The Call for Participation for Wikimania 2010 has been released.

Submit your presentations before May 20.

[Hide] [Help us with translations!]

List of device bit rates

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from List of device bandwidths) Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of device bit rates, or physical layer information rates, net bit rates, useful bit rates, peak bit rates or digital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces of computer peripheral equipment and network devices can communicate over various kinds of buses and networks. The distinction can be arbitrary between a bus, which is inside a box and usually relies on many parallel wires, and a communications network cable, which is external, between boxes and rarely relies on more than four wires. Many device interfaces or protocols (e.g. SATA, USB, SCSI, PCI and a few variants of Ethernet) are used both inside many-device boxes, such as a PC, and one-device-boxes, such as a hard drive enclosure. Accordingly, this page lists both the internal ribbon and external communications cable standards together in one sortable table.

Contents
[hide]

1 Factors limiting actual performance, criteria for real decisions 2 Conventions 3 Bandwidths o 3.1 TTY/Teletypewriter or Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) o 3.2 Modems - narrow and broadband o 3.3 Mobile telephone interfaces o 3.4 Wide area networks o 3.5 Local area networks o 3.6 Wireless networks o 3.7 Wireless personal area networks o 3.8 Computer buses 3.8.1 Portable 3.8.2 Storage 3.8.3 Peripheral 3.8.4 MAC to PHY 3.8.5 PHY to XPDR o 3.9 Memory Interconnect/RAM buses o 3.10 Digital audio o 3.11 Digital video interconnects

4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

[edit] Factors limiting actual performance, criteria for real decisions

Most of the listed rates are theoretical maximum throughput measures; in practice, the actual effective throughput is almost inevitably lower in proportion to the load from other devices (network/bus contention), interframe gap and other overhead in data link layer protocols, etc. The maximum goodput - for example, the file transfer rate - may be even lower due to higher layer protocol overhead and data packet retransmissions caused by line noise or interference such as crosstalk, or lost packets in congested intermediate network nodes. All protocols lose something, and the more robust ones that deal resiliently with very many failure situations tend to lose more maximum throughput to get higher total long term rates. Device interfaces where one bus transfers data via another will be limited to the throughput of the slowest interface, at best. For instance SATA 6G controllers on one PCIe 5G channel will be limited to the 5G rate and have to employ more channels to get around this problem. Early implementations of new protocols very often have this kind of problem. The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits, for instance no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA3 so moving from this 3gbps interface to USB3 at 4.8gbps for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate. It might however be sensible for other reasons such as standardizing on a USB-only storage subsystem or exploiting USB's one-cable power. Contention in a wireless or noisy spectrum, where the physical medium is entirely out of the control of those who specify the protocol, requires measures that also use up throughput. Wireless devices, BPL and modems may produce a higher line rate or gross bit rate, due to error-correcting codes and other physical layer overhead. It is extremely common for throughput to be far less than half of theoretical maximum though the more recent technologies (notably BPL) employ pre-emptive spectrum analysis to avoid this and so have much more potential to reach actual gigabit rates in practice than prior modems. Another factor reducing throughput is deliberate policy decisions made by Internet service providers that are made for contractual, risk management, aggregation saturation or marketing reasons. Examples are rate limiting, bandwidth throttling and the assignment of IP addresses to groups. These practices tend to minimize the throughput available to every user, but maximize the number of users that can be supported on one backbone.

Furthermore, chips are often not available in order to implement the fastest rates. AMD, for instance, does not support the 32-bit HyperTransport interface on any CPU it has shipped as of the end of 2009. Additionally, WiMax service providers in the US typically support only up to 4mbps as of the end of 2009. Choosing service providers or interfaces based on theoretical maxima is unwise, especially for commercial needs. A good example is large scale data centers, which should be more concerned with price per port to support the interface, wattage and heat considerations, and total cost of the solution. Because some protocols such as SCSI and Ethernet now operate many orders of magnitude faster than when originally deployed, scalability of the interface is one major factor as it prevents costly shifts to technologies that are not backward-compatible. Underscoring this is the fact that these shifts often happen involuntarily or by surprise, especially when a vendor abandons support for a proprietary system.

[edit] Conventions
By convention, bus and network data rates are denoted either in bit/s (bits per second) or byte/s (bytes per second). In general, parallel interfaces are quoted in byte/s and serial in bit/s. The more commonly used is shown below in bold type. On devices like modems, bytes may be more than 8 bits long because they may be individually padded out with additional start and stop bits; the figures below will reflect this. Where channels use line codes (such as Ethernet, Serial ATA and PCI Express), quoted rates are for the decoded signal. The figures below are simplex data rates, which may conflict with the duplex rates vendors sometimes use in promotional materials. Where two values are listed, the first value is the downstream rate and the second value is the upstream rate. All quoted figures are in metric decimal units, where:

1 byte = 8 bits 1 kbit = 1,000 bits 1 Mbit = 1,000,000 bits 1 Gbit = 1,000,000,000 bits 1 kB = 1,000 bytes 1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

[edit] Bandwidths

The figures below are grouped by network or bus type, then sorted within each group from lowest to highest bandwidth; gray shading indicates a lack of known implementations.

