Food, Clothing, and Shelter

In this essay food and shelter are considered in respect of a human food-gatherer in an environment which starts off warm, and becomes colder, and with food more scarce. It is not intended as an accurate study of heat loss and thermal comfort, but as an exploration of the broad relation of food and clothing and shelter.

Food
From the point of view of Idle Theory, food is an idleness-increasing 'useful tool'. But while a tool (such as an axe) saves labour by reducing labour time (the axe speeds chopping down trees and cutting up logs), food directly provides the energy to power human life for some period of time. A plate of food converts into a few hours of continued life. In physical terms, food provides the energy that powers human life. This energy is used up at the rate of about 100W by an inactive human. So that a meal with an energy content of 500kJ will power an inactive human for 5000 seconds, or approaching one and a half hours. Food energy is stored in the human body in the form of sugars or fats, and this store is slowly 'burned' at a low temperature to power heart and lungs and muscle activity, and the maintenance and repair of every cell in the body. Much of this energy ends up by being dispersed as heat, which serves to maintain the human body's internal temperature, before being lost to the external environment. As this energy store runs down the sensation of hunger signals the need to top up the store. The pain of the sensation of hunger (or of thirst) is one that becomes more and more insistent the longer it goes unanswered. Pain may be regarded as a form of involuntary work, an interruption drawing attention to the need of some part of the body for relief from some deficit or surfeit. and so someone who is hungry (or otherwise in physical pain) may be considered as less idle than someone who is not. Hunger is part of a necessary physiological regulatory mechanism for ensuring (as far as possible) a steady food intake, and thus a steady flow of energy into the human body.

Employment Generation
9.8 Necessary Condition: Employment Generation 9.8.1 What is employment generation? Why is it a necessary condition? Creating jobs is a keystone of any economic recovery program. Many activities can fall under the rubric of job creation, including immediate short-term opportunities that yield quick impact, or the development of

more enduring livelihoods in the civil service or private sector. It is important to distinguish between these different activities, recognizing that sustainability and long-term impact should be duly considered in implementing any employment generation program. Providing jobs is vital on many levels. Politically, employment opportunities give the population a stake in the peace process by providing young men and women with alternatives to violence. Economically, employment provides income to poor families, revives domestic demand for goods and services, and stimulates overall growth. Socially, employment can also promote social healing, encourage the return of displaced persons, and improve social welfare in the long run. 9.8.2 Guidance for Employment Generation

9.8.3 Approach: Quick Impact

Developing enduring livelihoods is vital for long-term peace and economic growth, but getting concrete results can take many years. In the emergency phases of economic recovery, the most immediate imperative is getting people back to work and getting money flowing, even if it the work is only temporary. The point of emergency phase economic recovery is to get labor and capital back to work quickly to show visible benefits of peace.600

9.8.4 Generate positive results by focusing on public works projects. 601 Public works projects are
effective ways to generate a lot of employment quickly while demonstrating progress that benefits communities. Job opportunities can include small-scale food- or cash-for-work projects, such as cleaning up public places, repairing roads and facilities, or installing generators. Be sure to consult with the host nation population on these efforts and to communicate to the population that this is a partnership effort between international actors and the host nation population.

9.8.5 Keep sustainability in mind, but avoid placing undue emphasis on it in the very early stages of recovery.602 Jobs that favor quick impact cannot substitute for long-term livelihood creation and
should be viewed as much as possible through a lens of longterm sustainability.603 Any short-term job creation program should be established in parallel with sustainable employment programs. However, focusing too heavily on the sustainability of economic activities while ignoring short-term imperatives is a mistake. When implemented well, quick impact projects can be effective in employing large numbers of people in the immediate aftermath of violent conflict.

