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Islands
Discrete boundaries, and easy to compare & contrast "Oceanic" vs. Continental & "Landbridge" Oceanic Islands: diversity lower but area-effect stronger extinction higher (no rescue-effect) immigration lower (distance to mainland) Examples: Sky Islands Woodlot "Islands" Prairie Potholes
Historical Background
Species-Isolation Relationship
Less "general" than the Species-Area relationship What are the routes of immigration? Exponential S = k1 e-k2(I) Normal S = k1 e-k2(II)
1920-1933
36 50 25 24 62 46 32 17 31
Diamond, J.M. 1969. Avifaunal equilibria and species turnover rates on the Channel Islands of California. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 64: 57-63. Jones, H.L. and Diamond, J.M. 1976. Short-time-base studies of turnover in breeding bird populations on the Channel Islands of California. Condore 73: 526-549.
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Porcasi, P., Porcasi, J.F., O'Neill C. Early Holocene coastlines of the California Bight: The Channel Islands first visited by humans. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 35 (2&3): 1-24. http://www.pcas.org/Vol35N23/3523Porcasi.pdf
Wright, S.J. 1980. Density compensation in island avifaunas. Oecologia 45: 385-389. of turnover of species on islands. Oikos 44:331-340.
Experimental Biogeography
Defaunation of Florida Mangrove Islands rapid increase, overshooting, stabilization "E1" is small isolated island
Simberlof & Wilson 1970. Experimental zoogeography of islands: a two-year record of colonization. Ecology 51: 934-937.
Continental Islands
Rescue Effect: reduced turnover due to replacement
Wright, S.J. 1980. Density compensation in island avifaunas. Oecologia 45: 385-389. of turnover of species on islands. Oikos 44:331-340.
Buckley, R.C. and S.B. Knedlhans (1986). Beachcomber biogeography: interception of dispersing propagules by islands. Journal of Biogeography, 13: 69-70.
Niering, W.A. 1963. Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands. Ecological Monographs 33:131-160.
Sky Islands
Nonequilibrium: no isolation effect, slow extinction, no dispersal S = cAz
Brown, 1978. The theory of insular biogeography and the distribution of boreal birds and mammals. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 2: 209-277.
Brown, 1978. The theory of insular biogeography and the distribution of boreal birds and mammals. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 2: 209-277.
Lomolino, Brown, Davis, 1989. Island biogeography of montane forest mammals in the American Southwest. Ecology 70: 18-194.
Lomolino, Brown, Davis, 1989. Island biogeography of montane forest mammals in the American Southwest. Ecology 70: 18-194.
(Nores, 1995)
Barbour & Brown, 1974. Fish diversity in lakes American Nat. 108: 473-489
Thornton 1996. Krakatau: The destruction and reassembly of an island ecosystem. MA, Harvard.
Bush Whittaker 1991. Krakatau: Colonization patterns and hierarchies. Journal Biogeography 18: 341-356.
Brown, J.H. 1971. Mammals on mountaintops: Non-equilibrium insular biogeography American Naturalist 105: 467-478. Brown, J.H. 1978. The theory of insular biogeography and the distribution of boreal birds and mammals. Great Basin Nat. Memoirs 2: 209-277. Patterson, B.D. 1984. Mammalian extinction and biogeography in the southern ROcky MOuntians. p. 247-294 in M.H. Nitecki (ed.) Extinctions Univ. Chicago.
Darlington, 1957. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distriburion of Animals. John Wiley & Sons, NY.
Wilson, E.O. 1959. Adaptiave shift and dispersal in a tropical ant fauna. Evolution 13: 122-144.
Single-species Distributions
Metapopulation analysis: minimum area needed to escape extinction Insular Distribution Function: tradeoff of immigration & extincton small islands OK if they're close to the mainland
Lomolino, M.V. 1986. Mammalian community structure on islands: Immigration, extinction and interactive effects. Biol. Journal Linnean Soc. 28: 1-21. Lomolino, M.V. 1998. A species-based, hierarchical model of island biogeography. In E. Wiher and P.A. Keddy (eds.) The search for assembly rules in ecological communities. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Wenner, A.M. and Johnson, D.L. 1980. Land vertebrates on the California Channel Islands: Sweepstakes or bridges? p. 497-530 In: D.M. Power (ed.) The California Islands: Proceedings of a multi-disciplinary symposium Santa Barbara Museum Nat. Hist.
Establishment of Immigrants
Population-Ecology Life Strategies r-Selected: disturbed ecosystems, broad ecological tolerance, rapid population growth K-Selected: mature ecosystems, stable population
James, H.F. 1995. Prehistoric extinctions and ecological changes on oceanic islands. p. 87-102. in P.M. Vitousek, L.L. Loope, and H. Anderson. Islands: Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer Verlag, NY .
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Checkerboard Distribution: only one or the other of two competing species occur on each island. Example: Bismark Archipelago flycatchers Pachycephala pectoralis and P. melanura dahli
Diamond, J.M. 1975. Assembly of species communities. p. 342-444 In. M.L. Cody and J.M. Diamond (eds.) Ecology and evaluation of Communities. Belknap Press, Cambridge.
Moulton, M.P. and Pimm, S.L. 1986. The introduced Hawaiian avifauna: Biogeographical evidence for competition. American Naturalist 121: 669-690.
Lomolino, M.V. 1984. Immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of Microtus pennsylvanicus and Blarina brevicauda on islands. American Naturalist 123: 468-483.
Roughgarden, J. 1974.Niche width: Biogeographic patterns among Anolis lizard populations. American Naturalist 108: 429-442. Roughgarden, J. and Fuentes, E.R. 1977. The environmental determinants of size in solitary population of West Indian Anolis lizards. Oikos 29: 44-51. Foughgarden, J. Heckel, S. and Fuentes, E.R. 1983. Coevolutionary thoery and the biogeography and community structure of Anolis. p. 371-410 IN Huey, R.B. and Pianka, E.R. and Schoener, T.W. (eds.) Lizard Ecology: Studies of a model organism. Harvard Univ. Press.
Schoener, T.W. and Spiller, D.A. 1987. High population persistence in a system with high turnover. Nature 330: 474-477.
Wright, S.J. 1980. Density compensation on small islands. Oecologia 45: 385-389.
Several Small
Circular vs.
"Peninsular"
Clumped vs.
Spread out
Connected vs.
Unconnected
Wilson, E.O. & E.O. Willis 1975. Applied biogeography. pp. 522-534 in M.L. COdy & M.M. Diamond (eds.) Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Belknap Press.
The Island Rule: "the big get smaller & the small get bigger" Optimal size 250 grams (red squirrel) Predators: canids, felids - dwarfism reduced resources Rodents - gigantism immigrant selection: small animals disperse more easily ecological release: small size not needed to avoid predators
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Size variation squirrel size vs. island area
Heaney, L.R. 1978. Island area and body size of insular mammals: Evidence from the tri-colored squirrel (Callisciurus prevosti) of Southwest Africa. Evolution 32: 29-44.
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Size variation mouse size vs. isolation
Ebenhard, T. 1988. Introduced birds and mammals and their ecological effects. Swedish Wildlife Research 13: 1-107.
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Size variation lizard size vs. number of lizards per island
Soul, M.E. 1966. Trends in insular radiation of a lizard. American Midland Nat. 100: 47-64.
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Taxon Cycles Island speciation ends in extinction 1. Invasion of Most Islands 2. Speciation and Range Restriction 3. Few Relictual Populations 4. Replaced by new Stage 1 Species
Wilson, E.O. 1959. Adaptive shift and dispersal in a tropical island fauna. Evolution 13: 122-144.