[edit] TTY/Teletypewriter or Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD)

Device TTY (V.18) TTY (V.18) NTSC Line 21 Closed Captioning Rate (bit/s) 45.4545 bit/s 50 bit/s 1 kbit/s Rate (characters/s) 6 characters/s[1] 6.6 characters/s ~100 characters/s

[edit] Modems - narrow and broadband

All modems are assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110-baud modems). Therefore, a total of 10 bits (11 bits for 110-baud modems) are needed to transmit each 8-bit byte. The "bytes" column reflects the net data transfer rate after the protocol overhead has been removed. Device Narrowband (DS0 phone line: 4 kHz wide frequency) Morse code (skilled operator) Modem 110 baud (symbols / second) Modem 300 (300 baud) (Bell 103 or V.21) Modem 1200 (600 baud) (Bell 212A or V.22) Modem 1200/75 (600 baud) (V.23) Modem 2400 (600 baud) (V.22bis) Modem 4800 (1600 baud) (V.27ter) Modem 9600 (2400 baud) (V.32) Modem 14.4 (2400 baud) (V.32bis) Modem 28.8 (3200 baud) (V.34-1994) Modem 33.6 (3429 baud) (V.34-1996/98) Modem 56k (8000/3429 baud) Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Inception 1844 1956? 1962 [3] 1976

0.005 kbit/s 0.001 kB/s (~40 wpm) 0.11 kbit/s 0.010 kB/s (~10 cps)[2] 0.3 kbit/s 0.03 kB/s (~30 cps)[2] 1.2 kbit/s 0.12 kB/s (~120 cps)[2] 1.2/0.075 kbit/s 2.4 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s 14.4 kbit/s 28.8 kbit/s 33.6 kbit/s 56.0/33.6 kbit/s[5] 0.12/0.0075 kB/s (~120 cps)[2] 0.24 kB/s[2] 0.48 kB/s[2] 0.96 kB/s[2] 1.4 kB/s[2] 2.9 kB/s[2] 3.3 kB/s[2] 5.6/3.3 kB/s

1989[3] 1991[3] 1994> 1996> [4] 1998

(V.90) Modem 56k (8000/8000 baud) 56.0/48.0 kbit/s[5] 5.6/4.8 kB/s (V.92) Modem data compression 56.0-320.0 kbit/s 5.6-32 kB/s (variable) (V.92/V.44) ISP-side text/image 56.0-1000.0 kbit/s 5.6-100 kB/s compression (variable) ISDN Basic Rate Interface 64/128 kbit/s[6] 8/16 kB/s (single/dual channel) IDSL (dual ISDN + 16 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 18 kB/s data channels) Broadband (hundreds of kHz wide) HDSL ITU G.991.1 aka DS1 1,544 kbit/s 193 kB/s MSDSL 2,000 kbit/s 250 kB/s SDSL 2,320 kbit/s 290 kB/s ADSL (typical)[10] 3,000/768 kbit/s 375/96 kB/s SHDSL ITU G.991.2 5,690 kbit/s 711 kB/s ADSL 8,192/1,024 kbit/s 1,024/128 kB/s ADSL (G.DMT) 12,288/1,333 kbit/s 1,536/166 kB/s ADSL2 12,288/3,584 kbit/s 1,536/448 kB/s ADSL2+ 24,576/3,584 kbit/s 3,072/448 kB/s DOCSIS v1.0[11] (Cable 38,000/9,000 kbit/s 4750/1,125 kB/s modem) DOCSIS v2.0[12] (Cable 38,000/27,000 kbit/s 4,750/3,375 kB/s modem) FiOS fiber optic service 50,000/20,000 kbit/s 6,250/2,500 kB/s (typical) DOCSIS v3.0[13] (Cable 160,000/120,000 kbit/s 20,000/15,000 kB/s modem) Uni-DSL 200,000 kbit/s 25,000 kB/s VDSL ITU G.993.1 200,000 kbit/s 25,000 kB/s VDSL2 ITU G.993.2 250,000 kbit/s 31,250 kB/s BPON (G.983) fiber optic 622,000/155,000 kbit/s 77,700/19,300 kB/s service GPON (G.984) fiber optic 2,488,000/1,244,000 311,000/155,500 kB/s service kbit/s

2001

1986 [7] 2000 [8] 1998 [9]

1998 2001 1998 1999 2002 2003 1997 2001

2006 2001 2006 2005[14] 2008[15]

[edit] Mobile telephone interfaces

Device GSM CSD HSCSD Rate (bit/s) 14.4 kbit/s 57.6/14.4 kbit/s Rate (byte/s) 1.8 kB/s 5.4/1.8 kB/s

GPRS WiDEN CDMA2000 1xRTT EDGE (type 1 MS) UMTS EDGE (type 2 MS) EDGE Evolution (type 1 MS) EDGE Evolution (type 2 MS) 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3xEV-DO Rev. B HSDPA/HSUPA 4xEV-DO Enhancements (2X2 MIMO) HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO) 15xEV-DO Rev. B 4G (4X4 MIMO) UMB (2X2 MIMO) LTE (2X2 MIMO) UMB (4X4 MIMO) EV-DO Rev. C LTE (4X4 MIMO)

57.6/28.8 kbit/s 7.2/3.6 kB/s 100 kbit/s 12.5 kB/s 153 kbit/s 18 kB/s 236.8 kbit/s 29.6 kB/s 384 kbit/s 48 kB/s 473.6 kbit/s 59.2 kB/s 1,184/474 kbit/s 148/59 kB/s 1,894/947 kbit/s 237/118 kB/s 2,457/153 kbit/s 307.2/19 kB/s 3,100/1,800 kbit/s 397/230 kB/s 9,300/5,400 kbit/s 1,162/675 kB/s 14,400/5760 kbit/s 1,800/720 kB/s 34,400/12,400 kbit/s 4,300/1,550 kB/s 42,000/11,500 kbit/s 5,250/1,437 kB/s 73,500/27,000 kbit/s 9,200/3,375 kB/s 100,000/50,000 kbit/s 12,500/6,250 kB/s 140,000/34,000 kbit/s 17,500/4,250 kB/s 173,000/58,000 kbit/s 21,625/7,250 kB/s 280,000/68,000 kbit/s 35,000/8,500 kB/s 280,000/75,000 kbit/s 35,000/9,000 kB/s 326,000/86,000 kbit/s 40,750/10,750 kB/s

