Two Port Network

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Pan 1 1
TWO-PORT
CI RCUI TS
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5.1 Definition of Two 5.1 Definition of Two- -Port Circuits Port Circuits
5.2 Classification of Two 5.2 Classification of Two- -Port Parameters Port Parameters
5.3 Finding Two 5.3 Finding Two- -Port Parameters Port Parameters
5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two 5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two- -Port Circuit Port Circuit
5.5 Interconnected Two 5.5 Interconnected Two- -Port Circuits Port Circuits
2 2
Consider a linear two Consider a linear two- -terminal circuit N consisting terminal circuit N consisting
of no independent sources as follows : of no independent sources as follows :
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For a, b two terminals, For a, b two terminals,
if if I I
in in
= = I I
out out
, then it , then it
constitutes a port. constitutes a port.
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Now consider the following linear four Now consider the following linear four- -terminal terminal
circuit containing no independent sources. circuit containing no independent sources.
with with I I
1 1
= =I I
1 1
' '
I I
2 2
= =I I
2 2
' '
4 4
Then terminals a , b constitute the input port Then terminals a , b constitute the input port
and terminals c , d constitute the output port. and terminals c , d constitute the output port.
+
1
V
+
2
V
1
I
1
' I
2
I
2
' I
No external connections exist between the input No external connections exist between the input
and output ports. and output ports.
The two The two- -port model is used to describe the port model is used to describe the
performance of a circuit in terms of the voltage performance of a circuit in terms of the voltage
and current at its input and output ports. and current at its input and output ports.
+
1
V
+
2
V
1
I
1
' I
2
I
2
' I
Two Two- -port circuits are useful in communications, port circuits are useful in communications,
control systems, power systems, and electronic control systems, power systems, and electronic
systems. systems.
They are also useful for facilitating cascaded They are also useful for facilitating cascaded
design of more complex systems. design of more complex systems.
There are four terminal variables , namely V
1
,V
2
,
I
1
, I
2
, only two of them are independent.
Hence , there are only six possible sets of two-port
parameters.
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4 2
4 3
6
2 1
C

(1) The impedance , or Z , parameters
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
, :
ij
V z z I
Z in
V z z I
1 1 1

1 1 1
] ] ]
For two-port networks , four parameters are generally
required to represent the circuit.
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
5.2 5.2 Classification of Two Classification of Two- -Port Parameters Port Parameters
(2) The admittance , or Y , parameters
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
, :
ij
I y y V
Y in S
I y y V
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
C.T. Pan C.T. Pan
10 10
(3) The hybrid , or h , parameters
11
1 11 12 1
22
2 21 22 2
12 22
:
, :
&
h in
V h h I
h in S
I h h V
h h scalars
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
(4) The inverse hybrid , or g , parameters
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
11
1 11 12 1
22
2 21 22 2
12 21
:
I
, :
V
&
g in S
g g V
g in
g g I
g g scalars
1 1 1

1 1 1
] ] ]
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
(5) The transmission , or a , parameters
12
1 11 12 2
21
1 21 22 2
11 22
:
V
, :
I
&
a in
a a V
a in S
a a I
a a scalars
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
N
(6) The inverse transmission , or b , parameters
12
2 11 12 1
21
2 21 22 1
11 22
:
V
, :
I
&
b in
b b V
b in S
b b I
b b scalars
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
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Method 1 : Calculate or measure by invoking Method 1 : Calculate or measure by invoking
appropriate short appropriate short- -circuit and open circuit and open- -
circuit conditions at the input and circuit conditions at the input and
output ports. output ports.
Method 2 : Derive the parameters from another set Method 2 : Derive the parameters from another set
of two of two- -port parameters. port parameters.
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Method 1 : Choose Z parameters as an illustration. Method 1 : Choose Z parameters as an illustration.
when I when I
2 2
= 0 , output port is open = 0 , output port is open
2
2
1
1 11 1 11
1
I =0
2
2 21 1 21
1
I =0
V
V = z I , z = , input impedance
I
V
V = z I , z = , transfer impedance
I
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
V = z I +z I
V = z I +z I
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When I When I
1 1
= 0 , input port is open = 0 , input port is open
1
1
1
1 12 2 12
2
I =0
2
2 22 2 22
2
I =0
V
V = z I , z = , transfer impedance
I
V
V = z I , z = , output impedance
I
When the two When the two- -port does not contain any port does not contain any
dependent source, then z dependent source, then z
12 12
=z =z
21 21
. .
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z z
11 11
& z & z
22 22
are called driving are called driving- -point impedances. point impedances.
z z
12 12
& z & z
21 21
are called transfer impedances. are called transfer impedances.
When z When z
11 11
=z =z
22 22
, the two , the two- -port circuit is said to be port circuit is said to be
symmetrical. symmetrical.
When z When z
12 12
=z =z
21 21
, the two , the two- -port circuit is called a port circuit is called a
reciprocal circuit. reciprocal circuit.
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Example 1 : Find the Z parameters of the T Example 1 : Find the Z parameters of the T- -network network
Assign mesh currents Assign mesh currents
as shown : as shown :
1 2 2 1 1
2 2 3 2 2
11 1 2
12 21 2
22 2 3
R +R R I V
=
R R +R I V
z = R +R
z = z = R
z = R +R

