Homework 10, Answers Math 131 - Fall, 2004, Prof. Radunskaya 1. Rosenlicht, Chapter 4, number 32.

Show that the sequence of functions x, x+ x, x+ x+ x, . . .

on [0, ) is convergent and nd the limit function. Ans.: For a xed x [0, ), dene x1 = x, x2 = x + x 1 , . . . xn = x + xn1 . Since x1 0 x + x1 x x + x1 x = x1 we see that x2 x1 0. Furthermore, if xn xn1 xn+1 = x + xn x + xn1 = xn , and so, by induction, the sequence is monotonically increasing for each starting value, x. Claim: For an arbitrary positive x, the sequence, < xn > is bounded + x + 1/4. above by 1 2 Proof of Claim: Since x1 = x < x + 1/4 < 1/2 + x + 1/4, the statement is true for x1 . Suppose it is true for xk , where k = 1, 2, . . . n. Then xn+1 =
2

x + xn <

x + 1/2 +

x + 1/4 =

x + 1/4 + 1/2

x + 1/4 + 1/2

and so, by induction, the statement is true for all xn . Since the sequence < xn > is a monotone increasing sequence which is bounded above it has a limit. This limit must satisfy (by continuity of the square root function for positive x):
n

lim xn+1 =

x + lim xn = L
n

L2 = x + L L = 1/2 +

x + 1/4 x > 0.

since the sequence is increasing, hence bounded below by

Thus, the sequence of functions: fn (x) = xn (x) converges pointwise to the function 1/2 + x + 1/4. 2. Rosenlicht, Chapter 4, number 41. Let f, f1 , f2 , . . . be continuous real-valued functions on the compact

metric space E , with f = limn fn . Prove that if f1 (p) f2 (p) f3 (p) . . . for all p E , then the sequence fn converges uniformly to f . Ans.: For each n, dene dn = sup{|fn (x) f (x)|}
x E

Since both fn and f are continuous, so is their dierence, and, since E is compact, the function |fn (x) f (x)| attains its maximum somewhere in E , say at xn . We will now show that the fn converge to f uniformly. For any > 0, N N such that n > N dn < |fn (x) f (x)| dn < for all x E , and so the convergence is uniform. 3. Rosenlicht, Chapter 5, number 4. Prove that if f is a dierentiable real-valued function on an open interval in R the f is increasing (decreasing) if and only if f is nonnegative (nonpositive) at each point of the interval. Ans.: () Suppose f is dierentiable on (a, b) and f (x) 0 for every x (a, b). Let x, y (a, b), y > x. Then, by the mean value theorem, (page 105 in Rosenlicht), there is a c (x, y ) such that f (y ) f (x) = (y x) f (c) 0 f (y ) f (x) and so f is increasing. Similarly, if f (x) 0 for every x (a, b) we get that f is decreasing by reversing the inequalities. () Suppose f is increasing and dierentiable on (a, b). Then y x f (y ) f (x). Therefore:
y x

lim+

f (y ) f (x) 0 f (x) 0 yx

for all x (a, b). A similar argument shows that f decreasing f (x) 0 for all x. 4. Rosenlicht, Chapter 5, number 6. Prove that a dierentiable real-valued function on R with bounded derivative is uniformly continuous. Ans.: Let f : R R be dierentiable such that |f (x)| M for all x R. For any > 0 let = /M . Then, by the mean value theorem, if |y x| < we have, for some c between x and y : |f (y ) f (x)| = |f (c)| M |f (y ) f (x)| |y x|M < M < |y x|

Since didnt depend on x or y , we have shown that f is uniformly continuous. 5. Consider the function: f (x) = x2 sin(1/x) x = 0 0 x=0

(a) Show that f is dierentiable everywhere in (1, 1) and nd f (0). Ans: The derivative of f can be calculated using the various rules of dierentiation, as long as x = 0. When x = 0 it is necessary to use the denition of the derivative as a limit. So we have: f (x) = 2x sin(1/x) cos(1/x), f (0) = lim x=0

h2 sin(1/h) = lim h sin(1/h) = 0 h0 h0 h

(b) Let h(x) : (1, 1) R be a function such that h (0) exists. Let < an > and < bn > be sequences of real numbers, such that limn an = lim n bn = 0. Dene the dierence quotient: Dn = h(bn ) h(an ) b n an

Prove that lim Dn = h (0) under the following conditions

n

i. an < 0 < bn .

h(xn ) h(0) exists, > 0 there are xn integers N1 and N2 such that Since h (0) = limxn 0 n > N1 h(an ) h(0) h (0) < /2 and an h(bn ) h(0) h (0) < /2 bn (1)

n > N2

(2)

If N = max{N1 , N2 } then n > N |Dn h (0)| = h(bn ) h(0) + h(0) h(an ) h(bn ) h(an ) h (0) = h (0) b n an b n an

(h(bn ) h(0))bn h (0)bn (h(an ) h(0))(an ) h (0)an + bn (bn an ) b n an an (bn an ) b n an bn h(an ) h(0) an h(bn ) h(0) h (0) + h (0) bn b n an an b n an b n an = < ( /2 + /2) b n an = where we have used the fact that an > 0 and bn an > 0, and inequalities ?? and ??. Since was arbitrary, we have shown that limn Dn = h (0). bn ii. 0 < an < bn and M. b n an an We have an < bn M . As in the previous part, b n an replacing /2 by /(2M ) we have that, > 0, N such that n>N |Dn h (0)| h(an ) h(0) bn an h(bn ) h(0) h (0) + h (0) bn b n an an b n an <

M+ M= 2M 2M so that limnDn = h (0). iii. h (x) exists and is continuous for all x (1, 1). Since h is continuous, > 0, > 0 such that |x| < |h (x) h (0)| < . Furthermore, by the mean value theorem, for each n there exists a cn between an and bn such that Dn = h(bn ) h(an ) = h (cn ) b n an

We know that > 0, there is an N such that n > N |an | < and |bn | < which , in turn, implies that |cn | < . Therefore, n > N |cn | < |Dn h (0)| = |h (cn ) h (0)| < and limn Dn = h (0). (c) Let h(x) be the function f (x) dened above. Find an and bn that tend to 0 in such a way that Dn converges to a limit unequal to

f (0). We know that the sequences < an > and < bn > cannot satisfy either of the rst two conditions above. Note also that f is not continuous at 0. The following sequences work: an = Note that bn an = n N, Dn = 1 , 2n + bn = 1 2n + /2

/2 < /2b2 n . This gives, (2n + )(2n + /2) b2 1 b2 2 n n > = > 2 b n an /2bn 2

and so Dn does not converge to 0 = f (0).