CSE20 - Discrete Mathematics

Dr. Cynthia Bailey Lee Dr. Mia Minnes

csemoodle.ucsd.edu ted.ucsd.edu and www.math.ucsd.edu/~minnes/cse20 and minnes@math.ucsd.edu

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Todays topics

Computer arithmetic
Adding two 1-digit binary numbers Adding two 4-digit binary numbers

Computer number systems

Hexadecimal Twos complement

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Designing adder hardware

Can represent each column in the long addition of binary number using a truth table: p 0 0 1 1 q 0 1 0 1 Will we have a carry? p+q

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Designing adder hardware

Can represent each column in the long addition of binary number using a truth table: p 0 0 1 1 q 0 1 0 1 Will we have a carry? 0 0 0 p+q 0 1 1

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Designing adder hardware

Can represent each column in the long addition of binary number using a truth table: p 0 0 1 1 q 0 1 0 1 Will we have a carry? 0 0 0 1 p+q 0 1 1 0

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Designing adder hardware

Can represent each column in the long addition of binary number using a truth table: Which hardware implements addition? Carry: p q Sum: p q

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? p+q

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 p+q 0 1 1 0

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 0 1 p+q 0 1 1 1 0

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

We can write down logic propositions for each of the output columns: cout = p+q =
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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

We can write down logic propositions for each of the output columns: cout = (p q cin ) (p (q cin )) p+q =
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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

We can write down logic propositions for each of the output columns: cout = (p q cin ) (p (q cin )) (q cin ) (p (q cin )) p+q =
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Designing adder hardware, contd

Later columns in the sum may need to incorporate the carry bits. Carry in is bit carried over from previous column Carry out is bit that will carry over to next column p 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Carry in? 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Carry out? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 p+q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

We can write down logic propositions for each of the output columns: cout = (p q cin ) (p (q cin )) (q cin ) (p (q cin )) p + q = (p q ) cin
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Adder gate reuse

Logic propositions have many equivalent forms. However, some lend themselves better to reuse. cout = (q cin ) (p (q cin )) p + q = (p q ) cin

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Adder gate reuse

Logic propositions have many equivalent forms. However, some lend themselves better to reuse. cout = (q cin ) (p (q cin )) (p q ) p + q = (p q ) cin (p q ) cin

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Adder gate reuse

Logic propositions have many equivalent forms. However, some lend themselves better to reuse. cout = (q cin ) (p (q cin )) (p q ) p + q = (p q ) cin 4-bit adder, with carry (p q ) cin

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Hexadecimal
Number systems pros and cons: Decimal
Pros familiar, relatively concise Cons Hard to translate to signals Cons Verbose

Binary
Pros compatible with logic, circuits

For example, the number 1000 uses 4 digits but would require 9 bits: 1000d = 1111101000b

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Hexadecimal
Number systems pros and cons: Decimal
Pros familiar, relatively concise Cons Hard to translate to signals Cons Verbose

Binary
Pros compatible with logic, circuits

For example, the number 1000 uses 4 digits but would require 9 bits: 1000d = 1111101000b Hexadecimal system is base 16. Notation: number in hex starts with 0x . Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B , C , D , E , F Since 16 = 24 , one hex digit replaces 4 binary digits.
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Number systems
Decimal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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Hex
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 13

Binary
0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 11000 11001 11010 11011
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Hexadecimal example

What is the binary representation of 0x 5ABF 1?

A. 10110101011111100010 *B. 01011010101111110001 C. 00010010101001010111 D. 10101110101011101001 E. None of the above

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What about negative numbers?

One option:
Use unsigned representation for the absolute value of the number. Have an additional ag bit with 1 meaning the number is negative and 0 meaning the number is positive. Problem: circuits for arithmetic get really messy!

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What about negative numbers?

One option:
Use unsigned representation for the absolute value of the number. Have an additional ag bit with 1 meaning the number is negative and 0 meaning the number is positive. Problem: circuits for arithmetic get really messy!

Another option: Twos complement

This is a signed number system. The most signicant bit is used to ag the sign of the number: 1 meaning the number is negative and 0 meaning the number is positive. But, the rest of the bits do not just follow the unsigned representation.

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Twos complement

For N Z in decimal notation: If N 0, use unsigned notation to compute twos complement. If N < 0,
Write |N | in unsigned binary Insert additional 0 in front (as most signicant bit) Flip all the bits Add 1.

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Twos complement example

What is twos complement notation for 100?

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Twos complement example

What is twos complement notation for 100? Write | 100| in unsigned binary 100 d = Insert additional 0 in front (as most signicant bit) Flip all the bits Add 1.

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Twos complement example

What is twos complement notation for 100? Write | 100| in unsigned binary 100 d = 1100100 b Insert additional 0 in front (as most signicant bit) Flip all the bits Add 1.

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Twos complement example

What is twos complement notation for 100? Write | 100| in unsigned binary 100 d = 1100100 b Insert additional 0 in front (as most signicant bit) 01100100 Flip all the bits Add 1.

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Twos complement example

What is twos complement notation for 100? Write | 100| in unsigned binary 100 d = 1100100 b Insert additional 0 in front (as most signicant bit) 01100100 Flip all the bits 10011011 Add 1. 10011011 +00000001 10011100
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Translating from twos complement to decimal

Given bn bn1 b1 b0 in twos complement, its absolute value is 2bn + 2bn1 + + 2b1 + 2b0

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Translating from twos complement to decimal

Given bn bn1 b1 b0 in twos complement, its absolute value is 2bn + 2bn1 + + 2b1 + 2b0 What is decimal value of 11010 in twos complement? A. B. *C. D. E. 10 8 6 26 None of the above
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Most signicant bit

Notice that for positive numbers, repeating the MSB does not change the value of the number being represented 01010 b = 00001010 b = 00000000000001010 b

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Most signicant bit

Notice that for positive numbers, repeating the MSB does not change the value of the number being represented 01010 b = 00001010 b = 00000000000001010 b Cool fact: The same is true about negative numbers: For example, 11010 b = 11111010 b = 111111111111111010 b

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Most signicant bit

Notice that for positive numbers, repeating the MSB does not change the value of the number being represented 01010 b = 00001010 b = 00000000000001010 b Cool fact: The same is true about negative numbers: For example, 11010 b = 11111010 b = 111111111111111010 b Lets conrm this for this example: 11010 b = 24 + 23 + 21 = 16 + 8 + 2 = 6 d 11111010 b = 27 +26 +25 +24 +23 +21 = 128+64+32+16+8+2 = 6 d

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Proof

Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step:

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Proof

Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step:

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Proof

Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step: (m = 1)
WTS n 1b1 , . . . , bn {0, 1} (1bn b0 = 1bn b0 ) Let n 1, b1 . . . , bn {0, 1} then 1 bn b0 = 1 bn b0

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Proof

Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step: Induction step: Let m 1.

Assume that for all r 1, c0 , . . . , cr {0, 1}, 1m cn c0 = 1cn c0 . WTS works for m + 1 Let n 1 and let b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}. Then Ind Assum 1m+1 bn b0 = 1m 1bn b0 = 11bn b0 .

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Proof
Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step: Induction step: Let m 1.

Assume that for all r 1, c0 , . . . , cr {0, 1}, 1m cn c0 = 1cn c0 . WTS works for m + 1 Let n 1 and let b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}. Then Ind Assum = 11bn b0 . 1m+1 bn b0 = 1m 1bn b0 By denition of twos complement, this has value: 2n+2 + 2n+1 + bn 2n + + b0 But, 2n+2 + 2n+1 = 2n+1 (2 + 1) = 2n+1 .

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Proof
Theorem For all m 1, n 1, b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}, 1m bn b0 b = 1bn b0 b . Proof. By induction on m. Base step: Induction step: Let m 1.

Assume that for all r 1, c0 , . . . , cr {0, 1}, 1m cn c0 = 1cn c0 . WTS works for m + 1 Let n 1 and let b0 , . . . , bn {0, 1}. Then Ind Assum = 11bn b0 . 1m+1 bn b0 = 1m 1bn b0 By denition of twos complement, this has value: 2n+2 + 2n+1 + bn 2n + + b0 But, 2n+2 + 2n+1 = 2n+1 (2 + 1) = 2n+1 . So, 1m+1 bn b0 = 2n+1 + bn 2n + + b0 . This is exactly the value of 1bn b0 (in twos complement)!

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Signed arithmetic

Goal: a + (b ) = a b .

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Signed arithmetic

Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001

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Signed arithmetic

Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100

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Signed arithmetic

Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100 Converting each line to decimal:

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Signed arithmetic
Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100 Converting each line to decimal: (128 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1) + (64 + 8 + 1)

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Signed arithmetic
Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100 Converting each line to decimal: 101 + 73

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Signed arithmetic
Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100 Converting each line to decimal: 101 + 73 28

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Signed arithmetic
Goal: a + (b ) = a b . Twos complement makes this work! For example, consider 10011011 + 01001001 11100100 Converting each line to decimal: 101 + 73 28 Does 11100100b = 28d ? *A. Yes B. No C. ????
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Shirt ...

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