3.

0
3.1
3.2
3.3

TRTFlT

3.31 3.3.2

fa;m'TF&WTb?

m m a ; T m T m
~ f a g l T 3 & W ~ fagl V & T W FkET

3.4

TI7
3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3

&W

(Tense & Aspect)

3.5

m + m m
T b F i WR (Present Tense)
(Past Tense)

T r C T (Future Tense)

3.6

sP4iFh+J37

fBm V G h (Verb PhrasaNerb Group) : TQW #kd

f h ~ mF@fm3 &IF 8 &IF 3 1 m ~ ~ ~

*m

%I'T&T aFf (Verbals)

& &

8 3h FF fWlam;q
s ~

**ia*f **m&&81t1:m~Tm;l813m %: (Negatives) & 7. el 9 i l k FWlTF (Conceptuals)'?PTh T, ml$ l , 3, *,as;I

( )

1~

:~f;rJrdm~*fi3~f~n=g~mq:;rm~~m3m

f l (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

~~+I~J?I&ITTFFMI ~CIT+MI~~M.FH~~MI
~<*?V-IITTTFFT~&I
?+TFF~~TTVWI

r n m : * r n : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T * ~ h 3 T r T T f l W M ~ @ (Open set) F T F ~ ? 1

*: m1fi;m;m*mmf1m++8~i;m;w~:
1.

(ii) ?IT ('f;i?IT) (iii) h (* h) (iv) m (m m) (i) "mr ( o ~ W) m 3 (vii) h ('f;ih) (v) V3;TT (3 WIT) (vi) FIT ( ~ m) (viii) Z T M T(m m) I
2.

md3avm-i3m;M (ix) FFFFIT (Tm) (x) .(m m)

(xi)

(TTm)

(xii)

IT (mm)

&f h l (Auxiary Verb)

F C? E(Closed Set) Choice is limited

MV ( ~ a i Verb) n

Aspect Aux 1 ~;x3 ~;x4

rn (Tense)
m m
(Obligatory)

I
Mood

I
M k f

Tf
(Perfective) have, had + en ed t

3T9pf
(Imperfective) be+ing

Aux5
W (Voice)

(m3)

f%m

Active Passive be + pplen ed

Three

Present Future 4 Subparts of each Indefinite Imperfect/continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

r:

MV Write

He

has Tense Present

written Aspect (Perfective)

0 a letter

/-

(2)

(She)

should T Past

,
I

done h a v L Modal (Obligation)

Aspect (Perfective)

been

doing

it

T Past

Aspect (Perfective)

Aspect (Progressive)

VP (4) may

T (Non-Past)

have

been Aspect (Perfective) being (Voice) Passive

Modal (Possibility)

(5)

was

delivered

m!
w

Aspect (Progressive)

Voice (passive)

(6)

had T(Past)

been Aspect (perfective)

finished. Voice (Passive)

(7)

will T (future)

have Aspect (Perfective)

been

MV completed Voice (Passive)

arw T~;TT- 4 i ~ ?fvmw6 m : + * y T

F 1

$ % (aspect quantifiers) $ h @ ma;rr FF& 3 F F ~ r ~ i ; i ; ~ ? ~ ~ w ~ m m w ~ f ; l m - ~ e s r ; r * ~

*
~

Tvl?~21
(1)

He is reading

?6Tmql He was reading

v~~&Trl
He will be reading.

%mi: * T W % I
(2)

He has been reading since morning.

W ~ ~ ~ ~ W He had been reading for three years

P ?F ) T T T T- F I T~I he will have been reading.

m w 1 3 ~ ~ , ~ @ ~ 3 m w M m % 1 m 2 3

wmm*,~mw*ifMmTm(lm*w@,329nf,m)
X"fWmm*%is T (Present) being Aspect (Progressive) MV eaten Voice (Passive)

3.4 WFf

dk W (Tense & Aspect)

I . m f i p ~ a r E 3 & M * M h ~ a ; ~ * * ~ 3 1 & ~fhT&Tr%m*%*;r;rmmh3lmm~*m

~ ~ Q J % ~ ~ ~ ' @ R T T R * % I
'Krjrn3hTm(Time&Tense)3dTT%l%

~ m ~ I f r n ; ; ; r M * v 3 T P f 3 @ ~ w ~ % m m # r n b ~ ~ f i m m * % ~ ~ = * v ~ * ~ $ ~
% ~ m % - ~ i r n e & T e n s e l ~ ~ ' 4 m ; T f $ m ; ~ * @ 8(extra linguistic) rn $T f#+=f -qrff If i$jZ W?i T& f!&%t % I h $ 3fT

* * f $ ; m a ; m w r n m m ~ 9 [ @ ~ m ~ * % l b l , ~ m ~ t
qh~7m1 8mqeTT" I q$
' L g ~ r c h ~*m, "

('%Wml',

7.

