Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a b
One world
Inversion Reporting questions, intentions & advice
Reading
1 Work in pairs. Read the following opinions and
discuss whether or not you agree with them.
1 Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere do not cause climate change. 2 Reducing carbon emissions may have a negative effect on developing countries. 3 Global warming is not caused by the greenhouse effect. 4 Nature is responsible for a lot more carbon emissions than human activity. 5 High levels of industrial activity do not cause atmospheric temperatures to rise.
http://www.globaldebate.com
No one disagrees that the Earths climate is changing, and always has been, nor that it is getting warmer at the moment. But while some believe that human activity is responsible for global warming, others take the view that it is a natural phenomenon. The main claim of environmental sceptics is that carbon dioxide released as a result of human activity is not responsible for global warming, and that higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are not the cause of climate change. Others worry that focusing on the need to reduce carbon emissions may prevent development in Third World countries, which in turn will hinder efforts to overcome poverty and disease. One Kenyan development expert says, I dont see how a solar panel is going to power a steel industry or a railway network. We are being told dont touch your oil, dont touch your coal. That is suicide. The generally accepted model of the greenhouse effect suggests that the suns rays generate heat, which is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere making the Earth warm enough for life to flourish. According to this theory, if human activity leads to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases, then the atmosphere will heat up more quickly than the planets surface, causing global warming. However, scientific data collected from satellites does not support this theory.
The sceptics argue further that carbon dioxide is produced naturally in quantities which are far higher than those resulting from human activity via volcanic eruptions, decaying vegetation and bacteria. Some even go so far as to accuse humanity of arrogance in believing itself to be more destructively powerful than nature. They point out that climate data shows that in the last 10,000 years, the warmest periods occurred long before humans began to produce carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. And when industrial carbon dioxide emissions increased sharply in the postwar industrial boom, atmospheric temperatures actually fell. Global warming clearly requires some kind of explanation, though, and if human activity is not held responsible then one possibility is that it is the result of solar activity. At different points in the Earths history, solar activity has led to reductions in cloud formation. Since clouds protect the Earth from the suns rays, the result has been higher atmospheric temperatures. Whether this in itself fully explains global warming is debateable, but it does suggest that humanitys guilt has yet to be proved beyond all reasonable doubt.
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One world
Listen to a radio review of An Inconvenient Truth . Is the review generally positive or negative?
7.1
2
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7.2
Listen to four conversations in which people express doubt. What is the topic of each conversation?
the weather an accident a relationship
a business deal
3 Listen again. Which phrase from part 1 is used in each conversation? What doubts do the people express? 4 Write four sentences expressing your doubts about the following topics.
1 2 3 4 life on other planets world peace the existence of the Loch Ness Monster the weather next weekend
5 Work in pairs. Read your sentences to each other. Do you share the same doubts?
Ways to save the Earth: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM
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Majorca
Voluntourism
Vocabulary & Speaking Holidays
1 Look at the photos of people on holiday and match
them to the types of holiday in the box.
camping holiday cruise inter-rail holiday sightseeing holiday package tour skiing holiday family holiday
t300!
e
from
sightseeing holiday b
2 Discuss the questions in pairs.
1 Which of these types of holiday have you been on? 2 Which ones would you like to try? Why? 3 Which would you prefer to avoid? Why?
Reading
1 Work in pairs. You are going to read some advice for
people considering a type of holiday called voluntourism. Before reading, discuss these questions.
1 What sort of places do people go to on a voluntourism holiday? 2 What kinds of activities does voluntourism involve? 3 What preparation would you need to do before going on this type of holiday?
2 Read the webpage and check your answers. 3 Without looking back at the text, write down...
1 three things to do before choosing a voluntourism holiday. 2 three questions to ask once youve chosen a project.
www.volunteerholidays.com
Forget package tours or luxury cruises. No more sightseeing trips to the local castle or hours spent wandering round souvenir shops. These are holidays of the past. Or at least they might be, if the latest trend to hit the travel industry takes off. Combining a holiday abroad with volunteering on local projects is one way for travellers and holiday-makers alike to immerse themselves in local cultures and really make a difference. Many returning travellers say its a life-changing experience. But is volunteer travel or voluntourism for you? Here are our tips to help you decide. 1 Look for something you feel passionate about. There are numerous ways to help the environment, from helping to protect endangered animals to providing much-needed assistance to victims of natural disasters. 2 Be honest with yourself about the kind of person you are. Living and working in unfamiliar cultures, with people whose views may differ greatly from yours, can be alienating and stressful, even for the most open-minded of people. 3 Remember that this is your holiday and there will be times when you want to be a tourist, not a volunteer. Its a good idea to choose a company which includes both volunteering and sightseeing.
4 When youve identified some interesting projects, it is advisable to find out exactly what your volunteering duties might involve in each case. You may not be suited to construction work, for example, or you may lack the confidence to teach a class of schoolchildren. Make sure you take your skills and physical fitness into account. 5 Contact the organiser of the trip you choose and ask for more information about the region and the project. It may be in a large city with modern comforts available, or it may be in an isolated village with no plumbing facilities. 6 It is strongly recommended that you check what the cost of the trip covers. It may just pay for you to participate in the project, but not for your accommodation or food. You may also have to pay extra for the assistance of local staff in the country you are going to. 7 The company should provide you with information about what vaccinations you need, but if not, make sure you ask directly. The best companies will also provide an information pack about the project and the country you are going to. Find out what guidance is available during and after the trip, too.
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One world
3 Work in pairs.
Student A: Turn to page 119. Student B: Turn to page 125.
