BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA MINISTRY OF PEOPLE'S POWER FOR THE DEFENSE EXPERIMENTAL NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY ARMED FORCE

UNEFA - MARACAY

Aeronautics

Professor:
Walquiria Cabeza

Exponents
Carrasco Wilker Hidalgo Miguel Sequera Franjhokzy Rivero Yaitzamar Camacho carlos

May, 2013

Aeronautics
Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words r, which means "air", and nautik which means "navigation", i.e. "navigation of the air") is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft and rocketry within the atmosphere. While the termliterally meaning "sailing the air"originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft. One of the significant parts in aeronautics is a branch of physical science called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while " aviation does not.

Early aeronautics
The first mention of aeronautics in history came in the writings of ancient Egyptians who described the flight of birds. Aeronautics also finds mention in ancient China where people flew kites thousands of years ago. The medieval Islamic scientists were not far behind, as they understood the actual mechanism of bird flight. Before scientific investigation of aeronautics started, people started thinking of ways to fly. In a Greek legend, Icarus and his father Daedalus built wings of feathers and wax and flew out of prison. (Icarus flew too close to the sun, the wax melted, and he fell into the sea and drowned.) When people started to study scientifically how to fly, people began to understand the basics of air and aerodynamics. Ibn Firnas may have tried to fly in the 8th century in Cordoba, Al-Andalus. Although hobbyists continue to show interest in the ornithopter, aeronautics research in the 19th century came to focus on the glider. Sir George Cayley (17731857) became "one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight. A pioneer of aeronautical engineering, he is credited as the first person to separate the forces of lift and drag which are in effect on any flight vehicle, Francesco Lana de Terzi (1631-1687), a Jesuit professor of physics and mathematics from Brescia, Lombardy, has been referred to as the Father of Aeronautics.[4] In his work Prodromo dell'Arte Maestra (1670) he proposes a lighter-than-air vessel based on logical deductions from previous work ranging from Archimedes and Euclid to his contemporaries Robert Boyle (1627-1691) and Otto von Guericke (1602-1686). Other early Europeans to study aeronautics included Roger Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo studied the flight of birds in developing engineering schematics for some of the earliest flying machines in the late fifteenth century. His

schematics, however, such as that for the ornithopter, ultimately failed as practical aircraft. The flapping machines that he designed were either too small to generate sufficient lift, or too heavy for a human being to operate.

Early aviation research

Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears,the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428347 BC), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810 887), Eilmer of Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenco de Gusmao (16851724). The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The practicality of balloons was limited because they could only be controlled vertically. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.[][8] Early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (Henri Giffard, 1852), rigid frames (David Schwarz, 1896), and improved speed and maneuverability (Alberto Santos-Dumont, 1901)

Early aviation
While there are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier than-air flight, the most widely-accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft. Previous flights were gliders (control but no power) or free flight (power but no control), but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Following this, the widespread adoption of ailerons versus wing warping made aircraft much easier to control, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, even attacks against ground positions and attacking other aircraft.

Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.

The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the aeroplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as aeroplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, Aeronautics 3 and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built space, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.