@ (m)

(Potential)

?FRTillaT&l TmiTi+lTl ~ % T T [ ~ P I

8.
9.
10.

fl (Rl'WT)
*(-)-

(Presumptive)

(m)
(Potential)
:

? F m 1
? V R T 6 T r ~ ~ l

11.

Wj$ ( I R I T T )

12

@ (m)

(Presumptive) :

WTrWffmrl

(3) Tfh-Fr
(q)

(g)

(-GI

T F l T q I m & l
mlf?IT~&&l

TJ

$1 TI
-&KI

is was

(0
(a)

(Potential)

T6TmaTrl T ~ T ? ~ $ ~ R I

Perhap he may eat. Perhaps she may come. (b) (Presumptive) He will be eating She will be going (ii) T-(a)
TWVT

I shall be seen She will be seen. (b) I shall be seen % &% ilT@7 I She will be seen
I

Fn-TT

2.

w&mM*mMaimarf&mb: 19. qpf @ 7TkT) (Potential) : Tm?-Jfi-fmT~l 20. qpf (3 &) (Presumptive) : -Jfi-fTNTfmr~
21.

22.
23.
24.

RJf m) RJf (3 m)

(Potential)

? l T J E q a a T & l

(Presumptive) :

a~mfC1
sR T ila ........
?F&-?NTI

TJf(?F&)+Tqpf(%TkT)*~mm

FFl $? W (Tense and Aspect)

*m~m$;

* *
Um

T&

W? I

3.

. 3 V & 5 f@l7

4.

Wc f f% m @ V&7 (Tense & Aspect) TT$ m m 3 1m + i * + - ~ : 3 ~ f ; T & m @ 3 m (tense) $ & %T T T I 8I T[mmcT: T3 (Aspect) W f&3% Tpf (Imperfective) Wl yJf(Perfective)

*Fr~%TmT%l
5.

3Tpf Ti3 (Imperfective Aspect) ?f W ! % ?Tj$?lT Tl h$ T T? ! I 8 I f ? 3 7FlW (Indefinite/Simple)?PIT FRlX (Continuous)

;5F;TFT (Tenses)

1 .

W i T (Present Indefinite or Present Simple Tense)

**mm

3 q$ kcr $r mkcr 4l F $ r %f n i t e t ~ i m ~ l e ~ e nIsf$%IWf$* ef dT%?TrB1 ~ * ~ m ? T % :

(i)
(ii)

m dF?T W Present Indefi8% l *TT?&PT$lTIT%l

%

~ ~ Z I T ~ W ~ I I go to school.

v TIT
(a) (b)

TI% i lI She sings a song.

~~
'K~T;P%TT

(iii)

3 'K@T-TilY Vil?? % I
They eat together.

Vft.r-rnrn81
He reads day and night.

(iv)

3ieTT
Love is blind.

3I

(v)

T mB I He is a teacher.

(vi) q $I She is an intelligent.

-,

(vii)

T~F&I??I
She is an intelligent girl.

(viii) fix)

F$ $ 3

? !1 The sun rises in the East.

The earth rotates round the sun.

@ F $ + t m ~ 3 3 1

(x) (xi) (xii)

~ ~ r n r n W f r n + 8 1
She does all domestic work herself.

~*-@+iftMwxir31
He respects elderly people.

Fm? F*IXF?I

bI Sohan is a hardworking boy.

m * m 9 m dWTqWTtrW3T

(xiii)

m?Fif%E#mI
We leave for Delhi tomorrow.

(xiv) % T I T I % T~;FT?JT@ I The Prime Minister arrives tomorrow. Historic Present

&*.~n;rr~mr;9

(xv) T ~ ? ~ T ~ " F T T & ' F T W * W ~ T ~ ~ I Ram invades Srilanka and kills Ravana. (xvi) ~ ? ~ F W T * W E T ~ I Sohrab inflicts wounds on Rustam.

d+ri;m=m~srr;rr

m
1.

f-mfaftaawV?iwma:-~:
The next plane arrives in the morning at 6.00 a.m.
--

2.

