of
conciliating a
and kindness.
man
and
feels
means
he
feels
intended to serve.
Such
it
is
feeling of obligation, as
exists in the
bosom of each
individual
it is
calculated to
others.
72
[^ssay IV.
But
if
the
to the ethical
philosopher
Ujyon what
obligation founded 1
when
intense and
:
he cannot
whatever be
ethical
injunctions.
But the
farther.
He
will
examine upon
which constitute
the
founded.
In his view,
there
no legitimate foundation
for these
commands
and
This
is
make
to the question
?
Upon what
He
will
would be
:
if
mankind
he will find
of
men
in such a stage of
safety,
happiness,
that
they
Essay IV.]
73
of a
The
ethical philosopher,
society wiser
is
existing,
for
viz.
Taking
men
be
made
we must
we can
part
of the
ethical
sanctions
have a converging
them
distinctly point to
it
and
acknowledge
it
as
paramount.
Nor
is
it
should actually be
the
now
exists
philosopher, happiness
is
only legitimate
end
When
to
a philosopher
for
lays
it
which the
is
legislative
be employed
the
it is
no
sufficient
reply to
now
this
stands
end.
is
The philosopher
74
[Essay IV.
answer as a matter of
as a refutation.
its
force
it
If
ought to be
improved.
so,
and
it
will be so
The
like reply
motion of the
happiness.
true, as a
matter of fact
no ground of opposition
tends that
Besides,
it
to the philosopher
who
con-
ought to be so.
it is
admitted on
all
is
may
it
may
by any
by
the
hap-hazard.
safety
But
still it
is
not the
and happiness of
among
its
members, and that every adult person has a conviction that they are so.
is
common
to
all
the
all
times
and
places.
The
But
Essay IV.]
75
As
up
to the present
sometimes occupying as
end.
either
it
much
attention as the
main
If
we
which are
actions
which tend
society
list
still less
will
be found that
all
the latter
Such predicates
will be
number of the
certainly
actions
comprised in
regard to
all.
each
list
but
not with
to
love
and esteem
who
and
to hate
is
suffering,
This
is
a tendency
in every
common
to
different society.
men
feel
and judge
this tendency,
the positive
76
First,
[Essay IV.
men do
causes of their
They fancy
which in
it
and
vice versa.
Secondly,
all
with
but
all
become associated
different
acci-
One
society has
upon one
:
acces-
another
upon
another.
The
mistakes
causes
made by
real
different societies,
in overlooking
and
Hence
tlie
comes to vary in
of another.
many material respects from that And when once any special ethical
it
transmits
from generation
to generation,
with scarcely
eradicated.
ethical sentiment
is
one
Essay IV.]
77
formed by
we
should be
reached the
highest pitch
improvement.
just as
The
erro-
much formed by
of association as the
sound ethical
senti-
ment
accidental,
fact
and
involving
mistakes
of
the
force
results
from
associations
general,
common
in in
to
all
an
harmonious
and sure
to
increase
instructed.
To
collect
and compare
together
the
positive
and
to
common
of the globe.
less
venerated
we become
We
78
[Essay IV.
many
If
as
it
it,
to
the
principle of utility.
we
pervades
little
mankind,
it
may
be stated with
is
very
and happiness of
timent as
assign
rests.
it
But
if
we
exists in
any given
society,
we
cannot
it
The sentiment
;
exists,
foundation
that
is,
manifestations to
Ethical sentiment
may
self-
partly
to the
To
the self-regarding
and esteem of
2.
To
the sympaconceive
we thereby
feelings of others
in so far as
we
common
far
and in so
as
we
To the
antipathetic
we
ourselves
and
by
sympathetic antipathy
one
may
Essay IV.]
79
is
something
If
it
implanted
be meant,
by
faculty, simply to
so
I also
form a
class
is
separate denomination.
that ethical sentiment
is
But
it
is
not the
less
true
composed of many
different ideas
and many
different
and indissolubly,
we apply
it
new
cases.
new new
cases renders
some exercise of
reason inevitable.
propriety in any
man
is
forced to put
his
together in his
This cannot be
done without an
intellectual process
more or
less
80
[Essay IV.
perfectly performed
performed
too
by the
aid of
and
dispositions, reposing
is
upon some
fixed
principle.
There
the
latter capable of
11.
We
society,
states
of
various
times and
in
various
places, in
what
left
is
now
would be
positive morality.
such
circumstances a
man
sufferer, or
and the
dis-
an immoral
disposition.
When
law
is
made prohibiting
are
theft, or
when judges
are
named who
empowered
to
becomes
;
but without
to
ceasing to be immoral
the
disposition
thieve
Essay IV.]
81
continues to be immoral as
was before
it
cannot
it is
made
illegal or
as society proceeds,
it is
produce
confusion,
is
perhaps not in
itself better
than
many
other rules
equally applicable.
As
established,
many
acts
and many
manner declared
to be illegal
way
or
immoral.
illegal
This
characteristic
coincides
with
that
e^ ^PXV'^ H'^^
17
One
is
by
legislation
another portion
is
formed of
field
comes afterwards
to
belong to
82
it
[Essay IV.
by
legislative precept.
The
positive morality of
consists of the
respecting
what
right or
wrongblameable,
unbecoming
in-
different or
praiseworthy
respectable
or contemp-
tible or ridiculous
becoming or
suit-
able or unsuitable to
position
is
and
ful
grace-
Each
disposi-
and that of
others.
we regard what we
spectable,
becoming,
&c.,
is
satis-
we regard
the contrary,
of aversion
The
motives to action
the
actual
feeling
us,
applied
to a case or
agent
as
really
before
applied to
either
others,
case
and contingent
called
And
Essay IV.]
83
the
desire,
or
aversion,
which serves as a
essentially
by every one
man
in the
The
affection
not,
in
special
antipathy which
personal
may
subsist
between two
enemies.
specta-
who
gard
this
affection
and
the sort of
them
moral
sentiment.
The
ethical or
moral sentiment
is
The very
is
basis
ethical sentiment
expected
disposition.
know
know
harm
G 2
84
[Essay IV.
and
on their
part.
I believe
that others
to
desire the
avert the
towards them.
every individual
me
me
included.
That
to re-
me
and that
I should receive
from them
from
being indissolubly
this
it is
which
constitutes
under which I
stand,
and of certain
rights
which
ditionally
common
conjointly
enforcing
Ethical
sentiment
ail
includes
and
in-
separably
these
I
three ideas
right,
obligation,
and
sanction.
am
under certain
is,
obligations
with
to
for-
regard to others
exact from
that
it
others have a
right
me
certain fulfilments
and certain
to suit
bearances, whether
may happen
my
incli-
am
fulfil-
Essay IV.]
85
may
am
obliged
towards
towards
like
manner
obliged
me.
rights in
me.
There
is
and obligation
sanction.
free-will
and
by a common
I feel that
my
whether
I will
perform or decline
my
obli-
gations
subject to a
common
invoked by
by
In
there
is
no
which
ethical quasi-sanction,
real
forces
and sug-
the fancy
afterwards
fills
up.
But
it is
an element in the
common form
we suppose
86
[Essay IV.
eitlier case
chais
The
that
of obligation
without right,
is
*
is
simple subjection.
Either of these
radically distinct
it
from
all
ethical sentiment.
In fact
or
covenant if there
had
been a real
been at
that he
all different.
is
feels
bound
to certain observances
and certain
and certain
this qudsi-covenant,
like
performance
On
man
is
member
other
member
On
and
bound
to
These are in
two
same
ethical sentiment
whoever
Essay IV.]
87
ethical obligation as if
Looking
at the
matter
why
is
for every
on his
his obligations.
But
it
is
nevertheless an error to
:
connected with
man.
others
duly perform
my
obligations
is
towards
still
more
I
if I
perform what
beyond
my
obligations
acquire
If others do not
me such favourable sentiments, or do not requite me by the corresponding tenor of action, they are in the wrong they do me wrong and they
accord to
are wanting in the obligations incumbent
upon
them.
By
my
of others
acquired to
it
me
me.
as of right,
obliged to accord
to
Now
this feeling,
is
inseparably
my
part
just as the
feel-
The consciousness of
88
[Essay IV.
called self-esteem
disesteem
of
called
self-reproach.
When we
speak of
we
mean
these sentiments
it
is
become known
to us.
The
others and
of avoiding
the
liability
to their dis-
esteem,
assisted
is
the genuine
ethical motive
which,
when
is
by the
requisite
It is true that
when
the
man
feels
himself impelled by
a rapid and vehement sentiment of which he does not stop to render any account.
But
it
may
be
desire of obtaining
make
For
if it
so
happens that he
grief
to
obtain
that
esteem, he
suffers
and
disappointment, and
for
years undeviatingly
honest or veracious,
and
wronged.
He
will
Essay IV.]
89
fidence,
and that he
is
for treating
him otherwise.
Now
the existence of
such feelings proves that both the desire to enjoy esteem and the consciousness of his eventual right
to
it,
The genuine
and
ethical motive
is,
the
desire at all
actually enjoying
liability
to the
actual disesteem.
more
more
actual
enjoyment of
it
the
if
he
is
reduced
The consciousness of a
and admiration of
it
;
others,
is
at the
same time,
summum honum
the consciousness
of
at the
same
the ethical
summum malum
and avoid the
and the
desire
other,
constitutes
the
ethical motive.
Regard
to
it
the
is
dispensed, or as
90
[Essay IV.
ought
is
were right-minded,
If Ihe actual public
refuse to a virtuous
serves, he feels
man
that they do
he
persuades
will do
when they
him
justice
and
the
who
his
coincide with
him
judgment, outweighs in
mind the
actual public
who
The
and
varieties,
presents the idea of a public (meaning thereby persons other than the agent himself)
it
presents
is
them
whom
the agent
bound,
but as persons
a certain
who common
bound
to him,
under
The
ideas
of Merit
to
esteem
all
have
its
anticipated judg-
ment.
Wrong
is
or punishment.
When
relative
cor-
do not
mean
that
act
which we perform
some other
deterobli-
minate persons.
gatory
is
act,
the sentiment
by which we
are impelled
common
to
Essay IV.]
91
many
others
and
it
which
correlates
and
is
indissolubly
general sentiment of
together,
ethical right
making up both
when
a sanction, what
and
by
associa-
tion, in
mena
in
in
way
conformable to this
the occurrence of
to
it,
phenomena
in a
manner contrary
and
services to be
as the indis-
performed,
pensable
certain
but at the
and
services,
upon these
and
benefit
and protection
any
special
and
definite services.
is
fact,
ethically speaking,
an act
92
[Essay IV.
view
to its
own
The feeUng
above described
is
the
greatest
importance to our
it
is
composed
rapid and
become
so
and
so
feelings, that
we
of
detect
them separately
all
at the
moment
But that
these
ment comes
strate
remon-
if
I
if
console
him
for
wrong
which he has
dispute with
third party
suffered
I discuss
with him or
if
him up
to the discharge
if I arbitrate or
give sen-
in
all
distinctly
to.
The
topics
affect
a man's reason because they revive what had previously passed in his mind, because he
is
conscious
ethical
is
also
Essay IV.]
93
latter
sentiment
undergone
various
modifications
more
in
now
found more or
less operative
upon
it.
You may
call it
formed by
which
is
more
human
society.
The
human
nature
itself is
comjDOsed
certain modifications
who
is
an established form of
sentiment
is
The
ethical
:
inas-
much
or to
cular
as the formation of it
society, or to
any one
parti-
mode
of training.
But
it is
sense of simple,
uncompounded and
and rudest form
itself,
is
The
earliest
in
which the
ethical
sentiment presents
when
a child conceives
94
[Essay IV.
him
to
towards them.
:
required to obey
if
consequences follow
he does
is
the consequence,
and he learns
which
ultimately
ripens
into
feeling
of right.to
Obligation
to obey,
as the necessary
condition
around
in
we
and absolute
helpless-
ness of a child,
we
of those
around
is
essential to
existence
that
reliance
upon
their
aid
all
must
in-
his ideas,
all his
necessities.
is
When
to cry, in order
The mere
it,
thought, in so far as he
capable of conceiving
all
senti-
all desires,
Essay IV.]
95
all fears, is
lessness of childhood.
As
upon
a child
grows
older,
he perceives
that the
him
dispositions
The favourable
dispositions
dispositions, become,
by the common
process of asso-
being
which
is
he obeys certain
orders given
by those around
unless he refrains
dislike,
and manifests
dis-
them
while,
on the other
hand,
if
forbidden
desired
and manifest
the
dispositions
of
Here,
the
first genesis
the
on the part of
quence of one
part
set of actions
able dispositions
as the assured
consequence of one
his part
and
dispositions
on
the
96
[Essay IV.
on
his part.
own
conduct or
towards others
is
Having formed
child easily
rule in
own
case, a
another.
of
towards
others
this
is
rule
which he
and apply
to
every
individual successively.
And
The
persons towards
whom
wards him.
feebleness
is
The
consciousness
all
blended with
the
sentiments of
infancy
and fondness.
Hence he
affection of persons
to
own
part, but
Essay IV.]
97
which
at the
if
enforcing,
however the
negation of
them may
his
displease him.
But
own
sense of
and he
power
com-
so as to appreciate
around him.
From
the
may
he employed to procure
as be-
longing to his
their
own good
freely
not being
conceded.
Advantages
so
expectations of
benefit
which
if
not
by the
whose hands
in the
mind of a
than
meaning
by
ethical obligation
the
idea
of beneficent
dispositions
and
conduct
Though he would be
consequences which
it
painfully
the
he thus
them, until he
98
[Essay IV.
the paternal
To
the eye
:
he learns to
but he has at
Filial obligation
and
earliest
form
is
ethical
right.
obligation
without
any sense
of
ethical
grown up
as to feel
common
as
sanction
as well
on
on his part
is
towards others.
This
common
first state
sanction
usually
members.
This
is
the
various
members of a
common
authority of the
head or
father.
To
employed
to
way towards
them.
others,
and
to refrain
from hurting
The
ideas of obedience
come
to be conceived as
Essay IV.
99
wliich
in
his mind.
certain acts
:
his part
and
confor
he performs these
acts,
&c. he
may
fidently rely
his security.
the disapof
the
sense
being
Negation of favour
similar cen-
doing forbidden
III.
Having
to
traced
the sources
of ethical of our
sentiment
nature,
it
now remains
ciple
of
sympathy on the
conception of the
interest
to
common
;
and com-
mon
liabilities
with others
and
with our
own and
H 2
100
[Essay TV.
come
to affect our
minds
so
and vividly.
causes of
harm and
those
who
and gratitude.
others,
is
these feelings,
greatly intensified
its
each
also
is
modified in
each appears,
all
by
around
us,
authority independent of
^TJfjLT)
0eos
When
this
feeling
of a
common
interest
with
it,
of
aversion to the
to
We
by a second and a
different
that
of
sentiment
those
around
us
and
Essay IV.]
101
able sentiment.
The absolute
necessity in
which we
own
protection
and comfort,
latter,
one road
the
sympathy which we
and
the
feel in their
pains and
arising of a
pleasures^
conception
thence
common
render
road
each conducting
to
same conclusion
each
of
tending
others
the
favourable
sentiments
among
and
suffering.
We
also
arrive
means of
sympathy
that feeling of a
common
interest
which
and disapprobation
sentiments
which
are
always
a
conceived as belonging to us in
common with
number of
others.
arrive,
But we do not
by means of sympathy
alone,
sanction binding
tion are founded
them
together.
They
this
discrepancy
in
of
reconciling the
discrepant
parties
of limiting
the
102
[Essay IV.
man
may
pursue his
own
he
may make
sure of
When
it is
said that I
am
impKed
as
me
it
is
assumed, that
my own
uncon-
inclinations
the
when
necessity of constraint
founded upon
my
having
self-regarding tendencies.
I affirm that I
is
On
have a
it
is
assumed that
which
my
right relates.
are founded
own
and
be
of centrifugal
tendency
they
regulate
may
members of the
society generally.
Though
upon the
self-regard-
when
once devesocial
and
are
They
grand source of
Essay IV.]
103
They
are in fact
more
pathy
for
may pervade
the
From
vidual,
of the like
self-
regarding tendencies
in
others,
are
derived
the
forbidden
and
our
distinction
between
&c.
From
tendencies in others,
feelings of
we
what
is
to our-
good
and
and bad
good
good or what
is
bad.
more or
less,
bad, is regarded as
wrong
is
104
as
bad
i.e. it
benevolent sympathies.
man who,
in order to
from the
strict obligation
but he
will not
still less
as being himself a
bad agent.
act with a benevolent
man who
little
does a
wrong
It
wrong
the
benevolent
number
of cases coincide
are
meaning
Benevolence
in point of fact, in
itself,
an un-
and regulated,
and
affections,
Anger,
fear, gratitude,
authority
sists
all
It
the
ethical
sentiment
which furnishes
this
Essay IV.]
105
of them,
lu
its
rudest state, as
it
is felt
in the
mind of an unis
only
an obedience
to the actual
concur in
agent.
any other
ethical sentiment,
where
man
a standard
judgment
is
as
it
be, rather
than as
if
actually
^^to
their
judgment
as
it
would be
level of instruction.
child-
result of comparison
and
punished or rewarded
of
opinion and
many
on the part of
others,
him
what
is
wrong
all
these
106
sions
[Essay IV.
endeavour to
number of
different analogies, to
conflict
between such as
own
guidance.
He
finds
himself
prompted
and reduced
by
to
he
finds
to
him by
those
whom
he
in
harmony with
of
them
and he
his
is
thus reduced
to
the necessity
of employing
intellectual
powers, in order to
Though
is
early im-
planted by association in the mind, yet the applications of this sentiment to particular cases are con-
nor can
Ethical
sentiment properly
passion, paternal or
fear,
&c.
it is
a rationalized sentiment
process of
feeling
world
Essay
IV.]
107
finds
the
He
embraces, by a
which he
;
finds
he begins by
the com-
who have
mand
fest
first
He
meaning
:
or recognise
any advan-
tage in
orders given
pleasure,
and
and wants.
His
first
ideas of
what
prohibitions of these
apphed are
positions
whom
he
it
and
they
them the
sense of entire
dependence.
He
same
vidual
characters
as those
and
pretensions,
in
the
manner
by
whom
he
is
surrounded.
This
is
mind
as a
108
[Essay IV.
permanent sentiment or
which are
"
The words
in the apprehensions of
their
Whatever we command
whatever we prohibit,
it
provided
we have uniformly
extends,
associated
with pain,
As
their experience
and
more
first
is
of that which
is
enjoined,
The
earliest
sanction
common
presiding power
which
restrain
will
him and
him
his
own
family, between
whom
and him-
of his
own
family
so
that
the
latter
sentiments,
to present
Essay IV.]
109
they
But
upon
as a child
grows up, he
persons with
pathies,
to deal with
whom
with him.
At
own
greatly increased.
He
those with
to expect
whom
he
is
now
placed
own
to-
conduct
hopes,
may
them
from
and the
whom
he never
did
lives,
depends more
lived with
on
his
his
when he
tenderness to excuse or
there
is
no inclination on the
there
is
no
asso-
whom
to be
authority resides.
towards
now
presents
itself
less
distinctly
nakedly
or
at
least
much
connected
affection
sympathy with
others,
and
still
much
less
than
it
110
[Essay IV.
When
is
agent
the conduct
of others
his
towards him
is
for the
he
is
admitted to share in
common
interest
entertained
is
by every individual
The
less
he can
upon the
established
it
affection
of those
to
becomes
him
to
esteem
indeed without
certain
whom
he
lives, life
portable.
minimum
be
of esteem, must
be
performed,
let
the
sacrifice
what
it
may.
The
this
minimum
are
])art will
be required
which
is
will
the
station
which he
occuj^ies in
society.
If he be a
less will
be required from
will
him
in
the
way
of obligation,
and more
be
Essay IV.]
Ill
way
if
of right:
if
he be a
And
he happens to be a slave,
is
the
him any
;
rights,
nor exact
he
is
in a state of obli-
master,
is
whom
he
may
love
or
hate,
is
according as he
the
treated, but in
neither
case
of an
ethical
character.
The ancient
''H/xtcru
yap r
'Tytes
Ke(f)aXr)
ovSeu
evOeia
i//v^>J?
hovkrjs
(Plato).
shew
OviroTe SovXeir)
TTe<f)VKev
(Theognis).
to
This fact
would be
senti-
singly
sufficient
is
ment
man
is
him
that
it is
but
that
it
is
a complex
feeling,
the
arise
gradual result of
except where a
associations
is
which do not
man
The esteem
in
which a man
is
they
may
which
is
strictly
very
112
[Essay IV.
may
be
or
perhaps compassion.
be, his
Whatever
his
may
too
harm
is
insignificant
excite
any marked
feeling.