[edit] Wide area networks

Device DS0 G.Lite (aka ADSL Lite) DS1/T1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) E1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) G.SHDSL LR-VDSL2 (4 to 5 km [long-]range) (symmetry optional) SDSL[16] T2 ADSL[17] E2 ADSL2 Satellite Internet[18] ADSL2+ E3 DOCSIS v1.0 (Cable modem)[11] Rate (bit/s) 0.064 Mbit/s 1.536/0.512 Mbit/s 1.544 Mbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s 2.304 Mbit/s 4 Mbit/s 2.32 Mbit/s 6.312 Mbit/s 8.0/1.024 Mbit/s 8.448 Mbit/s 12/3.5 Mbit/s 16/1 Mbit/s 24/3.5 Mbit/s 34.368 Mbit/s 38.0/10.0 Mbit/s Rate (byte/s) 0.008 MB/s 0.192/0.064 MB/s 0.192 MB/s 0.256 MB/s 0.288 MB/s 0.512 MB/s 0.29 MB/s 0.789 MB/s 1/0.128 MB/s 1.056 MB/s 1.5/0.448 MB/s 2.0/0.128 MB/s 3.0/0.448 MB/s 4.296 MB/s 4.75/1.25 MB/s

DOCSIS v2.0 (Cable modem)[12] DS3/T3 ('45 Meg') STS-1/EC-1/OC-1/STM-0 VDSL (symmetry optional) DOCSIS v3.0 (Cable modem)[13] OC-3/STM-1 VDSL2 (symmetry optional) T4 T5 OC-9 OC-12/STM-4 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48/STM-16 OC-96 OC-192/STM-64 10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY 10 Gigabit Ethernet LAN PHY OC-256 OC-768/STM-256 OC-1536/STM-512 OC-3072/STM-1024

40/30 Mbit/s 44.736 Mbit/s 51.84 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 160/120 Mbit/s 155.52 Mbit/s 250 Mbit/s 274.176 Mbit/s 400.352 Mbit/s 466.56 Mbit/s 622.08 Mbit/s 933.12 Mbit/s 1,244 Mbit/s 1,900 Mbit/s 2,488 Mbit/s 4,976 Mbit/s 9,953 Mbit/s 9,953 Mbit/s 10,000 Mbit/s 13,271 Mbit/s 39,813 Mbit/s 79,626 Mbit/s 159,252 Mbit/s

5.0/3.75 MB/s 5.5925 MB/s 6.48 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 20/15 MB/s 19.44 MB/s 31.25 MB/s 34.272 MB/s 50.044 MB/s 58.32 MB/s 77.76 MB/s 116.64 MB/s 155.5 MB/s 237.5 MB/s 311.04 MB/s 622.08 MB/s 1,244 MB/s 1,244 MB/s 1,250 MB/s 1,659 MB/s 4,976 MB/s 9,953 MB/s 19,907 MB/s

[edit] Local area networks

Device LocalTalk Econet Omninet PC-Network ARCNET (Standard) Ethernet Experimental Token Ring (Original) Ethernet (10BASE-X) Token Ring (Later) ARCnet Plus Token Ring IEEE 802.5t Fast Ethernet (100BASE-X) FDDI MoCA 1.0[19] MoCA 1.1[19] Rate (bit/s) 0.230 Mbit/s 0.800 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 2.5 Mbit/s 3 Mbit/s 4 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 16 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 175 Mbit/s Rate (byte/s) 0.0288 MB/s 0.1 MB/s 0.125 MB/s 0.25 MB/s 0.3125 MB/s 0.375 MB/s 0.5 MB/s 1.16 MB/s 2 MB/s 2.5 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 11.6 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 21.875 MB/s

FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400[20][21] HIPPI Token Ring IEEE 802.5v Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) Myrinet 2000 Infiniband SDR 1X[22] Quadrics QsNetI Infiniband DDR 1X[22] Infiniband QDR 1X[22] Infiniband SDR 4X[22] Quadrics QsNetII 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X) Myri 10G Infiniband DDR 4X[22] Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Dual Channel SCI, x8 PCIe Infiniband SDR 12X[22] Infiniband QDR 4X[22] Infiniband DDR 12X[22] Infiniband QDR 12X[22] 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GBASE-X)

393.216 Mbit/s 49.152 MB/s 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s 2,000 Mbit/s 250 MB/s 2,000 Mbit/s 250 MB/s 3,600 Mbit/s 450 MB/s 4,000 Mbit/s 500 MB/s 8,000 Mbit/s 1,000 MB/s 8,000 Mbit/s 1,000 MB/s 8,000 Mbit/s 1,000 MB/s 10,000 Mbit/s 1,250 MB/s 10,000 Mbit/s 1,250 MB/s 16,000 Mbit/s 2,000 MB/s 20,000 Mbit/s 2,500 MB/s 24,000 Mbit/s 3,000 MB/s 32,000 Mbit/s 4,000 MB/s 48,000 Mbit/s 6,000 MB/s 96,000 Mbit/s 12,000 MB/s 100,000 Mbit/s 12,500 MB/s