He has a love for learning.

3.

She is fond of reading novels.

4.

You deceive everybody.

5.

Fortune favours the brave.

6.

Aurangzeb marches his army against Dara.

7.

We leave for Simla next week.

8.

The Western nations believe that man is the maker of destiny.

p p

9.

The weaver weaves the carpet.

-

lo.

He goes to bed at 9 o'clock in the night.

11.

Sohrab rushes at Rustam and inflicts a wound.

3.5.2

3hTW : VWR @ @ TlRR (Present Continuous Tense 81 Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

~ ~ ~ m r n d m 3 q p f + m ~ = m r w 3 $ ~ ~ ~ ~ m 3
(1) Present Continuous tense F M (ii) Present Perfect ~ontinuoustenseM31 ~ w ? r m m v f ; ~ m r n v & r n 8 ~ y ? YTIT $ (Present Perfect) f$ m-mFiTtiFi rn f;T & F3Ti 8 1
TT !& T

Jrbm T K l l f! ?!=$

?rr;Fdr*m+m*m**:
(8) Present lmperfectlContinuous ~ e n s ThVf e SQ?f TllTR F R T (i) M*T+%I The girls are singing songs.
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) +%TT~~$'I?NP~ZRW~!I Ramesh is preparing for his examinations.

& &I You are laughing.

B ~FFIR v Yi? 8 I
They are reading newspaper.

T3rn?m31
The guard is whistling.

@) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

*$+mm
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

The girls have been singing song since morning.

+~T~+~TTF~T~RT$'~?NP~R~~I
Ramesh has been preparing for examinations for the last two months.

p 4hT 63

T$

3I

You have been laughing since 3 o'clock.

B~**smi~vYi?%~
They have been reading newspaper for the last one hour.

~ m k * r n ? w 8 1
'The guard has been whistling for ten minutes.

ftmfftftmm'itr;tdimM4-2*:
1.

He has been helping me heart and soul.

2.

1 am reaching Deihi on the eve of 26th Jan. 96.

3.

The moon is shining in the sky.

4.

People have been trying to occupy the front seats.

5.

The speakers are trying to speak by turn.

6.

The teacher spelled out the pros and cons of the issue.

7.

She has been failing for four years.

1 1

8.

You are going to Hariwar.

9.

He is decorating the house.

(i) (ii)

Verbs of perception : see, hear, smelt, notice. Verbs used to express feelings or states of mind : want, desire, wish, refuse, forgive, care, hate, adore, like, admire, dislike. (iii) Verbs involving the process of thinking think (when no opinion is expressed) feet (= think), mind, know, mean, suppose, remember, realize, recollect, forget, recall. (iv) Vehs denoting possession : have, own, owe, belong, possess. (v)
4.

Verbs such as : Cost, seem, keep, contain, consist.

* f@l*
:

# SEIT

*f

3 f h @ f$iI 3 z f& Continuous

m3&ng;faM%1wr 1. 3~3TT7Fr~l I see it.

2.

* ~ m m w ~ l
I understand what you say.

Present Continuous tense 3lVT Present Perfect Continuous tense 3 &IT f I -.r?Fsr;r (Present simple) rn3 h f I 3 @ 3 ??dl 3mir ms:

!hly
3.
4.

f stay, sit, stand, lie &I

T*rnrn%l
She is staying with me. TT*.m3rfl He is standing in the sun.

5.
6.

rim@T%%l
Mohan is sitting in a chair. ?lThkflTTp3r%l The patient is lying in the bed.
T T

6.

m 3VjR d%

ndm Present Continuous tense 3 f$;m T 3 l %

He is seeing the manager at 3.00 p.m. (=visiting) The judge is hearing the case tomorrow. (= Conducting the trial) She is thinking seriously of joining the service. (=considering)

Thm&mm%1*
He sees a temple on that hill We hear severat rumours about the missing girl. I think the committee will reject his appeat
7.

a$im
0) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

3 7N'T B % W3T $ d%l'T TTFi Present Perfect Tense f@R f I T%?