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A two A two- -port can be replaced by the following port can be replaced by the following
equivalent circuit. equivalent circuit.
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
V = z I +z I
V = z I +z I
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In case the two In case the two- -port is reciprocal, z port is reciprocal, z
12 12
=z =z
21 21
, ,
then it can also be represented by the then it can also be represented by the
T T- -equivalent circuit. equivalent circuit.
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Example 2 : Find the Z parameters Example 2 : Find the Z parameters
Assign mesh currents as follows and write Assign mesh currents as follows and write
down the mesh equation. down the mesh equation.
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1 1
2 2
3
1 1
2 2
3
2 4 0 4
0 10 8 8
4 8 4 6 8 0
0
I V
I V
I
I V
A B
I V
C D
I
+ 1 1 1
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
1 1 1 + +
] ] ]
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
]
1 1
] ]
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...... (1)
.......... (2)
(2) , ...... (3)
(3) (1)

1 1
3
2 2
1
3
2
1 -1
3
2
1 1 1 -1 -1
2 2 2
I V
A BI =
I V
I
C DI =0
I
I
From I = -D C
I
Substitute into
I I I
A - BD C = A- BD C
I I I
1 1
+
1 1
] ]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1 1 1
1
1 1
]
] ] ]
[ ]
1

1
2
V
=
V
Z A BD C
1
1 1
]

Example 3: Find the Z parameters of the following
circuit by definition of Z parameters.
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
8
4
8
1
V
2
V
+
1
I
2
0 I
8
4
8
1 1 1
2 1 1
1
11
1
1
2
21 11
1 1
20
/ (4 / /(8 8) )
64
8 1
8 8 2
64 16
20 5
1
1 8
2

2 5
I V V
V V V
V
z
I
V
V
z z
I I
+

+

Step1: Let I
2
= 0 and apply V
1
1
V
+
2
V
1
0 I
2
I 8
4
8
[ ]
2 2 2
1 2 2
2
22
2
2
1
12 22
2 2
5
/ (8 / /(8 4) )
24
4 1
4 8 3
24
5
1
1 8
3

3 5
16 / 5 8 / 5
8 / 5 24 / 5
I V V
V V V
V
z
I
V
V
z z
I I
Z
+

+

1

1
]
Step2: Let I
1
= 0 and apply V
2
1
I
1
R
2
R
1
I
2
I
1
V
+
2
V
+

1
I
1
R
2
R
1
I
2
0 I
1
V
2
V
+
Example 4: Containing dependent source case
Step1: Let I
2
= 0 and apply V
1
1
I
1
R
2
R
1
I
2
0 I
1
V
2
V
+
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1
11 1
1
2
21
1

V I
I
R
V
I
R
V I
V
z R
I
V
z
I
+

1
I
1
R
2
R
1
0 I
2
I
1
V
+
2
V
[ ]
1
12
2 1
2 2
22 2
2
z 0
0
,

V
I R
Z
R V
z R
I

+ 1

1
]

Step2: Let I
1
= 0 and apply V
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
V 0
I
V
I
R

Example 5: Find the y parameters of the following
circuit.
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
b
G
a
G
c
G
1
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
b
G
a
G
c
G
1
V
2
V
Use nodal analysis
Nodal equation
[ ]
1 1
2 2
12 21

a b b
b b c
a b b
b b c
b
G G G V I
G G G V I
G G G
y in S unit
G G G
Note that y y G
+
1 1 1
1 1 1
+
] ] ]
+
1

1
+
]