[edit] Wireless networks

802.11 networks in infrastucture mode are half-duplex; all stations share the medium. In access point (infrastucture) mode, all traffic has to pass through the AP (Access Point). Thus, two stations on the same AP which are communicating with each other must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the access point, then from the access point to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth. In ad hoc mode devices communicate directly (like with a crossover cable) rather than to the network(like through a hub), losing some security functionality. Device Rate (bit/s) 802.11 (legacy) 0.125 2.0 Mbit/s RONJA free space optical wireless (full duplex, so 10.0 Mbit/s each way) 802.11b DSSS 0.125 11.0 Mbit/s 802.11b+ (TI-proprietary extension to 802.11b, 44.0 Mbit/s non-IEEE standard[23][24]) DSSS 0.125 802.11a 0.75 54.0 Mbit/s 802.11g OFDM 0.125 54.0 Mbit/s 802.16 (WiMAX) 70.0 Mbit/s 802.11g with Super G (Atheros-proprietary 108.0 Mbit/s Rate (byte/s) 0.25 MB/s 1.25 MB/s 1.375 MB/s 5.5 MB/s 6.75 MB/s 6.75 MB/s 8.75 MB/s 13.5 MB/s

extension to 802.11g) DSSS 0.125 802.11g with 125HSM (a.k.a. Afterburner, Broadcom-proprietary extension to 802.11g) 802.11g with Nitro (Conexant-proprietary extension to 802.11g) 802.11n

125.0 Mbit/s 140.0 Mbit/s Varies, 300.0 Mbit/s Max

15.625 MB/s 17.5 MB/s Varies, 37.5 MB/s Max

[edit] Wireless personal area networks

Device IrDA-Control IrDA-SIR 802.15.4 (2.4 GHz) Bluetooth 1.1 Bluetooth 2.0+EDR IrDA-FIR IrDA-VFIR Bluetooth 3.0 IrDA-UFIR WUSB-UWB IrDA-Giga-IR Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) 0.072 Mbit/s 0.009 MB/s 0.1152 Mbit/s 0.014 MB/s 0.250 Mbit/s 0.031.25 MB/s 1 Mbit/s 0.125 MB/s 3 Mbit/s 0.375 MB/s 4 Mbit/s 0.5 MB/s 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s 24 Mbit/s 3 MB/s 96 Mbit/s 12 MB/s 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s 1,024 Mbit/s 128 MB/s

[edit] Computer buses

Rate (bit/s) I2c 3.4 Mbit/s ISA 8-Bit/4.77 MHz[25] 9.6 Mbit/s [26] Zorro II 16-Bit/7.14 MHz 42.4 Mbit/s Low Pin Count 133.33 Mbit/s HP-Precision Bus 184 Mbit/s EISA 8-16-32bits/8.33 MHz 320 Mbit/s VME64 32-64bits 400 Mbit/s NuBus 10 MHz 400 Mbit/s DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/12.5 MHz 400 Mbit/s MCA 16-32bits/10 MHz 660 Mbit/s NuBus90 20 MHz 800 Mbit/s Sbus 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s VLB 32-bit/33 MHz 1,067 Mbit/s PCI 32-bit/33 MHz 1,067 Mbit/s HP GSC-1X 1,136 Mbit/s Device Rate (byte/s) 425 kB/s 1.2 MB/s 5.3 MB/s 16.67 MB/s 23 MB/s 32 MB/s 40 MB/s 40 MB/s 50 MB/s 66 MB/s 80 MB/s 100 MB/s 100 MB/s 133.33 MB/s 133.33 MB/s 142 MB/s

Zorro III[27][28][29] 32-Bit/37.5 MHz Sbus 64-bit/25 MHz PCI Express 1.0 (x1 link)[30] HP GSC-2X PCI 64-bit/33 MHz PCI 32-bit/66 MHz AGP 1x HIO bus PCI Express 1.0 (x2 link)[30] AGP 2x PCI 64-bit/66 MHz PCI-X DDR 16-bit PCI 64-bit/100 MHz RapidIO (1 lane) PCI Express 1.0 (x4 link) AGP 4x PCI-X 133 PCI-X QDR 16-bit InfiniBand single 4X[22] UPA PCI Express 1.0 (x8 link)[30] AGP 8x PCI-X DDR HyperTransport (800 MHz, 16-pair) HyperTransport (1 GHz, 16-pair) PCI Express 1.0 (x16 link)[30] PCI Express 2.0 (x8 link)[31] PCI-X QDR AGP 8x 64-bit PCI Express (x32 link)[30] PCI Express 2.0 (x16 link)[31] PCI Express 2.0 (x32 link)[31] QuickPath Interconnect (2.4 GHz) HyperTransport (2.8 GHz, 32-pair) QuickPath Interconnect (3.2 GHz) HyperTransport 3.1 (3.2 GHz, 32-pair) [edit] Portable Device PC Card 16 bit 255ns Byte mode PC Card 16 bit 255ns Word mode