4
f g
7.4 Listen to four people giving their opinions about these holidays and complete the table.
Reasons
Country: Type of project: community work Main responsibilities: Free-time activities: Benefits to the volunteer:
Rhetorical expressions
7.5 Listen to these sentences from Transcript 7.4 and complete the gaps.
1 So thats the one Id go for, although I think Ill be going to the Costa del Sol again, as usual. 2 , though, helping the children of poor families in Africa is such a worthwhile thing to do. 3 But it all sounds a little too much like hard work to me. 4 Ive always had a thing about elephants, .
Country: Type of project: Main responsibilities: Free-time activities: Benefits to the volunteer: helping to conserve
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C i t y C o u n c i l S u r vey
Recycling
1
H o w o f t e n d o y o u re c y c l e t h i n g s ?
K Always. K Whenever something can be recycled. K As often as possible, but it depends how busy I am. K Occasionally, when I feel particularly guilty about the environment. K Never.
W h y d o p e o p l e re c y c l e t h i n g s ?
K Government advertising and publicity campaigns. K Availability of resources for recycling (e.g. containers for separating rubbish). K Friends and neighbours. K The media. K Their conscience.
Listen to four people explaining their views on recycling. Which of the factors in question 2 of the recycling survey above are mentioned by Owen (O), Leonard (L), Maggie (M) and Robert (R)?
7.7
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How ecological are you?: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM
One world
lthough waste disposal is a huge problem for many countries, there is hope on the horizon. New rules mean that countries have to reduce landfills because of the threat they pose to public health, and, while incineration seems attractive, there are political and financial problems with this option. Indeed, only if countries actually reduce the amount of waste they generate in the first place will the problem of waste disposal become manageable. Many are in fact already turning to a system called zero waste, which it is hoped will bring about the end of landfills and dramatically reduce the need for incinerators.
No sooner than Not only ... but (also)... Only if... Never / Rarely... Not even...
Find two more examples of these phrases in the article. Which auxiliary verb is used to make the inversion in each case? See Reference Guide, p.1 4. See Workbook, p. 45, exs.12.
The idea is that everything should be made from materials that can be repaired, reused or recycled, with governments, councils and industry working together to find ways either to turn waste into a profitable resource or to design it out of the system completely. Many cities around the world have introduced a three-level waste collection system, separating organic waste, dry recyclables such as bottles and plastics, and dangerous materials such as batteries. No sooner do they introduce these systems than they suddenly find that they are recycling more than 50 per cent of their waste. Not only does zero waste help the environment, but it can also make money. Small businesses that recycle waste can create jobs in areas of high unemployment. Twenty per cent of waste is difficult or expensive to recycle, but zero waste proposes a system that simply removes such materials from the system.
3 Read the article again and make a list of the
advantages or disadvantages of these ways of dealing with waste.
Practice
1 Complete these sentences with no sooner (than), not
only (but also), never or not even .
you find yourself in a world of peace and relaxation. 2 with a significant pay rise will our workers consider returning to work. The company must improve our working conditions. 3 in my life have I experienced such rudeness and appalling service in a restaurant. 4 has inflation increased under the present government, unemployment is rising. 1
No sooner had we sat down than the waiter moved us to a different table. Not only did the waiter put his thumb in my soup, but he also
Inversion after not only: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM
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Listening
1
7.8
Listen to experts talking about four of the alternative energy sources above. Complete the first column of the table.
Advantages Enough produced annually to meet Costs much Considerable impact on Can be Important for Great benefits for They are less Equipment needed is Disadvantages
Form of energy 1
Biomass
Large turbines are ugly and spoil the natural beauty of the countryside
2 Listen again and complete the notes in the second column. 3 Listen one more time and make notes in the third column. 4 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1 Which speaker do you think sounds least positive about his / her form of energy? 2 Which of these forms of energy do you think will be used most in the future?
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Being green: Try the interactive activity for this topic on your CD-ROM
One world
Complete each rule (14) with one of the structures (ad) below.
1 To report a yes / no question we can use wonder + . 2 To report advice we can use advise + . 3 To report a promise we can use promise + 4 To report a suggestion we can use suggest + . a) someone + to-infinitive b) to-infinitive c) if-clause (if can be replaced by whether) d) that-clause
See Reference Guide, p.1 5. See Workbook, pp. 4546, exs. 34.
I am writing to enquire whether your readers share my concern about the governments plans to construct ten new wind farms around the UK in the next five years. I understand that wind farms are a good source of alternative energy. However, they are noisy and ugly, and they damage the habitat of a great deal of wildlife. If these farms are built, fewer tourists will visit the coast and the economy will suffer as a result. The future of the planet is obviously important, but we must not ignore the possible negative effects of environment policies. I would be interested to read how other people feel about this matter. Yours faithfully,
Practice
1 Report these examples of direct speech using the
reporting verbs provided.
1 Listen Sophie, the best thing to do is to end your relationship with Dan. Jill advised Sophie to end her relationship with Dan. 2 Excuse me, can you tell me if theres another train before 11 oclock? Joanna enquired 3 You should definitely do that teaching course, Mick. Youd really enjoy it. Gareth encouraged 4 Thanks for lending me that cash, Terry. Ill pay you back tomorrow. Janet promised 5 We need some milk, but I dont know if the supermarket will still be open. Ravi wondered
Richard Tallis
2 You are going to write a letter to a local newspaper
expressing concern about an environmental issue. Think about the following:
your reason(s) for writing the letter the arguments you can use to support your opinion how you can encourage the editor to publish your letter.
3 Write your letter. When you have finished, put all the
letters together to make a newspaper letters page. Read the other letters and choose one that you would like to reply to.
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