1
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
b
G
a
G
c
G
1
V
2
V
12
y
11 12
y y +
22 12
y y +
1
V
+
2
V
+
1
I
2
I
A linear reciprocal two-port can be represented by the
following equivalent circuit .
11
y
22
y
2
V
+
1
V
+
1
I
2
I
12 2
y V
21 1
y V
Similarly , a linear two-port can also be represented
by the following equivalent circuit with dependent
sources .
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
I y V y V
I y V y V
+
+
11
h
22
h
2
V
+
1
V
+
1
I
2
I
12 2
h V
21 1
h I
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
V h I h V
I h I h V
+
+
A linear two-port can be represented by the following
equivalent circuit .
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Example 6 : Find the transmission parameters Example 6 : Find the transmission parameters
of the following circuits of the following circuits
(a)
(b)
1 11 12 2
1 21 22 2
V a a V
I a a I
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
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For circuit (a) and when For circuit (a) and when I I
2 2
=0 =0
1
1 2 21
2
1
2 1 11
2
0 0
1
I
I I a
V
V
V V a
V

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For circuit (a) and when For circuit (a) and when V V
2 2
=0 =0
1 1
1 1 12
2 1
1
1 2 22
2
1
V V
V RI a R
I I
I
I I a
I

11 12
21 22
1
0 1
a a R
a a
1 1

1 1
] ]
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Similarly, for circuit (b) Similarly, for circuit (b)
11 12
21 22
1 0
1
a a
a a G
1 1
1 1
] ]
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Method (2) Method (2)
The 6 sets of parameters relate the same input The 6 sets of parameters relate the same input
and output terminal variables, hence they are and output terminal variables, hence they are
interrelated. interrelated.
A systematical procedure for obtaining a set of A systematical procedure for obtaining a set of
parameters from another one is given as parameters from another one is given as
follows for reference. follows for reference.
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Step1 Step1: Arrange the given two port parameters : Arrange the given two port parameters
in the following standard form: in the following standard form:
k k
11 11
V V
1 1
+k +k
12 12
I I
1 1
+k +k
13 13
V V
2 2
+k +k
14 14
I I
2 2
=0 =0
k k
21 21
V V
1 1
+k +k
22 22
I I
1 1
+k +k
23 23
V V
2 2
+k +k
24 24
I I
2 2
=0 =0
Step2 Step2: Separate the independent variables and : Separate the independent variables and
the dependent variables of the desired the dependent variables of the desired
parameter set. parameter set.
Step3 Step3: Find the solution of the dependent : Find the solution of the dependent
variable vector. variable vector.
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Example 7: Given Z parameters, find Example 7: Given Z parameters, find h hparameters. parameters.
Step1 Step1 From V From V
1 1
=z =z
11 11
I I
1 1
+z +z
12 12
I I
2 2
V V
2 2
=z =z
21 21
I I
1 1
+z +z
22 22
I I
2 2
In the standard form In the standard form
1V 1V
1 1
- -z z
11 11
I I
1 1
+0V +0V
2 2
- -z z
12 12
I I
2 2
=0 =0
0V 0V
1 1
+z +z
21 21
I I
1 1
- -1V 1V
2 2
+z +z
22 22
I I
2 2
=0 =0
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Step2 Step2
12 1 11 1
22 2 21 2
1 0
0 1
z V z I
z I z V
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]
Step3 Step3
1
2
1
1 12 11 1
2 22 21 2
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 0
0 1
V
solve
I
V z z I
I z z V
h h I
h h V
1
1
]
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
] ] ] ]
1 1
1 1
] ]
43 43 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 43 43
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
21
2 1 2
22 22
21 1 22 2
1 11 1 12 21 1 22 2
11 12 21 1 12 22 2
A different solution approach
........( )
........( )
From ( ) one can obtain
1
....( )
From ( ) and ( )
( )
( )
V z I z I A
V z I z I B
B
z
I I V C
z z
h I h I
A C
V z I z h I h I
z z h I z h I
h
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
@
11 1 12 2
I h V +
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Example 8 : Example 8 :
Two sets of measurements are made on a two Two sets of measurements are made on a two- -port port
resistive circuit. The first set is made with port 2 resistive circuit. The first set is made with port 2
open, and the second set is made with port 2 open, and the second set is made with port 2
short short- -circuited. The results are as follows : circuited. The results are as follows :
1
1
2
Port 2 open
V =10mV
I =10A
V =-40V
1
1
2
Port 2 short - circuited
V = 24mV
I = 20A
I =1mA
Find Find h hparameters from there measurements. parameters from there measurements.
45 45 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 45 45
V V
1 1
= = h h
11 11
I I
1 1
+ + h h
12 12
V V
2 2
(A) (A)
I I
2 2
= = h h
21 21
I I
1 1
+ + h h
22 22
V V
2 2
(B) (B)
When port 2 is short circuited, V When port 2 is short circuited, V
2 2
=0 =0
V V
1 1
=24mV, I =24mV, I
1 1
=20 =20 A, I A, I
2 2
=1mA =1mA
Hence, from (A) and (B) Hence, from (A) and (B)
24mV = 24mV = h h
11 11
(20 (20 A) + 0 A) + 0
1mA = 1mA = h h
21 21
(20 (20 A) + 0 A) + 0
h h
11 11
= 1.2 K = 1.2 K , , h h
21 21
= 50 = 50 (C) (C)
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When port 2 is open, I When port 2 is open, I
2 2
=0 =0
V V
1 1
=10mV, I =10mV, I
1 1
=10 =10 A, V A, V
2 2
= =- -40V 40V
Hence, from (A), (B) and (C) Hence, from (A), (B) and (C)
10mV = 1.2 K 10mV = 1.2 K (10 (10 A) + h A) + h
12 12
( (- -40V) 40V)
0 = 0 = 50 50 (10 (10 A) + h A) + h
22 22
( (- -40V) 40V)
h h
12 12
= 5x10 = 5x10
- -5 5
, , h h
22 22
= 12.5 = 12.5 S S
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5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two 5.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two- -Port Port
Circuit Circuit
Reciprocal Theorem Reciprocal Theorem
Version 1 : For a reciprocal circuit, the interchange Version 1 : For a reciprocal circuit, the interchange
of an ideal voltage source at one port of an ideal voltage source at one port
with an ideal ammeter at the other port with an ideal ammeter at the other port
produces the same ammeter reading. produces the same ammeter reading.
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Circuit Circuit
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
V = z I +z I
V = z I +z I
(
(