*3Ti+*$H~*&IT%l
T J fw F lf The sun has risen.
&JFK~%I The darkness has disappeared.

W F F M f I
I have written a book.

& @ TFN FR it I
You have taken false oath.
* ~ ~ ~ * 1 have never come across such a villain. ~ * l

1.

I have eaten nothing from yesterday.

2.

He has slipped away from the house.

3.

She has torn my books.

4.

The police has investigated the case.

5.

You have already verified the bills.

6.

The hunter has killed the tiger.

7.

1 have seen the Taj.

8TFSr;r @ +
Tense
=4T3 ma

W W Present Perfect Tense)

7%TFR: Present Perfect Continuous tense

8:

* @ w - gamwi *

W (Present Perfect Continuous

:
has / have + been + verb + ing ?;m

(3) (i)

~ d 1 9 6 0 ? T ~ s i ~ 1 ; [ % ~ < 1 I have been livinq in this house since 1960.

(ii) (iii) (iv)

~E@wT~T$F&~~+&VS?I
Bricks and stones have been lvinq scattered here for weeks.

rnW$r!~&~~~?l?f;i.~'$?
How long h a v e _ v o u g for the bus?
~ & T ~ ~ ~ K % w T R % , ~ ~ T He has been fishing for two hours, but hasn't caught anything yet. F ~ ; F ~ F N ~ ~ ~ ~ I

since $ ? FETRtT ?T Present Perfect Continuous Tense T W Present (q) for Perfect Tense 8 W $h~ TTFRXI % : (v) I have lived in this house for ten vears. or (vi) I have been living in this house for ten years. (vii) He has taught in this University since 1960. or (viii) He has been teaching in this University since 1960.

WF4

W T (Past Indefinite Tenselpast Simple)

(3) 1 .

* ~ g ~ i l z ~ M % l I wrote a book.

2.

rn3q?p-mPmh1
Vimala a-~ovel place.
~ P m * ~ r n I She the place.
~ * & * h r n e l ~ l He played many hours a day. or

3.
4.

He used to play many hours a day.

(m) 5 .

**mrnrI The poet sang song. or The poet used to sing song.

6.

~ f $ ; a ; r ~ 3 T Q T ~ ~ ~ b 1 They devoted their time in m,editation. or They used to devote their time in meditation.

( ) 7.
8.

~ T m m ~ * ~ r n ~ l
He used to study for an hour daily.

~ ~ q * r n m z ~ ~ ~
He would sing for an hour daily.

(3)

9.
10.

vi3**9,

*V?mzT[1

While they played, I studied.

37Tftn~Tf&~m~f;imzT[,~jm;rrm.-sef~mwl
While my friend worked hard, I wasted my time.

(3)11

i t ? l ~ ~ ~ m l
I Spread the carpet and seated them.

( 3 ; )12.

h~sTlfMa;~rnmr.rr~l
My younger brother lefl for Delhi yesterday.
%?WF-%~I I wrote this book in Vanasthali.

13. 14.

? T J ' h eift-I v
The patient walked very slowly.
*?Brna;wtr*mMl They p u fence around the garden.

15.

(4T) T f

3 Habitual past -h Wf?r f8m T4l b (5)4 3 msr;s

(Past Simple

Tense) imm (Versus) @ ThFi TFf (Present Perfect Tense) ~abiiualpast* u s e d t o ~ w o u l d + 9 @ ~ ~ rn p rnmTT fSm ~ f S 7 (Past Continuous) $IzpiT T f %$ ~f%3 w F ~m zf;T & p f T$b W I T Tm 1 m: Participle the carpet, I seated them 3F& db8 T& W vert,mF;Tmsf;rn%~

* r l 2 ~ '~ d3 ~ . ~ ~ ~
r? ?rI

3'

d3

Having spread WFr T T Finite

Present Perfect Tense (A)

16.

Past IndetinRe Tense

d?t

(B)
When?

w ~ ~ r n e t
*WymMl
I wrote a Book.

1 have written a book.

(m)

17. They have eaten all the sweets.

When?

mmfimr;Sw31 3mww*1
They ate all the sweets 18. The Patient has left the hospital. When did he leave it?

s P h m b r y b ~
Ttbf~~mTTl

The patient lefl the hospital.

19.

1 have seen the film

When did I see it?

R h * b l

*fftFSWtl
I sew the flh.