1,200 Mbit/s 150 MB/s 1,600 Mbit/s 200 MB/s 2,000 Mbit/s 250 MB/s 2,048 Mbit/s 256 MB/s 2,133 Mbit/s 266.7 MB/s 2,133 Mbit/s 266.7 MB/s 2,133 Mbit/s 266.7 MB/s 2,560 Mbit/s 320 MB/s 4,000 Mbit/s 500 MB/s 4,266 Mbit/s 533.3 MB/s 4,266 Mbit/s 533.3 MB/s 4,266 Mbit/s 533.3 MB/s 6,399 Mbit/s 800 MB/s 6,500 Mbit/s 812.5 MB/s 8,000 Mbit/s 1,000 MB/s 8,533 Mbit/s 1,067 MB/s 8,533 Mbit/s 1,067 MB/s 8,533 Mbit/s 1,067 MB/s 8,000 Mbit/s 1,000 MB/s 15,360 Mbit/s 1,920 MB/s 16,000 Mbit/s 2,000 MB/s 17,066 Mbit/s 2,133 MB/s 17,066 Mbit/s 2,133 MB/s 25,600 Mbit/s 3,200 MB/s 32,000 Mbit/s 4,000 MB/s 32,000 Mbit/s 4,000 MB/s 32,000 Mbit/s 4,000 MB/s 34,133 Mbit/s 4,266 MB/s 34,133 Mbit/s 4,266 MB/s 64,000 Mbit/s 8,000 MB/s 64,000 Mbit/s 8,000 MB/s 128,000 Mbit/s 16,000 MB/s 153,600 Mbit/s 19,200 MB/s 179,200 Mbit/s 22,400 MB/s 204,800 Mbit/s 25,600 MB/s 409,600 Mbit/s 51,200 MB/s

Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) 31.36 Mbit/s 3.92 MB/s 62.72 Mbit/s 7.84 MB/s

PC Card 16 bit 100ns Byte mode PC Card 16 bit 100ns Word mode PC Card 32 bit (CardBus) Byte mode ExpressCard 1.2 USB 2.0 mode PC Card 32 bit (CardBus) Word mode PC Card 32 bit (CardBus) DWord mode ExpressCard 1.2 PCI Express mode ExpressCard 2.0 USB 3.0 mode ExpressCard 2.0 PCI Express mode [edit] Storage

80 Mbit/s 160 Mbit/s 267 Mbit/s 480 Mbit/s 533 Mbit/s 1,067 Mbit/s 2,500 Mbit/s 4,800 Mbit/s 5,000 Mbit/s

10 MB/s 20 MB/s 33.33 MB/s 60 MB/s 66.66 MB/s 133.33 MB/s 250 MB/s 600 MB/s 500 MB/s

Device PC Floppy Disk Controller (1.2MB / 1.44MB) CD Controller (1x) MFM RLL DVD Controller (1x) ESDI ATA PIO Mode 0 HD DVD Controller (1x) Blu-ray Controller (1x) SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz)[32] ATA PIO Mode 1 ATA PIO Mode 2 Fast SCSI (8 bits/10 MHz) ATA PIO Mode 3 AoE over Fast Ethernet, per path iSCSI over Fast Ethernet ATA PIO Mode 4 Fast Wide SCSI (16 bits/10 MHz) Ultra SCSI (Fast-20 SCSI) (8 bits/20 MHz) Ultra DMA ATA 33 Ultra Wide SCSI (16 bits/20 MHz) Ultra-2 SCSI 40 (Fast-40 SCSI) (8 bits/40 MHz) Ultra DMA ATA 66 Ultra-2 wide SCSI (16 bits/40 MHz) Serial Storage Architecture SSA Ultra DMA ATA 100 Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz)[33] AoE over Gigabit Ethernet, per path iSCSI over Gigabit Ethernet

Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) 0.5 Mbit/s 0.062 MB/s 1.171875 Mbit/s 0.146484375 MB/s 5 Mbit/s 0.625 MB/s 7.5 Mbit/s 0.9375 MB/s 11.1 Mbit/s 1.32 MB/s 24 Mbit/s 3 MB/s 26.4 Mbit/s 3.3 MB/s 36 Mbit/s 4.5 MB/s 36 Mbit/s 4.5 MB/s 40 Mbit/s 5 MB/s 41.6 Mbit/s 5.2 MB/s 66.4 Mbit/s 8.3 MB/s 80 Mbit/s 10 MB/s 88.8 Mbit/s 11.1 MB/s 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s 133.3 Mbit/s 16.7 MB/s 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s 264 Mbit/s 33 MB/s 320 Mbit/s 40 MB/s 320 Mbit/s 40 MB/s 528 Mbit/s 66 MB/s 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s 850 Mbit/s 106.25 MB/s 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s

Ultra DMA ATA 133 Ultra-3 SCSI (Ultra 160 SCSI; Fast-80 Wide SCSI) (16 bits/40 MHz DDR) Serial ATA (SATA-150)[34] Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz)[33] Serial ATA 2 (SATA-300)[34] Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)[34] Ultra-320 SCSI (Ultra4 SCSI) (16 bits/80 MHz DDR) Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz)[33] Serial ATA 3 (SATA-600)[34] Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 2[34] Ultra-640 SCSI (16 bits/160 MHz DDR) Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz)[33] AoE over 10GbE, per path iSCSI over 10GbE FCoE over 10GbE iSCSI over InfiniBand 4x iSCSI over 100G Ethernet (hypothetical)[citation needed] [edit] Peripheral Device Apple Desktop Bus Serial MIDI Serial EIA-232 max. Serial DMX512A Parallel (Centronics) Serial 16550 UART max USB Low Speed (USB 1.0) Serial UART max GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1) IEEE-488 max Serial EIA-422 max USB Full Speed (USB 1.1) Parallel (Centronics) EPP 2 MHz Serial EIA-485 max GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1-2003) IEEE-488 max FireWire (IEEE 1394) 100 FireWire (IEEE 1394) 200 FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400 USB Hi-Speed (USB 2.0)

1,064 Mbit/s 1,280 Mbit/s 1,200 Mbit/s 1,700 Mbit/s 2,400 Mbit/s 2,400 Mbit/s 2,560 Mbit/s 3,400 Mbit/s 4,800 Mbit/s 4,800 Mbit/s 5,120 Mbit/s 6,800 Mbit/s 10,000 Mbit/s 10,000 Mbit/s 10,000 Mbit/s 40,000 Mbit/s 100,000 Mbit/s