Promotion of Art and Culture

Ministry of Culture receives requests from different States and operates a number of Schemes for promotion and development of art and culture in the country. It provides grants or financial assistance to Institutions, individuals, NGOs, Voluntary Cultural Organisations and Governmentaided Cultural Organizations, fulfilling the criteria prescribed under the respective Schemes. The operation of schemes is however not undertaken on State-wise basis, nor are any funds released to the State Governments. The names of ongoing schemes are:

1. Scheme of Building Grants, including Studio Theatres. 2. Financial Assistance for Development of Buddhist/Tibetan Culture and Art. 3. Financial Assistance for celebration of Centenaries/Anniversaries of important Personalities. 4. Scheme for Financial Assistance for setting up of Multipurpose Complex including those for Children. 5. Financial Assistance for Promotion and Strengthening of Regional and Local Museums. 6. Grant-in-aid to Voluntary Organizations/ Societies for Development and Maintenance of National Memorials. 7. Financial Assistance to persons distinguished in letters, arts and other walks of life who may be in indigent circumstances and their dependants. 8. Scheme of Financial Assistance to Professional Groups and Individuals engaged for specified Performing Arts Projects". The scheme has two parts:
Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. Withjob production and batch production it is one of the three main production [1] methods. The concepts of mass production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and particulates handled in bulk (such asfood, fuel, chemicals, and mined minerals) to discrete solid parts (such as fasteners) to assemblies of such parts (such ashousehold appliances and automobiles). Mass production is a diverse field, but it can generally be contrasted with craft production or distributed manufacturing. It has occurred for centuries; there are examples of production methods that can best be defined as mass production that predate theIndustrial Revolution. However, it has been widespread in human experience, and central to economics, only since the late 19th century.

ntroduction
Living in a world without machines is almost impossible to imagine. Without even the simplest machines, many tasks that we do every day would be almost impossible. Machines make it easier for humans to perform everything from the simplest to the most complicated of tasks. This chapter will look at some ways machines have made our lives easier.

In the home
Think about your home. There are probably all sorts of machines in every room. Which room has the most machines? Your kitchen is likely to have many simple and complex machines. See animation The large machines are usually the most noticeable - the refrigerator, the oven, the microwave and perhaps the dishwasher. All these machines are complex machines made up of simple machines. They make keeping food fresh, preparing food, cooking and cleaning much easier.

The improvement of transportation was vital because it simplified and expedited the movement of raw materials and finished goods. Communication also changed to keep up with this rapid movement. Samuel F B Morse invented the telegraph, allowing messages to travel almost instantly.

Negative effect

These were the main concerns about industrialization (the rapid growth of industry) in the late 1800s and early 1900s:

Work hours were long - 12 hour work days were common, often with work also on Saturdays. There were breaks for meals, but such long work days were exhausting. Pay was low - $1.00 or $1.50 a day was common for men (less for women and much less for children). That was enough to support a single
man or woman at that time, but not a family.

Unsafe working conditions existed in many factories and mines, and there were few laws or safety regulations at that time to protect workers. Child labor was common in many industries. Factory owners hired children because they

would work for lower wages than adults.

The idea that no one is perfect is a view most commonly held by people with no grandchildren. ~Doug Larson Grandparents are a family's greatest treasure, the founders of a loving legacy, The greatest storytellers, the keepers of traditions that linger on in cherished memory. Grandparents are the family's strong foundation. Their very special love sets them apart. Through happiness and sorrow, through their special love and caring, grandparents keep a family close at heart. ~author unknown Surely, two of the most satisfying experiences in life must be those of being a grandchild or a grandparent. ~Donald A. Norberg Grandparents are the footsteps to the future generations. ~author unknown Our grandchildren accept us for ourselves, without rebuke or effort to change us, as no one in our entire lives has ever done, not our parents, siblings, spouses, friends - and hardly ever our own grown children. ~Ruth Goode Grandparents are a delightful blend of laughter, caring deeds, wonderful stories and Love. ~author unknown "On the seventh day God rested. His grandchildren must have been out of town." ~ Gene Perret