The esteem
on his
in
which a man
is
upon
his
power
partly
person.
desires
too
his
name and
man
to
have
full
credit
among
his
which he
good mental
dispositions
which belong
to him.
credit
an insult of
credit due
him of the
from the
latter.
common
with
men
is
an
any
ethical
fault,
such
as
dishonesty,
mendacity.
Essay IV.]
113
hiave^
The words
mean persons
The reproach
is
no
is
more
warmly
than
almost
any
other
The
loss of station,
power,
painful in the
loss of ethical
we
be a
title
to the
esteem of the
community
to a
around.
The conhim
per-
always present
to his
mind, though he
may
all
The most
acutely painful of
us, is that
senti-
of contempt
If
we
take
is
no
moral guilt
(at least
which are
objects
The conI
114
IDEA
OB^
ETHICAL PHILOSOrHY.
life
[Kssay IV.
insupportable
The
or
feeling
station,
and
is
constantly
present
to
He
these respects
He
should think
of
him
in these respects
that
they
or
his
pursuits.
Those
acts of his
own which
him
the
him the
he comes to con-
The
acts
own, and
own
be
to
being no
That
in every individual
mind,
may
be shewn by the
Essay TV.]
115
There are
as degradstations,
men
all
in
particular
discreditable
to other
at any rate
Now
these
regarded with
immoral
acts are
is
A man
what
de-
immoral: he
is
no more conscious
him from
as rapid,
itself,
and as completely
The sentiment
is
mind of a gentleman
indisputis felt
educated
to
it
enjoins
him
to
do certain
it
and
refrain
from
others,
and
does so
which
it
originally
took
its rise.
The
is
honour assumes
I
"
first
must do
this, for if I
;
do not,
shall
be thought dishonourable
must refrain
I
116
[Essay IV.
from doing
do
it,
I shall
be thought
dis-
honourable."
of the sentiment
different,
after the
association
act,
The
sentiment
then
runs
it
an honourable
is
act, therefore
must
act,
be done
therefore
a dishonourable
By
the universal
law of
association,
that
come
were originally
will
to be effaced
minds
in habitual
and rapid
Now the
case
is
honour
may
entertain towards us
conscious reference
The
difference
no doubt
is,
that
more
especially
ethical
community, whereas
sentiment
is
vading
all society,
and
is
Essay IV.]
117
together
those
who
live in
any
sort of
communion.
But
as to the
mode
perfect.
we were even
is
to admit, as
and certain
them it would
still
be
may
and
if this
be the case,
it
by the super-
vision
It has
derives
mind
his sufferings.
But
is
wrong
:
or consistent
differences
opinion
arise
among
118
[Essay IV.
individuals as to
what
is
is
the
in
wrong
one
another.
man when they are not wrong in young person who grows up under such
is
appearances,
and
them.
By
successive comparisons
is
and
reflections,
he
forms what
or
becoming or degrading
in
in his
taste.
is
good
taste or in
bad
commonly happens,
judgment
him
from
whicb
affection, or
any other
in
his
cause.
But
this
is
judgment
called a
arises
observation, comparisons,
and
on what
has when
or as he thinks
if
The
minded,
present to his
mind
as approving of the
of this
and superior
public.
In
common
Essay IV.]
119
parlance,
we
own
standard as
:
but
if
we
first
form
of words,
will
By
acting up
own
if
they withhold
are in
desert,
it
from him,
:
it is
their fault,
and they
the
wrong
He
loves to do,
and does
do, that
worthy, although he
may foreknow
do, that
will not
he hates
worthy, although
may
of
those
in a
whom
certain
he sees or hears.
undeniable that
number
and
minds
the attachment to
what they
\\\\Tik.
;
of actual praise
their
repugnance
to
what they
ame.
to that
which
is
praise-
to actual praise
praiseworthy
is
120
[Essay IV.
to dread or to
is
blameworthy,
if
The
idea of
what
is
praise-
worthy
tion
is
actually praised
the idea of
actually blamed.
is
The fundamental
idea of the
whole,
that
of the
terrible
amount.
its
From
even in
its
greatest refinement
origin.
The judgment of
actually sees or hears
others,
it
such as an individual
upon
his
First, the
own conduct
called his
What
is
own
judgment of himself,
judgment of others
as
would be
if
they possessed
But
this
is
others never
know
so
much about
his con-
Essay IV.]
121
anxiety respecting
it
to take
any great
Their senti-
violent, but it is
the influential
circumstances.
But the
ideal
is
all
he
is
they could
first
mind from
he
differing
impartiality
he
is
and
differing
this notion
of ideal spectators
spectators, or of the
if
would be
enlightened,
exercise
is
more or
no
man
own
know
may
that which
is
familiar to himself
and
to his
thoughts.
The judgment of
122
[Essay IV.
actual spectators by
whom
the agent
is
surrounded
the
supposed favourable
may
unfavourable judgment
more
afflicting,
than the
latter.
is
what
constitutes
I suppose
I
myself
to deserve
me
to
are
me
thing.
this estimation, I
constitute
myself
mine.
them
as
may
may say
that they
:
do not
know
all
or he
may
that they
perfectly wise
man would
He may
I
grounds of law.
have already remarked that every agent un-
Essay IV.]
123
avoidably comes to form the conception of some spectators better informed as to matters of fact than the
He
transfers his
own know-
By
as the case
is
may
whom
he
surrounded.
He
invests
them
to a certain extent
own knowledge
own mode
of view
not
formed
by gradual process of reasoning or comparison out of what he has seen and heard and experienced.
differences
The
of
what
is
right or wrong,
render
such disputes.
He
is
him upon
this subject,
to consider
Each successive
ethical
judgment, which
feel,
from his
upon
it
his
mind
him
exists in
is
the result of
all
more
or less
com-
pared, combined,
contrasted,
according to the
124
[Essay IV.
measure of his
to
agreement
in the applications
own.
in another man's
From
this
general harmony,
disturbed
by
par-
common
ascertain
to all of them,
and some
is.
sort of desire to
The arguments by
to the right or
wrong
which ought
of them.
conception of a
:
common
re-
standard
persons,
search,
faint
and undeveloped
with ordinary
is
and therefore
:
very unlikely
to
be dis-
covered
demands
But
still
it,
the
as
it
the divination of
:
were
are
in
arguments which
Essay IV.]
125
allude to
and suppose
its
by
is
every
man
is
gone improvement in
ethical sentiment has
and that
his
own
it
is
room
for
still
farther improve-
who
common
standard
one of the
many
Ethical right
is
a reliance
injunctions.
ESSAY
V.
The
in the persons to
whom
They
pre-
intel-
must be
so far deve-
life
and
action,
and of regulating
less
by a reference
mo-
standard.
He must
obeying without
The
may
dictate.
human
affairs,
men
Upon
and
all
the illus-
must
130
[Ersat V.
necessarily turn
i.
7.
Com-
pare
vii.
8).
Such a pupil
3).
Again,
instruction
in
good
practical discipline, so as to
have acquired
to
and
to
and
to
unless
made
habitual with
to
him
he will
to,
i.
still less
become attached
4.
7).
The
well-trained
man, who
has
already
proceeds
he
may do very
these habits
to
well,
him
Essay v.]
131
is
announced.
The
or beginnings
to
which
ethical
philosophy
it
enjoins
hj habituation, not by
we ought
ap^r) in the
way which
and
subject requires,
to be
it
well
(i.
4,
i.
7).
way
in
to be discovered
and made
available,
we
merely the
certain objects
present science
like the others,
^g^njisre
we
that
virtue
See also
i.
2,
i.
5, vi. 5).
Aristotle
dif-
at apxal,
are curious.
tained,
Some
by induction
habituation in
others by
K 2
again in other
132
[Essay V.
ways.
For
by
intellect (vovs)
vi. 8 in
vi.
6-7.
There
to
a passage however in
dp-)(al
which he seems
{cr6(f)os)
of the wise
man
and the
man
{(j)vcnKo<;)
which
wisdom a compound
and where he
{eTno-TrjfjLrj),
men.
By
vi. 6
it
how
then can
it
may be
a mathematician without
being a wise
man
mencement of
his treatise
on Ethics, to
He
times a
sufficient
own
altogether
2).
satisfactory
3,
i.
7,
The completeness
mind
says)
man
of
than
and human
action, to
which
all
Essay v.]
133
consequences, so that
is
subject to
more or
less
of
more open
mine
to mistake
moment, according
to the
just as
the
physician
or the pilot
"
is
Now
men
exhibit no fixed
And
acts
if this
still
more does
present
the
particular
;
But though
sent, ice
must
/307^6'eri/). Eth.
Nic.
2.
The
to
last
They seem
successful
He had
previously said
(i.
3)
"There
but desperate.
is
so
much
difference of opinion
and
so
much
error respecting
34
[Essay V.
what
honourable and
just, of
of
human
same
action
seem
to
exist
by nature.
respecting
And
there
is
the
sort of error
good,
because
many
some
persons
have
injury
from them,
to destruction
through
at
is
right and
that
wrong.
most
truly
observes
the
no pre-estab:
to
guide them
we
must
act
circumstances.
Some few
rules
may
indeed be laid
:
but the
to the
grand and
all-
comprehensive
we
it,
of
to
be
supposing
affairs,
human
habitual
may
tlien
be
great
Essay V.]
135
advantage
that a
fection
3).
It
is
reason
and virtue
theory
;
before
he
he
acquaints
himself
with
ethical
but
(I do not
meaning
times mentions
science
is
and
tjOlkoI Xoyoi.)
Ethical
is
for
the individual
(i-
what
political science
'
^-^
for the
community
2).
C^Mii^
action, in each separate
In every variety of
art
human
and
Ends
:
are
but
always the
by every
one,
human
i.
1.
action,
Sometimes there
an
plished by
means of the
beyond
is
it.
the
136
real
[Essay V.
accomplish
{jTej)VKe)
" the
:
of action"
it
(i.
1).
Taking
is
subject to
many
case,
exceptions
Trecf)VKe
seems to
comprehensive
and
su-
others,
partial
and subordinate.
The
sub-
ment.
is
sub-
operations of
war
to
the general
scheme of the
commander.
The supreme, or
of the fprmer.
One end
included
in
subordinate,
is
thus
another
end
(or
another
good) as
supreme.
regard to one
ordinate
from
itself,
and subof
with
is
regard
another.
The end
to
the
general
supreme
or the
with
reference
that
of the
soldier
of comprehensiveness
limit
:
of
ends there
no
definite
Essay V.]
137
more comprehensive
we
please,
every
all
with reference
to
which
means
and
which
is
itself
The end
thus
conceived
is
man, or The
To apiaTovTavd
To comprehend,
for realizing
ayaOov
(i.
2).
to define,
and
to prescribe
is
means
the object of
architecall
tonic Science of
all,
other
Sciences are
simply ministerial.
It is the business
of this his
learnt and in
into practice
be brought
to
forbid
any system of
human
reign
rical,
action according as
the
Sove-
Good of
the Community.
all
far as they
they are
all
political science is
2).
(i.
Ethical
138
Science
[Eshay
V.
is
By
this it is
to be abstracted
from
human
action
and human
feeling
is to
and from
is
the
manner
case
the
view
is,
first
as
regards the
the Supreme
all
Good
the End of
for
Ends,
the
end
which he seeks
itself
and
the
hends
all his
4).
an
End
of
all
Ends
is
call
an Idea
nothing
so trained
precisely
No
mind
make every
End however
is
comprehensive.
But
it
is
a process
Essay Y.]
139
performed to a greater or
No man
it
immediate impulse
the impulse,
whatever
be,
when
This
it arises,
less as it
imperfect
society,
existence.
In
civilized
we
in the
of professional
success, the
making of
&c., each of
which
is
essentially
paramount and
ar-
chitectonic,
to
which a thousand
Suppose
this process to be
End
more comprehen-
an all-comprehensive scheme of
Such a maxi-
QT'^x^
all
What
the Supreme
Good
the End of
it
Ends ?
How
are
we
to determine
it
wherein
consists, or
by
what means
is
to
be attained
at
least, as
nearly
140
[Essav V.
human
condition per-
mit
Ethical
closest
:
making the
approaches to
which
are practicable.
is, is
Even
to understand
a considerable acquisition
at,
since
if
even
different
men make
to-
an End of Ends or of a
:
Supreme Good,
most
essentially
although there
_Every_
man
well^
End
of End&j(6i/o/i,aTt
oyioKoyeiTai,
4)
which he considers
same
as being
hajDpy.
But
men
disagree
exceedingly
in
:
their
nay
man sometimes
places
it
in one thing,
riches, accord-
sometimes in another
in health or in
divisions, in
one
mankind may be
distributed.
life
Some think
that
(ySto?
happiness consists in a
aTToXavcTTtKo?)
:
of bodily pleasure
others again,
knowledge
He
Essay V.]
141
to
number the
of the
(;)(pr7jaaTtcrTi^g)
money-maker
end at the
among them
inclinations
because he attains
his
at
least
words
6 yap
)(prj[jLaTL(TTr)s
tU
ecrrt),
and beit is
objects.
for discarding
He
believed
real
them
happiness
much
as the first
and
certainl}", if
we
two
is
last.)
The
first
of the three
countenanced by
palus
many
Sovereigns
Sardana-
it is
more
men, in
5).
the reward of
it
political
ambiis
it
possession
sure of retaining
for
is
persons by
whom
to
he
we form
suppose
us and
it
liard
be
withdrawn
(i.
5).
Moreover
142
THE
E'J'HICS
OF ARISTOTLE.
it
[Essay V.
those
its
to honour, desire
not so
much on
as in
order
virtue
:
tliat
they
it
may have
seems even
confidence in their
own
so that
in their estimation as
if
aim
of the two.
(meaning thereby
it)
cannot be the
sovereign good
life
in
sleep
or in inaction
or
intolerable suffering
and calamity
5).
it, is
Besides, Happiness as
perfect, final,
we
conceive
an End
comprehensive and
its
all-sufficient
an
own
account and
ulterior.
But neither
each
is
an end
special,
and not
final
indeed on
of
its
its
own
our happiness
7).
The
latter
itself
is
:
including as
it
and
his
countrymen, or of
;
all
with
it
whom
he has sympathies
life
so that if attained,
desirable
and wanting
tov
/3lov,
for
/cat
notliing
ixovov^evov^
(i.
alperou
irotet
jxrjSevo^ eVSea
7).
Aristotle here
makes
in respect
Essay V.]
143
lo
viz.,
that
and
his
whom
It
he has sympa-
deserves
careful attention.
shews
at once
We
but
same end
as that proposed
by
political science
the
we
reach
it
by a
from
Having shewn
being's
special
is
" our
not
consist
in
any
or
intelligence, or virtue,
^ [^
method
artist
to
shew wherein
does consist.
Every
i.
7),
the
artist consists in
doing *^
and appropriately.
Each separate
foot,
has
peculiar function
these,
man
What is the business and peculiar function of Man, as Man ? Not simply Life, for that he has in common
with the entire vegetable and animal world
:
nor a
mere
all
common with
has,
viz.,
Animals
it
an active
144
in
THE
E'l'HICS
OF ARISTOTLE.
{TrpaKTiK-rj
[Essay V.
life
tl<;
tov
\6yov exovTos)
or
the
exercise
of
Reason as a
conformable to
peculiar
Reason.
of
This
:
is
the
special
and
business
man
ill
it
is
and the
man
well.
that
whereby he
is
enabled to perform
.
Tlie
Supremeas
it
Good
of hurnanity, therefore,
con-
sisting
special business of
man,
is
to be
found in the
vir-
assuming always a
life
of
the
ordinary length,
then stand
of a
soul
the object.
or the highest
good
human
and
and conformable
tinuance of
life."
throughout the
full
con-
and viitue
(aperrj)
i.
seems
to
be borrowed from
;
Plato Republic,
Compare
also
c.
23, p.
352
c.
24,
iv. 2.
p.
353.
Xenophon
is
Memorabilia,
delivered
14.)
This explanation
by Aristotle
as a
mere
outline,
easily
which he seems
to think that
any one
may
fill
up
(i.
7).
And
he warns us not to
Essay V.]
145
admits of
since
we ought to
we
deal
(i.
3).
Having determined
piness or the
in this
Supreme Good
Aristotle
it
at least
(i.
All philo-
classes
Mental^
of these
and External.
Now
the
first
Aristotle
class.
in
the
first
by eminent
authorities
more or
laid
less
ancient
Eudoxus
down
:
the prin-
others have
it is
entirely independent
that
(i.
the former
is
no
in virtue
others in
(cro(^ta
wisdom
L
146
[Essay V.
Tt?)
be
8).
above-mentioned objects
(i.
The moral
doctrines propounded
way new
how
far the
these philosophers
sustained
which
Aristotle
makes
reference.
is
Now,
tion of
in so far as virtue
them by
subiji
place
And
in
man who
m witho u
t,
as a foreign accessory
fo r
he
finds
"
Now
(he
8).
Again,
is
ii.
3,
perfect habit
which
tlie
habit
for the
man who
doing
sures
and
does
the
rejoices in
it
temperate, while he
is
who
reluctantly
and
painfully,
intemperate.
And
man who
Essay V.]
147
at least
is
courageous
if
with pain, he
a coward.
For
it is
we commit
vicious acts,
we
as Plato directs,
we ought
to be trained at
for that
Moreover, the
man who
is
which
is
natural
to
man and
other
(i.
8).
the majority of
mankind
by nature.
The
upon
this
that those
of the
inasmuch as they
arise out
appropriate business.
L 2
148
[Essay V.
in another place
to
another
subject.
In
the
dis-
Magna
and
Moralia
34, pp.
1194-1195 Bek.), in
<^vcret)
he
tells
us
commonly
1217
remains
Bek.)
just,
(Similarly Ethic.
exists
Eudem.
iv. 14, p.
That which
the
left
hand may
by
these
means be rendered
number of
cases
and
left
remains
sidered as existing
If
by nature.
we are to consider that arrangement as natural which we find to prevail in the greatest number of
cases
and
natural
than
is
arrangements, which
appears
two opinions
In Eth. Nicom.
ii.
a result of habit,
whence
it is
For
Essay
V.]
149
altered
by nature
is
by
habit.
move
if
man
it
should endeavour so to
by throwing
like
times
nor in
manner
fire
downwards
nor can
way.
Virtues therefore
are
not generated in us
;
but
we
are
formed by nature
them, and
so as to be capable of receiving
we
are perfected in
influence of habit."
If it be true that nothing
which
exists
in
habit so as to
manner,
do not see
how
the asser-
Magna
we
are told
it,
where
"
exist by nature
jMrtake of change.
Thus
left
but
still it is
the
left
hand
is
the
left
left,
although
we
as
we do with
(Mag. Mor.
i.
34,
at sup.)
hand
in the other
by the down-
150
[Essay V.
ward tendency
different in the
The
idea
is
plainly
On
For
in the
we
by nature
:
neither
to nature
nature makes us
to
receive
them,
habit
introduces
and creates
them But
an
and accurate.
if this
Aristotle,
how
could
man
come by
cannot
come by nature
On
the
whole,
I
these
three
passages
to
present a
in
variance which
am
unable
reconcile
to the
the
very equi-
word
nature.
tells
Although Aristotle
and
relatives
and
relatives, together
with
many
other misfortunes,,
Essay V.]
151
most virtuous
for
man
{pviraivovcri to jxaKoipLov
i.
8)
which reason
it is
that
equally essential
it
to
happiness
and
have
To suppose
that
boon
it is
is
be an absurdity
the magnifi-
cence of
it
and equally
undeniable, if
we
suppose
it
to
be acquired by teachis
ing or training.
And
this
really
the proper
is
it,
way
in
which Happiness
for the
.^s^-the^yirtuous
agency of the
which
is
un-
doubtedly
acquired
by training
while
external
struments.
The
and
habits
poli-
among
the citizens
tical science
legislation
when once
acquired, they
all
human
pos-
special training,
they
may
every
man
not disqualified
by some natural
defect of organization,
9).
152
[Essay V.
This
an important property.
If happiness be
number of persons.
as objects of
tive.
human
by
action.
Moral teaching, he
it
says,
will do little or
nothing, unless
with,
moral training.
Motives
must be applied
,
sufficient to
is _vixtuQiis
and
until
It is
the
employ
for the
citizens
It is
not with
we
We
:
we have
it
from nature
to virtue,
it
we
we
For
Essay V.]
153
we must
we
by actually doing:
builders,
thus
by building
we
:
become
by doing
just
actions,
we become
and
temperate and
in a better
courageous.
All legislators
some
and others in a
create habits
worse manner, to
ethise (e^t^oi/re?)
to
among
good.
the
" In one
word
must be determined in
differ, so will
our
habits
differ.