133 MB/s 160 MB/s 150 MB/s 212.5 MB/s 300 MB/s 300 MB/s 320 MB/s 425 MB/s 600 MB/s 600 MB/s 640 MB/s 850 MB/s 1,250 MB/s 1,250 MB/s 1,250 MB/s 5,000 MB/s 12,500 MB/s

Rate (bit/s) 10.0 kbit/s 31.25 kbit/s 230.4 kbit/s 250.0 kbit/s 1 Mbit/s 1.5 Mbit/s 1.536 Mbit/s 2.7648 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 12 Mbit/s 16 Mbit/s 35 Mbit/s 64 Mbit/s 98.304 Mbit/s 196.608 Mbit/s 393.216 Mbit/s 480 Mbit/s

Rate (byte/s) 1,250 B/s 3.9 kB/s 28.8 kB/s 31.25 kB/s 125 kB/s 187.5 kB/s 192 kB/s 345.6 kB/s 1 MB/s 1.25 MB/s 1.5 MB/s 2 MB/s 3.5 MB/s 8 MB/s 12.288 MB/s 24.576 MB/s 49.152 MB/s 60 MB/s

FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 800[35] Fibre Channel 1Gb SCSI FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 1600[35] Camera Link Base (single) 24bit 85 MHz[36] Fibre Channel 2Gb SCSI eSATA (SATA 300) CoaXPress Base (up and down bidirectional link) FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 3200[35] Fibre Channel 4Gb SCSI USB Super Speed (USB 3.0) Camera Link Full (dual) 72bit 85 MHz[36] CoaXPress Full (up and down bidirectional link) External PCI Express x16 [edit] MAC to PHY Device MII (4 Lanes) RMII (2 Lanes) SMII (1 Lane) GMII (8 Lanes) RGMII (4 Lanes) SGMII (2 Lanes) XGMII (32 Lanes) XAUI (4 Lanes) XLGMII CGMII Rate (bit/s) 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1.0 Gbit/s 1.0 Gbit/s 1.0 Gbit/s 10.0 Gbit/s 10.0 Gbit/s 40.0 Gbit/s 100.0 Gbit/s

786.432 Mbit/s 1,062.5 Mbit/s 1,573 Mbit/s 2,040 Mbit/s 2,125 Mbit/s 2,400 Mbit/s 3.125 Gbit/s + 20.833 Mbit/s 3,145.7 Mbit/s 4.25 Gbit/s 5 Gbit/s 6.12 Gbit/s 6.25 Gbit/s + 20.833 Mbit/s 32 Gbit/s

98.304 MB/s 100 MB/s 196.6 MB/s 261.12 MB/s 200 MB/s 300 MB/s 390 MB/s 393.216 MB/s 531.25 MB/s 625 MB/s 765 MB/s 781 MB/s 4 GB/s

Rate (byte/s) 12.5 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 12.5 MB/s 125 MB/s 125 MB/s 125 MB/s 1.25 GB/s 1.25 GB/s 5 GB/s 12.5 GB/s

[edit] PHY to XPDR Device Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) XSBI (16 Lanes) 0.995 Gbit/s 0.124 GB/s

[edit] Memory Interconnect/RAM buses

Dual channel bandwidths are theoretical maxima and do not always reflect real world performance. In many cases, performance may be closer to single channel operation (half the bandwidth). Device Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Rate (MHz) DDR #

FPM DRAM EDO DRAM SPARC MBus PC-66 SDRAM 64-bit PC-100 SDRAM HP Runway bus 125 MHz 64-bit PC-133 SDRAM PC-800 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) PC-1600 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) HP Runway bus 125 MHz 64-bit DDR PC-1066 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) PC-2100 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC-1200 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) PC-2700 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC-800 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) PC-1600 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC-3200 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel) PC-1066 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) PC-2100 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC-4000 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC-1200 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) PC2-5300 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) PC-2700 DDR-SDRAM (dual

1.408 Gbit/s 2.112 Gbit/s 2.55 Gbit/s 4.264 Gbit/s 6.4 Gbit/s 6.4 Gbit/s 8.528 Gbit/s 12.8 Gbit/s 12.8 Gbit/s 16 Gbit/s 16.8 Gbit/s 16.8 Gbit/s 19.2 Gbit/s 21.6 Gbit/s 25.6 Gbit/s 25.6 Gbit/s 25.6 Gbit/s 25.6 Gbit/s 33.6 Gbit/s 33.6 Gbit/s 34.1 Gbit/s 34.3 Gbit/s 38.4 Gbit/s 42.4 Gbit/s 42.7 Gbit/s 43.2 Gbit/s

0.176 GB/s 0.264 GB/s 0.32 GB/s 0.533 GB/s 0.8 GB/s 0.8 GB/s 1.066 GB/s 1.6 GB/s 1.6 GB/s 2 GB/s 2.1 GB/s 2.1 GB/s 2.4 GB/s 2.7 GB/s 3.2 GB/s 3.2 GB/s 3.2 GB/s 3.2 GB/s 4.2 GB/s 4.2 GB/s 4.3 GB/s 4.287 GB/s 4.8 GB/s 5.3 GB/s 5.3 GB/s 5.4 GB/s 533MHz 500MHz ???MHz 667MHz 667MHz DDR2-533 DDR-500 ???????? DDR2-667 DDR2-667 400Mhz 400Mhz DDR-400 DDR2-400 333Mhz DDR-333 266Mhz DDR-266

channel 128-bit) PC-3200 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) Itanium zx1 bus PC-4000 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-5300 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-8000 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC2-8500 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-8500 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-10600 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-10600 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-12800 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-12800 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-14400 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-14400 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-14900 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-14900 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-15000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-15000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit)