)
)

Q
1 S 2 A1 2
S 11 1 12 A1
12 1 22 A1
12 S
A1 2
11 22 12
V =V , I = -I , V =0
V = z I +z -I
0 = z I +z -I
z V
I =
z z - z
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Circuit Circuit
(
(

)
)

Q
1 A2 1 2 S
11 A2 12 2
S 12 A2 22 2
12 S
A2 A1 2
11 22 12
V =0 , I = -I , V =V
0 = z -I +z I
V = z -I +z I
z V
I = = I
z z - z
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Circuit Circuit

12 21 12 21
11 22 12 21
11 22 12 21
12 21 12 21
z = z , or y = y
a a - a a =1 , or
b b - b b =1 , or
h =-h , or g = -g
The effect of reciprocity on the two The effect of reciprocity on the two- -port port
parameters is given by parameters is given by
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Circuit Circuit
Examples of symmetric two ports. Examples of symmetric two ports.
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Circuit Circuit
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Circuit Circuit
There are mainly 6 interested characteristics There are mainly 6 interested characteristics
for a terminated two for a terminated two- -port circuit in practical port circuit in practical
applications. applications.
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Circuit Circuit
input impedance input impedance @
in 1 1
Z V / I
output current I output current I
2 2
Thevenin Thevenin equivalent looking into port 2. equivalent looking into port 2.
current gain I current gain I
2 2
/ I / I
1 1
voltage gain V voltage gain V
2 2
/ V / V
1 1
voltage gain V voltage gain V
2 2
/ V / V
g g
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Circuit Circuit
The derivation of any one of the desired The derivation of any one of the desired
expressions involves the algebraic manipulation expressions involves the algebraic manipulation
of the two of the two- -port equations along with the two port equations along with the two
constraint equations imposed at input and output constraint equations imposed at input and output
terminals. terminals.
Example 9 : Use Z parameters as an illustration
+
-
g
V
g
Z
[ ]
Z
2
V
+
2
I 1
I
1
V
+
L
Z
two-port equation
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
( )
( )
V z I z I A
V z I z I B
+
+
L L
L L
input port constraint
1 1
( )
g g
V I z V C + L L
2 2
( )
L
V z I D L L
Output port constraint
(1) Find Z
in
= V
1
/ I
1
From (D) and (B) ,
21 1
2
22
( )
L
z I
I E
z z
+
L L
+
-
g
V
g
Z
[ ]
Z
2
V
+
2
I 1
I
1
V
+
L
Z
12 21
11
22
in
L
z z
Z z
z z

+
12 2
1
11
( )
g
g
V z I
I F
z z
+
L L
Substitute (E) into (A)
(2) Find I
2
: From (A) and (C)
Substitute (F) into (E)
21
2
11 22 12 21
( )
( )( )
g
g L
z V
I G
z z z z z z
+ +
L L
g
V
g
Z
[ ]
Z
2
V
+
2
I 1
I
1
V
+
L
Z
1 11 1
21
2 21 1 2 1
11
1
11
( )
( )
g
g
V z I
z
V z I V V H
z
V
I I
z z
+
L L
L L L L L L L
(3) Find V
TH
and Z
TH
at port 2 :
With I
2
=0 , from (A) , (B) and (F)
From (C) , (H) and (I)
21
2
11
TH g
g
z
V V V
z z

+
1 1
( )
g
V z I J L L
12 2
1
11 g
z I
I
z z
+
2 12 21
22
2 11
TH
g
V z z
Z z
I z z

+
With V
g
=0 , then
From (A) and (J) ,
(4) Find current gain I
2
/I
1
From (E) ,
2 21
1 22 L
I z
I z z

+
2
2 21 1 22
21
2 1
22
( )
(K)
L
L
L
V
V z I z
z
z z
V I
z z
+

+
L L L L L L L
(5) Find voltage gain V
2
/V
1
:
From (B) and (D)
From (A) , (D) , and (K)
2
11 11 22 12
1 1
22
2 21
2
1 11 11 22 12
( )

( )
L
L
L
L
z z z z z
V I
z z
V z z
L
V z z z z z
+
+

+
L L L L L
(6) Find V
2
/V
g
:
2 2 1 2
1 1
21
11 22 12 21

( )

( )( )
in
g g g in
L
g L
Z V V V V
V V V V z Z
z z
z z z z z z

+
+ +
Q
Example 10 : Given the following circuit, find V
2
when R
L
=5K
11 12
21 22
20 3000
2 0.2
b b
b ms b

Example 10: (cont.)
3 4
2 1
3 3
2 1
1 3 1 0 1 0 . . . . . ( )
6 1 0 5 1 0 . . . . . ( )
V I E
V I F

+
Substitute (C) and (D) into (A) and (B) to eliminate V
1
and I
2
2 1 1 1 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 1
2
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
5 0 0 5 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
L
V b V b I A
I b V b I B
V I C
V
I D
R

From (E) and (F) ,
2
5 0 0 0
2 6 3 . 1 6
1 9
V V
Two Two- -port circuits may be interconnected in five port circuits may be interconnected in five
ways : ways :
(1) in series (1) in series
(2) in parallel (2) in parallel
(3) in series (3) in series- -parallel parallel
(4) in parallel (4) in parallel- -series series
(5) in cascade (5) in cascade
(1) Series connection (1) Series connection
I I
1 1
= I = I
1a 1a
= I = I
1b 1b
V V
1 1
= V = V
1a 1a
+ V + V
1b 1b
I I
2 2
= I = I
2a 2a
= I = I
2b 2b
V V
2 2
= V = V
2a 2a
+ V + V
2b 2b
[ ] Z = Z + Z
a b
1 1
] ]
(2) Parallel connection (2) Parallel connection
I I
1 1
= I = I
1a 1a
+ I + I
1b 1b
V V
1 1
= V = V
1a 1a
= V = V
1b 1b
I I
2 2
= I = I
2a 2a
+ I + I
2b 2b
V V
2 2
= V = V
2a 2a
= V = V
2b 2b
[ ] Y = Y + Y
a b
1 1
] ]
(3) Series (3) Series- -parallel connection parallel connection
I I
1 1
= I = I
1a 1a
= I = I
1b 1b
V V
1 1
= V = V
1a 1a
+ V + V
1b 1b
I I
2 2
= I = I
2a 2a
+ I + I
2b 2b
V V
2 2
= V = V
2a 2a
= V = V
2b 2b
V
2
I
2
N
a
N
b
I
2a
I
2b
V
2a
V
2b
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
V
1
I
1
I
1a
I
1b
+
-
V
1a
+
-
V
1b
[ ] h = h + h
a b
1 1
] ]
(4) Parallel (4) Parallel- -series connection series connection
I I
1 1
= I = I
1a 1a
+ I + I
1b 1b
V V
1 1
= V = V
1a 1a
= V = V
1b 1b
I I
2 2
= I = I
2a 2a
= I = I
2b 2b
V V
2 2
= V = V
2a 2a
+ V + V
2b 2b
g = +
a b
g g
1 1
1
]
] ]
(5) Cascade connection (5) Cascade connection
V V
1 1
= V = V
1a 1a
I I
1 1
= I = I
1a 1a
V V
2a 2a
= V = V
1b 1b
I I
1b 1b
= = - -I I
2a 2a
V V
2 2
= V = V
2b 2b
I I
2 2
= I = I
2b 2b
' ' " "
11 12 11 12 11 12
' ' " "
21 22 21 22 21 22

