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CONTENTS
Introduction Check valve definition Industrial application Types of valve and its application Selection of check valve Feed check valve Application Design and analysis explanation Introduction about pro-E and analysis Finite element analysis Photography Conclusion Reference
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In fast moving world the time is very important criteria. But in the manual program time takes more and more for every work in the world In the production department drawing is very important for design the various parts. In the manual work, its takes more time and is also very difficult to draw various components compare to CAD. So, to avoid these difficulties, CAD implements for quick & accurate design. Computer aided design have various packages are Auto CAD, Pro-E, etc. Auto CAD is using for 2D drawing and Pro-E is the latest implement in CAD, Which is especially using for 3D modeling. Most of the industry Pro-E is using for creating a new Design and modification of existing Design. Before to start the production we can visualize entire parts and assembly view of the model by using Pro-E. We were design the entire part of FEED CHECK VALVE and assembled it. Ansys software is used for analyzing the 3d modeling objects. The ANSYS program has much finite element analysis, capabilities, ranging from a simple, linear, static analysis to a complex nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis.
CHECK VALVE
CHECK VALVE
Check valves are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in only one direction, preventing process flow from reversing. They are classified as one-way directional valves. Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve, while backflow forces the valve closed. The mechanics of check valve operation are not complicated. Check (non-return) valves are installed in pipelines to allow flow in one direction only; helping to protect equipment and processes. The operation, benefits, applications and selection of different designs, including lift, disc, swing and wafer check valves are explained in this tutorial.
The printable version of this page has now been replaced by The Steam and Condensate Loop Book
Check valves, or non-return valves, are installed in pipeline systems to allow flow in one direction only. They are operated entirely by reaction to the line fluid and therefore do not require any external actuation. In this text, the expected, or desired direction of flow is termed 'forward flow', flow in the opposite direction is 'reverse flow'.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Industrial processes
Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical and power plants, and in many other industrial processes. Check valves are also often used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream. A check valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mixing of the gases in the original source. For example, if a fuel and an oxidizer are to be mixed, then check valves will normally be used on both the fuel and oxidizer sources to ensure that the original gas cylinders remain pure and therefore nonflammable.
Domestic use
Some types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small check valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is
shut off. Also used with most home made snowmakers. Check valves used in domestic heating systems to prevent vertical convection, especially in combination with solar thermal installations, also are called gravity brake. Rainwater harvesting systems that are plumbed into the main water supply of a utility provider may be required to have one or more check values fitted to prevent contamination of the primary supply by rainwater.
The application of mathematics to the operation of check valves is of relatively recent origin. Pool, Porwit, and Carlton40 describe a calculation method for check valves with a hinged disc that involves setting up the equation of motion for the disc and applying to that the deceleration characteristic of the flowing fluid within the system. Before the equation of motion for the disc can be written, certain physical constants of the valve must be known. The calculation determines the reverse flow velocity at the instant of sudden shut-off.
Ball Check Valves Double Check Valves Global Style Silent Check Valves Hydraulic Check Valves Submersible Check Valves Ductile Iron Check Valves Swing Check Valves Wafer Check Valves Stainless Steel Check Valves Plastic Check Valves Auto Drain Check Valves
There are a number of reasons for using check valves, which include:
Protection of any item of equipment that can be affected by reverse flow, such as flow meters, strainers and control valves.
To check the pressure surges associated with hydraulic forces, for example, water hammer. These hydraulic forces can cause a wave of pressure to run up and down pipe work until the energy is dissipated.
Prevention of flooding. Prevention of reverse flow on system shutdown. Prevention of flow under gravity. Relief of vacuum conditions.
Although check valves can effectively shut off reverse flow, they should never be used in place of an isolation valve to contain live steam, in a section of pipe.
As with isolation valves, there are a number of different check valve designs, each suited to specific applications. The different types of check valve and their applications are discussed in this tutorial, along with the correct sizing method.
The double check valve assembly is suitable for prevention of back pressure and back siphon age, but is not suitable for high hazard applications. It is commonly used on lawn irrigation, fire sprinkler and combi boiler systems. If the hazard is higher, even a relatively low hazard such as using antifreeze in the fire sprinkler system, then a more reliable check valve such as a reduced pressure zone device may be mandated.
type of application the engine driven pump generally has a larger flow capacity over that of the electrical driven pump. The electrical driven pump is intended as a backup for the engine driven pump. In this case the check valve on the electrical driven pump could be set to open (crack) about 50 psi more than the engine driven pump. This will ensure the engine driven pump supplies the system leakage flow during periods of no hydraulic flow demands and will also help reduce electrical motor noise variability. When considering the use of a check valve, the following factors should be evaluated: Pressure Rating make sure the valve is rated appropriately for the system pressure Regulation Range go into and out of the checked flow position Pressure Drop Across the Valve this will affect design pressure available to downstream components and thus, the sizing of those components Temperature Rating valve should be rated for fluid temperatures and applicable environmental temperatures Valve Materials valve should be sufficient to pass proof and burst testing, not be susceptible to corrosion and other environmental considerations, operate properly under temperature extremes Seals/Clearances affects overall reliability of the valve. Some valves may not use seals and will maintain tight clearances between piston and housing to minimize
leakage through the valve. The design characteristics can be affected by environmental conditions and aging/wear over time. Leakage what is the leakage through the valve in the checked position under all environmental conditions? Failure Modes the dominant failure modes consist of the piston jamming in either the open or the closed position. Clogging is also a possibility.
The piston-type lift check valve is a modification of the standard lift check valve. It incorporates a piston shaped plug instead of the cone, and a dashpot is applied to this mechanism. The dashpot produces a damping effect during operation, thereby eliminating the damage caused by the frequent operation of the valve, for example, in pipeline systems, which are subject to surges in pressure, or frequent changes in flow direction (one example would be a boiler outlet).
of the pipeline, and because of this, the pressure drop across the valve.
Swing type check valves are used mainly on larger pipeline sizes, typically above DN125, because on smaller pipelines the pressure drop, caused by the disc
'floating' on the fluid stream, becomes significant. Furthermore, there are significant cost savings to be made by using these valves on larger sizes, due to the small amount of material required for the construction of the valve. There is however one problem with using larger size valves; due to their size, the discs are particularly heavy, and therefore possess a large amount of kinetic energy when they close. This energy is transferred to the seat and process fluid when the valve slams shut, which could cause damage to the seat of the valve and generate water hammer.
Click on a link below to view cast iron check valve applications and specifications and to enter a RFQ.
Boiler feed lines - The check valve is used to prevent boiler water being forced back along the feed line into the storage tank when the feed pump stops running. Furthermore, a disc check valve with a heavy-duty spring and a soft seat can be fitted in the boiler feed line to prevent flow under gravity into the boiler when the feed pump is shut off.
Steam traps - Other than with steam traps discharging to atmosphere, check valves should always be inserted after a steam trap to prevent back flow of condensate flooding the steam space. The check valve will also prevent the steam trap from becoming damaged by any hydraulic shock in the condensate line. It should be noted that when using blast discharge type steam traps, the check valve should be fitted at least 1 m downstream of the trap.
efficiency of steam boiler, higher temperature will increase the efficiency, so feed water heater is required in the feed water system. Amount of feed water is maintained to keep steam boiler on the range of NOWL (Normal Operation Water Level). Maintain water level is totally important to keep steam boiler safe from both short term overheating or long term overheating and also damage turbine generator. There are three types of feed water regulators commonly used in the power plant system. The type of feed water regulator is generally used based on function, size, and the principal working. The following below are the feed water regulator type
1.
between feed water control valve and boiler. If the water level in the boiler indicates low level, the tube will get expansion, so the feed water control valve will supply the feed water.
2.
Hydraulic Regulator
This type is feed water regulator which consist tube, fin, and jacket. This regulator use tube which be connected between water column in the steam drum and feed water control valve. When water level show low level which means that amount of steam steam is higher than water, the steam will enter the tube, at the certain temperature and pressure, the valve will open to supply feed water into steam boiler.
3.
Float Regulator
This type is feed water regulator which uses floating equipment like a ball and connects it to the boiler. The floating ball will move up and down parallel with water level in the boiler. A connecting system must be set up between this equipment and the feed water control to maintain the steam boiler water level in the range NOWL. 1. The boiler feed water regulator valve used in many power plants is required to transition from feed pump recirculation to operation of the unit. Not only is the valve used to initially fill the steam drum, it is also used to control flow during normal operation when the steam drum is under pressure. This valve, therefore, must address cavitations during initial operation and provide adequate range ability to address the entire feed water requirements. Turndowns of at least 75:1 are common.
APPLICATION
APPLICATION
Building Maintenance Compressor Discharge Condensate Lines Chemical Processing Boiler Feed & Discharge Compressor Discharge Food Beverage & Drug Autoclaves Boiler Feed & Discharge Mining Boiler Feed & Discharge Mine Dewatering Petroleum Production & Refining Boiler Feed & Discharge Compressor Discharge Petroleum Production & Refining Pump Discharge Steam Lines Power Generation Boiler Feed & Discharge Compressor Discharge Primary Metals Chemical Lines Compressor Discharge
solution is carried out using ansys solver. Finally the results are obtained by using general post processer.
Material and its properties: Material: Properties: Density: Specific heat: Youngs modulus: Poisson ratio: Thermal conductivity: 7850 kg/mm^3 419 J/kg k 2.07*10^11 Gpa 0.29 46.7 w/mc cast steel
INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM
INTRODUCTION TO CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computeraided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology is moving in the direction of greater integration of design and manufacturing, two activities which have traditionally been treated as district and separate functions in a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the future. Computer aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the specialized design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamic response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part programming.
Geometric modeling In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with the computer- compatible mathematical description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object Components in an assembly, or highlight dimensions, or a host of other purposes
Engineering analysis
CAD/CAM systems often include or can be interfaced to engineering analysis software which can be called to operate on the current design model. Examples of this type are 1. Analysis of mass properties 2. Finite element analysis The analysis may involve stress strain calculations, heat-transfer computations, or the use of differential equations to describe the dynamic behavior of the system being designed. A steady state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or non linear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis usually is non linear, including radiation effects also makes the analysis non linear.
ANSYS:
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a simple, linear, static analysis to a complex non linear, transient dynamic analysis. A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps: Building the model Applying loads and obtain the solution Review the results.
Building a finite element model requires a more of an ANSYS users time than any other part of the analysis. First you specify the job name and analysis title. Then, define the element types, real constants, and material properties, and the model geometry.
property set ids called material property table. Within, one analysis you may have multiple material properties set.
The main goal of finite element analysis is to examine how a structure or component response to certain loading condition. Specifying the proper loading conditions, therefore, a key stepping analysis. You can apply loads on the model in variety of ways in ANSYS program.
LOADS:
The word loads in ANSYS terminology includes boundary. Coupled field loads are simple case of one of the above loads, where results from analysis are used as loads in another analysis. For examples you may apply magnetic forces calculated in magnetic field analysis are force loads in structural analysis.
convections (and other surface loads) on lines and areas or nodes and element faces. No matter how you specify loads, the solver expects all loads to be in term of finite element model. Therefore if your specify loads on the solid model, the program automatically transfers them to the nodes and element at the beginning of the solution.
SOLUTION:
In the solution phase of the analysis, the computer takes over and solves the simultaneous equations that the finite element method generates. The result of the solution is a nodal degree of freedom values, which form the primary solution, and b) derived values, which form the element solution. The element solution is usually calculated at the elements integration points. The ANSYS program writes the results to the database as well as to the result file. Several methods of solving the simultaneous equations are available in the ANSYS program: frontal solution, sparse direct solution, Jacobi Conjugate gradient (JCG solution, incomplete cholesky conjugate (ICCG) solution, preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) solution, automatic iterative solver option (ITER). The frontal solver is the default, but you can select a different solver.
POST PROCESSING:
After building the model and obtaining the solution, you will want answers to some critical question: will the design really work when put to use? How high are the stresses in this region? How does the temperature of this part vary with
time? What is the heat loss across my model? How does the magnetic flow
through this device? How does the placement of this object affect fluid flow? The post processors in the ANSYS program can help you find answer these questions and others. Post processing means reviewing the results of an analysis. it is probably the most important step in the analysis, because you are trying to understand how the applied loads affect your design, how good you finite element mesh is, and so on.
DISPLAYING RESULTS GRAPHICALLY:
Graphics display is perhaps the most effective way to review results. You can display the following types of graphics in post1. Contour displays Deformed shape displays Vector displays Path plots Reaction force displays Particle flow traces.
engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts and tools.
1.
loading conditions. Both linear and non-linear static analyses. Non Linearitys can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep. 2. Modal analysis: used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure. Different mode extraction methods are available.
3.
4. Transient dynamic analysis: used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily time varying loads. All non-linearitys mentioned under static analysis above are allowed.
5. Spectrum analysis: an extension of the model analysis, used to calculate stress and strain due to response spectrum or a PSD input (random vibrations). 6. Buckling analysis: used to calculate the buckling load and determine the buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and non linear buckling analyses are possible. 7. Explicit dynamic analysis ANSYS provides an interface to the LS-Dyna explicit finite element programs is used to calculate fast solution for large deformation dynamics and complex contact problems.
You use steady state thermal analysis to determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow rates, and thermal loads that do not vary over time cause heat fluxes in an object that. Such loads include the following.
Convections Radiations Heat Flow rates Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area) Constant temperature boundaries.
1. Preprocessing:
The user constructs a model of the part to be analyzed in which the geometry is divided into a number of discrete sub regions, or \elements," connected at discrete points called nodes. Certain of these nodes will have displacements, and others will have prescribed loads. These models can be extremely time consuming to prepare, and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most userfriendly graphical \preprocessor" to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of these preprocessors can overlay a mesh on a preexisting CAD .so that finite element analysis can be done conveniently as part of the computerized drafting-and-design process.
2. Analysis:
The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is used as input to the finite element code itself, which constructs and solves a system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations
principal advantages is that many problem types can be addressed with the same code, merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the library.
3. Post processing:
In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore through reams of numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and stresses at discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots this way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing the results. A typical postprocessor display overlay colored contours representing stress levels on the model.
PHOTOGRAPHY
EXPLODED VIEW
ANALYSED VIEWS:
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The design of the project was successfully completed using pro/E. The problems, which emerged during the design of the machine where successfully over come using pro/E. The design of the project involved making use of most of the important features of pro/E is versatile and comprehensive software foe threedimensional solid modeling. Protrusion and cut are used as main feature to develop the components. The components are drawn very using PRO/E. We can change the size of the component easily by using parametric feature (i.e.) no need for redraw the components. Analysis has been completed by using the ansys software efficiently and quickly. From this we conclude that every work has been completed confidently with PRO/E and Ansys, and can draw and analyze any complicated machine drawing efficiently and quickly.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PTC Series Manual for Pro-E. 2. Machine Drawing by K.R.Gopalakrishna 3. CAD/CAM by Groover. 4. Www. PTC. COM 5. Www. Mech.nwu.edu/ Pro-E /toc.htm 6. www.Ansys.com