~~ Organizational design: the process of constructing and adjusting an organizations structure to achieve its goals, we first have to think

about goals and objectives that we would like to achieve Organization structure: the linking of departments and jobs within an organization

Differentiation and integration: the organizational design has two main processes, differentiation and integration:

In order to achieve any goal, you have to perform some specific activities, these activities should be assigned to tasks, and these tasks should be assigned to jobs, any sort of failure in achieving the goals would lead to failure of the assigned activities and tasks and this would lead to lower the organizational performance

~~ Differentiation: Is the process of deciding how to divide the work in organization by linking together goals, activities, tasks, and jobs Four dimensions: 1) Goal orientation (what are the abilities of the one who is doing a task, agronomist for farming, driver for driving, etc.) 2) Time orientation (these sequence of activities should be time framed, some crops are annual, some are biennial, etc.) 3) Interpersonal orientation (what are your personal traits? how you deal with others? etc.) 4) Formality of structure (the rules are announced to everybody)

~~ Horizontal differentiation: The degree of differentiation between organizational subunits based on employees specialized knowledge, education, or training ~~ Vertical differentiation: The difference in authority and responsibility in the organizational hierarchy, greater in tall, narrow organizations than in flat, wide organizations The departments in the downward are reporting to the departments upward, and the departments in the upward are controlling the departments in the downward, so when you have to report your activities to the departments that are in higher levels hierarchy

In case we have horizontal departments for example a farm, at that level we have horizontal differentiation and vertical differentiation

Therere two kinds of organization: (depends on what kind of differentiation they emphasis on)

1) Flat organization: (horizontal differentiation) ADV: 1) high flexibility for the lower levels 2) the need to get approval is very short in time and decision making at higher level would be very near to the lower levels and decision making in this case will be more real to the work

DISADV: 1) More decentralization 2) Such kind of organization is not acceptable in the case of army, in the army you have to apply full centralization organization

2) Tall and narrow organization: (vertical differentiation) ADV: 1) more centralization 2) more control over the lower levels of organization DISADV: 1) less flexibility for the lower levels 2) the lower levels get the approval of actions from higher levels and this would take more time, decision making is done at the higher levels and implementation is done at the lower levels and there would be a loss of the context due to the gap of between higher and lower levels and this might make the decision not be suitable for the reality of the work

~~ Spatial differentiation: Geographic dispersion of an organizations offices, plants and personnel, complicates organizational design, may simplify goal achievement or protection

If we have an organization having different branches in this case we have spatial differentiation

~~ Integration: The process of coordinating the different parts of an organization Designed to achieve unity among individuals and groups, supports a state of dynamic equilibrium elements of organization are integrated, balanced

If each different unit in the organization works separately, well not be able to achieve our goal, suppose we are in a farm and the inputs department and were going to cultivate some crop, we have to purchase all the inputs, seeds should be available two weeks before the planting, if you dont ask the financial departments to afford the funds needed to purchase the seeds, we will not have seeds in time and this would affect the yield, so we have to coordinate between the different departments

~~ Vertical integration: 1) Hierarchy referral (whom should I report to? I should report to someone who is aware of my department) 2) Rules and procedures 3) Plans and schedule 4) Positions add to the organization structure 5) Management information system ~~ Horizontal integration: 1) 2) 3) 4) Liaison roles Task forces Integrator positions Teams

~~ Basic design dimension: 1) Centralization: the degree to which decisions are made at the top of the organization

2) Formalization: the degree to which the organization has official rules, regulations and procedures

3) Hierarchy of Authority: the degree of vertical differentiation across levels of management

4) Complexity: the degree to which many different types of activities occur in the organization

5) Standardization: the degree to which work activities are accomplished in a routine fashion

6) Specialization: the degree to which jobs are narrowly defined and depend on unique expertise