51.2 Gbit/s 51.2 Gbit/s 51.2 Gbit/s 51.2 Gbit/s 67.2 Gbit/s 67.2 Gbit/s 84.8 Gbit/s 85.3 Gbit/s

6.4 GB/s 6.4 GB/s 6.4 GB/s 6.4 GB/s 8.4 GB/s 8.4 GB/s 10.6 GB/s 10.7 GB/s 500MHz 533MHz 667MHz 667MHz 800MHz 1,000MHz 1,066MHz 1,066MHz 1,333MHz 1,333MHz 1,600MHz 1,600MHz 1,800MHz 1,800MHz 1,866MHz 1,866MHz 1,866MHz 1,866MHz DDR-500 DDR2-533 DDR2-667 DDR2-667 DDR2-800 DDR21000 DDR21066 DDR31066 DDR31333 DDR31333 DDR31600 DDR31600 DDR31800 DDR31800 DDR31866 DDR31866 DDR31866 DDR31866 800MHz DDR2-800

102.4 Gbit/s 12.8 GB/s 128.0 Gbit/s 16.0 GB/s 136.0 Gbit/s 17 GB/s 136.4 Gbit/s 17.1 GB/s 170.6 Gbit/s 21.3 GB/s 256.0 Gbit/s 32.0 GB/s 204.8 Gbit/s 25.6 GB/s 307.2 Gbit/s 38.4 GB/s 230.4 Gbit/s 28.8 GB/s 345.6 Gbit/s 43.2 GB/s 238.9 Gbit/s 29.9 GB/s 358.4 Gbit/s 44.8 GB/s 240.0 Gbit/s 30.0 GB/s 360.0 Gbit/s 45.0 GB/s

PC3-16000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-16000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-17000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-17000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-17066 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-17066 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) PC3-17600 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) PC3-17600 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit)

256.0 Gbit/s 32.0 GB/s 384.0 Gbit/s 48.0 GB/s 272.0 Gbit/s 34.0 GB/s 408.0 Gbit/s 51.0 GB/s 273.1 Gbit/s 34.1 GB/s 409.6 Gbit/s 51.2 GB/s 281.6 Gbit/s 35.2 GB/s 422.4 Gbit/s 52.8 GB/s

2,000MHz 2,000MHz 2,133MHz 2,133MHz 2,133MHz 2,133MHz 2,200MHz 2,200MHz

DDR32000 DDR32000 DDR32133 DDR32133 DDR32133 DDR32133 DDR32200 DDR32200

[edit] Digital audio

Device S/PDIF IS AC'97 McASP Intel High Definition Audio Rev. 1.0[37] ADAT Lightpipe AES/EBU MADI Rate (bit/s) 3.072 Mbit/s ??? ??? ??? 48 (outbound) & 24 (inbound) Mbit/s ??? 2.048 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Rate (byte/s) 0.384 MB/s ??? ??? ??? 6 & 3 MB/s (outbound & inbound) ??? 0.256 MB/s 12.5 MB/s

[edit] Digital video interconnects

Data rates given are from the video source (e.g. video card) to receiving device (e.g. monitor) only. Out of band and reverse signaling channels are not included. Device HD-SDI (SMPTE 292M) LVDS Display Interface[38] 3G-SDI (SMPTE 424M) Single link DVI HDMI v1.0[39] DisplayPort v1.0 [40] Dual link DVI Rate (bit/s) 1.485 Gbit/s 2.8 Gbit/s 2.97 Gbit/s 4.95 Gbit/s 4.95 Gbit/s 6.48 Gbit/s 9.9 Gbit/s Rate (byte/s) 0.186 GB/s 0.35 GB/s 0.371 GB/s 0.619 GB/s 0.619 GB/s 0.810 GB/s 1.238 GB/s

HDMI v1.3[41] DisplayPort v1.0 [40] DisplayPort v1.2 [40]

10.2 Gbit/s 10.8 Gbit/s 21.6 Gbit/s

1.275 GB/s 1.35 GB/s 2.7 GB/s

Uses 8B/10B encoding for video data - effective data rate is 8/10 of the symbol rate

[edit] See also

Bitrate Comparison of wireless data standards Comparison of mobile phone standards List of Internet access technology bit rates in the Digital bandwidth article OFDM system comparison table Spectral efficiency comparison table Sneakernet

[edit] Notes
1. ^ TTY uses a Baudot code, not ASCII. This uses 5 bits per character instead of 8, plus one start and approx. 1.5 stop bits (7.5 total bits per character sent). 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 300 baud modems operating at 30 characters per second, were often described as "reading speed" since the characters scrolled across the screen at the same rate as most people can read. All modems are assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110baud modems). Therefore, a total of 10 bits (11 bits for 110-baud modems) are needed to transmit each 8-bit byte. The "bytes" column reflects the net data transfer rate after the protocol overhead has been removed. 3. ^ a b c Modem Types and Timeline, Daxal Communications, 2003-12-16, http://www.surfthe.us/reference/modem-timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16 4. ^ http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V/en 5. ^ a b 56K modems: V.90 and V.92 have just 5% overhead for the protocol signaling. The maximum capacity can only be achieved when the upstream (service provider) end of the connection is digital. 6. ^ Note that effective aggregate bandwidth for an ISDN installation is typically higher than the rates shown for a single channel due to the use of multiple channels. A basic rate interface (BRI) provides 2 "B" channels and one "D" channel. Each B channel provides 64 kbit/s bandwidth and the 'D' channel carries signalling (call setup) information. B channels can be bonded to provide a 128 kbit/s data rate. Primary rate interfaces (PRI) vary depending on whether the region uses E1 (Europe, world) or T1 (North America) bearers. In E1 regions, the PRI carries 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel; in T1 regions the PRI carries 23 Bchannels and 1 D-channel. The D-channel has different bandwidth on the two interfaces. 7. ^ Massey, David (2006-07-04), "Timeline of Telecommunications", Telephone Tribute, http://www.telephonetribute.com/timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16

