Power System Representation using One Line Diagrams

One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram

One Line Diagram Symbols

OLD Symbols

Impedance Diagram from One line diagram

Four Bus power system

One Line Diagram

Reactance Diagram

Admittance Diagram

Reactance Diagram

Admittance Diagram

 In power system engineering we are concerned with the analysis of the power system down to the major loads and this will mean that the analysis will stop at the distribution system voltages. Many distributions feeders attached to a single bus in a distribution substation are lumped into a single load.

Per unit system

Sbase: System MVA base is the same throughout the entire power system (say 100 MVA) The MVA base is a number used to convert loads, generated power and loss quantities to per unit power quantities.

Per Unit quantity

Per Unit Quanitities

Analysis of a power system in per unit: Steps

1) Convert all three phase bus load MW and MVAR, generator MW and MVAR, to three phase per unit quantities using the 3phase system base. 2) Convert all actual resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance values to per unit using the Zbase for each particular part of the power system where each r, x etc. is located.

 3) Carry out all calculations in per unit, solving for the per unit bus voltage magnitudes and bus phase angles, line currents, and transmission losses. 4) Convert from per unit back to actual MW, MVAR, MVA, and KV.

T1 G1 Section A Line 2 Line 1 Section D Line 3 T3

T2 G2 Section B

Section C

Seven Bus Case: One-line

System has three areas
1.05 PU 1 62 MW 44 MW -42 MW -31 MW 0.99 PU 3 106 MW -37 MW AGC ON 110 MW 40 MVR 31 MW 4 -32 MW 94 MW AGC ON -14 MW 32 MW 79 MW 80 MW 30 MVR 1.00 PU

Area top has five buses

38 MW -61 MW 1.04 PU 2 40 MW 20 MVR -40 MW 1.04 PU 6 40 MW 168 MW AGC ON 20 MW 20 MW

Case Hourly Cost 16933 $/MWH -77 MW 5 -39 MW

1.01 PU 130 MW 40 MVR

Top Area Cost

8029 $/MWH

-20 MW -20 MW

40 MW 1.04 PU 7 200 MW 0 MVR

Area left has one bus

200 MW 0 MVR Left Area Cost 4189 $/MWH 200 MW AGC ON

Right Area Cost

4715 $/MWH 201 MW AGC ON

Area right has one bus

Summary
One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram is a graphical representation of the power system OLD is the starting point for Power System Analysis Equivalent circuits are different from OLDs Power system analysis programs give different techniques to create OLDs