20. The old tenant has vacated the house. When d i d he vacate it?

gimrmcm*mml
The old tenant vacated the house.

*(l):*p*-*%-8(A)W(b)IfVlinkf IMIfaFIf Td F F F l T T? W h b /Present Perfect Continuous Tense I f Xof

v v *
21.

~ * ~ ~ ~ l r n ~ ~ ~ % T d 3 h ~ I f ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ m " ; i t ~
He has lived in Altahabad for ten years. (He still lives here.) 22. Students have been here in Laboratory since 7 o'clock.

%=#mvmbirngmtvmmmm*:
A 23. Dr. Ram ~ilah Sharma has lived in - Agra for twenty five years. B Dr. Ram Bilas Sharma lived in Agra for 25 years.

24.

For generations Varanasi has provided some of world's best scholars, (it continues to provide them. ,)

25. His uncle has been invalid all his years. (His uncle is still alive)

For generations Varanasi Provided some of best scholars. (Now this is no longer the case) His uncle was an invalid all his Tie. (He is dead now)

*8

(2) : for $ ' I 7 since W4: Present Perfect Continuous Tense I 37;q '4FG Wf5 Adverb, Present Perfect Tense f ;

8 - already, yet, just sTR I

26. The train has left already.

f ;

f%y
I f 3lT?f

S&JT

3, $

*3n*21
27. The guests have not arrived y &

**mM*81
28.

The plane has

landed.

m.r$me-**bl
Present Pedect so far for since lately recentty just yet.
TW

Past Simple Yesterday a week ago last wednesday. at 8 o'clock. in the mornlng. January last.

@
I.

(Past Perfect Tense)

m*m*m:
V m q P ~ m m I Once he h a dto Jaipur.

(8) 2.

t%i+v~:m*g;r:
m-1

3.

FTT;hrT&I%&*$l We had aone to see him. ~ W * r n ~ r

He had delivered an impressive lecture.

4.

The business man had emploved a servant.

5.

mNTarr%MITrnml
I had hardlv slept when somebody knocked at the door.
T ? F ~ ~ T $ I * T R F ~ & ~ T I

(m)

6. 7.

When we reached the theatre, the play had already begun.

f%~m~rnInmm%~.;lrih4~~fim;m~~mr
On reaching school I found that I had foraotten to bring my Geography text book. @ ~ ~ ~ f F * * b ~ ? r 3 % T K h T f l On enquiry I came to know that the Scorpion had stung his servant.

(3.) 8.
9.

*a~rn*,mit~T$l
As soon as i reached the station, the train left.

(*)

lo.

*a3**m*,***m&l
As soon as I reached the river bank, the boat race started.

(7) 11.

3m***rn*****k1
I did not know the man because I had not seen him before.

12

f%mm+r?Mr*~mmPmTMtm~=&&m~
The doctor found the patient restless because he had not had any sleep the whole night.
W~~$ITIT~%~%W~@IVRTTI

13.
( 3 ; ) 14.
15.

I wish I hadn't written that letter.

W & ~ I F ~ T ~ ~ ~ % &

I wish I had accepted the job.

S r n r T ' l $ % W ~ m s ~ h ~ l

I f the letter had arrived in time.

16. 17.

~ ~ ~ # f F S T R ~ 3 T I ? T l I wished rather you had not aone there. ~ ~ T f h Y f ? P ; r n ~ T ? T ~ & T T i T l If he had worked hard, he would have passed. S r n r ~ ~ * T T i T , * ~ ~ k l If he has gone by a taxi, he would have caught the train.

( )

18.

.*mSaT****wf%*m*m3~rllH* v f k ~ 3 b (3) 1 Tf3wT?Tfh-~m&b (m) 1 3-trwf~jpm3rnp %ITF?JW&#**hbm $p&*M~astPerfect~enseqm &mpd*f?I3 ~ a s t s i r n p l e t e n s e m ~ f S m T T i T (5) f1 *TW&R f % d-?p lrmsim (Principal clause) Wm 3 & T?T 3Tf%3 T + W (subordinate clause) ";it akf, Present Perfect tense ";it 'jfTFFf 3 Past Perfect tense 3 &IT 1 ((f)

Tf3wmmf%m~dwmfif:**a*mm~
Past Indefinite Tense F !f ; : nbm 3 % Past Perfect Tense I (7) Tf f ; 3 ~ a s t ~ e r f e c t ~ e n s e s f ; ~ ~ ~ d ~ . ~ n ; r r * W ~ * b3h$ f ? I 3 f S m m mmmm";it91,m3*31 ( J ; ) T ~ * W T ~ ~ * ? & ~

unfulfilled wish TT

T d l ?I

(F)% W fl ; Ig$ d unfulfilled condition

~3%m3?1

* qpf

q[a -O ,r F
19.

V l T lKmm

O r , m

(Past Perfect Tense & Past Simple Tense) :

f=mm!m*m*:
Past Perfect Tense When he had made his speech he sat down 21. When tie had eaten his dinner he got up. Past Indefinite Tense 20. When he made his speech he sat

down.

22. When he & his dinner he

w.

* W 1 9 * ~ r ; r ~ 2 0 T T J F d m ~ - i h ~ 4 e f T h % ~ % ~ ~ %
~ s w f a ~ d

Fib % Past Perfect tense 'Past of the past' 3RT $ 1 33 23. mq&W'i&T-ihTl8~*al
24.
25.

w:

'before' past

The train had left when I reached the station.

~ ? F F ? ~ " ? By the time he g o J the telegram, his mother ~ ~ expired. ~ ~ ~ ~ S T ~ ~ I

T ? F F $ % w ' R ~ , ~ ~ T ~ ~ $ I By the time police arrived on the scene, the rioters , -h

6.

3 .iFTrf

3 3 V $kiT (earlierness)-$T 3 d % before 9T after $FIT (Conjunction) W3 Past perfect tense % f ; Simple past t e n s e m f ; ~ M 3 ~ ~ m m % 1
26. 27.

* & W ~ ~ ' @ * ~ @ ~ I
The train left before I reached the station. ~ ~ * V ' G I reached the station

athe train !Q&

7.

FITWW:qpf

% fi FlW7

(a point of time in the past)

m f ~ r Ml d d 3
phrases 28. 29. 30.
(~qq

~ ~ -im m rn I T FI'VT W R i d T?l V R @) 3 W

* w ~ ? r @ p d8 *(Point of time),

;
time

At 10. o'clock the plane had left.

Bv 5. o'clock in the afternoon the meeting had ended. At 20 vears of aae he had alreadv a c so much knowledge and travelleda lot.

sr: point of time

31. 32.

rn .ih W T l fhlT

%:

when he wrote to me about his success in the assembly elections, I had already known the results from the newspapers. Bv the time we called in the firenlgn the building had already burnt to ashes.

t?wmRrm?r;rw*~m:
1.

By 5, o'clock the train will reach Madras Centra!.

2.

Mr. R.N. Dhar worked in this organisation for 30 years.

3.

Dr. Shrilata has served this hospital for 15 years.

4.

Shri Nirmal Verma had delivered an impressive lecture.

5.

He had hardly reached the home when the boy came with the bad news.

6.

When we reached that place the wedding ceremony had already started.

7.

On enquiry he came to know that a theft had taken place in the house.

8.

If you had come yesterday, you would have met your friend.

9.

By the time police reached that place, the thives had run away.

10.

1 was doing my work when she came.

11.

While some of us were watching the cricket match on T.V. they were walking sea coast.

12.

While she was telling her sorrowful story Lalit was humming the song.

mw T m TWT 3fk @ yp + TfKm (Past Continuous Tense & Past Perfect eidv~~:~*g;~ Continuous : Tense)

m-I

: nr* m *~**dk a i ' T R

(7) I . 2.

TrnW784tl She was trying.

*wyy=VizmqI
I was reading a book.

3.
4.

rnmrnw*4t\
His sister was eating a mango.

~ * 3 r n ~ * $ l
Fishermen

werein the river.

f ~ ~ $ ~

5.
6.

WrnM**~rnrTTl
Once a hunter was passing throuah a forest.
~ V ' l = h ~ ~ ~ ? F T ~ W f I The boys were plaving in the garden when it started to rain.

m:*d*w3~mifwm@Tii;lrfffrf*p~mm
rTTlrnfBmTTFr+ 'was' 1 'were' + verb + ing.
(q) 1.
2.
3iWTT: 6 . 3 0 d 3 3 T W f K W V T e T T I

mm
3 l l T m

7 . 3 0 + 3 m ~ m e ~ ~ 1

3.
4.

3 l l T m 8.30d3TRrnVTq(

9 . 3 O d 3 T d k * ~ ? f 4 l Y & ~ e T T d k d ~ * ~

?f4lY&*9\
1.

2.
3.
4.

At 6-30 a.m. this morning I was reading the newspaper. At 7.30 a.m. I was meditatina At 8.30 a.m. I was having my breakfast. At 9.30 a.m. I was aetting ready for office and the children were aettinq ready for school.

( )

1.

~ ~ ~ * ~ R . ~ o T z * * I
The boys were listening to the cricket commentary the whole of yesterday.

2.

srmmmm*~wr*?
What were you &&g yesterday evening?

3.

3mmrnI
I was reading a novel.

(T)

1. 2.

m g F I ~ * ~ g F I * r n * ~ ~ e i t l The train was passing on the bridge when the bridge fell down. TTrn**M**g,,,, I was taking bath when the telephone rang. T T 3 ~ * * t r ~ ~ r m q v y , ~ l He was recitiw the Ramayana when I reached there.

3.

(3) 1.

~ ~ ~ a l f ~ While some boys were reading in the library the others were plaving in the playground.

2.

m?i~mrn~miM~rnme~l~
While Rome was burning Nero was fiddlina.

?-hrrsm-z f?xi?41

Ravishankar-was playing the sitar, Lata was singing, Jakir Hussain was plaving the tabla and audience were eniovina,

m: ~ 3 r d i l f ~ l f $ r n @ m w h m & m ~ r n w m f 3 m m
$ l ~ ~ ~ ( ~ h i l e ) m Z l r h r T $ ~ * * * & ~ m $ l
(3)

(Adverbs) rn F;T5&TiTi (for ever) W, mq: f$;m T I T 3: K~;T& (Always), TVTRK (Continually), WTZt, & (Constantly).
T T &T

plf

F & a; f%T

f%'lY$l

m,

1.
2.

T i f a r & & ~ * ~ ~ ~ e i t l
Sita was always scolding her children. TwlTmT7*mmeTlI He was continually asking for money. d m ~ 9 * m * m r n * $ l The children were constantly asking for sweets.

3.
4.

ma;m*Mq*****rn*91
Saints and sages Were forever oraving for the welfare of humanity.

x m

f d % 3 M (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)

@l m M (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) TIT P& lf ?WI ~ - m * m ~ ~ ~ I f ~ m ~ m ~ f ; r ~ m ~ l f ~ ~ f m Wll I ThFi W3 lf Wf =TT Present Prefect Tense lf & ? f W& 8 & F p T p 8 ~ ~ W f - ~ 7 ~ ~ ; ars t*~ e r f e c t ~ e n s e * & I?% ?f

1.

TT3m*m~mql He had been sufferinclfever for several weeks.

TRm~TiT*~*mmm$~l
Pakistan had been Dreparinomaking preparation tor war many years.

2.

mm~m*fm*-m79sl
All persons had been waiting tor the train for two days.

3,

mMiffriftMmm*~m*m~~~
The telephone had been ringing tor five minutes but there was no one to attend it. ~ ~ $ T ~ ~ P c ~ I T ? I met Ramesh at the bus station. He had been waiting for his bus for an hour.
1 9 6 5 a ~ r ; ~ Z F f ? & ~ h ~ ~ l

4.

5.

Our hockey team had been winninq Olympic matches till 1965.

& h @ % ~ l He had been teaching vocal music for fifteen years when he lost his voice

and had to retire.

7.

*m3**m@Ti:1
People had been rushing into the 'pandal' till they were stopped.

rn*a;@*rnrn&Ti:l
The leaders had been preparing their speeches before the meeting commenced.

9.

mMa;3TI3m*m*3ksffs4*mel
The police had been restoring order and controlling the mob before the volunteers came up.

3.5.3

(Future Tense)

(3) 3ll%T

- shall come; *will go ?d? 1 shall or will + verb & Future Tense I

~i~+hlfafm**m*a;3~;g*mf;$l*:
(n) 1.
2.
3.

&rn-&mmMa;f&mm~
Indian hockey team leaves for Bombay this evening

T5d**%Ml They &two matches there. TV**~~%MI

They p b y one match at Baroda also.

4.

*&rnWrnl
The team returns next Tuesday.

