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Cuestionario Vibraciones

1.1 Responder brevemente 2. Give two examples each of the bad and the good effects of vibration. For example, vibration is put to work in vibratory conveyors, hoppers, sieves, compactors, washing machines, electric toothbrushes, dentists drills, clocks, and electric massaging units. Vibration is also used in pile driving, vibratory testing of materials, vibratory finishing processes, and electronic circuits to filter out the unwanted frequencies Breathing is associated with the vibration of lungs, Human speech requires the oscillatory motion of larynges (and tongues). The wheels of some locomotives can rise more than a centimeter off the track at high speeds due to imbalance. In turbines, vibrations cause spectacular mechanical failures. In all these situations, the structure or machine component subjected to vibration can fail because of material fatigue resulting from the cyclic variation of the induced stress. Furthermore, the vibration causes more rapid wear of machine parts such as bearings and gears and also creates excessive noise. In machines, vibration can loosen fasteners such as nuts. In metal cutting processes, vibration can cause chatter, which leads to a poor surface finish. 3. What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system? Masa, resorte, amortiguador. 4. Definicion de vibracion: Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation. The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of a plucked string are typical examples of vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study of oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces associated with them. 5. Definicion de resonancia: Whenever the natural frequency of vibration of a machine or structure coincides with the frequency of the external excitation, there occurs a phenomenon known as resonance, which leads to excessive deflections and failure. 6. Define the number of degrees of freedom of a vibrating system. The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time defines the number of degrees of freedom of the system. 7. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous system? Is it possible to solve any vibration problem as a discrete one? Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete or lumped parameter systems, and those with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called continuous or distributed systems. Is not possible to resolve any vibration problem as a discrete one. 8. Clasificacion de las vibraciones: vibracion libre (despues de que un sistema empieza a vibrar ninguna fuerza externa actua sobre el sistema para que siga oscilando), vibracin forzada ( es necesaria una fuerza externa para que el sistema siga oscilando), sin amortiguamiento ( cuando la energa del sistema en vibracin no se pierde debido a la friccion o a otro agente que trate de detener la vibracin), con amortiguamiento (cuando la energa del sistema se pierde debido a la friccion o a otro agente del sistema, en muchas ocasiones (pero no todas) la perdida de energa es tan pequea que puede despreciarse y se considera al sistema como sin amortiguamiento), lineal (si todos los elementos basicos del sistema (masa, resorte,

amortiguador) se comportan linealmente), no lineal ( si alguno(s) de los componentes del sistema no se comporta de manera lineal), determinista ( si el valor o magnitud de la excitacin (fuerza o movimiento) que actua sobre el sistema vibratorio se conoce en todo momento), no determinista o aleatoria ( el valor de la magnitud de la excitacin no puede ser predecido, en tales casos se utiliza mtodos estadiscos para conocer el comportamiento del sistema) 9. In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded? No, se puede despreciar en muchas
ocasiones pero no en todas, especialmente cuando se analizan sistemas vibratorios cerca de la resonancia.

10. Can a nonlinear vibration problem be identified by looking at its governing differential equation? Si, ya que las ecuaciones diferenciales resultaran no lineales. 11. What is the difference between deterministic and random vibration? Give two practical examples of each: determinista ( si el valor o magnitud de la excitacin (fuerza o movimiento) que actua sobre el sistema vibratorio se conoce en todo momento), no determinista ( el valor de la magnitud de la excitacin no puede ser predecido, ene tales casos se utiliza mtodos estadiscos para conocer el comportamiento del sistema). Algunos ejemplos de no determinista son velocidad del aire, la aspereza del camino, el movimiento de la tierra en los terremotos. Ejemplos de determinista pndulo del reloj, salida del sol. 12. What methods are available for solving the governing equations of a vibration problem? Metodos estandares para resolver ecuaciones diferenciales, transformada de Laplace, metodo de matrices, mtodos numricos. 13. Resorte: A spring is a type of mechanical link, which in most applications is assumed to have negligible mass and damping. In fact, any elastic or deformable body or member, such as a cable, bar, beam, shaft or plate, can be considered as a spring. Respresentacion

Un resorte es lineal si the elongation or reduction in length x is related to the applied force F as . Donde k es spring constant or spring stiffness or spring rate. En muchas ocasiones la ecuacion anterior no es completamente cierta. Esa ecuacin solo aplica cuando x es muy pequea. Sin embargo para distancias mas grandes la ecuacin que determina el comportamiento del sistema es . Donde si b>0 el resorte es duro, si es igual a cero es un resorte lineal y si b<0 es un resorte suave. Algunos sistemas con resortes lineales puede comportarse como sistemas con comportamiento no lineal. Un resorte no lineal puede considerarse lineal para distancias pequeas, para distancias mas grandes se utiliza series de Taylor para linealizar el sistema. 14. How do you connect several springs to increase the overall stiffness? En paralelo. 15. Define spring stiffness and damping constant. 16. What are the common types of damping? Viscoso (cuando el amortiguamiento es producido por un tipo de fluido como gas, agua aceite, etc), de Coulomb o friccion seca ( es causado por

el roce de dos superficies que estn en contacto que no tienen lubricacin o suficiente lubricacin), solido o de histresis (el material que est sometido a la vibracin absorbe (amortigua) la vibracin lo cual causa deformacin al material) 17. State three different ways of expressing a periodic function in terms of its harmonics. Por funciones trigonometricas, en forma vectorial, en forma compleja, en forma polar. 18. Define these terms: cycle, amplitude, phase angle, linear frequency, period, and natural frequency. Ciclo (The movement of a vibrating body from its undisturbed or equilibrium position to its extreme position in one direction, then to the equilibrium position, then to its extreme position in the other direction, and back to equilibrium position is called a cycle of vibration), amplitude (desplazamiento maximo o minimo del cuerpo desde sup unto de equilibrio), periodo (tiempo requerido para completer un cilo), frecuencia (numero de cilos por unidad de tiempo), angulo de fase ( desplazamiento que existe entre dos tipos de movimiento armonicos sncronos, diferencia de angulos entre dos movimientos armnicos sincronos), frecuencia natural (frecuencia a la cual oscila un sistema sin necesidad de un agente externo para mantener su movimiento). 19. How are and f related to each other? A traves de 20. How can we obtain the frequency, phase, and amplitude of a harmonic motion from the corresponding rotating vector? 21. How do you add two harmonic motions having different frequencies? 22. What are beats? pulso ( es el resultado de la suma de dos frecuencias cercanas) . 23. Explain Gibbs phenomenon. La sumatoria de la serie de Fourier no se aproxima a la onda original cuando se acerca a puntos de discontinuidad o picos, el error obtenido de esta aproximacin es de 9%. 1.2 Indicar si cada uno de los siguientes enunciados es verdadero o falso. 1. If energy is lost in any way during vibration, the system can be considered to be damped. Verdadero 2. The superposition principle is valid for both linear and nonlinear systems. Falso, para sistemas no lienales el principio de superposicion no es valido. 3. The frequency with which an initially disturbed system vibrates on its own is known as natural frequency. Verdadero. 4. Any periodic function can be expanded into a Fourier series. Verdadero. 5. A harmonic motion is a periodic motion. Verdadero 6. The equivalent mass of several masses at different locations can be found using the equivalence of kinetic energy. Verdadero 7. The generalized coordinates are not necessarily Cartesian coordinates. False (page 16) 8. Discrete systems are same as lumped parameter systems. Verdadero 1.3 Llenar los espacios en blanco 1. Systems undergo dangerously large oscillations at _____.

2. Undamped vibration is characterized by no loss of energy. 3. A vibratory system consists of a spring, damper, and masa. 4. If a motion repeats after equal intervals of time, it is called a periodico motion. 5. When acceleration is proportional to the displacement and directed toward the mean position, the motion is called _____ harmonic. 6. The time taken to complete one cycle of motion is called the periodo of vibration. 7. The number of cycles per unit time is called the frecuencia of vibration. 8. Two harmonic motions having the same frequency are said to be sincronos. 9. The angular difference between the occurrence of similar points of two harmonic motions is called angulo de fase. 10. Continuous or distributed systems can be considered to have infinite number of degrees of freedom. 11. Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called discretos systems. 12. The number of degrees of freedom of a system denotes the minimum number of independent coordenadas necessary to describe the positions of all parts of the system at any instant of time. 13. If a system vibrates due to initial disturbance only, it is called libre vibration. 14. If a system vibrates due to an external excitation, it is called forzada vibration. 15. Resonance denotes the coincidence of the frequency of external excitation with a natural frequency of the system. 16. A function f(t) is called an odd function if ( ) ( ).

17. The half range expansions can be used to represent functions defined only in the interval 0 to 18. Harmonic analysis deals with the Fourier series representation of periodic functions. 19. The rotational speed of 1000 rpm (revolutions per minute) is equivalent to 104.72 radians/sec. 20. When the speed of a turbine is 6000 rpm, it takes 0.01 seconds for the turbine to complete one revolution.

1.4 Escoger la respuesta mas apropiada 1. The worlds first seismograph was invented in (a) Japan (b) (c) Egypt

2. The first experiments on simple pendulums were conducted by (a) (b) Pythagoras (c) Aristotle

3. The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published by (a) Galileo (b) Pythagoras (c) 4. Mode shapes of plates, by placing sand on vibrating plates, were first observed by (a) (b) D Alembert (c) Galileo

5. The thick beam theory was first presented by (a) Mindlin (b) Einstein (c) 6. The number of degrees of freedom of a simple pendulum is: (a) 0 (b) (c) 2 7. Vibration can be classified in (a) one way (b) two ways (c) 8. Gibbs phenomenon denotes an anomalous behavior in the Fourier series representation of a (a) harmonic function (b) (c) random function

9. The graphical representation of the amplitudes and phase angles of the various frequency components of a periodic function is known as a (a) (b) frequency diagram (c) harmonic diagram

10. When a system vibrates in a fluid medium, the damping is (a) (b) Coulomb (c) solid

11. When parts of a vibrating system slide on a dry surface, the damping is (a) viscous (b) (c) solid

12. When the stress-strain curve of the material of a vibrating system exhibits a hysteresis

loop, the damping is (a) viscous (b) Coulomb (c) 13. The equivalent spring constant of two parallel springs with stiffnesses k1 and k2 is k1 +k2 14. The equivalent spring constant of two series springs with stiffnesses k1 and k2 is

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