a a a a a a
a a a a a a
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
] ] ]
1
V
+
1
I
1a
I
1a
V
+
2a
I
2 a
V
+
1b
V
+
1b
I
2b
I
2
I
2
V
+
2b
V
+
a
N
b
N
71 71 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 71 71
Example 11 : Find the [Z] and [Y] parameters of the Example 11 : Find the [Z] and [Y] parameters of the
following two port network. following two port network.
R
4
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
I
1
I
2
-
V
1
+
-
V
1
72 72 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 72 72
Example 11 : (cont.) Example 11 : (cont.)
For [y] parameters : For [y] parameters :
R
4
R
1
R
3
R
2
+
-
V
1
I
1
V
2
I
2
I
1a
I
2a
+
-
73 73 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 73 73
I V y y
1a 1a 11 12
=
I y y V
2a 21 22 2a
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
R R
1
2 3
= R + (R || R ) = R +
1 2 3 1
y R + R
11 2 3
R R
1
1 2
= R + (R || R ) = R +
3 1 2 3
y R + R
22 1 2
'
I R R 1
1a 2 2
y = y = = - V y = - y
12 21 2 22 22 V R +R V R +R
2 1 2 2 1 2

74 74 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 74 74
I V y y
1b 1b 11 12
=
I y y V
21 22 2b 2b
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
1
y = = y
11 22
R
4
I
1
1
y = y = = -
12 21
V R
2 4
'
y = y + y
a b
1 1
1
]
] ]
75 75 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 75 75
For [z] parameters For [z] parameters
76 76 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 76 76
1a
I
1a
V
+
2a
I
2a
V
+
1b
V
+
1b
I
2b
I
2b
V
+
11 1 3 4
22 3 1 4
1
12 21 22
1 4
z = R || (R + R )
Z = R || (R +R )
R
Z = Z = Z
R +R
11 22 2
12 21 2
Z = Z = R
Z = Z = R
[ ] Z = Z + Z
a b
1 1
] ]
77 77 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 77 77
Example 12 : Find the a parameters. Example 12 : Find the a parameters.
1 2
1 2
11 12 2
21 22 2
1 0
V V 1 10 1 5
1
I -I 0 1 0 1 1
2
a a V
=
a a I
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
] ] ] ]
]
1 1
1 1
] ]
78 78 C.T. Pan C.T. Pan 78 78
Example 13 : A common emitter circuit Example 13 : A common emitter circuit
b ie re b
c fe oe c
V h h I
I h h V
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
ie
re
fe
oe
h :base input impedence
h :reverse voltage gain
h :forward current gain
h :output admittance
n n Objective 1 : Understand the definition of 6 sets of Objective 1 : Understand the definition of 6 sets of
two port parameters. two port parameters.
n n Objective 2 : Be able to find any set of two Objective 2 : Be able to find any set of two- -port port
parameters. parameters.
n n Objective 3 : Be able to analyze a terminated Objective 3 : Be able to analyze a terminated
two two- -port circuit. port circuit.
Summary Summary
n n Objective 4 : Understand the reciprocal theorem Objective 4 : Understand the reciprocal theorem
for two for two- -port circuits. port circuits.
n n Objective 5 : Know how to analyze an Objective 5 : Know how to analyze an
interconnected two interconnected two- -port circuits. port circuits.
Summary Summary
Summary Summary
n n Problem : 18.4 Problem : 18.4
18.8 18.8
18.11 18.11
18.18 18.18
18.37 18.37
18.38 18.38
n n Due within one week. Due within one week.

Two Port Network

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