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IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9,No.

3, July 1994

1 5 4 5

DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLIFIED LOSS MODELS FOR DISTKIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS


C.S. Chen, member IEEE, J.C. Hwang
Department of Electrical Engineering National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

M.Y. Cho
Department of Electrical Engineering National Kaohsiung Inst. of Tech. Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Y.W.Chen
Taiwan Power Company, Taipei, Taiwan.R.0.C.

ABSTRACT - This paper proposes a methodology to derive the simplified model for distribution system loss analysis. According to the typical daily load patterns and the energy consumption of customers, the hourly loading of distribution transformers can be solved. A three-phase load flow program is applied to calculate the feeder power flow so that the hourly feeder loading will be the same as that obtained by the field test. The hourly primary conductor loss, secondary conductor loss, transformer copper loss and core loss are then solved according to the mathematical modeling of system components. The sensitivity analysis of system loss with respect to the feeder loading, power factor, feeder length, transformer capacity is then performed to derive the simplified loss model of distribution feeders. A distribution feeder of Taipower system is then selected for computer simulation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. By applying the simplified loss model derived, the daily loss pattern of distribution feeders is solved according to the actual hourly feeder loading. It is concluded that the proposed methodology provides an useful tool for distribution engineers to estimate the operation efficiency of distribution systems in a very effective manner.

study of load characteristic was not very mature [2,3,41, the percent loading m&hod which considers the load demand as percentage of distribution transformer capacity in terms of several specific modification factors, had been developed to estimate the energy loss during any time interval [5]. Because the load imbalance and mutual coupling among phase conductors were neglected and simplified transformer modeling was used, significant inaccuracy was introduced during the computer simulation. For a distribution system, it is very difficult and complicated t o identify all the customers served by each distribution transformer during the procedure of feeder analysis, Dr. R.R. Shoults, et a1 [6] had presented simplified feeder models to solve the line loss and voltage drop in a more practical and effective manner in order to enhance the efficiency of distribution feeder analysis. Due t o the difference of load composition and electricity consumption pattern of various appliances, the load characteristic of residential, commercial and industrial customers will be dramatically different from each other. In Taipower system, a distribution feeder may serve the mixture load of various types of customers. To perform the computer simulation for distribution systems, the typical daily load pattern of each type of customer during each season is derived by the field test and statistic regression method [ 9 1. After identifyingthe customers served by each distribution transformer, the transformer hourly loading can be obtained according to the customer load type and the monthly energy consumption.

For a power system, the distribution system loss has become more and more of a concern because of the growth of load demand and the wide area it covers. However, the conventional loss analysis by applying the detailed system modeling is difficult and impractical t o be performed since voluminous data are involved. The primary conductors, secondary conductors and transformers contribute most of the real power loss for a distribution system. Besides, the variation of feeder characteristics such as load imbalance, phase voltage imbalance and ambient temperature will introduce the change of load demand and system loss. The accurate estimation of transformer loading by customer daily load patterns and detailed modeling of distribution systems are required to guarantee the accuracy of loss calculation.

Up t o now, many methodologies have been presented to evaluate the distribution system loss. References [1,21 apply load duration curves and the concept of load window for three-phase load flow analysis t o calculate the feeder loss rigidly. The sensitivity analysis of system loss in terms of load imbalance, reactive power compensation and the composition of load customers is executed. Because the
94 WM 070-3 PWRD A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1994 Winter Meeting, New York, New York, January 30 - February 3 , 1994. Manuscript submitted December 15, 1992; made available for printing December 7, 1993.

For Taipower distribution system, many transformers with open-wye open-delta connection are used to serve both the single-phase and three-phase load simultaneously[8]. It is found that serious unbalance problem is introduced by this type of transformer because only two out of three phases are connected to the primary side of the transformers. Therefore, the mathematical model of this special transformer derived by the authors[7] has to be taken into account in this paper. Besides, the mathematical models of three-phase, twophase and single-phase of primary and secondary conductors, three-phase and single-phase transformers, voltage regulators and capacitors, which have been developed in references [1,4,61 are used in the threephase load flow program to calculate the real, reactive power loss , and the daily energy loss of distribution feeders.
To execute the loss analysis for distribution systems more precisely, much data such as the length of line segments, the location of distribution transformers, etc. is prepared. According t o the computer simulation of practical distribution feeders and the sensitivity analysis of system loss, a simplified loss model is then developed by the regression technique. By the loss model proposed, the feeder loss can be easily evaluated according to the total length of the primary and secondary conductors, total transformer capacity, power demand and power factor of the feeder loading.