Nor
is
the
difference
small
whether we are
ethised in
:
one
the
way
or in another,
is
difference
(ii.
very
is
everything''
1).
called
become
It
in future years.
may
common language
is
a child
as
well
treated
described
peculiarly
But
it, is
something
in
whose
bosom
it
resides.
No
person
is
entitled to be called
154
[Essay V.
happy^
whom
less to
make
his
own.
with
Now
all
the
life
to accept
(i.
10,
The
test to
tacitly or openly,
of the serious
man
8, x. 5).
It is
no
sufficient
feels it is
who
anything beyond.
is
Such
self-satisfaction
:
is it
must
be
farther
confirmed by the
judgment of
persons without
to
not of the multitude, who are apt judge by a wrong standard nor of princes, who
of pure and
liberal pleasures (x, 6)
but of
beings
who have
arrived at the
human
The
in estimating
human
vii. 1.
in
some
treated
more
clearly
and
Both the
Many and
the
Few
Essay V.]
155
must be a coincidence of
things
Good
The Mental
to
External.
Most
and power
("
For of virtue
Pol.
vii. 1).
On
that Happiness
was possessed
in a"|
who were
excellence and
only
by
those
in regard to
(ib.).
whom
reversed
The same
difference
is
touched upon
13,
which
is
just as if they
were
cause
why
In this chapter of
the
Politica
(vii.
13),
he
manner.
Having
delerr
is, Jio.
156
[Essay V.
he procee.d8tg_say
any
We
it
have said
good in
that
(happiness)
is
sion "
This
is
a singular expresthe
if
there
be
any good
in
Ethics "
it
seems rather to
fall in
/The
definition of
what happiness
really
is
seems to
In
is
impossible to
and unhappiness of
individuals.
TA
1
individual,
be
Withspec-
would appear
intolerable to
any
tator without,
<
The question
arises as to degrees of
:
level
Are we
sure that
who
possesses
it ?
Assuming
that
we
sion
happiness
Essay V.]
157
Aristotle does
nor do
think that
The only
aspirais,
the higher
degrees of virtue,
to
the
of
the happiness
to
an ex-
ternal source
is
God
as a witness
who
happy and
own
nature."
Again,
vii. 3,
selves"
in
of
of ambition and
is
activity.
insisted
be observed that
as well as
God
is
riencing happiness.
The analogy
undoubtedly
to
to
is
a just one.
The
our
is
158
[Essay V.
that of a being
nature,
who
is
happy
whose
in
and
aid
for his
own
with the
least
possible
from external
or
habits
circumstances
dispose
being
nature
him only
which confers
hapj^iness.
But
is
this true
of the
perfectly virtuous
nature
and habits?
Does the
self-dissatisfaction,
from the
difficulty of
acting up to his
?
own
ideas of
what
is
is
in itself
and
is
:
a point highly
questionable
and even
if
we
it
admit the
fact,
The
internal
of a
highly virtuous
man
you could
find
no means
vir-
of proving
tuous,
it
to him.
argument persuasively
so.
home
more
Essay V.]
159
But in regard
first
instance to others
and not
to himself,
it
can by
happier than
one
who
possesses
them
in
ordinary degree.
Aristotle indeed says that the being just necessarily
we do
But
not
call
man
not
8).
does
refute
the
supposition,
that
another man,
less
just
or liberal
than he,
may
other conduct.
In order to sustain
respecting the
superior
man,
it
is
self-esteem
dis-
tinguished from
and
entitled to a
And
this
Aristotle
does
seem
to
3
nature.
He
?
says
x.
" Or
assume something of
that pleasures
differ in
kind
and
it
is
man
is
unmusical that of
difference
the
musician."
is
The inherent
again touched
160
N
X.
[Essay V.
upon
" And
them
since
the
functions
differ
in
objects of
them neither
so is
own
pleasures.
The
pleais
is
good
bad
is
bad
And
the pleasures
attaching
to
them
are
more
tions of
men
in
power
and
to
" For
tions of
it
is
man
depend.
the
relish
Nay, not
never
tasted
to be best that
among
themselves."
distinction
drawn between
being cha-
some
indifferent.
The
man
enjoys.
"
Essay V.]
161
and which
These pleasures
more exalted
and
And
if
this
be
man
virtue (Jvipyeia
is
/car'
aperrfv)
the
pleasure (rjSovrf)
inseparably attending
two are
whether
the function
(x. 5).
And
he says,
the
pleasure
"
We
that Aristotle
the
The
self-esteem
is
is
doubt-
where a man
performing a
accom-
total of feelings
is
the very
But
still
the self-esteem, or
is pei^ se
always
and
is
in
fact
the
essential
pleasure
162
[Essay V.
by
Aristotle.
vii.
He
puts
it
somewhat
differently,
Polit.
men, or in both."
piness
is
And
Polit.
viii.
^"
For hap-
pleasure)."
440 E.
exercise of virtue
and that
absolutely (or
under the
most favourable
external
conditions)
not
under
and
difficult
circumstances.
open
to
him except
a choice of evils,
and can do
Such a
man
but hapi.
is
10.)
so
To be happy,
is
he
must
benefits
previously
unenjoyed
he
must
be
relieved
\
overwhelming
Essay V.]
163
difference
(Eth. Nic.
3)
"
But there
is
so
much
of opinion
and
so
just,
much
error respecting
what
is
honourable and
human
action
seem
to exist
And
there
is
dissension
among mankind
is
good and
purpose of correcting
established
it ?
thought
it
make
the attempt.
There
number of
observations,
and many
on the
his Treatise,
:
many which
settled.
When
he
this
middle point
:
not in any
way marked
or discoverable
it
is
to be determinable in
"
in the
mean
with
ourselves, as
it
has
been
determined hy
164
reason,
[Essay V.
the 2yrudent
man
ii.
(6
(f)p6viixo<;)
would
determine
decision
tion
is
(Etb.
Nic.
6).
is
thus vested in
of the
tlie
made
principle
arbiter
assuming a dispute
mean with
which
short
of, the
rule of pro-
But
nor
is
it
the same to
all."
To render
and
satisfactory,
how we
marks and
and
constitutes the
medium
point, of actions
this
medium
by the
To explain what
only a change
meant by a medium
Seo?/, the
in relation to ourselves,
words TO
rule of propriety, is
Thus the
capital
still
remains unsolved.
It is
treatise states
is
he
wanting
paring
to
to his
own
treatise,
:
and
but
as if he
still
were preis
the promise
Essay V.]
165
never
realized.
Etli.
it
Book VI.
" Since
we
is
ought
to choose the
determines
all
let
us distin-
is.
For in
there
is
the
rational
being
:
is
guided
is
either
in
relaxing
definite
or in restricting
and there
a certain
points,
which we afiSrm
determinable
between excess
and
defect,
To speak
it
thus, however,
gives no distinct
information (pvOev Se
modes
by
scientific prin-
to
work nor
to rest
more than
is
nor
less
than
is sufficient,
But a man
who
by being
we must
166
THE ETHICS OF
AlllSTOTLE.
[Essay V.
we must
farther
is
is,
and what
its
This
is
a very clear
He
to
which a rational
restricts
he
It
either
or
any
disposition."
was incumbent
was
;
on
Aristotle* to explain
what
this o-kotto?
but this
the
want of
meaning
it.
We
after
specific
vague
fill
generalities,
he
at once to
:
up the acknowthis,
but instead of
he
and
practical,
intellec-
tual, as contradistinguished
is
but
upon the
o-kottos,
to be as
yet undetermined.
is
indeed
what right
he
classifies
reason
is,
and what
is its
wisdom
(cro<^ta),
art
(rexvrj),
prudence
of"
((jypovrjais)
Essay V.]
167
these attributes,
which
it
appHes.
He
tells
reference to
" con-
man
"
"
(vii.
12) "with
we
deliberate"
(vii;
7)
good of
is,
man"
tells
(vii.
5).
it
he
us that
is
according
to
reason
us that
m
it is
explaining what
according
to
right
reason,
he
tells
jDrudence.
He
he,
thus seems to
make
But however
fulfils
this
may
certain
it is
that he never
up the ovSev
is
cra(^es
there acknowledged.
vi.
There
5,
which looks as
upon the
difficulty in question
" Now
it
seems to
man
in
to be able to deliberate
to
himself
not
But
living
this in point
explains nothing.
happiness
soul
:
For
is
:
well
is
the
same
of
the
as
happiness
to
the active
exercise
according
virtue
therefore
virtue
168
[Essay V.
living
q-zcotto?
Book
as not
disit is
clear,
appears to be more
in
beginning of
In Book lY.
Aristotle treats of
medium, though
between them.
this
it
had no
special
"
We
have said
he ought
refer-
ence to what
is
expedient,
Again
states the
in
regard
to
Temperance
iii.
q-zcotto?
of the temperate
man
" What
11
he
measure and as he
ought
what
is
what
is
Essay V.]
169
worth.
But not
who
lives
distinct, as
an expla-
Book
which
are
more
distinct
than they
or perhaps,
equally distinct.
to the
average
standard to be consulted
defect (vii. 7).
in
when we pronounce
passages
to
upon excess or
Aristotle
seems
some
indicate
He
for
says
vii.
and
evil.
and pain,
he
is
is
which we
absolutely
institute
evil.
Moreover,
it
is
indispensable
:
to
for
we have
exj^lained
virtue and
:
vice
as
referring to
affirm happi-
pleasures
and pains
for
which reason
they have
named
indeed stated
not
as if Aristotle
170
[Essay V.
intended to
make
it
it
ought
to
is
what
viii.
9-10, he
us that
(^tXta)
all justice
is
and benevolence
{to
SiKaiov Kol
a consequence and an
incident
of established
beings (kolvcovlo)
all,
that
grand communion of
is
which comprehends
the rest,
the Political
Political
Communion
was originally
is
subsists
and continues,
common and
all
lasting
that
some
partial
advantage
to the constituent
members.
enough
the
common and
lasting interest
as the foundation
and
But
in the
Books prior
to
middle point
is to
be found which
is
alleged to contells
stitute virtue.
is
Nevertheless, Aristotle
us that
it
9).
It
might seem at
first
Essay V.]
171
to
promote happiness
as
which he belongs.
But
as
he had begun
explaining
what happiness
was,
there
at least
an apparent incongruity in
in the former.
I say
at least
an apparent incongruity
gruity
is
because
real.
If
we
carefully
which he belongs,
it
might
each individual.
Wherein
an individual
man ?
conformably to virtue
virtue
being understood to
tions as determined
by
right reason.
When we
may
without
making
this determination
it
inconsistency
be
answered
Right
172
[Essay V.
that
is,
to
the
common and
scribes as the
lasting advantage,
-y
is
no inconsistency
explained, as the
In
all
moral enquiries,
in
it
is
portance to keep
individual,
as
two
distinct
and separate
ttoXv, in
objects
indeed ws eVl to
particular
man may
may
be pro-
is
He
will
what
is
he will
do what
of society.
evil it is
is
always
good for an
:
may be bad
for the
society
mean,
that
Essay v.]
173
he has to
society.
Much
speaking of good and evil absolutely, without specifying whether they meant good for the individual
or
for
the
society
more particularly
in
the
From
his
the
manner
of
in
at
definition
what
happiness,
we
For
in examining
in general, he
what
is
man
the
piper,
Each
the
the
good and
in
his
case
(i.
7).
So in
like
manner there
man
in general,
in the performance of
which we are
to seek
human
good.
Now
sional
this
analogy of particular
artists
and profes-
artist or artisan
consists in
walk
them
consists
174
[Essay V.
For every
is
introduced as
to be
the standard
measured.
Apply
this
analogy to
man
craft
or
profession.
If each
ness for
him
consists, the
to be found in its
It
else, if
we
is
defect
which
first
chapter of
Nor
is
is
way
of
to
supplying what
he himself
tells us)
of the statesman.
Aristotle,
is
"
What
then,"
says
" prevents
our
calling
perfect virtue,
and
is
suffi-
(i.
10).
to add,
however, that
this is
Essay V.]
175
man
will
for-
however
of the
faintly
and
him
title to
it.
be called happy
if
on other grounds he
sees the misfor-
deserves
interest,
though
less in
representation of a tragedy
11).
The
difference
life
much
and actual
seems as
this
if
Aristotle
to
make
all
admission
that deceased
persons were at
more
more
His language
it
treats of
:
is
and in the
no
and
then,
contrary to
what
it
we
should
expect'
he
to
to be a great matter of
doubt
evil
them,
176
[Essay V.
it
must be
and
insignificant, so as to
make no
IT.
the
praiseworthy
the
its
Good
as
an End
that which
itself
is
worthy of
and from
own
2.
its
up
Good
as a
means
that
its
which
is
good, not on
in
own
nature,
but on
from
3.
it.
Good
as
a
:
means, but
that
not a
certain
and
constant means
which produces
generally, but
good
that
good, requires to
be
coupled with
certain
concomitant conditions.
1. it is
first
of these classes
the
more
i.
(Mag.
Moral,
Such objects
as these,
we contemplate
Essay V.]
'I'HE
ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE.
177
2.
is
it
which
it
when
belong to the
third class
produce happiness
if
may
be quite otherwise,
a man's
mind
them.
It
is
is
not
formally laid
down and
whereas
explained, but
familiar,
is
assumed as
already well
Ethics,
i.
known and
:
in the
Nicom.
12
it is
plained in the
Magna
Moralia,
2.
The
Gods
the
the praise of
to ourselves,
and must
and
capacities
and
it
this
is
ridiculously degrading,
when we apply
like
Gods.
In
manner the
most
divine
and
perfect
men " No
but
man
praises
happiness,
it
as
he praises
justice,
macarises (blesses)
better."
as
Happiness
is to
178
[Essay V.
and worshipful
of which
all
it
is
of ns do everything
all
and we consider
good things
12).
to be
(i.
is
necessary to
is
and
this is the
most
mark
to
his attention
(i.
13).
the rational
and
Whether
matter not
doubtful point.
Of the
and
to
irrational soul,
faculty,
one branch
to
is,
the nutritive
and vegetative
plants.
common
man
with animals
The
to the vegetable
and animal
sleep, at
world
it
is
in fact
all
the period
when
(i.
man
is
for the
time dormant
13).
But the
the
quite
irrational soul
desires,
appetites,
distinct
and passions
which are
either
resist
may
"
Essay V.]
179
reason, or obey
as the case
may
happen.
It
may
any way.
The
due obedience
13).
to reason, as to the
voice of a parent
(i.
Human
virtue,
then, distributes
1.
itself into
two)
grand divisions
The
or Intellectual Virtue.
The
than
Virtue.
is
Intellectual
excellence
both
generated
and
Ethical
by
practical training.
:
The
excellence^is
not natural to us
trained,
but
we
By
all
training,
according as
is
is
either
good or bad,
excellence
as a
man
be-
we have
(ii.
1)
according as the
we
By
building
we become
by playing
indifferent,
good or
180
[Ebsat V.
according to the
All
legislators
way
in
which we have
to
practised. their
wish
and attempt
make
:
citizens
good,
some
and
this is the
by being trained
courage that
we become
and courageous
" In
sion of)
for
this reason
it
is
the
character of the
we
the
according to
which ensue.
therefore
we
are
it
makes a prodithe
gious
difference
(ii.
or
rather,
it
makes
whole
difference"
1).
Uniform perseverance
habit
:
in
is
be
good result
to be
produced,
we may
be disap:
either
defect.
To work
so
or eat
training upon
the
health
and strength:
with
the
the
is
Essay V.]
181
fail in
The
by a course
of
we
acquire
the
habit
temperance:
and
having
we can with
(ii.
2).
3).
and
who performs
the temperate
man:
the
the
man who
with
intemperate:
like
courage.
Ethical
pleasures
and pains
is
for
that the
earliest
young
moment
their pleasures
and pains
By
often pursuing
we
ought not
to
do
so,
we
similar to that
have imparted
us good habits.
Ethical virtue
and
pains as leads to
performance
of
the
best
182
actions.
::
[Essay V.
defined
it
:
to consist in
but this
defi-
(This seems to
by the
Stoic school.)
honourable
the
expedient
the
inexpedient
all
the
2^<^i'>^ful
or
vexatious.
In
respect to
rightly, the
these
three
the
wicked
latter.
regard to the
to us
from our
from
earliest childhood,
and are
inefface-
able
human
nature
all
and pain
some men
a less degree.
political
(ii.
All ethical
turns
excellence,
and
all
the
science,
upon
pleasure
and
pain
3).
man becomes
just
and temperate
the habit.
for if a
actions,
(it
But how
man
he
must already
by being
just
and
tem-
perate.
The
objection
is
man may
Essay V.]
183
and temperate.
does, intending
knowing what he
to do
is
what he
does,
and intending
own
just
The productions
own
work
state
of art
is
of
But the
man
mind accompanying
they
their performance
by the doer
acts,
may
meaning thereby
temperate
and
does
man would
but the
man who
them
It is
man
intentionally
and
for themselves, in
which
consists
To know what
you must obey
is
little
or nothing:
Many men
4).
phenomena of the
three Passions
soul (the
Capacities
occasional
States.
The
first
are the
anger,
fear,
envy, joy,
aversion
" in
accompanied by pleasure or
184
[Essay V.
pain"
5).
The second
them
being
moved by such
if
affections
the
affective
faculties,
ii.
one
may
so call
(ib.
So Eth. Eudem.
2).
The
we
are
said to be well or
particular affection
to be disposed to violent
anger
or violent fear,
is
a bad habit.
neither affections,
either
good or bad.
This
Eth.
5).
Yirtue
is
that
man
is
called
6).
It consists
in
certain
medium
medium not
positive
to
and
absolute, but
variable
each
particular
neither
(ii.
exceeding
All ethical
is
proper
6).
and actions
to
exhibit each
on the proper
is
but
\ it
are numberless
man
(ii. 6).
to
its
essence
and
Xeyovra),
a certain mediocrity.
Essay V.]
185
and some
affections
names
evil
and culpability
(ii.
6)
such
defect,
as
impudence, envy,
theft, &c.
Each of these
and
names implies
just as
meaning the
of mediocrity,
defect.
consists in a
medium
to various dif-
insists
is
The
ex-
wrong
that which
is
:
the most
wrong ought
to
at
any
rate to be avoided
and we ought
be specially
direction.
an authority and an
to
find
him
saying "We
arbiter, that
it
seems surprising
186
[Essay V.
we
ourselves
towards
"
some things,
towards
others."
in the opposite
direction"
9).
There
is
After having
on the extreme
difficulty of hitting
the proper
medium
he then proceeds
:
But
it is
what
23oint a
is it
man becomes
deserving of censure
nor
indeed
matter of perception.
and
9).
first five
The
Book of the
Ethics, are
kKovcjiov
koL olkovctlov
ayvoia Choice
or resolution, consequent
7rpoaLpeo-L<;.
by compulsion,
or through ignorance.
An
action
is
it
Essay V.]
: :
187
(or beginning
jwill of the
agent
the
mixed character, as
where a navigator
in a storm
Such actions
as this,
cir-
done voluntarily.
Every action
is
voluntary,
is,
1).
Men
are
praised
if
stances they
make
is
a right choice
if
if
they voluntarily
for the
undergo what
painful
or dishonourable
this course, or if
some
is
sufficient end.
man
is
induced to do what
human
apprehension of
evil,
In
is
difficult to
make a
more
difficult to
adhere to the
when
is
it is
made.
What
188
to be
[Essay V.
involuntary.
If he be not repentant,
to be called involuntary.
A distinction
however
is
to be taken in regard to
ignorance, considered as a
action involuntary,
ground
and
a
man drunk
ignorantly,
or
in
violent
passion,
:
misbehaves
is,
that
igno-
rance
is
drunkenness or rage.
praved person
may
It
must be igno-
is
comor the
ignorance of the
is
person with
whom,
which he
it
dealing.
kind, if
and repentance,
an action involuntary,
for indulgence
is
(ii.
1).
voluntary
is
action,
then,
that
of which the
par-
beginning
in the
agent
he
knowing the
is
ticular circumstances
under which he
actions,
acting.
Some
persons
have treated
performed
through
Essay V.]
189
an
error.
If this
were
on some occasions,
:
to follow the
dictates both of
and we cannot
when we
sins
Moreover
be avoided
just as
(ii. 1).
much
a part of
human nature
as reason is
Having explained the proper meaning of voluntary and involuntary as applied to actions, Aristotle
proceeds to define
ir
poatpecr ls
(deliberate choice)
which
is
2).
choice
is
voluntary,
but
all
voluntary action
not preconcerted.
Children and
sudden deeds,
too,
are volun-
Premeditated choice
passion
different
from desire
from
from
wishare
ing
and
from opinion.
Desire
and
passion
common
from
to animals,
who
of deliberate preference.
desire, but not
acts
the
190
[Essay V.
continent
man
acts
Nor
:
premeditated choice
often
the
is
same
as wishing
for
we
we do
choose
to be
thing
moreover
we
wish
for
the
end,
but
we
deliberately
We
wish
happy
but
it
we
Deliberate choice
in our
it
is
or seems
own
power
to achieve.
is
not to be regarded as a
Opinion extends to
every thing
Opinion
either
is
either true or
evil.
deliberate choice
is
good or
We
We
praised
when
it
falls
upon what
an opinion
it
is
proper
we form
are,
what such
:
is,
whom
will benefit,
it
and how
is
praised
when
that
happens to be
Opinion
may
It is
the latter
is
something
distinct in itself.
Essay V.]
191
in
fact a
deliberate
2).
It is
an
r)[juv
(ii.
3).
various explanations
canvassed
and
shewn
by
had
all
been
advanced
various
contemporary
philo-
sophers.
Upoaipeo-L^, or
deliberate preference,
includes the
idea
of deliberation.
reasonable
man
does not
deliberate
upon
all
matters
he
respecting
matters of
respecting matters of
distant
human
foreign
nations.
He
:
controjll
He
does not
about
:
the
end,
the
end
commonly
as-
If there be
way
of accomplishing
the
end,
he deliberates by
192
THE ETHICS OF
AIIISTOTLE.
[Essay V.
it
itself
wards
either
until
is
an action of
own, within
his
own means,
assistance
beyond
his
power
to procure.
This
is
a process of
which
is
pursued by geometri:
way
of solving a problem
they
it
to pieces, following
back
it
If
by
this
way
of
known
truth, their
problem
is
solved
if
is
known
in the
order of production
3).
When
man
in carry-
impracticable,
:
he desists
if
he arrives at something
he begins action
the
power
to
perform,
accordingly.
The
subject
of deliberation, and
We
Essay V.]
193
said),
best
the
We
ivish
for
^ovkrjcn^ rov
riK.ov<;
ecrrt
:
iii.
4).
Our
wish
whether
for the
a disputed question.
Speaking
is
the object of
human
wishes
sjDeaking
it
particular
individual,
is
apparent good.
is
On
this matter,
that
which
really
to him.
Each
own
peculiar sentiment
is
both of what
able
(iii.
is
agree-
4)
man
to
is,
perceives
what
is
whereas
in
deliberate pre-
Both
:
own power
refer
both
equally
so.
It is
not possible to
virtuous
the
man
is
own
It
he
is
own
legal
children.
upon
this
assumption that
is
reward and
punishment
founded
it is
194
[Essay V.
would be
what
and
he
is
thirst.
is
man
is
own
ignorance, or
when by
the requisite
knowledge.
must
know
that
acts tends to
form a habit
if
is
his
it
own
is
fault.
When
is
it
formed,
:
true that
himself
(iii.
5).
Defects
of body also
which we
bring upon
ourselves
if
they are
for
at
pitied
them.
have contended
man
could justly be
:
made
respon-
bad conduct
to himself
was good
or bad
any
selection of his
own.
this
Aristotle
seems to be
:
somewhat perplexed by
argument
nevertheless
we may
still
allow
the forma-
tion of our
more
own
Essay V.]
195
concurrent controul
selves
our
virtues
voluntary.
The
first five
Book
(in
which
Aristotle
constitute a
Book by themselves.
They
are
among
He
has
now
They
are mediocrities
(/^ecroTT^res).
2.
They
often repeated.
3.
When
of
their
own
are
performance
of
actions of the
4.
same
in
They
They
our
own power
originally,
and
voluntary.
5.
It is to
end
the
last of
number
actions
no
are
to
less
But our
habits
beginning
they cease
tlie
by each separate
(iii.
inappreciable
5).
o 2
196
[Essay V.
Aristotle
an analysis of the
separate virtues
Courage,
Temperance, Liberality,
He
is
it,
a certain
defect on
mediocrity
the other.
excess lying on
one side of
doctrine
:
example
fear
iii.
6 " In
Stoic school
for
to
like
way
such
dependent on himself."
is
afraid of things
:
such as
man
to fear,
but of no others
and even
these he will
make head
(iii.
To
fear nothing,
little, is
:
timidity
the courageous
fears
man
is
the
mean between
the two,
who
as he ought,
(ib.).
The
[jlolxo^
to great
passion:
courage.
affront
men who
thirst of
Essay V.]
197
revenge, or from
sanguine temperament
there
8).
(iii.
in itself
is
it
:
stances around
which the
small
painful acces-
sories, it
no pleasure what-
ever.
the courageous
to
man
death
life
is
is
but
still
This
is
painful
is
not to be anti-
concerned"
(This
is
(iii. 9).
perfectly true
but
it
contradicts deci-
Book
(i.
^iii.
10).
Temperance
respect
medium with
and
sex.
Arisit
seems to be inconsistent
when he makes
to
198
[Essay V.
partake
10)
for other
:
intoxicating liquors
unless
sidered
as
The
temperate
man
is
honour-
to the
amount
of his
prescribes
to pursue
11).
excess
them
less, is defect.
however, in
many.
"
for the
aim of both
the honourable.
And
the temperate
man
:
desires
this
as he ought,
(iii.
and when
12).
and
thus
aorwro? (prodigal)
are
not to
be called
for
this,
liberal
liberal,
honourable,
nor as they
ought
to
XoTrpevn)?
or
magnificent
will
man
is
Again
''
Now
the magni-
ficent
man
all
exjDend
shared
by
the
virtues
and
he will
do so
(iv. 2).
On
the contrary,
man, who
differs
from the
Essay V.]
199
magnificent
said to
spend
man
"
in the
way
of virep^oXi] or excess,
is
Not
weahh
With
or blame, there
always a
tacit
the
of honour),
observes
" It
is
such things
is
'
we do
not
always apply
thing
;
but
is
when we
we
which which
is
ought
In the
wherein consist
and
Injustice.
a larger sense
equivalent to
and a narrower
sense.
is
unjust behaviour
But
be
command,
or
may
we
should
to
perform
each separate
head of virtue
it
may
each separate
head of
vice.
200
THE ETHICS
(1f
ARISTOTLE.
[Essay V.
is
injusdif-
tice,
there
is
only this
behaviour in so far as
it affects
Just or
else
:
necessarily towards
somebody
and
Vir-
is
to one's neighbour.
In one sense we
is
call those
things
and
its
communion
because
it
" there
are
but
who
regards others"
For
the
all
justice alone of
is
it
neces-
the just
man
does
the
what
some one
(v. 1).
is
else, either
magistrate, or the
Justice
in
community
the
narrower sense,
that
mode
of
Essay V.]
201
dealings
fair
:
witli
share and
objects of desire
and
will-
common
that by which
escape his
at this
man
tries to
he
tries to
of aversion.
To aim
of the
unfair
distribution
of the benefits
society,
either in one's
own
narrow sense
(v. 2).
is
branches
Justice.
1.
Distributive
Justice.
Corrective
to be distributed
among
is
&c. (v.
one proit is
and
in
and dissension
arise.
between
man and
man
and
mutual consent
deposit, &c.
sent,
202
[Essay V.
by fraud or by
as
theft,
adultery, perjury,
In regard to transactions of
are considered as being all
is
upon a par
no account
:
individual worth.
titled to
Each man
is
considered as en-
and
if in
shall
own
share
of good or to
own
He who
position
:
former
or
made
thrown back
judge,
to the
The
who
repre-
the point which he seeks to attain in directing redress, is the middle point between gain
and
loss
so
is
" So that
justice
mean between
things,
(v. 4).
loss
it is
many
actions
Essay V.]
203
from
corrective justice
tliat
order to
(z6.).
which
that other
had
first
given.
more, sometimes
than justice
not to mention
But the
doctrine
is to
dealings between
KOLvojvLaL<;)
if it
be applied in the
way
of general
to exact similarity
man who
treated,
ill-treated,
should
" for
by proportionate
(v.
5).
requital the
occupation,
the
co-existence of those
distinct and.
communion
all
this
Money
is
introduced
204
[Essay V.
constant
traffic
it
affords a
common measure
" And
for
thus
be no communion
Justice
is
thus a mediocrity
or consists
just
in a just
medium
way
man
is
one
else
who
the
awards both
every one
on one
medium
by Aristotle
to deal
;
with
corrective
Justice,
strictly
and properly
so called,
is
political justice:
between
free
and equal
citizens in a
community,
This relation
is
by
to administer the
law
to
a com-
munity of persons
sustain the
qualified
by nature
obey and
law
and a
definite
arrangement between
command
said
{riv),
and
is,
as
we have
Essay V.]
205
naturally
among
those
who can
have law
those, namely, as
we have
said (^crav),
who have an equality of ruling and being ruled." As the law arises out of the necessity of preventing
injustice, or of
priating
it is
more than
that
good things,
so
felt
authority
therefore
thority,
may and
is
commit
this injustice.
Reason
and obligations
of
the concitizens
:
equality
between
subsists
the various
The
relation
which
slave, or father
and
of justice, though
is
somewhat analogous.
it
Both
were parts
subsists
sort
household justice
is
different
is
from
Political justice
ventional.
in part natural
is
in
part con-
That which
is
natural
is
is
everywhere the
different in dif-
same
that which
conventional
its
origin altogether
from
206
positive
[Essay V.
Some
persons think
none natural
invariability
" This
:
objects.
pro-
bably
among
the
is
Gods
it is
is
not true at
all
but with
us that which
natural
:
yet there
a real distinction
is
between what
is
natural and
what
not natural.
justice,
Both natural
justice
and conventional
;
are
is
but there
mode
which the
like
distinction
is
is
to be taken.
:
the stronger
but
may happen
in like
And
manner
is
every-
where agreeable
(v.
7\
this passage
clearer
Aristotle itself:
is
remarkable as a distinct
utilit^^
" Since
Essay V.]
207
both
changeable, in the
way
The
just stated,
how
is
are
we
to
distinction
is
plain.
Each
its
to be
examined on
it
own ground,
vantage of
all
to ascertain
whether
that
it
if it
be otherwise,
v.
c.
justice "
(Andronic. Rh.
10).
The
just,
and the
man
it
who
does, willingly
if he-
does
that
is,
he does
what
but
is
is
its
own
nature unjust,
8).
The
though
man who
fear of
and from
danger
just
the
man who,
by
deposit,
is
prevented
what by accident
it is
is
un-
When
to
man
does mischief,
either in
done
such
contrary
all
reasonable
expectation,
208
[Essay V.
manner
he
(TrapaXoycu?),
:
and in
this
it
or he does
cir-
and ought
to
in this case
a fault (d/xaprr^/xa)
or he does
it
intentionally
tary impulse
KTjixa),
in this case
is
it is
an unjust act
(dSi-
wicked
man
for leaving
done
it:
or he does
it
with
just thing, or
an unjust thing,
Whether
he be
and intention
Equity, to
but
tion
is
justice,
an improvement upon
a correc-
and supplement
comprehend
its
all
cases,
but
fails in
the
words of
express
its
real
either
something
more
in
or something
When
general
terms,
particular
may happen
Essay V.]
209
which
falls
down, but
if
comprehend
known how
to avoid
it.
It is
then becoming
law in
he should refrain
would wish,
if
consulted on
special case.
The general
rules laid
down by
:
why
every thing
is
not de-
termined by law,
respecting which
(v. 10).
is,
it
impossible
to
frame a law
Such
is
man
,
legal
who
the law
^elpov,
jSorjdov).
fxr
aKpL^oSiKato^
e)(Oiv
eTrl
ak)C
KaiTrep
rov
uofxov
A
to a
man may
man
is
hurt
himself,
but he
cannot
act
No
injustice can be
done
is
own
consent.
:
Suicide
to
commit
unjustly
not towards
himself,
which
is
To
act
and
dealing by others
are
both bad
but which
p
is
the
210
[Essay V.
worst?
by
others.
man
gets
more than
:
his
the just
is
medium
is
departed from.
:
To
to be the object
wickedness
the
latter
therefore in
it
by accident
may
in itself a greater
but by accident
it
may
two,
moment when
man
is
to cause his
raised
by
Aristotle
to
which
is
act unjustly or be the object dealing had been before raised by Plato
Aristotle follows out his theory
it
the Gorgias.
virtue,
about
whereby he makes
consist in the
observance of a
medium
point.
The man
that acts
it
on the other
eats or
side
the one
is
comparable to a
man who
is
for
man who
works too
hardly
The question
one which
could
arise,
Essay A^]
211
The two
commen-
Looking
at the question
view of the
no moral
misfortune
less
of
fered no misfortune
benefit
Society
:
on the whole
is
but the
is
wrong done
the act
does
inflict
and
for
no other reason.
It
seems an
two
is
the
suffering
undergone by
that
A or
wrong by which B
occasioned
suffering
com-
seem
to
society, but at
and
to
to
we
which
judge,
the
sentence
must be obviously
:
the
off
it
according to his
:
own
feelings
is
is
worse
the doer
better
off.
And
ground
for judicial
punishment or
redress.
212
estimates
[Essay V.
of
the
two
men by
themselves entertain.
virtuous frame of
He
is
mind
a wicked frame
:
and by
this test
he
mind
is
who
has only
suffered
an unmerited misfortune.
ESSAY
VI.
by
Aristotle, in
own
is
evidently
from
whom
he
either
and children.
-^,
from
all
private toil
and
commonwealth.
small class
is
This J
the
commonwealth
it
indis-
manner
In the Republic
one
inseparable
brotherhood.
In the scheme of
distinct caste of
form a
its
private
families
each
with
separate property.
21G
[Essay VI.
The whole
and
produce
is tilled
is
by dependent
cultivators,
by w^hom the
certain
is
restrictions.
A
(i.e.
certain
understood to be the
of citizens of
it is
common
stock, partly to
which
all
the citizens with their wives and families are subsisted, partly to
nities.
The remaining
of the territory
is
who consume
to
(vii.
0)
land assigned
and
it is
had censured
3.
8).
The
syssitia
or public tables
are also
and elsewhere.
scheme,
The dependent
ought
of
cultivators, in Aristotle's
by any bond
(vii.
common language
or
common country
9,9):
if this
Essay VI.]
217
till
the
common
land are to
community,
how amazingly
simplified.
their task as
theorists
is
Their commonwealth
really
an
aristo-
out reserve
armed
citizens.
is
There
and that
is,
the
finished
citizens
are to receive.
Men
would be
the inferior.
extent,
it
But even
far
if it
were true
to the fullest
would be
218
[Essay
VL
of a benevolent theorist.
inferior
his
in a degradation
all
He must
:
be deprived of
moral and
intellectual culture
he must be prevented
:
he
must be content
to receive
whatever
is
is
awarded, to
vouchsafed, without
has a right to
him.
evitable depravation
(^
the
Neither
to
of
them seems
it.
solicitous
either
'
to disguise or
mitigate
But
if
respecting that
their
of
their
select
object,
This
is
intellect,
and
is
fertility
directed.
rate
and comprehensive
whole
man
that they
constitution
Essay VI.]
219
truly instructive.
to the general
body of
in-
more
defective
Assuming
more
to
and
degree admirable.
better provision
made
for
the virtue as well as for the happiness of this particular class than has ever been devised
political projector.
by any other
in
which
all
above
remarkable.
in
the
He
active
exertion
and perfected
habit
of virtue
9.
(a./oeT-^9
ivepyeca Koi
is
)(pTJcri<;
rt? reXeto?
vi.
3.)
and
it
upon
he founds the
the citizenship.
to be accomplished
by the
political union,
which
is
to be effected
citizen.
by
Who-
incapable of acquiring
habits of
220
[Essay VI.
virtue, is disqualified
citizen.
But
life is S23ent
in laborious avocations,
whether of husbandry, of
trade, or
of manufacture,
be admitted
to
the
citizenship.
No man
toil,
tuition,
who
is
time to the acquisition of virtuous habits, and subjected from his infancy to a severe
training.
and systematic
The
on the
from
civil
rights
mind of
Aristotle,
lofty idea
dual
human
perfection,
which he conceives
it
be
made the
especial
which alone
their pre-eminence
is
built.
If he ex-
for
the
purpose of
He
allows no
appropriation
no ostentatious display of
life
wealth or station.
The
would be such as
to
provoke
little
envy
Its
or jealousy,
among men
hard work
Essay VI.]
221
and
than inviting
rich
and great
as alone capable
political privileges
men
preferred
shall
really
answer
to
this
exalted
character.
They
own
self-indulgence
and indolent
out training
of superior virtue.
select citizens
if
on
this
unbounded indulgences
or undue admiration,
excite
either
undue envy
among
The
while they
hemmed
in
and circumscribed
by severe
of envy
worthy
therefore
either
or admiration.
Though
these
community
fail
to the
pre-eminence
222
for
[Essay VI.
the
unrivalled virtue.
are
most
perfect equality.
only limited
and familiar
acquaintance
to
among them
essentially requisite
good government
all
(vii. 4. 7).
The
principal offices
citizens
:
to be held
by the aged
The
city
it,
altogether,
appertaining to
avTdpKrjs
:
must be
large
so
enough
to
be
but
it
must not be
among
discipline or regularity.
To produce a
reason
must
coincide.
They ought
to
be endued with
virtues qualifying
leisure
:
them both
for occupation
and
for
forti-
with justice
and temperance,
to restrain
them
and with
hours of leisure
agreeable to them
13.
17).
Essay VI.]
223
They
Occupation
to
made
Aristotle
vii. 2.
had
institutions
of Lacedsemon,
create
to
being
directed
exclusively to
excellent
rule
warriors,
and
to
enable
the
is
nation
over
foreigners.
end, but
is
To maintain
minds of the
equal foreigners,
and
if
the
citizens be corrupted
it is
with
this collective
force or fraud,
and to
establish a
(viii. 13.
countrymen themselves
13).
The Lacedse-
peace
account (airto?
S'
224
[Essay
VL
pofJioOeTr)';,
vii. 13.
15).
citizen is to
commence with
is
to
that
and
is,
irascible
tivated
and developed.
The
when
23).
They
are
and pre-
(vii. 15.
15)
and
all
way
for
moral discipline
\ib.)
No
15.
7),
except in the
No
youth
is
of iambics or of
comedy
he attains
him
Immense
stress is laid
by the philosopher on
earliest
combinations
their senses
meet
Essay VI.]
225
ianv a
epyacrta?, wcrre
SrjXov otl
koL
7rpo<;
common system
each
more than
to his
own
parents.
at Lacedasmon,
(viii. 1. 3).
and violent
condition
the
of an
athlete
nor
does
he
even
sanction
gymnastic
system,
labours
imposed
the
by the
effect
Lacedaemonian
rendering the
which
had
of
Spartans "brutal
of soul," for
(ol
the
Aa/cwve?
direpydt^ovraL
to'l<;
ttovoi?,
ct>9
tovto /xaXtcrra
first,
7r/309
dvSpeiav
is
avfK^epov).
He
remarks,
that
courage
at in a civil education
and brutal
soul
is
less
3-5).
The
most courageous.
man
monian system,
226
[Essay VI.
was a
real
^dvavao^
duties,
useful
branch of
political
and even
that
less
useful than if he
in a different
manner.
Up
to
boys
and regular
exercises, withto
From 14
17
knowledge
after 17,
this
continue,
is
not stated.
But Aristotle
insists
on
for the
one of
other
these,
(viii. 4.
of their
Isocrat.
Panathen. Or.
'
xii.
p.
375, B.
letters
'
(ypa/a/^-ara),
but
of music
to
4.
it
6).
Aristotle
think
not
may
be usefully learnt
:
an innocent pleasure
it
and
relaxation
but he
its
chiefly considers
as desirable
on account of
Essay VI.]
227
moral
effects,
A
is,
particular strains
mind
by early teaching,
may
be
to a
He
which he hears
and
which he
finds universally
commended and
relished
him the
(viii. 6.
5-8).
enjoins
that
the
youth be taught
to
it
only in this
or
way
taste
judgment
music
besides which,
it
is
is
none more
Some
down
to the station
view of
correctfor-
they are to be
years, in actual
playing or singing
Q 2
228
(viii.
[Essay VI.
o).
Aristotle observes,
that
music more
difficult
of execution
into
way from
the
both the
flute
upon
especially
ethical,
but
orgiastical
calculated to
The
it
excite violent
tary
emotions.
flute
obtained
invasion
;
Persian
in
Athens at
:
but was
discontinued
through
The suggestions of
He
delivers
no plan
We
totle
it
was
'
precisely
which Aris-
comprehended
in the
by him
an aid
It
for the
must pro-
political,
and meta-
known
those
which
his
relate.
By means
Essay VI.]
229 well
Yet he
is
No
is
to be
brought up
if
children
practice, care
must be taken
in them,
to
to
forestall conscious-
ness and
life
and
by
a[Ji^X(ocrL<s (vii.
14. 10).
Aristotle establishes
two agora in
his city
one
of the agoranomus
No
artisan or
husbandman
is
ever to enter
agora
(vii. 11).
The Thessalian
had an agora
traffic
or
common
occu-
of Aristotle's
reflections is
The intimate
230
[Essay VI.
salutary
is,
and instructive
and
his ideas of
what virtue
are
though
abl}^ defective
citizens.
He
to
wisdom and
advantages of
their
riches,
own
account, to
title to
he allows no
that which arises from superior power and disposition to serve them.
some
more
of
men
What
all
is
rare and
more
creditable
still,
he treats
views
and
injurious,
even
to the
conquerors themselves.
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BT WM. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AKD PHARING CROSS.
MR. MURRAY'S
(The)
of the
MEMORIAL.
National
Descriptive and
Illustrated
Account
Monument
erected to the
PRINCE CONSORT
&c.
at Kensington.
Illustratea by Engravings
Groups, Statues,
Mosaics,
Aletalwork,
Plates.
With
121. lis.
By Dovxb
C. Bell.
With 24
Folio.
(Prince)
troduction, giving some outline of his Character. Is. 10s. 6iZ. ; or Popular Edition, fcap. 8vo.
Memoirs of a Church of England Missionary American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2s. ABERCROMBIE'S (John) Enquiries concerning the Intellectual
ABBOTT'S
(Rev.
J.)
in the North
Powers aud the Investigation of Truth. lOf/i Edition. Fcap. 8vo. Philosophy of the Moral Feelings,
Edition.
3s. 6rf.
liih
Fcap.
8vo.
2s.
Gd.
ACLAND'S
(Rev. Charles) Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of India. Post 8vo. 2s. A New Version. With Historical Preface. .ffiSOP'S FABLES, By Rev. Thomas James. With 100 Woodcuts, by Tensiel and Wolf.
Qith Thousand.
Post 8vo.
2j. &d.
(Royal)
:
JOURNAL.
a Series of Theological Essays. 8vo. CONTEXTS. Dean Mansel. Miracles Bishop Fitzgeeald. Evidences of Christianity
.
.
.
.
&
. Ideology and SuJiscription The Pentateuch Inspiration Death of Christ Scripture and its Interpretation
Dr. McCaul. Canon CoOK. Canon Rawlikson. Blsuop Harold Browne. Archbishop Thomson.
Bishop Ellicott.
interesting Trial
AMBER-WITCH
craft.
for WitchLady Duff Gordon. Post 8vo. 2s. ARMY LIST (The). Published Monthly by Authority. ARTHUR'S (Little) History of England. By Ladt Callcott. New and Cheaper Edition, continued to 1872. With 36 Woodcuts. Fcap.
(The).
most
Translated by
8vo.
Is. Qd.
;
AUSTIN'S
or, the (John) Lectures on General Jurisprudence Philosophy of Positive Law. Uh Edition. Edited by Robert Camp-
bell.
2 Vols.
8vo.
32s.
By
RoBEBT Campbell.
Post Svo.
Castles,
ARNOLD'S
(Thos.)
:
Ecclesiastical
Scotland
trations.
LIST
OF WORKS
Issued by directioa of the Lords
ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS
for the Use of Travellers. Edited by Sir Jony F. Herschel and Robert Mais, M.A. Fourth 'Woodcuts. Post Svo. 3s. 6d.
1841 to 1846,
Royal
4to.
20s. each.
1840
20s. each.
APPENDICES TO OBSERVATIONS.
1S37. Logarithms of Sines and Cosines in Time. 3s. 1842. Catalogue of 1439 Stars, from Observations made in 183G to 1841. 4s. 1^=45. Longitude of Valentia (Chronometrical). 3s. 1S47. Description of Altazimuth. 3s. Twelve Years' Catalogue of Stars, from Observations made in 1836 to 1847. 4. Description of Photographic Apparatus. 2s. 3s. IBol. Maskelyne's Ledger of Stars. 3s. 1852. I. Description of the Transit Circle. 1S53. Refradtion Tables. 3s. 3s. 1854. Description of the Zenith Tube. Six Years' Catalogue of Stars, from Observations. 1848 to 1853. 4s. 1854 to 1SG2. Seven Years' Catalogue of Stars, from Observations. 1860. 10s. Plan of Ground Buildings. .^. Longitude of Valentia (Galvanic). 2s. \Ls. 1864. Moon's Semid. from Occupations. Planetary Observations, 1831 to 1835. 2s. 2s. 1868. Corrections of Elements of Jupiter and Saturn. Second Seven Years' Catalogue of 2760 Stars for 1861 to 1867. 4s. Description of the Great Equatorial. 3s. 1856. Descriptive Chronograph. 3.. 1860. Reduction of Deep Thermometer Observations. Is. 1871. History and Description of Water Telescope. 3s.
1856 to 1863.
2s.
Astronomical Results. 1857 to 1858. 5s. Report on Teneriffe Astronomical Experiment. 1856. 5. Paramatta Catalogue of 7385 Stars. 1822 to 1826. 4s.
ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1847 to 1871. 4to. 3s. each. MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS.
1S71.
4to.
3s.
1847 to 1750 to
each.
20s. each.
Royal
4to.
LUNAR OBSERVATIONS.
to 1830.
1750
2 Vols.
Royal
4to.
20s. each.
1831 to 1851.
4to.
10s. each.
BERNOULLI'S SEXCENTENARY TABLE. 1779. 4to. 5s. BE3SELS AUXILIARY TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF CLEARING LUNAR DISTANCES. Svo. 2s. ENCKE'S BERLINER JAHRBUCH, for 1830. Berlin, 1828. Svo. 9. HANSEN'S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20s. LAX'S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 1821. Svo. 10s.
1783 to 1819.
Compared
MACLEAR ON LACAILLE'S ARC OF MERIDIAN. 2 Vols. 20s.eachMAYER'S DISTANCES of the MOON'S CENTRE from the
PLANETS.
1822, 3j.; 1823, 4.6(i.
1824 to 1835.
Svo.
4.
each.
TINGEN,
MOTUUM
to 1761.
SOLIS ET
1826.
from 1756
Folio.
7s. 6d.
1767 to 1877.
2*. Gd.
each.
to 1812.
SELECTIONS FROM,
up
Svo.
5s.
SUPPLEMENTS,
each.
TABLE
1781.
N.A.
8vo.
5s.
SABINE'S
PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS
1825.
4to.
OF THE Eaeth.
Roj-al 4to.
21s.
40s.
SHEPHERD'S TABLES
for
TABLES, GENERAL, of the MOON'S DISTANCE from the SUN, and 10 STARS. 1787. Folio. 5s. 6d. TAYLOR'S SEXAGESIMAL TABLE. 1780. 4to. 15.
TABLES OF LOGARITHMS.
of
4to.
6Cs.
for the
for
Longitude
CHRONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS
of
4to.
5s.
Diffeeestceb
1823.
VENUS
JUPITER: Obseevations
4to.
2s.
of,
Lmtdon, 1822.
1777.
4to.
OBSERVATIONS.
1788.
4to.
in
BARBAULD'S BAEROW'S
Drake.
(Mrs.)
Hymns
Svo.
With 112
Illustrations.
Crown
(Sir John)
Autobiographical
Portrait.
Svo.
16j.
BARRY'S
BATES'
and Works.
By Canon Barrt.
Third Edition.
Second Edition.
(H. W.)
With
trations.
during eleven years of Adventure and Travel. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
BEAUCLERK'S
BELCHER'S
Islands.
Third Edition.
Small Svo.
6s.
(Lady)
With
Illustrations.
BELL'S
Portrait.
Post Svo.
B 2
12s.
LIST
OF WORKS
BELT'S
Natu^ali^t in Xicaragua, including a Eesi(Thos.) wiih Journeys in tlie Savannahs tlie Gold Mines "f Cbontales and Forests; and Observations on Animals and Plants. Illustrations. PostSvo. 12. BERTRAM'S (J as. G.) Harvest of the Sea an Account of British Food Fishes, including sketches of Fisheries and Fisher Folk. Third
dence at
;
:
Edition.
With 50
Illustrations. 8vo.
9s.
BIBLE COMMENTARY.
Medium
8vo.
'
Explanatory and Critical. With Ev BISHOPS and CLEItGY of the ANGLICAN CHUKCH. Edited by F.C. Cook, M.A., Canon of E ureter.
a Revision- of the Trasslatjox.
Vol.
I.,
30.
Vols.
II.
G EXE SIS
Exodus
Leviticcs
NuMBEES
I
and III., .36. Vol. IV., 21s. Bishop of Ely. Canon Cook Rev. Sam. Clark. Rev. Samuel Clark. Canon Espin Rev. J. F. Thrupp.
; ;
_ vols.
,
Deuteroxomt fJosHUA
II.
..T
JnoGES, Ruth. Samuel. Bishop of Bath and Wells, j,^^ chroxicles, Ez- )
'^"""" xi^njiuauu. BA, Nehemiah, Esther j Canon Cook. Job Dean of "Wells, Canon Cook { PsALM" "
^J^ p^^^,.^^^^_
pBoy^Bpg
Ecci.ESiASTES
SoxG OF SoLOMOx
Vol
1"^'*^ ( V '(Jeremiah
Rev. C. I. Elliott. < Rev. E. H. Plumptre. Rev. "W. T. Bullock. Eev. T. Kingsbury. Rev. W. Kay, D.D. Dean of Canterbury.
BICKMORE'S
(A.
S.)
Travels
in the
Eastern
Archipelago,
1865-6; a Popular Description of the Islands, with their Natural HisManners and Cnstoms of the People, &c. With Maps Svo. 2ls.
of Ancient
Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan. Second Edition. Coloured Plates and 200 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 42. BIRD'S (Lsaeella) Hawaiian Archipelago; or Six Months the Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands.
Illustrations.
Among
Crown Svo. BISSET'S (Andrew) History of the Commonwealth of England, Death of Charles I. to the Expulsion of the Long Parliament from the by Cromwell. Chiefly from the MSS. in the State Paper Office. 2 vols.
Svo.
30.
BLTJKT'S (Rev.
J. J.) Undesigned Coincidences in the Writings of the Old and NewTestament, an Argument of their Veracity : containing the Books of Moses, Historical and Prophetical Scriptures, and the Eleventh Edition. Post Svo. 6s. Gospels and Acts.
Post Svo.
6s.
Post Svo.
6s.
Lectures on
Third Edition.
8vo.
the
9s.
Right Use
of
the
Early Fathers.
University Sermons. Second Edition. Post Svo. 65. Plain Sermons. Sixth Edition. 2 vols. PokI Svo. 125. BLOMFIELD'S (Bishop) Memoir, with Selections from his Correspondence.
By
his Son.
Seccrad Edition.
12s.
BOSWELL'S
(James) Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. By Mr. Chokee. A new and revised Library
Edition.
Portraits.
4 vols.
Svo.
[/n Frfparation.
Manual
6s.
Old
World.
PostSvo.
BORROWS
Illustrated with Coloured Borders, Initial Letters, and Woodcuts. 8vo. l&jr. (^Georqe) Bible in Spain; or the Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to circulate the PostSvo. 5s. Scriptures in the Peninsula. Zincali, or the Gypsies of Spain ; their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Language. With Portrait. Post 8vo. 5.s.
Lavengro
Post 8vo.
5s.
The Scholar
its
People,
;
Romano
Lavo-Lil
Word-Book
Romany,
or
BRAY'S
English Gyp^y Language; with Specimens of their Poetry, and an account of certain Gvpsyries. PostSvo. iOs. tid. With Portrait (Mrs.) Life of Thomas Stothard, R.A. and 6U Woodcuts. 4to. 21s.
Revolt of the Protestants in the Cevennes. With some Account of the Huguenots ia the Seventeenth Centuiy. Post Svo. 10s. 6<i. Svo. Hull, 1853, 10s. 6d. York and tJxtorri, 1831-32, 13s. 6d. Liverpool, 1854, 18s. Cambridge, 1833, 12s. Glasgow, 1855, 15s. Edinburgli, 1831, 15s. Cheltenham, 1856, 18s. Dublin, 1835, 13s. 6d.
Bristol, 1836, 12s. Liverpool, 1837. 16s. 6rf. Newcastle, 1838, 15s. Birmingham, 1839, 13s. 6<f. Glasgow, 1840, 15s. Plymouth, 1841, 13s. 6d. Manchester, 1842, 10s. 6d. Cork, 1843, 12s. York, 1844, 20s. Cambridge, 1845, 12s. Southampton, 1846, 15s.
Dublin, 1857, 15s. Leeds. 1858. 20f. Aberdeen, 1859, 15s. Oxford, 1860, 25s. Manchester, 1861, 15s.
Birmingham,
1865, 25s
'
Birmingham,
Edinburgh, 1850,
1849, 10s. 15s. Ipswich, 1851, 16s. 6d. Belfast, 1852, 15s.
BROUGHTON'S
(Lord)
Journey
2
to Constantinople.
2 Vols. Svo.
30s.
Visits to Italy.
BROWNLOW'S
From
(Lady)
Reminiscences
Third Edition.
BRUGSCH'S (Pkofessor) History of Ancient Egypt. Derived from Monuments and Inscriptions. Xcto Edition. Translated by H. [In Preparation. Daxby Seymour. Svo. BURGON'S (Rev. J. W.) Christian Gentleman ; or, Memoir of
Patrick Fraser Tytler.
Second Edition.
Post Svo.
9s.
Letters from Rome. Post Svo. 12s. BURN'S (CoL.) Dictionary of Naval and Military Technical Terms, English and French French and English. Fourth Edition.
Crown
Svo.
15s.
BURROW'S
LIST OF
WORKS
BUXTON'S
(Charles) Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart. "With Selections from his Correspondence. Portrait. 8vo. 16*. Popular Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5/.
Notes of Thought,
By
With
Crown
8vo.
10. %d.
BUKCKHARDT'S
BYLES'
(Dr. Jacob) Cicerone ; or Art Guide to Painting in Italy. Edited by Rev. Db. A. Vo.v Zahm, and Translated trom the German by JIes. A, Clough. Post 8vo. 6.
(Sir Johk) Foundations Heart of Man. Post 8vo. of Religion in the
Mind and
[Nearli/ ready.
BYRON'S
By Thomas Moobe.
18.
;
or
One Volume,
and
Portraits.
2 vols.
Popular Edition.
Yoh. Svo.
45.
Pocket Edition.
8 Vols.
Plates.
24mo.
Svo.
Popular Edition.
Pearl Edition.
Koyal Svo.
2s. Qd.
Qd.
Crown
Childe Harold.
With 80 Engravings. Crown Svo. 16mo. 2s. 6d. Vignettes. 16mo. Is. Portrait. 16mo. 6d. Tales and Poems. 24mo. 2. 6d!
.
12s.
Miscellaneous.
2 Vols.
24mo.
2 Vols.
Dramas and
Plays.
2 Vols.
24mo. 24mo,
Beppo.
Beauties. Poetry
and
;
Prose. Portrait.
Fcap. Svo.
6d.
BUTTMAN'S LEXILOGUS
Meaning
of
Critical
Examination
By
Rev. J. R. Fishlake.
Fifth Edition.
With
the
Tenses extant thir Formation, Meaning, and Usage, by Rev. J.R. Fishlake. Fifth Edition. Post Svo. 6s.
with Notes,
(Lady) Little Arthur's History of England. Cheaper Edition, brought dovm to 1872. With Woodcuts. Fcan
6d.
CARNARVON'S
Provinces.
(Lord)
Portugal,
Post 8vo.
Gallicia,
3s. 6d.
and
the
Basque
Third Edition.
Map.
With
With
Recollections of the Druses of Lebanon. Notes on their Religion. Third Edition. Post Svo. 5s. M.
CASTLEREAGH
(The)
DESPATCHES,
CAMPBELL'S
Eldon in
(Lord) Lord
1838.
Chancellors
and
Keepers of
the
From
Fifth Edition.
the Earliest Times to the Death of Lord 10 Vols. Crown 8vo. 6s. each.
From
the
Norman
4
"Vols.
Third Edition.
Crown
Svo.
.
6s.
each.
at
Fontainebleau
Svo.
15s.
it
may
be
an Outline of a
"With Short
Svo.
(Thos.) Essay on English Poetry. Lives of the British Poets. Post Svo. 3s. Qd.
CATHCART'S
Italy,
(Sir George) Commentaries on the and Germany, 1812-13. Plans. Svo. 14s.
War
in Russia iu
CAYALCASELLE
Svo.
21.'!.
and
CEOWE'S
to the 16th
Century.
History With
of
Painting
Illustrations.
6 Vols.
Post Svo.
10s. &d.
or
15s.
CHILD'S
(G. Chaplin, M.D.) Benedicite ; or, Song of the Three Children being Illustrations of the Power, Brfneficence, and Design manifested by the Creator in his works. H)th Thousand. Post Svo. 6s.
;
CHISHOLM'S
True Stories of
Post Svo.
6/.
CHUETON'S
Age
(Archdeacon) Gongora.
An
Historical Essay
Translations.
on the
With
Portrait.
Edited with a Plain Practical New Testament. Commentary for the use of Families and General Readers. With 100 Panoramic and other Views, from Sketches and Photographs made on
the Spot.
2 vols.
Svo.
2is.
CICERO'S LIFE
tions. tions.
AND
TIMES.
Orator, and Friend, with a Sulection from his Correspondence and OraBy William Foesyth, M.P. Third Edition. With IllustraSvo. 10s. 6d.
CLARK'S
(Sir James)
Memoir
of Dr.
John Conolly.
a Sketch of the Treatment of the Insane in Europe aud America. Portrait. Post Svo. 10s. 6d.
Comprising With
3s. 6^;.
CLIVE'S (Lord)
Life.
By Rev.
2 Vols.
G. R. Gleig.
Post Svo.
;
CLODE'S
tion
(C.
their Administra-
and Government.
Administration of Justice under Military and Martial Law, as applicable to the Army, Navy, Marine, and Auxiliary Forces.
2nd Edition.
Svo.
Vis.
COLCHESTER
(The)
PAPERS.
of Charles Abbott, Lord Colchester, Speaker of the 1802-1817. Portrait. 3 Vols. Svo. 42s.
Commons
CHUKCH
(The)
Vol.
I.
THE AGE.
I
Estaj'.^
Vol.
I
II.
Church and Pauperism. Karl Nelson. American Church. Bishop of Western New Yoik. Cluirch and Science. Prebendary
Clark.
;
Religious Use of Taste. Rev. R. St. John Tyrwhitt. PlaceofthcLaify. Professor Unrrows Parish Priest. Rev. AValshiim How. Divines of 16th and 17th Centuries. Rev. A. W. Haddan. Liturgif-s and Ritual, Rev. M. F.
Sadl.r.
Ecclesiastical Law. Isanibard Brunei. Church & National Education. Canon Korris. Church and Universities. Jolin G.
Talbot. Toleration.
Dean Cowic
& Education. Canon Barry. Indian Missions.- Sir Bartle Frere. Church and the People. Rev. W. D.
Church
Eastern Church and Anglican Communion. Rev. Geo. Williams. A Disestablished Church.- Dean of
Comprehension.
Rev. Dr. Irons. l)ogma. Rev. Dr. Weir. Parochial Councils. Archdeacon
Clirislian Tradilir.n.
Cashel.
Chapman.
Portrait.
12mo. 3s.6d.
COLLIKGWOOD'S
(Cctheeet)
Eamoles
Shores and Waters of the China Sea. History during a Voyage to China, A:c.
With
Illustrations.
8vo.
16jf.
COLONIAL LIBRARY.
COOK'S
[See
Home
COOKERY
COOPER'S
(Modern Domestic). Founded on Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private Families. By a Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. Lady.
(T. T.) Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce on an Overland Journey from Cliina towards India. IlluslratiouB. 8vo. 16s.
COENWALLIS
COWPER'S
CRABBE'S
(The) Papers and Correspondence during the American War, Administrations in India, Union with Ireland, and of Amiens. Second EdUion. 3 Vols. 8vo. 63. Peace
(Countess)
Diary
to Caroline Princess of
CowpER.
"With Illus-
trations.
CROKER'S
Vr.)
Progressive
Is. 6d.
Geography
for
Children.
of
Fifth Edition.
18mo.
Stories for Children, Selected from the History England. Fi/teenth Edition. Woodcuts. 16mo. is.Gd.
-
the Hebrides.
of
Johnson.
Preparation.
Fcap. Svo.
Is.
CUMMING'S
(R. Gordon) Five Years of a Hunter's Life in the Far Interior of South Africa. Sixth Edition. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 6s.
Painters.
Woodcuts.
Post 8vo,
10*. 6i.
History
Century. Country.
of Painting in Italy, from 2nd to 16th Derived from Researches into the Works of Art in that
With
100 Illustrations.
5 Vols.
8vo.
21s.
each.
CUNYISTGHAME'S
(Sir Arthur) Travels in the Eastern Caucasus, on the Caspian, and Black Seas, in Daghestan ami the Frontiers of Persia and Turkey. With Map and lUustratioiiS. 8vo. ISs.
for the
Upper
Translated by Elucidations of the above Grammar. Evelyn Abbot. Post Svo. 7s. 6d. Smaller Greek Grammar for the Middle and Lower
Forms.
12mo,
3s. 6d.
Extracted from
Translated by A. S. Principles of Greek Etymology. Nearly Ready. WiLKiNS. M.A., and E. B. England, B.A. 8vo.
CURZON'S
Year on
Wood-
the Frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia. cuts. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
Illustrations.
Third Edition.
Fifth Edition,
GUST'S (General)
Enemy.
Lives of the AVarriors of the 17th Century The Civil Wars of France and Thirty Years' War. 2 Vols. Ifis. England. 2 Vols. 16s. Commanders of Fleets and Armies before the
2 Vols.
18s.
Annals of the "Wars 18th & 19th Century, 1700 1815. With Maps. 9 Vols. Post Svo. 5s. each. DAVIS'S (Nathan) Ruined Cities of Numidia and Carthaginia.
Illustrations.
Svo.
16s.
DAVY'S
^
(Sir Humphry) Consolations in Travel ; or, Last Days of a Philosopher. Seventh Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. 3s M. Salmonia or. Days of Fly Fishing. Fifth Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. 3s. 6d.
DARWIN'S
History of the Couuti'ies visited during a Voyage round the World. Eleventh Thousand. Post Svo. 9s.
;
or,
Edition.
the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Post Svo. 7s. Sd.
Illustrations.
Sixth
With
2 Vols.
Svo.
28s.
Descent of Jlan, and Selection in Relation to Sex. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 9s. Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals. With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 12s. Fertilization of Orchids through Insect Agency, and
as to the good of Intercrossing.
Woodcuts.
Post Svo.
9s.
By Fritz Muller.
With numerous Illustrations and Additions by the Autlior. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 6s.
10
LIST OF
WORKS
9s.
6.9.
DELEPIERRE'S
Historic Difficulties
&
DENISON'S
(E. B.) Life of Bishop Lonsdale. from his Writings. With Portrait. Crown 8vo.
With
10s. 6J.
Selections
DERBY'S
(Earl
of)
Iliad
of
Homer
rendered
10a.
into
English
Blank Verse.
7lh Edition.
2 Vols.
Post 8vo.
DE
Officer's Companion; or, Essays on Military Duties and Qualities: with Examples and Illustrations from History. Post 8vo. 9s.
DEUTSCH'S
Literary Remains.
DOG-BREAKING
Certain, and Easy Method, whether great excellence or only mediocrity be required. With a Few Hints for those who Love the Uog and the Guu. By Lieut.Gen. Hctchinson. Fifth Edition. With 40 Woodcuts. Crown Svo. 9.
the
Most Expeditious,
Founded on
Principles of
Fcap.Svo
Plates. Svo, 21s. Gunnery. Construction of Bridges and the Passage of Rivers,
of
Plates.
7s. fd.
Svo.
21s.
(Wm.) Horse-Shoeing; As
Post Svo.
it Is,
and As
it
Should be.
DRAKE'S
Land.
by Sea and
Gibraltar,
By John Babeow.
(John)
Third Edition.
Post Svo.
2s.
DRINKWATER'S
History of
the Siege
of
1779-1783. With a Description and Account of that Garrison from the Earliest Periods. Post Svo. 2s.
Small 4to.
[In preparation.
DTJ
CHAILLU'S (Paul
dile,
B.)
EQUATORIAL AFRICA,
with
Accounts of the Gorilla, the Nest-building Ape, Chimpanzee, Croco&c. lUustratiens. Svo. 21s.
Svo.
21s.
DUFFERIN'S
Edition.
(Lord) Letters from High Latitudes; an Account of a Yacht Voyage to Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Spitzbergen. FijVi
Woodcuts.
Post Svo.
7s. 6d.
DUNCAN'S
DYER'S
piled 2 Vols.
(Major) History of the Royal Artillery. With from the Original Records. Second Edition.
Svo.
Si's.
ComPortraits.
of
(Thos. H.) History of Modem Europe, from the taking Constantinople by the Turks to the close of the W"ar in tue Crimea. With Index. 4 Vols. Svo. 42.
the Fine Arts.
EASTLAKE"S
(Sir Charles) Contributions to the Literature of With Memoir of the Author, and Selections from hi3
Correspondence.
By Lady Easti.ake.
2s.
2 Vols.
Svo.
24s.
EDWARDS'
Visit to Para.
11
By Horace Twiss.
Third
kiition.
ELGIN'S (Lord)
ELLESilERE'S
Edited by Theodore Letters and Journals. "Walrosd. With Prefice by Dean Stanley. Second Edition. 8vo. 14s.
(Lord)
Two
Sieges
of
Post 8vo.
to the Capital, with notices of Natural History and the People. Woodcuts. 8vo. 16.
"Work.
Memoir. By His Son. By Rev. Hexry Allos, D.D. Portrait. Svo. 10s. 6d. (KoEiNsoN) Poems and Fragments of Catullus. 16mo.
ELPHIXSTONE'S
Elliptical
(Hon. Mountstuart) History of India the Hindoo and Mabomedan Periods. Sixth Edition. Map. Svo. 18s.
(H.
Comprising
and other Figures cut on the Lathe witliout the use of any Ornamental Chuck. With 70 Illustrations. Small 4to. 15s.
ENGEL'S
particularly
of the Assvriaus, Egyptians, and Hebrews; with Special Reference to Sec-md Edition. With the Discoveries in Western Asia and in Egypt. 100 Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6^.
ENGLAND.
and Stanhope.
ENGLISHWOMAN IN AMERICA. Post Svo. 10s. 6d. ESSAYS ON CATHEDRALS. With an Introduction.
Deax How.^ox.
Recollections of a
Carlisle.
By
Svo.
12s.
co.vtexts.
Dean. Bishop
of
Cathedral Canons and their Work. Cauoii Norris Cathedrals in Ireland, Past and Fu-
Welsh Cathedrals.
'
Dean of Cashel. ture. Cathedrals in their Missionary Aspect. A. .J. B. Beresford Hope. Cathedral Foundations in Relation to Religious Thought Canou West"
Education of Choristers. Sir F. Gore Ouseley. Cathedral Schools. Canon Durham. Cathedral Reform. Chancellor JNlas-
Canon Pero-wne.
.singberd.
cott."
Relation of the Chapter to the Bishop. Chancellor Benson, the Cathedral of Arcbitecture Churches. Canon Venables.
Vols.
I.
to
ELZE'S (Karl)
Notes.
Life of Lord Byron. Translated from the German, and Edited with With Original Portrait and Facsimile. Svo. 16j.
of a
FARRAR'S
of
16s,
Thought
on
in
Language,
Modern
12
LIST OF
WORKS
all
FEEGUSSON'S
With
tions.
Countries
and
II.
Medium
8vo.
633.
and Eastern.
Medium
A''ol.
8vo.
lY.
6rf.
Modern.
With
Medium
330
Illustrations,
Jlcdium 8vn.
31s.
Age
With
Svo.
230 Illustrations.
6d.
at Jerusalem.
FLEMING'S
FOED'S
(Professor) Student's Manual of Moral Philosophy. With Quotations and References. Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
FLOWER GAEDEF.
FOESYTH'S
By Eev.
Thos. James.
Feap. Svo.
Is.
Post Svo,
3s. 6d.
(William) Life and Times of Cicero. With Selections from his Correspondence and Orations. Third Ediiion. lllu=tration8. Svo.
10, 6d.
Hortensius; an Historical Essay on the Office and Duties of an Advocate. Second Edition. Illustrations. Svo. 12, History of Ancient Manuscripts. PobtSvo, 2s. Qd.
Novels
Illustration of the
and Novelists of the ISth Century, in Manners and Morals of the Age, Post Svo. Ids. 6rf.
of Third Edition.
Two Visit*
\{oo&ca\<=..
to the 2 Vols.
Tea Countries
Post Svo. 185.
FOSS'
Tabulae Curiales; or, Tables of the Superior Courts Westminster Hall. Showing the Judges who sat in them from 1066
Svo.
10s. &d.
to 1864.
FRANCE.
%*
See
FEENCH
(The) in Algiers
2s.
Translated by Lady
Duff GoaDON.
Edition.
Indian
Missions.
Third
Eastern Africa as a field for Missionary Labour. With Map. Crown 8vo. 5s. Bengal Famine. How it will be Met and How to Prevent Future Fiimines in luc'ia. With Maps. Crown bvo. 5s.
(M.)
tions.
in
GALTON'3
Southern India. With Notes, by SiE Baetle Fhere. With IllustraFcnp. Svo. 6s. (Frakcis) Art of Travel ; or, Hints on the Shifts and Contrivances available in Wild Countries. Fifth Edition. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 7s. 6(i.
{Published Yearly)
a Series of
Imperial 4to.
Folio,
Descriptive Letterpress.
42s.
South of France':
See
Twenty
ils.
Markham.
13
History of the Decline and Fall of the Edited by Milmax and Gcizot. A Niw Edition. Edited, with Notes, by Dr. Wm. Smith. Maps. 8 Vols. Svo. 60.
Being an Epitome of the (The Student's Gibbon) above work, incorporating the Researches of Recant Commentators. By Svo. 7s. Gd. Post Woodcuts. Dr. Wm. Smith.
;
of Fcap. Svo.
Naval Daring
3s. &d.
or,
Anecdotes of
GLADSTONE'S
Svo.
12s.
GLEIG'S
and
(G. E.) Campaigns of the British New Orleans. Post Svo. 2t.
Army
at "Washington
Story of the Battle of Waterloo, Post 8to. 3s. Qcl. Narrative of Sale's Brigade in Aifghanistan. Post Svo. Post Svo, 3s. 6d Life of Lord Clive.
.
25.
Sir
Thomas Munro.
Post Svo.
3s. Qd.
GOLDSMITH'S
from the
craft.
Edited with Notes by Peter (Oliver) Works, CosNiNOHAM. Vignettes. 4 Vols. Svo. 30s. GORDON'S (Sir Alex.) Sketches of German Life, and Scenes
(Lady
6d.
:
Trial
for
Witch-
Post Svo.
1. The Soldier of the Foreign French in Algiers. Legion. 2. The Prisonera of Abd-el-Kadir. Post Svo. 2s. GRAMMARS. See Curtius Hall ; Hutton ; King' Edward ;
;
Matthi.f.
Maetzxee; Smith.
GREECE, See Grote Smith Student, GREY'S (Earl) Correspondence with King William IVth and
Sir Herbert Taylor, from 1S30 to 1832.
2 Vols.
Svo.
30s.
;
Parliamentary
with
Representative System,
GRUNER'S
(Lewis) Terra-Cotta Architecture of North Italy, from careful Drawings and Restorations. With Illustrations, engraved and printed in Colours. Small folio, bl. as.
II.
GROTE'S
From
to the close of the generation contemporary with the death of Alexander the Great. Library Edition. Portrait, Maps, and Plans. 10 Vols. Svo. 120s. CibirtKt Edition. Portrait and Plans. 12 Vols. Post Svo. 6s. each.
Minor
Works.
With
Critical
Remarks
Pergonal Life, Compiled from Family Documents, Private Jlemoranda, and Original Letters to and from Various Friends. By Mrs. Grote. Portrait. Svo. 12s.
(Mrs,)
Memoir
of
Ary
Scheffer.
Portrait,
Svo.
8s. Qd.
14
LIST
OF WORKS
HALL'S
With (T. D.) School Jlanual of English Grammar. Copious Exercises. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Primary English Grammar for Elementary Schools. ICmo. Is. Child's First Latin Book, including a Systematic Treatment of the New Pronunciation, and a full Praxis of Nouns, Adjec16rao. Is. 6/. tives, and Pronouns.
(Henry) Constitutional History of England, from the
HALLAM'S
.
Accession of Henry the Seventh to the Death of George the Second. Library Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 30s. Ci'J>incl Edition. 3 Vols. Po:,t 8vo. 12s.
above
work.
Edited by
Wm.
7s. 6d. Smith, D.C.L. Post 8vo. History of Europe during the
Edition.
3 Vols.
8vo. 30s.
Student's Edition
of the above
7s. 6<i.
work.
Edited by
Wm. Smith.
3 Vols.
Svo.
36s.
Cabinet Edition.
dd.
HAMILTON'S (Gen.
Sir F.
AV.)
From Oiif-'inal Dficumcnts in the Koll?' Records, Kocords,&c. Wiihlllubtrat'ons. 3 V.ls. Svo.
HANNAH'S
Human
Elements in Holy
Scripture.
HART'S ARMY LIST. {Published Quarterly and Annually.) HAY'S (Sir J. H. Drximmond) Western Barbary, its AVild Tribe-*
HEAD'S
aud Suvagre Animals. Post 8vo. 2s. (Sir Francis) Royal Engineer.
Illustrations.
Svo. 12s.
2s.
John Burgoyne. Post Svo. Is. Rapid Journeys across the Pampas. Post Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau.
Life of Sir
Post Svo.
7s. ed.
Svo.
Illustrations.
Emigrant.
Fcap. Svo. 2. 6d. Stokers aud Pokers ; or, the London and North Western
Post Svo.
2s.
Kailway. Verbs.
or.
Future
Auxiliary
7.
HEBER'S
2 Vols.
Fcap. Svo.
Post Svo.
3s. 6d.
Hymns
16mo.
Is.
6d.
HERODOTUS.
kinson.
Edited, with Notes and Essays, historical, ethnographical, and geographical, by Canox Rawlixsok, assisted by Sir Hexby Rawlinson and Sib J. G. WilThird Edition.
A New
HATHERLEY'S
by the Testimony
Fourth Edition.
HOLLWAY'S
(J. G.)
HONEY
HOOK'S
BEE.
2.
Svo. Is.
Tenlh Edition.
Svo. 16.
Is.
By
J. G.
Locrhart.
Fcap. Svo.
15
ARCHITECTURE OP AHMEDABAD,
with
Hisloriral Sketch and Architectural Notes. With Maps, Photographs ' and Woodcuts. 4to. 52. 5s. (A. J. Beresford) Worship in the Church of England.
8vo.
9s
FOREIGN HANDBOOKS.
HAND-BOOK TRAVEL-TALK. English, French, German, and Italian. ISmo. 3s. 6d. HOLLAND, Belgium, and the Rhine to Mayence. Map and Plans. Post 8vo. 6s. NORTH GERMANY, Prussia, Saxony, HanOVFR, and the Khine from Mayence Post 8vo. 6s.
to
Switzerland.
Austria, Styria,
Salzburg, the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, the Tyrol, Hungary, and the Ulm to the Black Sea. Map. Post kvo lO*
KNAPSACK GUIDE TO
Post Svo. 24s.
FAINTING. German,
Illustrations. 2 Vols.
By
Post Svo.
10s. Sd.
SWITZERLAND,
9s.
Maps.
Post Svo.
FRANCE, Normandy,
the Rivers Loire, Seine, Rhone, and Garonne. Dauphine, Provence and the Pyrenees. Maps. 2 Parts. Post Svo. 12s.
and
Sicilv.
Maps.
Post Svo.
ALGERIA.
Map.
PARIS, and its Ss. 6d. \* Murray's Plan of Paris, mounted on canvas. 3s. 6d. SPAIN, Madrid, The Castiles, The Basque Provinces,
Leon, The Astnrias, Galicia, Estremadura, Andahisi*, Ronda, Granada Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre, The Balearic Islands' ' &c. &c. Maps. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 24s.
PORTUGAL,
Map.
Post Svo.
9s.
Lisbon,
Porto,
Cintra,
'
Mafra, &c.
NORTH
ITALY, Piedmont,
CENTRAL ITALY,
ROME AND ITS Environs. Map. Post Svo. 10, SOUTH ITALY, Two Sicilies, Naples, Pompeii,
Herculanenm, and Vesnvius.
Lucca, Tuscany, Florence, The St. Peter's. Map. Post Svo. 10s.
Map.
Post Svo.
10s.
16mo.
Illustrations.
The
Italian
Schools.
Post Svo.
30s.
RUSSIA,
Fi.vland.
By Mrs. Jameson. Portraits. Post Svo. 12s. St. Petersbfrg, Moscow, Poland, and
Post Svo.
15s.
Maps.
DENMARK.
Map.
Post Svo.
6s.
]6
LIST
OF WORKS
Map. Map.
Post 8vo.
6s.
6a.
GREECE, the Ionian Islands, ContiDental Greece, Athens, the Peloponnesus, the Islands of the yEgean Sea, Albania, Thessaly, and Macedonia, Maps. Post 8vo. 15s.
TUKKEY IN
AiilA CoNSTA^TI^opLE,
the
Bos-
phorus, Dardanelles, Brousa, Plain of Troy, Crete, CyiTUS, Smyrna, Ephesus, the Seven Churches, Coasts ot the Black Sea, Armenia, Mesopotamia, &c. Maps. Post 8vo. lbs.
EGYPT,
the Uile through Egypt and Nuhia, Alexandria, Cairo, and Thebes, the Suez Canal, the Pyramids, the Peninsula of Sinai, the Oases, the Fyoom, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 15a
HOLY LAND
Sinai,
Syria Palestine,
Maps.
Post Svo.
Peninsula
of
INDIA
Post 8to.
12s. each.
Map.
2 Vols.
ENGLISH HANDBOOKS.
HAND-BOOK MODERN LONDON.
FOLK,
Map.
16mo.
3s. 6d.
AND
NOR-
Chelmsford, Colchester, Maldon, Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Bury, Ipawicb.Woodbridge, Felixstowe, Lowestoft, Norwich, Yarmouth, Cromer, &c. Map and Plans, Post Svo. 12,5.
CATHEDRALS
Ely, and Lincoln.
of Oxford, Peterborough,
Norwich,
With
90 Illustrations,
Chatham, Woolwich, Brighton, Chichester, Worthing, Hastings, Lewes, Arundel, &c. Map. Post Svo. 10. HANTS, Kingston, Croydon, Eeigate, Guildford, Dorking, Boxhill, Winchester, Southampton, Nevv Post Svo. 10*. Forest, Portsmouth, and Isle OF Wight. Maps,
gate, Slieemess, Rochester,
BERKS, BUCKS,
AND OXON,
AND
Windsor, Eton,
Reading, Aylesbury, Usbridge, Wycombe, Henley, the City and University of Oxford, Blenheim, and the Descent of the Thames. Map. Post Svo. 7*, 6(7.
SOMERSET, Salisbury, WILTS, DORSET, Chippenham, Weymouth, Sherborne, Wells, Bath, Bristol, Taunton, &c. Map. Post Svo. 10.?. Exeter, Ilfracombe, Linton, Sidmouth, Dawlish, Teignmouth, Plymouth, Devonport, Torquay, Launceston, Truro, Penzance, Falmouth, the Lizard, Land's End, &c. Maps. Post Svo. 12s. of AYinchester, Salisbury, Exeter,
CATHEDRALS
With
110 Illustrations.
Hereford, Crown Svo. 16. WALES, Bangor, Carnarvon, Beaumaris, Snowdon, Llanberis, Dolgelly, Cader Idris, Conway, &c. Map. Post
'.
CATHEDRALS
of Bristol,
Gloucester,
With
50 Illustrations,
NORTH
-* WALES, Monmouth, Llandaff, Merthyr, Vale of Neath, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Tenby, Swansea, and The Wye, Post Svo. 7s. Map, &c.
SOUTH
17
ST.
ASAPH,
15s.
With
Illustrations.
Post 8vo.
DERBY, NOTTS,
Matlock, Bakewell, Chafsworth,
LEICESTER,
STAFFORD,
Dale, Ashborne, Southwell, Mansfield, Retford, Burton, Belvoir, Meltot Mowbray, Woiverhampton, Lichfield, Walsall, Tamworth. Map. Post 8vo. 9.
YORKSHIRE,
Doncaster,
Hull,
Selby,
Beverley,
'
Scarborough, Whitby, Harrogate, Ripon, Leeds, Wakefield, Bradford, Map and Plans. Post 8vo. 12s. of York, Ripon, Durham, Carlisle, Chester, and Manchester, With 60 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 21s
Halifax, Huddersfield, Sheffield.
CATHEDRALS
New-
castle, Darlington,
Gateshead, Bishop Auckland, Stockton, Hartlepool, Sunderland, Shields, Berwlck-on-Tweed, Morpeth, Tynemouth, Coldstream, Alnwick, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 96-.
CUMBERLAND Lan-
caster, Furness Abbey, Ambleside, Kendal, Windermere, Coniston, Keswick, Grasmere, Ulswater, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Penrith, Appleby,
SCOTLAND,
Dumfries, Ayr, Stirling, Arran, The Clyde, Oban, Inverary, Loch Lomond, Loch Katrine and Trossachs, Caledonian Canal, Inverness Perth, Dundee, Aberdeen, Braemar, Skye, Caithness, Ross, Sutherland, &c. Mans and Plans. Post 8vo. 9s. IRELAND, Dublin, Belfast, Donegal, Galway, Wexford, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Killarney, Munster, &c. Maps. Post 8vo. 12s.
FAMILIAR
Authors.
;
QUOTATIONS.
5s.
From
English
HORACE
Edited by
Dean Milman,
8vo.
9^.
With
100 Woodcuts.
of.
Crown
8vo.
7s. 6d.
Life
By Dean Milman.
Illustrations,
(Lord) Monographs, Personal and Social, Portraits. Crown 8vo. 10s~ Sd. HUME'S (The Student's) History of England, from the
sion of Julius Csesar t j the Revolution of 16S8. tinued to 1863. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7. 6d.
HOUGHTON'S
"With Inva-
HUTCHINSON
Crown
8vo.
BUTTON'S
IRBY
(H,E.) PrincipiaGrseca; an Introduction to the Study of Greek. Comprehending Grammar, Delectus, and Exercise-book, with Vocabularies. Sixth Edition. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and Holy Land. Post 8vo. 2s. (Bishop) Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common Prayer; from Manuscript Sources (Bishop Sanderson and Bishop Wren). 8vo. 5s. JAMES' (Rev. Thomas) Fables of .^sop. New Translation, with Historical Prt-face. With 100 Woodcuts by Tenniel and Wolf.
the
AND MANGLES'
JACOBSON'S
Sixty-fourth Thousand.
Post 8vo.
2s. 6d.
18
LIST OF
WORKS
19
(Mrs.) Lives of the Early Italian Painters and the Progress of Painting in Italy Cimabue to Bassano. Ntvj
Edition.
With
50 Portraits.
Post 8vo.
\0s. 6d.
12.
(L. J.)
JER VIS'S
(Eev.
W.
H.)
Gallicaa
Church, from
the
Con-
Eevolution.
"With an Introduction.
JESSE'S (Edward) Gleanings in Natural History. Fcp. Svo. 3s. 6c?. JOHNS' (Ret. B. G.) Blind People their Works and Ways, With
;
JOHNSON'S
Ski tches of the Lives of some famous Blind Men. AVith lUustrations. Post Svo. 7*. Gd. (Dr. Samuel) Life. By James Boswell. Including the Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by Me. Ceokee. Neiu revised Library
Edition.
Portraits.
4 Vols.
Svo.
[In Preparation.
the most eminent English Poets, with Works. Edited with Notes, Corrective and Explanatory, by Peter CcNNiNOHAM. 3 vols. Svo. 22s. 64.
Lives of
KERR'S
(Robert) GENTLEMAN'S or. How to Plan ; English Kesidences, from the Parsoxage to the Palace. Third With Views and Plans. Svo. 24s. Small Country House. Brief Practical Discourse on the Plannins of a Kesideuce from 2000Z. to oCOu?. With Supplementary Estimates to TOOuZ. Post Svo. 3s. Ancient Lights ; a Book for Architects, Surveyors, Lawyers, and Landlords. Svo. 5s. 6d. (R. Malcolm) Student's Blackstone. Systematic Abridgment of the entire Commentaries, adapted to the present state
Edition.
HOUSE
of the law.
12ino.
12nio.
Post Svo.
7s. 6d.
KING EDWARD
3s. 6rf.
2s. 6rf.
Seventeenth Edition.
Ymi
KING GEORGE
NORTH,
Dokse.
IIIrd's
Latin
Book.
Fifth
Edition.
W. Bodham
KING'S
KIRK'S
(R. J.)
12s.
Svo.
(J.
Duke
of Bur-
gundy.
Svo.
45s.
KIRKES' Handbook
KUGLER'S Handbook
Edited by W. Morrant of Physiology. Baker. F.R.C.S. EighthEdit. Wiih'240 Illustrations! Post Svo. 12s. 6d. The Italian Schools. Fourth of Painting. Edition. Revised and Remodelled from the most recent Researches. By Lady Eastlake. With 140 Illustrations. 2 Vols. Cro-yn Svo. 30s. Handbook of Painting. The German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools. Third Edition. Revised and in part re-written. By J. A. C'EOWE. With 60 lUustrations. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 24j. LANE'S (E. W.) Account of the Manners and Customs of Modern
Egyptians.
Nt^'j Edition.
With
Illustrations.
2 Vols. PostSvo.
12s.
LAWRENCE'S
Geo.) Reminiscences of Forty- three Yeara' Service in India; including Captiviiies in Cabul among the Afighatis and among the Sikhs, and a Narrative of the Mutiny in Rajputana. Edited by W. Edwards, H.M.C.B.S. Crown Svo. 10s. Gd.
(Sir
C 2
20
LIST OF
(A.
WORKS
its
LAYARD'S
H.)
Nineveh and
Remains.
Being a Nar;
Assyria. rative of Researches and Discoveries amidst the Ruins of "With an Account of the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan the Yezedis, Arts of or Devil-worshippers and an Enquiry into the Manners and Vols. the Ancient Assyrians. Sixth Edition. Plates and Woodcuts. 2
;
POStSvO.
7s. 6(/.
;
being
T-v-
Kurdistan and the coveries in the Ruins, with Travels in Armenia, With Map and Desert, during a Second Expedition to Assyria. Svo. 2 Is. Plates Illustrations. With work. above of the Edition Popular
Pos*t8vo.
LEATHES'
Is.M. (Stanley)
of
Practical
Hebrew Grammar.
Genesis i. vi., and Psalms i. vi. Analysis and Vocabulary. Post Svo. 7s. Bd.
Hebrew Text
-rrr-.i.
xy
LENNEFS
With
(Rev. H. J. Van) Missionary Travels in Asia Minor. Map Illustrations of Biblical History and Archasology. With
and Woodcuts.
LESLIE'S
and
2 Vols. PostSvo. 24s. (C. R.) Handbook for Young Painters. tions. Post Svo. 7s. Gd.
With
, ,
IllustraT^
Life
and Works of
2 Vols.
Sir
Joshua Reynolds,
Portraits
Illustrations.
Svo.
42s.
LETTERS From the Baltic. By a Lady. Post Svo. 2s. Madras. By a Ladt. Post Svo. 2s. Sierra Leone. By a Lady. Post Svo. 3s. &d. LEVI'S (Leone) History of British Commerce and of the Eco-
nomic Progress of the Nation, from 1763 to 870. 8vo. 16s. LEWIS'S (M. G.) Journal of a Residence among the Negroes in the West Indies. PostSvo. 2s. LIDDELL'S (Dean) Student's History of Rome, from the earliest Times to the establishment of the Empire. With Woodcuts. Post Svo.
1
LINDSAY'S
.
Memoir of the (Lord) Lives of the Lindsays Houses of Crawfurd and Balcarres. With Extracts from Official Papers 24s. Svo. Vols. 3 Narratives. and Personal Etruscan Inscriptions. Analysed, Translated, and
;
(W. Watkiss) History of Sicily to the Athenian War with Elucidations of the Sicilian Odes of Pindar. With Map. 8vo. 14s. LISPINGS from LOW LATITUDES; or, the Journal of the Hon. ImpulsiaGushington. Edited bv Lord Defferik. With 24 PIate8.4to.21s.
Cfimmented upon.
Svo.
12s.
LLOYD'S
By Lady
With Wood-
Fcap. Svo.
LIVINGSTONE'S
of Missionary Travels Post Svo. 6s. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and Nyassa. its Tri-hutaries, with the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Map and Illustrations. Svo. 21.5. Last Journals in Central Africa, from 1865 to his Death. Continued by a Narrative of his last moments and s\itTer By Rev. Horace Waller. Maps and Illustrations. 2 Vols. ings.
Account
Illustrations.
Svo.
28s.
LIVONIAN TALES. By
Baltic."
the Author of
" Letters
from
the
Post Svo.
2s.
LOCH'S
Elgin's Second
(H. B.) Personal Narrative of Events during Lord Embassy to China. Second Edition. VJith Illustrations.
9s.
PostSvo.
21
Historical and
G.)
Illustrations.
Life of Theodore
LONSDALE'S
By
(Bishop) Life.
E. B. Denison.
LOUDON'S
cuts.
:
(Mrs.)
Fcap. 8vo.
With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. With Directions Gardening for Ladies.
for
Every Month.
Eighth Edition.
"Wood-
LUCKNOW A
L YELL'S
Ecap. 8vo.
4s. Qd.
(Sir Charles) Principles of Geology; or, the Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants considered as iHustrative of
Geology. EUvnth Edition. "VV^ith Illustrations. 2 "Vols. Svo. 32s. Student's Elements of Geology. Second Edition. With Tahle of British Fossils and 600 Illustrations. Post Svo. 9s. of the Antiquity of Man, Geological Evidences including an Outline of Glacial Post-Tertiary Geology, and Remarks Illustrations. 8vo. 14s. Edition. on the Origin of Species. Fourth With Tables (K. M.) Geographical Handbook of Ferns. to show their Distribut'.on. Post Svo. 7s. Qd. LYTTELTON'S (Lord) Ephemera. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 195. Qd.
LYTTON'S
Svo.
(Lord)
5s.
Memoir
of Julian Fane,
With
Portrait.
Post
McCLINTOCK'S (Sir
MACDOUGALL'S
MACGREGOR'S
MACPHERSON'S
L.) Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and his Companions in the Arctic Seas. Third Edition. "With Illustrations. Post Svo. 7s. Gd. (Col.) Modern Warfare as Influenced by Modern With Plans. Post Svo. 12s. Artillery. (J.) Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red Sea, Gennesareth, &c. A Canoe Cruise in Palestine and Egypt and the Waters With Map and 70 Illustrations. Cheaper Edition. ot Damascus. Crown Svo. 7s. &d (Major) Services in India, while Political Agent at Gwalior during the Mutiny. Illustrations. Svo. 12s.
MAHON
and Historical Treatise on the Orthography, Prosody, Inflections, and Syntax of the English Tongue. Translated from the Germau. By Clair J. Grece, LL.D. 3 Vols. Svo. 36s. (Lord), see Stanhope.
its Connection "with the (Sir H. Stoner) Ancient La"w Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas. Fifth
:
MAINE'S
Edition.
Svo.
Svo.
12s.
Second
Early History of Institutions. Svo. 12s. MALCOLM'S (Sir John) Sketches of Persia. Post Svo.
3s, 6d.
MANSEL'S
(Dean)
Limits of Religious
8s. 6d.
Thought Examined.
Letters, Lectures, and Papers, including the PhrontisXlXth Century. Edited by H. W. Chandler,
M.A.
Svo. 12s.
With
Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries. By Lord Carnarvon. a sketch of his life and character. Edited by Canon Lightfoot. Svo. 10s. 6d.
MANUAL OP
SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY.
Travellers. Edited by Sir J. F. Hkrschel & Rev. R. Main. Post Svo. 3s. 6d. {Published by order of the Lords of the Admiralty.)
22
LIST OF
WORKS
MARCO POLO.
tions.
The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the "Venetian. Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. A new English Version. Illustrated by the light of Oriental Writers and Modern Travels. By Col. Henry Yule. New Edition. Maps and Illustra2 Vols.
Medium
to
8vo.
42s.
MARKHAM'S (Mrs.) History of England. From the First Inva1867. "Woodcuts. 12mo. Zs. 6d. sion by the Romans History of France. From the Conquest by the
<o
Gauls
1861.
Woodcuts.
12mo.
3s. ed.
History of Germany.
<ol867.
From
the Invasion
by Marias
Woodcuts.
Maps
Pottery
Q^iird
and and
Illustrations.
MARRY AT'S
Edition.
(Joseph) History of
Modem
and
:\i:ediaeval
Manufacture.
MARSH'S
Manual
of the English
Language.
Post Svo.
Revised
Abridged by Blomfield.
.'Writings
of
Wellington,
Fcap. Svo.
MAYNE'S
MEADE'S
New
(Capt.)
couver Island.
Svo.
Ifis.
Districts of
Islands.
With
Illus-
trations.
Medium
Post Svo.
Post Svo.
Svo.
Is.
12s.
MELVILLE'S (Hermann)
2 Vols.
Sea Islands,
MEREDITH'S
Wales.
New
South
Life, Travels, Death, Resurrection, and By A Lavraan. Map. Svo. 18s. Ascension of our Blessed Lord. MILLINGTON'S (Rev. T. S.) Signs and Wanders in the Land of Ham, or the Ten Plagues of Egypt, with Ancient and Modern Illustrations. Woodcuts, Post Svo, 7s. 6'i. MILLS' (Rev. John) Three Months' Residence at Nablus, with an Account of the ModernSamaritans. Illustrations. Post Svo. \Os.%d. (Dean) History of the Jews, from the earliest Period down to Modern Times. Fourth Edition. 3 Vols. Post Svo. 18s.
MILMAN'S
Fv^rly Christianity, from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire. Fourth Edition. 3 Vols,
Post Svo.
ISs.
Latin
Christianity, including that of the Popes to Fmirth Edition. 9 Vols. Post Svo. 54s. Annals of St. Paul's Cathedral, from the Romans to
Second Edition.
Portrait
and
Illustrations.
of Quintus
9s.
Horatius Flaccus,
With
Illustra-
tions.
Svo.
Antioch
trait
The Fall of Jerusalem Martyr of Poetical Works. Ealshazzar Tamor Anne Boleyn Fazio, ifec. With Porand Illustrations. 3 Vols. Fcap. Svo. 18s. Fcap. Svo, 1. Fall of Jerusalem. (Capt. E, A.) Wayside Cross. Post Svo. 2s.
23
Siberian
Maps and
Illustrations.
Founded on Principles
of
Economy and Practical Knowledge. New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap.Svo. 5. (Augustus) Trees and Slirubs for English
which
Lists.
Selection and Description of the most Ornamental will flourish in the open air in our climate. With Classified With 30 Illustrations. 8vo. 16s.
on the Clematis
Cabinet
Royal 8vo.
Popular Edition,
MOBSMAN'S
Map.
(Samuel) New Japan j the Land of the Rising Sun ; its Annals and Progress during the past Twenty Years, recording the remarkable Progress of the Japanese in Western Civilisation. With
Svo.
15*.
MOTLEY'S
(J. L.)
History of the United Netherlands from the to the Twelve Years' Truce, 1609. Library
:
Cabinet Edition.
4 Vols,
Post
Life
Advocate of Holland.
and Death
John
Movements of the Thirty Years' War. Illustrations. 2 Vols. Svo. 2Ss. MOUHOT'S (Henri) Siam, Cambojia, and Lao; a Narrative of
Travels and Discoveries.
Illustrations.
2 vols.
Svo.
14s.
MUNDY'S
(General)
Pen
Life
and
Pencil
Sketches
8vo,7s.6d. in India.
Third Edition.
Plates.
MtFNRO'S (General)
Post Svo.
3s. 6d.
By Rev.
G. R, Gleig.
MURCHISON'S
Mountains,
(Sir Roberick) Russia in Europe and the Ural With Coloured Maps, &c. 2 Vols. 4to. 51. 5s. Siluria ; or, a History of the Oldest Rocks containing Organic Remains. Fifth Edition. Map and Plates. Svo. ISs. Memoirs, With Notices of his Contemporaries, and Rise and Progress of Paheozoic Geology, By Archibald Geikie.
2 Vols,
Portraits.
Svo.
Containing:
MAHon'a Joak of Akc. It. Hbau's Emigbaht. 2s. Gd. Nimbod on TUB Road. Cbokeb on the Guillotine. Is. Hollway's Norway. 2s. Maubbl's Wellihgton. l8.Gd. Campbell's Life of Bacon. 2t.&d. The Floweb Garden. Is. Taylor's Notes fbou Life. 2. Rejected Addbbssbs. Is. Penn's Hints on Anslins. Is.
MUSTERS'
(Capt.) Patagonians ; a Year's Wanderings over Untrodden Ground from the Straits of Magellan to the Rio Negro. Edition. 2nd Illustrations. Post Svo. 7s. 6d. NAPIER'S (Sir Chas.) Life, Journals, and Letters. Second
Edition.
Portraits.
4 Vols.
(Sir
Wm.)
2Ss.
Life
and
Portraits,
Vols,
Crown
Svo.
Post
S\'o.
9s.
2i
LIST
OF WORKS
NAPOLEGlSr AT
8vo.
15s,
Journal
of Occurrences and Notes of Conversations. By Sik Nfil Campbell, C.B. With a Memoir. By Kev. A. N. C. Maolachlan-, M.A. Portrait.
NASMYTH
Edition.
AND
4to.
Moon.
Considered as a
Planet, a World, and a Satellite. With Illustrations from Drawing>J made with the aid of Powerful Telescopes, Woodcuts, &c. Second
NAUTICAL ALMANAC
(The).
{By Authority.)
2s.
6d,
NAVY LIST. (Monthly and Quarterly.) Post 8vo. NEW TESTAMENT. With Short Explanatory
By Archdeacon Chuetom, With 110 authentic Views,
&c.
Commentary.
NEWTH'S
M.A., and Aechdeacos Basil Jones, M.A. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo 21s. bound. (Samuel) First Book of Natural Philosophy; an Intro-
duction to the Study of Statics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Optics, and Acoustics, with numerous Examples. Small 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Elements of Mechanics, including Hydrostatics, with numerous Examples. Fifth Edition. Small 8vo. 8s. 6d. Clnth.
Mathematical
Examinations.
Graduated
Series of Elementary Examples in Arithmetic, Algebra, Logarithms, Trigonometry, and Mechanics. Third Edition. Small 8vo. Ss. 6rf. each. NICHOLLS' (Sir George) History of the English, Irish and Scotch Poor Laws. 4 Vols. 8vo.
NICOLAS'
Exhi(Sir Harris) Historic Peerage of England. biting the Origin, Descent, and Present State of every Title of PeerBy age which has existed in this Country since the Conquest.
NIMEOD, On
Plates.
;
Eoad, With Portrait and Coloured Plates, 7s. 6<i. Crown Svo. 5s. NOEDHOFF'S (Chas.) Communistic Societies of the United including Det.ailed Accounts of the Shakers, The Amaun, States Oneida, Bethell, Aurora, Icarian and other existing Societies; with Particulars of their Religious Creeds, Industries, and Present CondiWith 40 Illustrations, Svo. 15s. tion. Papers read at the Archaeological Institute. OLD ;
Orwith Turfand
Svo.
30s.
LONDON
By various
Authors.
Svo.
12s.
OEMATHWAITE'S (Lord) Astronomy and GeologyDarwin, and Buckle Progress and Civilisation. Crown Svo. 6s. OWEN'S (Lieut.-Col.) Principles and Practice of Modern Artillery,
including Artillery Material, Gunnery, and Organisation and Use o( Svo. Artillery in Warfare. Second Edition. With Illustrations, 15s.
designed
for early Proficients in the Art of Latin Versification, with Prefatory Rules of Composition in Elegiac Metre. Fifth Edition. 12mo. 3s. Sd.
(K.
8vo.
H.
5s.
I.)
Notes on Banking in
land, Sweden,
Ire-
Denmark, and HAjrauBG, with some Remarks on the amount of Bills in circulation, both Inland and Foreign. Svo. C. Brittany and
its
PALLISEE'S
Inhabitants,
selected for
With
for
Illustrations.
Mottoes
Monuments, or Epitaphs
With Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d. PAEIS' (Dr.) Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest ; or, the First Principles of Natural Philosophy inculcated by aid of the Toys and Sports of Youth. Ninth Edition. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 7s. Gd. PAEKMAN'S (Francis) Discovery of the Great West ; or, The Valleys of the Missis.sippi and the Lakes of North America. An Historical Narrative. Map. Svo. IDs. Gd.
General Use and Study.
25
PAEKYXS'
8vo.
(ilANSFiELD) Three Years' Kesidence in Abyssinia with Travels in that Counti-y. Second Edition, with Illustrations. Post
Is. 6d.
The Maintenance of the Church of England as an Established Church. By Rev. Chaeles Hole Rev. K. Watson Dixon and Rev. Julius Lloyd. 8vo. lOs. 6(i.
Egbert)
Woodcuts.
Memoirs.
Fcap. 8vo.
Is.
2 Vols.
for
Post 8vo.
15e.
PENN'S
PEECY'S
&c.
(Eichard)
(John,
Pear,
player.
M.D.)
Vol.
Part
1.
Fuel,
Wood,
Second Editio a.
Coal, Charcoal, Coke, Refractory Materials, Fire-Clays, With Illustrations. 8vo. 24s.
Copper, Zinc, Brass. Second Edition. Vol. I., Part 2. (In the Fress.) With Illustrations. Svo. Vol. II. Iron and Steel. New Edition. With Illustrations,
Svo.
(In Preparation.)
Vol. III.
lation.
With
Svo.
30.
Gold, Silver, and Mercury, Platinum, Tin, Nickel, Cobalt, Antimony, Bismuth, Arsenic, and other Metals.
Vols. IV.
and V.
8vo.
With
Illustrations.
(In Preparation.)
PERSIA'S (Shau
PHILLIPS'
or) Diary during his Tour 1873. Translated from the Original. By .J. Portrait and Coloured Title. Crown Svo. 12.?.
Geology of
District.
(John) Memoirs of William Smith. Svo. 7s.6cZ. Yorkshire, The Coast, and Limestone
Plates, 4to.
of Yorkshire. Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coast With Essays on the Climate, Scenery, and Ancient Inhabitants.
Second Edition, Plates. Svo.
Portrait.
2 Vols.
15s.
With
PICK'S
(Dr.)
Lan^age.
II.,
With Por-
PORTER'S
Travels
(Rev. J. L.) Damascus, Palmyra, and Lebanon, among the Giant Cities of Bashan and tbe Hauran. Sew
Post Svo.
It. dd.
With
Edition.
PRAYER-BOOK
nettes,
&c.
Svo.
(Illustrated), with Borders, Initials, VigEdited, with Notes, by Rev. Thos. James. Medium co.lf ; 3Ss. morocco.
PEIXCESS CHARLOTTE
With
Papers.
OF WALES.
12 Illustrations.
Brief
Memoir.
Selections from her Correspondence and other unpublished By Lady Rose Weiqall. With Portrait. Svo. b^'. 6d.
By Otto
Speckter.
Or
PRINCIPLES AT STAKE.
Day.
Svo.
12s.
Benjamin
Contents
Mills.
'
The Priesthood. Dean of Canterbury. National Education. Rev. Alexander R. Grant. Doctrine of the Eucharist. Rev. G.
Rev. W. G.
Dean
ot
Humphry.
Parties and Chester.
Party
Spirit.
H. Sumner.
26
LIST OF
WORKS
in Ecclesiastical Cases relating to Doctriue and Discipline. \\ ith Historical Introduction, by G. C. Beodrick and W. H. Feemantle. 8vo. 10s. 6d.
QUARTERLY REVIEW (The). 8vo. 6s. RAMBLES in the Syrian Deserts. Post 8vo.
RANKE'S
(Leopold) History of the Popes of
16th and 17tli Centuries. Translated from the Austin. Third Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 30s.
lOs. 6d.
Rome
RASSAM'S (Hormuzd)
sinia.
Magdala.
sion.
8vo.
285.
PiAWLINSON'S
Woodcut.
(Cakon)
4 Vols. 8vo.
Herodotus.
A New
Third Edition.
Five
trations.
Great
Monarchies of Chaldaea, Assyria, m,-d Edition, 'With Maps and Illusin the East
(Sir
Series of Papers on the Political and Geographical Condition of Central Asia. ]\[ap 8vo.
REEDS
(E. J.) Shipbuilding in Iron and Steel; a Practical Treatise, giving fall details of Construction, Processes of Manufacture,
and Building Arrangements. With 5 Plans and 250 Woodcuts. Svo. 30s. Iron - Clad Ships ; their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-Clad Rams, &c. With
Illustrations.
8vo.
12s.
REJECTED ADDRESSES
I<'i:w
EiUtioii.
Is.
(The). By James ahd Horace Smith. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 3s. 6cZ. or Popular Edition, Fc&p.
:
Svo.
RENNIE'S
Arms
12s.
Illus-
Map and
RESIDENCE IN BULGARIA
Beophy.
or.
Bv
G. B. ST.CLAiBand Charles A.
REYNOLDS'
R.A. and
(Sib
Joshua)
By
C. R. Leslie,
RICARDO'S
Ton Tatlob. Portraits. 2 Vols. 8vo. (David) PoUtical Works. With a Notice of his Life and Writings. By J. R. M'Culloch. Sew Edition. 8vo. 16s. RIPA'S (Father) Thirteen Years' Residence at the Court of Peking.
Post 8vo.
2s.
ROBERTSON'S
the Apostolic Age to the Reformation, 1517. Svo. Cabinet Edition. 8 Vols. Post Svo.
each.
ROME.
^
How
shall
we Conform
of
to the Liturgy.
]2mo.
9s.
ROWLAND'S
Its Rise,
(David)
Manual
the
English
Constitution.
State.
Post Svo.
lOx. 6d.
Post Svo.
6s.
ROBSON'S
tical
(E. R.)
SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.
Modem
Being Prac-
the Planning, Designing. Building, and Furnishing of Schf.ol-houses. With 300 Illustrations of School-buildings in all Parts of the World, drawn to scale. Jfedium Svo. 3U. 6d.
Remarks on
RUNDELL'S
(Mrs.)
55.
27
KUXTON'S
among
tains.
(Gkorgb
F.)
Travels in Mexico
the "Wild Tribes and Animals of the Prairies and Post 8vo. 3s. 6d.
ROBINSON'S
lOs. 6d.
(Rev. Dr.) Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Third Edition. Maps. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. 52. Post 8vo. Physical Geography of the Holy Land.
(Wm.) Alpine Flowers for English Gardens. Nexu [Nmrly ready. With 70 Illustrations. Crown Svo. Wild Garden; or, our Groves and Shrubberies made beautiful by the Naturalization of Hardy Exotic Plants. With
Rlitum.
Small Svo. tis. Sub-Tropical Garden ; or, Beauty of Form in the Flower Garden. With illustrations. Small Svo. 7s. 6rf. SALE'S (Sir Robert) Brigade in Aflfghanistan. With an Account of the Defence of Jellalabad. By Rev. G. R. Gleio. Post 8vo. 2s.
Frontispiece.
SCHLIEMANN'S
SCOTT'S
(Dr.
Its
Remains,
Narra-
tive of Researches and Discoveries made on the Site oF Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain. Kdited by Philip Smith, B. A. WithJIaps, Plans, Views, andoOJ Illustrations of Objects of Antiquity, &c. Medium 8vo.
(Sir G. G.) Secular and Domestic Architecture, Present and Future. Svo. 9s.
8s. 6cZ.
SHADOWS OF A
face
Edition.
With a Pre-
by Cauon Liddon.
SCROPE'S
(G. P.) Geology and Extinct France. Illustrations. Medium Svo. 30s.
Volcanoes of Central
SHAW'S
(T. B.) Manual of English Literature. Post Svo. 7s. 6d. Selected from the Specimens of English Literature.
Post SvoT
7s. 6d.
Chief Writers.
(Robert)
A^'isit
to
High
(formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey over the Pass. With Map and Illustrations. Svo. 16s.
Karakorum
SHIRLEY'S (Evelyn P.) Deer and Deer Parks; or some Account Illusof English Parks, with Notes on the Management of Deer.
trations.
4to.
;
2 Is.
SIERRA LEONE
Lady.
By
SMILES'
from the Earliest ; With Portraits and IllustraCrown Svo. 7s. 6(/. each. Lives of George and Robert Stephenson. Library Edition.
Cabinet Edition.
With
Portraits
and
Illustrations.'
Medium
Svo.
21s.
and Watt. Lihrarij Edition. With Portraits and Illustrations. Medium Svo. 21s. Self-Help. With Illustrations of Conduct and PerseverLives of Boulton
ance.
Or
in French,
5s.
Character.
Post Svo. Post 8vo.
6s.
Companion Volume
to
" Self-Help."
Industrial
6s.
Biography:
including a Residence Boy's Voyage round the World by Rail ac.-oss >!orth America. With
28
LIST OF
(Db. Wm.)
105.
WORKS
the Bible
;
SMITH'S
8vo.
Dictionary of
its
Antiquities,
3 Vols.
Illustrations.
Christian
the History, Institutions,
Vols.
8vo. Vol.
I.
Age
of Charlemaj^ne. 8vo.
(7/r
Prepo.ration.
Concise
Bible
21.?.
Dictionary.
With With
300
Illustrations.
Medium
8vo.
8vo.
Illustrations.
Post
Biblical
and
Classical.
Folio.
21.s.
each.
Greek and
Jledium 8vo.
Roman
3 Vols.
Antiquities.
With 500
Illustrations.
28.
600 Illustrations.
Illustrations.
Biography and Mythology. With Medium 8vo. il. is. With 500 Geography. 2 Vols.
56s.
Medium
8vo.
Dictionary of Mythology, Biography, aud Geography. 1 Vol. With 750 Woodcuts. 8vo. \8s. Smaller Classical Dictionary. With 200 Woodcuts. Crown Svo. Is. 6d.
Classical
Greek and
cuts.
CroTvn 8vo.
7s. 6d.
Latin-English Dictionary.
Medium 8vo. 21s. Smaller Latin-English Dictionary. 12mo. 7s. 6d. Medium Svo. 21s. English-Latin Dictionary. Smaller English-Latia Dictionary. 12mo. 7s. 6d. School Manual of English Grammar, with Copious
Post
8v-o.
Exercises.
3s.
t>(7.
16mo.
Is-.
History of Britain. 12mo. 2.i. 6d. French Prineipia. Part I. A Grammar, Delectus, Exercises,
Part
Part
12nio.
?s. Sd.
I,
A A
Exercise Book, with Vocahularies. With the Accidence arranged for the " Public School Primer." 12mo. 3s. 6d.
II.
logy, Geography,
Roman
Antiquities,
aud History.
Dictionary.
12mo.
3s. 6d.
Part
Hexameters and Pentameters;
12mo.
33. 6d.
III. Eclog.
Ovidianse;
Part lY.
Rules of Syntax, with Examples, Explanations of Synonyms, and Exercises on the Syntax. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Part V.
for Translation into Latin.
12mo.
Latin-English Vocabulary and First Latin-English Dictionary for PhiBdrus, Cornelius Nepos, and Caesar.
12mo.
6s.
6(^.
3s. 6d.
Student's Latin
Post Svo.
12rao.
3.y.
29
I.
A A
Grammar,
Delectus,
and
With Vocabularies. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Initia Graeca, Part II. Eeading Book. Containing Short Tales, Anecdotes, Fables, Mythology, and Grecian History. 12mo. 3s. 6d. Initia Graeca, Part III. Greek Prose Composition. Containing the Rules of Syntax, with copious Examples and Exercises. 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Exercise-book.
Student's
Post 8vo.
6s.
Greek
Grammar.
By Professor
Ss.
Curtius.
12mo.
Qd.
Greek Accidence.
work.
12mo. 2s. 6d. The Apology of Socrates, the Crito, and Part of Plato. thePbiedo; with Notes in English from Stallbaum and Schleierma12mo. 3s. 6d. cber's Introductions. Smaller Scripture History. Woodcuts. 16mo.
3s. 6d.
Ancient History. Woodcuts. 16mo. 35. 6d. Geography. Woodcuts. 16mo. Zs. Qd. Rome. Woodcuts. 16mo. Zs. 6d. Greece. Woodcuts. 16mo. 2s. 6d, Classical Mythology. With Translations from
the Poets.
Woodcuts.
16mo.
3s. 6J.
Ss.
6<L
History of the
the
Roman Empire,
Fourth Edition
(Rbv. a.
Post Svo.
ISs.
C.) Nile
and
its
Banks.
Woodcuts. 2 Vols.
df Courts-Mar-
SIMMONS'
tial;
(Capt.)
Constitution and
Practice
with a Summary of the Law of Evidence, and some Notice of the Criminal Law of England with reference to the Trial of Civil Offences. Sixth Edition. Svo. 15s.
STANLEY'S
History.
Work.
Plans.
8vo.
Second Edition.
2s
6(/.
Foxirth
Edition.
Edition.
Jewish
Church.
Fifth
Church of Scotland.
Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral.
Woodcuts.
Post 8vo.
7s. 6d.
Westminster
With
Illustrations.
Abbey.
Third Edition.
Svo.
2 Is.
Sermons during a Tour in the East. Svo. 9.s. on Evangelical and Apostolical Teaching.
Post Svo.
7s.
6<f.
NEW TESTAMENT
HISTORY.
New
With an
Testaments.
Intro-
duction connecting the History of the Old and and Woodcuts. Post Svo. 7s. 6rf.
Maps
Egypt,
Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Asia Minor, and Phojnicia. Philip Ssuth. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 7*. 6d.
By
Rev. W. L. Bevan.
the
Earliest Woodcuts.
HISTORY OP
Times Crown
GREECE:
from
%*
to thp
to the Koman Conquest. By Wm. Smitd, D.C.L. Svo. 7s. 6d. Questions on the above Work, 12mo. 1.
HISTORY OF ROME;
Establishment of the Empire.
8vo. 7s.
6(i.
Crown
GIBBON'S
Woodcuts.
Post Svo.
Roman Empire.
during the
Invasion
to 186S.
M.
6J.
HUME'S
the
of Julius Csesar to llie Revolution in 16S8. Woodcuts. Post Svo. "is. 6d. ** Questions on the above Woik, 12mo.
Continued down
2s.
;
from the
7s. 6d.
Post Svo.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Post Svo.
Post Svo.
7s. ed.
By
Geo.
P.
Maksh.
LITERATURE.
7s. Gd.
By T. B. Shaw, M.A.
from the Chief
Earlie-st
SPECIMENS
Writers.
to the
of English Literature
Svo.
7s. 6d.
;
By
T. B.
Sbaw, Post
HISTORY OP FRANCE
from the
Establishment of the Second Empire, 1S52. Jbrvis. Woodcuts, Post Svo. 7s. 6d.
;
Times By Rev. H. W.
7s.
cal,
and Descriptive.
Post Svo.
MODERN GEOGRAPHY Mathematical, PhysiBy Rev. W. L. Revax. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 6d. MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By William Fleming,
7.,
D.D,
6d.
BLACKSTONE'3
England.
Cliristi.m
Commentaries on the
PostSvo.
7t.6d.
Laws
of
Bv
R.
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. A History of the Church from its Foundation to the Eve of the Protestant Kef rmation. By Philip Smith, P.. A. PostSvo. 7s 6d. SPALDING'S (Captain) Tale of Frithiof. Translated from the Swedish of Esias Tegxer, Post Svo. 73. 6(?. STEPHEN'S (Rev. W. R.) Life and Times of St. Chrysostom.
AVith Portrait.
Svo.
15s.
ST.
JOHN'S
Highlands.
(Batle) Adventures in the Libyan Desert. Post Svo. 26-. STORIES FOR DARLINGS. With Illustrations. 16mo. 5s. STREET'S (G. E.) Gothic Architecture in Spain. From Personal Observations made during several Journeys. Second Edition. With
Illustrations.
Royal Svo.
303.
Gothic Architecture in Italy, chiefly in Brick and Marble. With Notes of Tours in the North of Italy. Second Edition. With 60 Illustrations. Royal Svo. 26s.
STANHOPE'S
2 Vols'
7 vols.
8vo.
93s
'"
:
Britishlndia, from its Origin to 1783. 8vo. Zs. &d. History of " Forty-Five." Post 8yo. 3s. Spain under Charles the Second. Post Sto. Gs. 6d. Historical and Critical Essays. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. Life of Belisarius. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.
STYFFE'S
Conde. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. William Pitt. Portraits. 4 Vols. 8vo. 24.s. Miscellanies. 2 Vols. Post 8to. 13s. Story of Joan of Arc. Fcap. 8vo. Is. Addresses Delivered on Various Occasions. 16mo. 1.3. (Knutt) Strength of Iron and Steel. Plates. 8vo. 12s.
Physical Geography.
of
SOilERVILLE'S (Mart)
Portrait.
Edition.
Sixth Edition,
Nitith
Illustra-
Post 8vo.
Portrait.
95.
Connexion
Molecular
tions,
the Physical
9s.
Sciences.
Post 8vo.
2 Vols.
Post8vo.
With
Selections
Fourth
Edition.
Crown 8vo. 12^. (Robert) Book of the Church. Post 8vo. 7s. U. ^- Lives of Banyan and Cromwell. Post 8vo. 2/. SWAINSON'S (Canon) Nicene and Apostles' Creeds Their Literary History together with some Account of ''The Creed of St.
Portrait.
SOUTHEY'S
Athanasius."
Svo.
SYBEL'S
1789179.5.
Svo.
48s.
SYMONL>S'
Geoloey, Natural History, and Antiquities of North and South Wales, Siluria, Devon, and Cornwall. With Illustratioas. Crown 8vo. 12s
Life,
Fcap. 8vo.
the
2s.
to Tabreez, Kurdistan, down the Tigris and Euphrates to Nineveh and Pabylon, and across the Desert to Palmyra. Translated by Chas. Heneage. 2 Vols. Post Svo.
through
Caucasus
THOMS'
(W.
J.)
Longevity of
Man
its
Facts and
its
(Archbishop) Lincoln's Inn Sermons. Svo. 10s. Qd. Word. Post Svo. 5s. TOCQUEVILLE'S State of Society in France before the Revoluiion,
Life in the Light of God's
1789,
THOMSON'S
and on the Causes which led Reeve. 2nd Edition. Svo. 12s.
;
to that
Event. Translated by
Heney
TOMLINSON
TOZER'S
Svo.
(Charles) The Sonnet Its Origin, Structure, and With translations from Dante, Petraich, &c. Post
;
(Rev. H. F.) Highlandsof Turkey, with Visits to Mounts Olympus, and Pelion. 2 Vols. Crown Svo. 24. Lectures on the Geography of Greece. Map. Post
TRISTRAM'S
(Canon) Great Sahara. Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 15. Land of Moab Travels and Discoveries on the East
;
Side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan. Crown 8vo. 15.
Second Edition.
Illustrations.
TWISLETON
(Edward).
Essential to Speech,
with Illustrations of the Tower of Speech in the case of the African Conlessora. Post 8vo. 6s. TWISS" (Horace) Life of Lord Eldon, 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21s.
TYLOR'S
(E.
B.)
of Civilization.
Primitive Culture ; the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. Second Edition. 2 Vols. 6vo. 24s.
VAMBERY'S
VAN
man Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian. Illustrations. LENNEP'S (Henry J.) Travels in Asia Minor.
Illustrations of Biblical Literature, 2 Vols. Post Svo. 24j.
With
and Arcbseology.
With Woodcuts,
"WELLINGTON'S
Despatches during his Campaigns la India. Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France. Edited by Colonel Gurwood. 8 Vols. Svo. 20s. each. Supplementary Despatches, relating to India, Ireland, Denmark, Spanish America, Spain, Portugal, France, Cf>ngress of Vienna, Waterloo and Paris. Edited by his Sox. 14 Vols.
20s. each.
Svo.
his Son.
** An Index. Svo. 20s. Civil and Political Correspondence. Vols. I. to V. 8vo. 20s. each.
Edited by
WHEELER'S
Svo.
Despatches (Selections from). Svo. ISs. Speeches in Parliament. 2 Vols. Svo. 42s. (G.) Choice of a Dwelling a Practical Handbook of
;
Post
WHITE'S
(Henry) Massacre of
St.
Bartholomew.
Svo.
\Qs.
WHYMPER'S
With the
Alaska.
2 vols.
First Ascent of the Matterhorn, and Notes on Glacial Phenomena. Second Edition. Illustrations. Svo. 2U.
(Frederick)
lUuptrations.
Svo.
16s.
and Adventures in
WILBERFORCE'S
8vo. Svo.
'2\s.
Crowu
Ancient
6s.
WILKINSON'S
Egyptians.
(Sir J.
G.) Popular Account of the With 500 Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post Svo. 12s.
WOOD'S
(Captain)
Source of the Oxus. With the Geography By CoL. Yule. Map. Svo. 12s.
Collected and Arranged by
Fcp. Svo.
3s. Qd.
With a
AVORDSWORTH'S
With
(Bishop) Athens and Attica. Plates. Svo. 5s. Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical. Greece.
YULE'S
600 Woodcuts. Royal Svo. (Colonel) Book of Marco Polo. Illustrated by the Light of Oriental Writers and Modern Travels. With Maps and 80
2 Vol?.
Plates.
Medium
Svo.
42s.
ZINCKES
Post Svo.
lOs. 6d.
&
CO..
rillNTERS, WnlTLFRIARS.
UNIVERSITY OF
TORONTO
LIBRARY
(^
Philos Sthics G881
Grote, George
Fragraents on ethical subjects