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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
EQ1
Sequence
Plate movement
Type of faults
Wave motion
Energy release
Urban earthquake risk
8/10
Large Earthquakes
EQ4
Indian Plate
EQ6
EQ7
Southern Asia
EQ8
EQ9
Plate Movement
Indian Plate
Himalayas
Tibetan Plateau
EQ11
Indian Plate
Tibet
EQ12
Indian Plate
Tibet
EQ13
Indian Plate
Tibet
EQ14
EQ15
great earthquake
Tibet
4-10 m
Faults
Through the study of faults and their effects, much can be learned about the size and recurrence intervals of earthquakes. Faults also teach us about crustal movements that have produced mountains and changed continents. Stresses often continue to build until they exceed the strength of the bond in that section of crust. The rock then breaks, and an earthquake occurs, sometimes releasing massive amounts of energy. Faults vary in length from a few centimeters to hundreds of kilometers across. Displacements of one side of the fault over the other vary from fractions of a meter to many kilometers. In many cases the displacement is not confined to a single fracture but is distributed throughout a fault zone. Many faults do not rupture the surface, but when the surface is broken, the fault line is visible as a fault trace or outcrop.
EQ17
Contd
Faults
Vertical or horizontal movement may occur along a fault plane. Sometimes both vertical and horizontal movement occur simultaneously. Faults are named according to the type of movement that has occurred. The term slip is used to indicate relative displacement across the fault. When the movement along the fault plane is generally horizontal, it is a strike-slip fault. These are also called lateral faults. Offset streams are found along active strike-slip faults. A transform fault is a zone of lateral movement along which the ridges and rises have been offset and along which the displacement suddenly stops or changes form and direction. When the movement along the fault plane is predominately vertical, it is a dip-slip fault. There are subclassifications within this category.
EQ18
Contd
Faults
A normal fault occurs when the earth above the fracture moves down in respect to the earth below the fracture. A reverse fault occurs when the rocks above the fracture move up with respect to those below. A reverse fault with an angle of less than 45 degrees is called a thrust fault. Thrust faults are generally characterized by older rocks resting on younger rocks, although in some cases younger rocks may be thrust over older rocks.
EQ19
EQ21
EQ22
EQ23
EQ24
EQ25
EQ26
Normal Faulting
EQ27
Normal Fault
EQ28
Thrust Faulting
EQ29
Thrust Fault
EQ30
Wave Motion
EQ33
Wave Path
EQ35
Energy Release
EQ37
Energy Release
EQ38
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
EQ40
EQ41
EQ42
EQ43
EQ44
Joes
Great Food!
Joes
Great Food!
Serviceability
0%
EQ46
Serviceability Level
Joes
Great Food!
Negligible structural and nonstructural damage Utilities are available Facility is available for immediate re-use Repair costs are minimal to nil
EQ47
Negligible structural damage Minor nonstructural damage Building is safe to occupy but
Joes
Great Food!
EQ48
Immediate Occupancy
EQ49
Life-Safety
EQ50
EQ51
Collapse Prevention
EQ52
Collapsed
EQ53
EQ56
Loading Severity
Great Food!
Structural Displacement D
EQ57
Evaluation Approach
Annual Probability of Exceedance
10-2
Lateral Force - V
Beer! Food!
Immediate Occupancy
10-3
10-4
DLS
DCP
Lateral Displacement - D
EQ58