0885-8977/94/$04.00 0 1994 IEEE

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2. Mathematical mode-

of dstdwhon

. . .

systems

1.2

4P.UI

The modeling of distribution system components will impact the accuracy of computer simulation during loss analysis. The detailed models for line conductors, distribution transformers, voltage regulators and capacitors, as shown in references[l,6] are used in this paper. Here only the customer load patterns and secondary conductors of feeder circuit are described as follows. 2-1'. Derivation of Load Patterns In order to represent the load behavior more accurately, the typical load pattern of each type of customers should be derived. The load patterns of residential, commercial and industrial customers[ 7 3 and the customer billing data are then used to estimate the transformer hourly loading. Several customers of each load type were selected for field test over one year and the energy consumption during each 15 minutes time interval was collected. The typical load pattern or daily load curve for each type of customers during each season is then solved according to the field test data. The detailed procedure to derive the load patterns has been described in reference[7]. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show the daily load curves of residential, commercial and industrial customers respectively on weekdaylweekend during the summer season. By inspecting these patterns, it is noted that the peak loading of residential customers occurs a t 11 PM and the daily loading of commercial customers can be approximately divided into two levels. For the industrial customers, the peak loading occurs at 10 AM and 3 PM respectively. 2-2. Derivation of Feeder Load Curves To solve the distribution system loss more practically, the typical feeder load curve for each season is derived by the field test too. The power consumption
12

sol*

1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 0101112131414161718192021222324

lime(HR.)

-weem~y

+w*nd

Fig 3 The daily load curve of industrid i tom em

recorders are installed a t substation to collect the energy consumption of the study feeders during each 15 minute time interval over one year. Figs.4 and 5 show the weekday daily load curve of Taipower feeder MJ66 and L132 respectively. Feeder MJ66 serves the mixture load of residential and commercial customers while feeder L132 serves both the residential and small industrial customers. The feeder MJ66 has the peak loading a t 9 PM, while the feeder L132 has the peak loading at lOAM and 3PM respectively.

6.00

E 5.00
E

'

4.00

3.00

4 P U1

0.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 101112131415lB1718192021222324

TIME(HR)

Fig 4. Daily load pattern of feeder MJ66Weekday)


4.00

::I,,
1 , ,

,, , ;

, , , , , , , , , ,

,I
------__--___-________

00

1 2 3 b 5 8 7 8 9 1011 12131414161718192021222324

- weem*
12 10 08

Time(HA )
+wedsrd

Fig 1. The daily load curve of residential customers


4PU 1

- 1 .oo
TIME(HR)

08
Ob

Fig 5 Daily load p a e m of feeder LI32(Weekday)

2-3. Modeling of Feeder Secondary Circuit The feeder secondary circuit is the line conductors from the secondary side of distribution transformers to the customer kWh meter. Because the conductor size and the length of the secondary circuit for all the customers served by each transformer is different, the total equivalent length of secondary conductors for each

02

00

1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 01011 1 ~ 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 0 1 7 1 8 ~ ~ 2 0 2 1 ~ ~ 2 3 2 ~

-weekday

Tin?e(HR) +wedrd

Fig 2. The daily load curve of Commercial Customers

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distribution transformer is derived as shown by Figs.6a and 6b [6] . For Taipower system, the secondary circuits 2 used are 22 mm2, 60 m m 2 , and 100 mm copper conductors.

3 . Comtn&x sindation

. . . of d&nbutmn fm

3-1. Estimation of Transformer Hourly Loading The estimation of transformer loading is very important for the accuracy of feeder loss analysis during the computer simulation. It is not easy t o calculate the transformer loading because the customer load characteristics and the connectivity between the transformer and customers served are difficult to be obtained. This paper presents a systematic method t o calculate the hourly power loading of each distribution transformer by both the field survey and typical load patterns as illustrated by Fig.7. All customers served by each distribution transformer are identified by field investigation according to the feeder circuit diagram and load distribution diagram. The percentage of hourly energy consumption over one day is calculated by Eq.(3) and the hourly real power consumption of each load customer is solved by Eq.(4). Therefore the transformer loading can easily be obtained by sum up the hourly loading of each customer served by the transformer as Eq.(5).