8. ^ http://www.adam.com.au/about_history.php 9. ^ http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.991.1-199810-I/en 10. ^ ADSL connections will vary in throughput from 64 kbit/s to several Mbit/s depending on configuration. Most are commonly below 3 Mbit/s. Some ADSL and SDSL connections have a higher bandwidth than T1 but their bandwidth is not guaranteed, and will drop when the system gets overloaded, whereas the T1 type connections are usually guaranteed and have no contention ratios. 11. ^ a b DOCSIS 1.0 includes technology which first became available around 19951996, and has since become very widely deployed. DOCSIS 1.1 introduces some security improvements and Quality of Service (QoS). 12. ^ a b DOCSIS 2.0 specifications provide increased upstream throughput for symmetric services. 13. ^ a b DOCSIS 3.0 is currently in development by the CableLabs consortium and is slated to include support for channel bonding and IPv6. 14. ^ http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.983.2/en 15. ^ http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.984.4/en 16. ^ SDSL is available in various different speeds. 17. ^ ADSL connections will vary in throughput from 64 kbit/s to several Mbit/s depending on configuration. Most are commonly below 2 Mbit/s. Some ADSL and SDSL connections have a higher digital bandwidth than T1 but their rate is not guaranteed, and will drop when the system gets overloaded, whereas the T1 type connections are usually guaranteed and have no contention ratios. 18. ^ Satellite internet may have a high bandwidth but also has a high latency due to the distance between the modem, satellite and hub. One-way satellite connections exist where all the downstream traffic is handled by satellite and the upstream traffic by land-based connections such as 56K modems and ISDN. 19. ^ a b "MoCA 1.1 improves throughput" over coaxial cable to 175 Mbits/s versus the 100 Mbits/s provided by the MoCA 1.0 specification. 20. ^ FireWire natively supports TCP/IP, and is often used at an alternative to Ethernet when connecting 2 nodes. http://www.tweaktown.com/articles/309/3 21. ^ Data rate comparison between FW and Giganet shows that FW's lower overhead has nearly the same throughput as Giganet http://www.unibrain.com/Products/DriverAPI/FireNET.htm 22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j InfiniBand uses an 8B/10B encoding scheme. 23. ^ Hachman, Mark (2002-08-05), "802.11b+" Protocol Bridges 802.11a, 802.11b, ExtremeTech, http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,437741,00.asp, retrieved 2009-04-16 24. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (2002-10-11), Faster than a speeding 802.11b, ZDNet, http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2885306,00.html, retrieved 2009-04-16 25. ^ PC bus systems 26. ^ The Zorro II bus use 4 clocks per 16-Bit of data transferred. See the Zorro III technical specification for more information.

27. ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that the theoretical max of the Zorro III bus can be derived by the timing information given in chapter 5 of the Zorro III technical specification. 28. ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III is an asynchronous bus and with that does not have a classical MHz rating. A maximum theoretical MHz value may be derived by examining timing constraints detailed in the Zorro III technical specification, which should yield about 37.5 MHz. No existing implementation performs to this level. 29. ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III has a max burst rate of 150 MB/s. 30. ^ a b c d e Note that PCI Express lanes use an 8B/10B encoding scheme. 31. ^ a b c PCIe 2.0 effectively doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 Gbit/s to 5 Gbit/s 32. ^ SCSI-1, SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 are signaling protocols and do not explicitly refer to a specific rate. Narrow SCSI exists using SCSI-1 and SCSI-2. Higher rates use SCSI-2 or later. 33. ^ a b c d Fibre Channel 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC use an 8B/10B encoding scheme. Fibre Channel 10GFC, which uses a 64B/66B encoding scheme, is not compatible with 1GFC, 2GFC and 4GFC, and is used only to interconnect switches. 34. ^ a b c d e SATA and SAS use an 8B/10B encoding scheme. 35. ^ a b c FireWire (IEEE 1394b) uses an 8B/10B coding scheme. 36. ^ a b "Getting Camera Link specs right", Steve Scheiber, Test & Measurement World, May 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-28. 37. ^ High Definition Audio Specification, Revision 1.0, 2004 38. ^ [1] Panel display interfaces and bandwidth: From TTL, LVDS, TDMS to DisplayPort 39. ^ [2] http://www.octavainc.com/HDMI%201.3.htm 40. ^ a b c [3] Displayport Technical Overview, page 4. 41. ^ [4] http://www.hdmi.org/learningcenter/faq.aspx#12

[edit] External links

Interconnection Speeds Compared Need for Speed: Theoretical Bandwidth Comparison Contains a graph illustrating digital bandwidths

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bit_rates" Categories: Networking hardware | Computer and telecommunication standards | Computer lists Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | ParserFunction errors
Views

Article Discussion

Edit this page History

Personal tools

Try Beta

Log in / create account

Navigation Search
Go Search

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article

Interaction Toolbox

About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help

What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page

Languages

Svenska

This page was last modified on 30 April 2010 at 05:23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers