Reservoir Petrophysics PETR2311 Spring 2012

Test 4 6th May 2012

First Name Last Name Student ID Q1 10 Q2 15 Q3 15 Q4 15 Q5 15 Q6 20 Q7 10 Total Sheets Q8 Q9 Q10 Total 100

UNITS CONVERSION
Mass 1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lbm = 35.27392 oz 1 lbm = 16 oz = 5 10-4 ton = 453.593 g = 0.453593 kg Length 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 micrometer = 1010 angstrom = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile 1 ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm Volume 1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 106 mL = 35.3145 ft3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m3 = 28.317 L = 28317 cm3 1 barrel = 42 gal Force 1 N = 1 kg m/s2 = 105 dynes = 105 g cm/s2 = 0.22481 lbf 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2 = 4.4482 105 dynes Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 105 N/m2 (Pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 106 dynes/cm2 = 760 mm Hg at 0 C (torr) = 10.333 m H2O at 4 C = 14.696 lbf/in2 (psi) = 33.9 ft H2O at 4 C = 29.921 in. Hg at 0 C Energy 1 J = 1 N m = 107 ergs = 107 dyne cm = 2.778 10-7 kWh = 0.23901 cal = 0.7376 ft lbf = 9.486 10-4 Btu Power Area 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft lbf/s = 9.486 10-4 Btu/s = 1.341 10-4 hp 1 acre = 43560 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 1 hectare = 10000 m2

Start each problem on a separate sheet

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-1: [10]
1) Most reservoirs belong to the __________________ era.

2) Sandstones/Shale/Carbonate/Salt are traps.

3) Kinematic viscosity has CGS units of ___________.

4) If the width of the size distribution of grains is larger (poorly sorted grains) in a core, then the

porosity will be larger/smaller.

5) Permeability increases/decreases with increase in pore size.

6) FWL

OWC

when

_________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

7) Liquid rise in a capillary on the Moon is greater/less/same as that on Earth.

8) Cementation factor is a function of _____________ and ___________________.

9) Resistivity of a formation depends on pore geometry. [True/False]

10) Effective permeability of a fluid in a reservoir depends on the surface tension of the fluid.

[True/False]

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-2: [15 = 2 + 6 + 6 + 1]
A reservoir shaped is shaped as a cylinder with a depth of 1000 ft and diameter 100 ft. The porosity and water saturation varies as shown in figure below. (eg. Depth = 0 is at the surface. Depth = -500 ft means the point is 500 ft below the surface). 1) Determine the symbolic and numerical relationship (substituting values) for porosity with depth. 2) Determine the symbolic and numerical relationship for water saturation with depth. 3) Determine the symbolic formula for the OIIP of the reservoir. 4) Determine the OIIP of the reservoir in barrels.
0 0

-100

-100

-200

-200

-300

-300

-400
Depth [ft] Depth [ft]

-400

-500

-500

-600

-600

-700

-700

-800

-800

-900

-900

-1000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1 0.12 Porosity [-]

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

-1000 0.2

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.3 Sw [-]

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.38

0.4

SOLUTION:

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-3: [15]
In the figure below there are two concentric pipes having diameter D and 2D. Two fluids of viscosity and 2 are flowing through the inner and outer pipes respectively in opposite directions. The inner and outer pipes are connected to separate pumps such that they can have different pressure drops across and also the flow is laminar. The pressure drop across the inner and outer pipe is P1 and P2 and is not zero. What is the ratio between the pressure drops such that the inner pipe has no shear stress? Assume the pipes have negligible thickness.
A OO B A

O1

Figure 3a

SOLUTION:

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-4: [15 = 10 + 5]
A reservoir is composed of two blocks A and B. Block A is a semi-circular block and block B is an isosceles right triangle as shown in Figure 4a. The front side of the reservoir is hydrostatically pressured with a liquid of density and the other side is at atmospheric pressure. The top of the reservoir is just below the surface of the Earth. The two blocks have constant permeability throughout of k. The width of the reservoir (into the plane of the paper) is W. The flow is into the plane of the paper.

Figure 4a

1) What is the flow rate through block A? 2) What is the flow rate through block B? SOLUTION:

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-5: [15 = 6 + 5 + 4]
A rectangular reservoir is found to be 5 km long, 5 km wide and 1000 m thick. Samples were taken to the lab and it was observed that the reservoir contained only oil and water. Surface tension measurement were taken by putting the liquids (oil and water separately) in a beaker and inserting a capillary of known diameter. The following are the measurements:
A water with air [dynes/cm] water with air [] water [-] oil with air [dynes/cm] oil with air [] oil [-] oil with water [dynes/cm] oil with water [] 70 30 0.9 80 70 0.8 63.675 B 60 35 1.0 50 65 0.7 55 -

Average Grain diameter [m] Packing type

100 Simple Cubic

50 Face Centered Cubic

The capillary pressure data for core A is given as:

Sw ( - ) Pc (dynes/cm2) 0.2 80000 0.25 50000 0.40 30000 0.6 23000 0.8 21000 1.0 20000

1) Fill the table below for the properties of fluids and the cores. 2) Fill the table for the capillary pressure data for B. 3) Determine the thickness of the oil-water transition zone at point A in meters.

PETR2311 Test 4 SOLUTION:

A oil with water [] oil with water [dynes/cm] Permeability [D] 63.675 B

55

Porosity [%]

Capillary Pressure Data for B

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-6: [20 = 8 + 4 + 8]
1) The following is a table of the ion concentration in water samples obtained from a reservoir. The reservoir is at a temperature of 110 C. What is the formation water resistivity? Draw the lines and show the values on the Schlumberger charts.
Ion Conc. [ppm] K 6000 HCO3 10000 Ca 2000 SO4 7000 Na 10000 Cl 15000

2) The figure below (Figure 6a) is a chart between Formation Resistivity Factor and porosity. Determine the relationship between Formation Resistivity Factor and porosity. What is the value of the cementation factor?
1000.00

Formation Resistivity Factor

100.00

10.00

1.00 1% 10% Porosity 100%

Figure 6a

3) Figure 6b is a separate problem (dont use values from above). Using thumb rules, plot the water saturation with depth in the blank graph. Write down the values in the plot itself. The formation water resistivity is 0.3. SOLUTION:

PETR2311 Test 4

Problem-7: [10 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2]
A cylindrical reservoir has a well of diameter 7 cm and is 1 km in diameter and 100 m in thickness. The absolute permeability of the reservoir is 500 mD. The three ternary diagrams labeled A, B, C show the relative permeability of oil, water and gas. 1) Label these ternary diagrams showing 100% saturation for oil, water and gas. 2) Label which relative permeability each of the ternary diagram represent. 3) What are these contours called? If the flow is radial and the initial saturations are given by 3So=4Sw and Sg = 0.3. The viscosity of water is 1 cp, oil is 5 cp, gas is 0.03 cp, oil-water mixture is 3 cp and oil-water-gas mixture is 4 cp. The pressure drop across the reservoir is 3 atm. 4) 5) 6) 7) Determine the initial saturations Determine the relative permeability of oil, water and gas at the initial saturations. Determine the effective permeability of oil water and gas at the initial saturations. Determine the flow rate of oil and water at the initial saturations.

Figure A

PETR2311 Test 4

Figure B

Figure C

SOLUTION:

10