I1

Tra

3
Transformer

I /

L2

-12

In
Figure 6a Feeder secondary circuit

Figure 6b Equivalent secondary circuit In this paper, the resistance per unit length of 100 mm2 copper conductors is selected as the base resistance R b and the resistance per unit length of the other the relative type conductors is represented as value of Rb.
Ri= a i R b

PKWH . P ~ ~ = P A R T ~NDAY ~*------

(4)

The total loss of the secondary circuit of a distribution transformer which serves n customers is calculated as:
n

where PARit : per unit load at hour t of load customer i PARTit: percentage of hourly energy consumption over a daily period. PKWHi: monthly energy consumption of customer i in customer information system (CIS). NDAYthe number of sample days on weekdaylweekend over one month Pit : hourly real power demand of customer i

Ph: transformer hourly loading


The equivalent length of the secondary circuit is then solved as : PARit

- i=l
eq

btCxiLi

CIiCxiLi
i=l =--------2

"

0)

(;I

i=l

i)2

I eq

Therefore, the equivalent loss of secondary circuits loss are derived as Eq (2)

where L eq : the equivalent length of secondary circuit Ieq : the equivalent load current : number of customers served n

HOUR
Fig.7 Determination of customer hourly loading by the typical daily load curve

Since there are many distribution transformers with open-wye open-delta connection in Taipower distribution system[8], it is necessary to implement the special mathematical model for this type of transformers in the computer simulation so that the loss due to system imbalance can be included. Fig.8 illustrates the effect of such transformer configuration t o the power flow of feeder primary circuits. Two transformers with capacity of 100 kVA and 50 kVA respectively are used to supply the three-phase balance load with power factor of cos 6 .The transformer primary side is served by phase A and B of a primary conductor. The power flow supplied by the transformer are solved as Eq.(6) and (7) respectivelyC81.

Start

4
Definefeeder to b e studied

tl
Denve load patternsfeeder load m e and retrieve eustomer billing data in CIS

i
Read i n bus data and braneh

data

6
Estimate the trandamer hourly loading

4
T=1

b
Execute three-phase load flow
analysis

T=T+l

From the above equations, it is found that phase A of the primary circuit supplies more reactive power, while phase B supplies more active power due to the phase shift introduced by the transformer connection.

*-i:~l
Season=Winter
N +

Calculate the daily system loss and energy mmumptianof the test feeder

I...)

Fig 9. The flowchart of feeder daily loss calculation


B

4.Case Studv of TaIapwer Ihstmbutxon Feeders


SOKVA

. . .

3-Qi Load

Fig 8 Circuit diagram of open Y- open A transformers 3-2. Three Phase Load Flow Analysis In a distribution system, there are many components such as primary circuit , distribution transformers ,etc. and the customer power consumption is varied from time to time. Therefore the three-phase load flow program is used in this paper for computer simulation to solve the system loss by considering all of the above components described. This program simulates the distribution system on phase basis and includes the effect of mutual coupling among phase conductors of primary circuits. Moreover, the typical load pattern of each type of customers and the energy consumption of customers are used to derive the transformer hourly loading as described before. The typical feeder load curve is used in the computer simulation so that the daily system loss curve can be solved based on the actual feeder loading condition. The data required for computer simulation are bus data, branch data, customer load data which is stored in the (CIS) database and feeder load data obtained by field test. During the iteration procedure of convergence test, the feeder daily load curve is used to modify the transformer loading so that the feeder loading solved by computer simulation will be the same as that obtained by the field test to ensure the accuracy of computer simulation. Fig.9 shows the proposed flowchart of feeder loss calculation.

In Taipower system, the distribution voltage levels are 11.4 kV and 22.8 kV for overhead and underground feeders respectively. In this paper, an overhead feeder L132 which serves the suburban area and a n underground feeder MJ66 which serves the urban area are selected for computer simulation to perform the distribution feeder loss analysis by the proposed method. Since feeder MJ66 serves the area with high load density, the length of primary and secondary conductors is short. On the other hand, feeder L132 serves the area with light load density and the length of primary and secondary conductors is much longer than that of feeder MJ66. Table 1 Taipower distribution feeders for computer simulation LI 32 MJ66 Feeder
load type

primary conductors

residential / commercial residential / industrial 3X477AL 14809m 3csooxLPE23oom 3C4JlXLpE 5 7 6 1 3 x W 13333m W 2 A L 8262m 2 C 4 3 61Om W 2 A L 5651m lCPlXLm 22Om

19

n u n i t s

1 4 13ounits 3 4 18units open-wye open-delta

-1

7units open-wye open-delta

39

confieuration

I underground

Ioverhead

Table 1 shows the customer load type, primary and secondary conductors, transformers , voltage levels and configuration of feeder MJ66 and LI32. It is noted that the open-wye open-delta banks are the dominant transformer configuration used for both feeders from the

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viewpoint of transformer quantity and capacity. By three phase load flow analysis, the primary and secondary conductor loss, transformer core and copper loss of these two feeders are calculated. The daily energy consumption on weekdaylweekend for various seasons are also obtained. Results of comDuter simulation Fig.10 shows the daily loss pattern of feeder MJ66 on weekday during summer season by computer simulation. The transformer core loss remains almost constant because the bus voltage is varied only slightly over a daily period. The primary and secondary conductor loss and transformer copper loss are changed with the load level. Because of high load density and short feeder length, the primary conductor loss is less than the secondary conductor loss. The lowest and highest loss occurs a t 7 AM and 9 PM respectively. For the other seasons, the transformer core loss is the dominant component of the system loss because of less feeder loading. By summing up the hourly total feeder loss over 24 hours, the daily energy loss of distribution feeders on weekdaylweekend during various seasons is obtained. ,

of feeder MJ66 and the length of primary and secondary conductors is much longer, the conductor loss is the key component of system loss. Table 3 shows the weekday daily energy loss of feeder LI32. The secondary conductor loss is the key component of system loss. Because less air conditioners are used in this feeder during summer, the daily energy loss of four seasons remains almost the same, and the percentage of system loss to the feeder loading is about 5.2%.
200.00

180.00
160.00

140.00

E II)

120.00
100.00

ro 0
cl

80.00
60.00 40.00 20.00

0.00
1 2

4 5

7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 1 8 17 18 19 20 21 82 23 24 TIME (HR.)

Fig 11 The daily loss pattern of feeder LI32(Weekday)

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

I I I I I 4 I I , , , , , , , -~--r-_l-.T..r__(__r__l__l__
I $ $ \ I $ I ,

--L--'--~--,--~--~--,..~--~-.,--~--,..~--,
I
I

feeder loss secondary 958 feeder loss transformer 822.4 core 1088 I transformer 1584.3

Table 3 Daily energy loss of feeder L132 season I spring I summer I autumn I winter lkWh I (Q) lkWh I (%) lkwh I (%) lkwh I (%) primary 1906.6 127.72 1811.3 127.37 1913.1 127.83 Is53 127.6
2928
25.14

83l.7
826.8

28.05

8585

29.21
25.06

8 7 2 1 2 8 2 1

2 7 . 6 9

I I I I I I I I 17.86 I494.7 116.69 1687.4 117. 9 1541.4 I1752

622.1

8242

26.67

1 2

9 10 I 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 I8 19

20 21 22 23 24

Lpercentage

TIME (HR.)

Fig 10. The daily loss pattern of feeder MJ66 (Weekday)

5. &@&d

Feeder Loss M

Table 2 shows the daily energy loss of feeder MJ66 on weekday. Because m y air conditioners are used by the commercial and residential customers during the summer season, the feeder loading becomes very large such that all types of loss are increased dramatically except the transformer core loss. The daily energy loss reaches the maximum of 3513 kWh.in summer. The ratio of daily energy loss to the daily feeder loading is the highest with 3.564% during winter season due t o low loading factor of distribution transformers. Table 2 Daily energy loss of feeder MJ66 season I spring I summer I autumn 1 winter
%)

For a distribution system with hundreds of feeders, it becomes very difficult and impractical to perform the system loss analysis by the detailed computer simulation as described previously because of voluminous data to be prepared. Therefore it is beneficial to derive the simplified feeder loss model so that the system loss can be evaluated according t o several independent factors. By the simplified loss model derived, the operation efficiency of whole distribution system can be estimated very efficiently. To derive the simplified feeder loss model, the sensitivity analysis of feeder loss with respect to the feeder loading, conductor size and length, total transformer capacity is performed for the selected feeders MJ66 and L132 respectively. Hundreds of computer simulation by detailed three phase load flow are executed by varying the above factors for each study case. The simplified feeder loss model is then solved by the regression analysis according to the results of load flow analysis. In this paper, different simplified loss models are derived for 11.4 kV overhead feeder and 22.8kV underground feeder respectively. Before the derivation of simplified feeder loss model, the relationship between feeder loss and the key factors which will affect the system loss are investigated.

Lpercentage

Fig.11 shows the daily loss pattern of feeder L132 on weekday during summer season. Since the load density and transformer loading factor are less than that

1550

(1) Effect of feeder loading The increase in feeder loading will introduce larger current flow to result in the increase of line loss and transformer copper loss. Fig.12 shows the relationship between system loss and feeder loading. It is proposed that system loss is varied with the square of feeder loading.

240

$----

7.50

9.50

11.50

13.50 15.50 17.50 19.50 TR. RATING ( W A )

21.50

23.50

Fig 14. The relationship between s y s t e m loss and transformer

LOAD ( M V )

Fig 12. The relationshipbetween system loss and feeder loading

After investigating the relationship of feeder loss with the above factors, several simplified feeder loss models are proposed for regression analysis. The model with the largest R-square and F index is selected to be the simplified loss model derived. Eqs. (8) and (9) are the simplified feeder loss models derived for overhead feeder and underground feeder respectively
Ploss= 32.6433 + 0.752*PLH + 2.0041* SLH - 0.0908*TR
2

(2) Effect of power factor The improvement of power factor of feeder loading results in the decrease of the reactive component of current flow, such that the conductor loss and transformer copper loss will be reduced too. However, the transformer core loss will be increased slightly due to less voltage drop. In general, the feeder loss is decreased with the squaie of power factor . (3) Effect of conductor length The longer the primary and secondary conductors, the larger the resistance and the line loss will be increased if same magnitude of feeder loading is served by the feeder. The transformer core loss will be slightly decreased due to larger voltage drop. Fig.13 shows the relationship between system loss and the length of primary conductors. It is proposed that system loss is linearly proportional to the primary conductor length.
(4) Effect of transformer capacity

P l o s s = - 204.9183 + 1.2348* PLH + 1.6449*SW +0.6071*TR


2

(9)

where

ROSS :total feeder loss (kW)


: primary conductor length (km) : secondary conductor length (km) : total transformer capacity (MVA) : feeder loading ( M w ) : power factor of feeder loading

PLH SLH TR LD PF

Transformer core loss in a distribution system is determined by both bus voltage and total transformer capacity[ll. The larger transformer capacity will introduce the increase of transformer core loss and the decrease of transformer copper loss due t o larger transformer winding. Fig. 14 shows the relationship between system loss and transformer capacity at a given load level. The feeder loss remains constant while the transformer core loss is increased and copper loss is decreased quadratically with the transformer capacity.

To verify the accuracy of system loss analysis by the simplified loss models derived, feeder L132 is used for computer simulation by detailed three-phase load flow program mentioned above. Table 4 shows the feeder loss obtained by both the exact model of detailed three-phase load flow program and simplified loss model over a 24 hours time period in summer. It is indicated that the maximum hourly error introduced by the simplified model is less than 5% and the average error is 2.35%. Therefore it is concluded that the simplified loss model provides a n efficient loss analysis tool with acceptable accuracy for feeder loss calculation.

0 ~ " ' ' ' I ' I ~, I I I , I ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ I I I , , I , , 7.00 9.00 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 23.00 P UNE LESGTH (a)

Fig 13 The relationship between system loss and primary conductorlength

This paper has developed a methodology to analyze distribution system loss by both exact of detailed threephase load flow program and simplified loss model. During the preparation of input data required , the , I connectivity between distribution transformers and customers served has been identified by field survey. To represent the load characteristics more precisely, the typical load pattern of each type of customers has been derived by the field test over one year period. The hourly

155 1

Tab1
feeder hour
U32

feeder lass(kW 1ass(kW error outlet exact simplified (%) loading model model

E 4 1

E 5 1
E 6 1

U1

E 8 1

E 9 1

Losses", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 2, pp. 603-609, 1978. I n sul a t e d Con du ct o r s Com m i t t e e, "Los s Evaluation for Underground Transmission and Distribution Cable Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1652-1659,1990. D.L. Flaten, "Distribution System Losses Calculated by Percent Loading", IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1263-1269,1988. N. Vempati, et al. "Simplified Feeder Modeling for Load flow Calculations", IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. PWRS-2, No. 1, pp. 168-174, 1987. C.S. Chen, J.S. Wu, M.T. Tsay, C.T. Liu, "Application of Load Patterns and Customer Information System for Distribution System Analysis", Proceeding of the First International Conference on Power Distribution, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, November 11-14, 1990. C.S. Chen, C.Y. Chang, S.Y. Jan, "Effect of OpenWye Open-Delta Transformers on the Operation of Distribution Systems", Electrical Power Systems Research, Vol 10, No.3,1986, pp. . .167-174. Richard H. McCuen, Statlstlcal Methods f o r hntice-Hall, 1985.

transformer loading is then estimated by the customer load patterns and energy consumption in the customer information system, Two Taipower distribution feeders are selected for the case study to verify the performance of the proposed methodology. The typical seasonal feeder load patterns are derived by the field test too so that the feeder loss analysis can be solved according to the actual feeder loading level. It is found that the transformer core loss is the key component of system loss during the light load period while the conductor loss and transformer copper loss contribute most system loss during the heavy load period. The sensitivity analysis of feeder loss with respect to the feeder loading and power factor, length of primary and secondary conductors, transformer installation capacity has been performed. The simplified feeder loss models are then derived by the regression technique. By comparing the computer simulation of feeder loss analysis, the mismatch of feeder loss solved by the exact three- phase load flow program and the simplified loss model is within 5%. It is concluded that the simplified loss models to provide an efficient tool to solve the feeder loss by only considering several key factors which can be obtained very easily for distribution engineers.

BIOGRAPHY
Chao-Shun C h a received the B.S. degree from National Taiwan University in 1976 and received the M.S. and Ph.D. degree i n electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1981 and 1984 respectively. Since 1984, he has been a t National Sun Yat-Sen University, where he is a professor of electrical engineering. From 1989 to 1990, he was on sabbatical and worked as a consultant a t Empros Systems International. His research interest is in the areas of power system analysis, distribution automation and load management. Dr. Chen is a member of IEEE. JonP-ChinP Hwanp. was born in Tainan, Taiwan on May 26,1960. He received the B.S. and M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Taiwan Inst. of Tech. and National Taiwan University in 1985 and 1987 respectively. He has been a lecturer in Kaohsiung Inst. of Tech. and is working for his Ph.D degree in National Sun Yat-Sen University. Minsz-Yeuan ChQ was born in Kaohsiung, Taiwan on September 25, 1962. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degree i n Electrical Engineering from National Sun YatSen University in 1989 and 1992 respectively. Since 1992, he has been at Kaohsiung Inst. of Tech., where he is an associate professor. His research interest is in the area of power system control and distribution automation. Yun-Wu Chen was born in Kiangsu, China on June 2, 1941. He received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan in 1963. Since 1964, he has been with Taiwan Power Company and works in the area of distribution system. Now, Mr. Chen is the deputy director of Business Department of Taiwan Power Company. His main interest is in the area of distribution system planning, operation, distribution automation and computerization.

The authors grateful acknowledges the help from the Business Department of Taiwan Power Company to provide the valuable data and excellent discussion. Financial support from TPC is also appreciated.

&EFERENcE

E11

E 2 1

131

D.I.H. Sun, et al. "Calculation of Energy Losses in a Distribution System", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 4, pp. 1347-1356,1980. Nelson E. Chang, "Determination of Primary Feeder Losses", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-87, No. 12, pp. 1991-1994, 1968. N.R. Schultz, "Distribution Primary Feeder

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