*ma;w*m$-w*&a;m,
a; m Kmr;s
(3) 5. 6.

**@rnd
I

rn (Present Simple Tense) W 3 3 h F T fgm Tmr

~ ~ ~ W f i i t r n * ~ The Vice-Chancellor is visiting the college tomorrow.

~ T h l 7 ~ ~ The University cricket team is plaving a match next Sunday.

m Fr d k T Tim4 (Present Continuous Tense) W T f a; & 3 fgm Tmr b I m-m ' & P T m Fr Tf;n?F a; f?K4 tomorrow 7iW next Sunday
%'

~ * ~ F r ~ f 4 ; m ~ b l
(f) 'go'
$1 7.

*, m*~Ti:P~my&m*?

'come'

%T l % i 'time', l 'expressions'

f;

We are going for a walk. Are you coming with us?

8. 9.

3qvm*l
I am going to buy a car.

r n ~ ~ * r n * 3 @ s m ; * r n l
If you do not apologise, I am not going to excuse you.

fmm5Usm;rrB:

'am', 'is', 'are' + 'going to' + 'verb'

=fk : em;r ?3 $ I rn

%' k f&mit 'go' ?vl~ 'come', 'going to' & m2T T&TFf 3 8 $ l # i
TXil $m I

%:
10.
11.

He is going to come here tomorrow He is coming here tomorrow.

mW &Tr

@ T I 7 6

~ e i s g o i n g t o g o t o ~ e l h i t o m o r r o w ~~ ~m $W m~ 'i?FKl He is going to Delhi tomorrow.

(3)

3 qZ?T rn h$I Certainty %? iT & f& %w TrRam*%: 12. 3 ; 1 r l ? T T r ? f ~ * ? r 1 1 * m 3 1

Look at these thick dark clouds. It is going to rain.
13.

3 going to + verb

% ? ~ ~ ~ % T ~ ~ ? V T ~ I ~ F & ~ @ V ~ & ~ % I

The patient has eaten a lot. His condition is going to deteriorate further. 14.

pm~*m&%m8~
Mrs. Rama is going to have a baby.

TF3 : T T ' f V T (Future lndefinite Tense)

F l 7 (Future Indefinite Tense) %? %F?l % f??yshall or will + the bare lVF4 form of verb FT fl % T 8I 1 F(First person) ITFVRL l/we % m2T shall 3 T TTerFEF F (Second) ? T 3FT (Third Person) f$ m2T will FT TTdm %I

3315.

I shall help you in this work.

16.
17.
18.
19.

3 3 T P # i ~ m * * @ l

I shall return your book on tuesday.

rnqymfM31
We shall write a book.

m m ~ ~ q 3 f 2 ; r 3 m ~ r
You will know your examinations result in a day or two.
W ~ ~ S F ; T ~ * I

The Vice Chancellor will come to visil our college tomorrow.

m- 10 m * a y * :
1.

If you do not obey your officer, you shall be turned out.

2.

1 shall be late.

3.

He, however, will come in time.

4.

1 shall keep pace with you.

5.

If you do not work honestly, you will not prosper.

6.

The train will start at ten a.m.

7.

1 shall be indebted to you.

8.

1 will do it or die.

9.

If he works hard, he shall get a lift.

10.

You will get his post on his retirement.

11.

The Head Clerk will resume his duty tomorrow.

TFf :

'cTfifaFa @Z

TRIW (Future Continuous Tense)

am4 W 8;r F T : will 1 shall + be + verb + ing

Tlms-anmeml
She will be waiting for me. I ~ ~ & W W . T . ~ * ' F T ~ T T ? W ~ I My son will be taking his M.A. (Final) examination next month.

mT%T*WYf?rhsrrmml
The doctor will be coming to see the patient daily. T3mC"rrn.rfrn*rnWkl He will be arriving next week by a new car

3m-mm&~msarm@1
I shall be helping you from time to time.
ThIT TFf : @ TK7F4 (Future Continuous TFf : @ rn Tense & Present Continuous Tense) 6. (i) rnpm*mk*$~ We are seeing the Chief Minister tomorrow.

(ii)
7.

rnpm*mk*H~
We will be seeing the Chief Minister tomorrow. rn$.fl*+3fS@ii'FTm*1 We will ask Dr. Puri to examine mother. ~F?.~~?T@+'FTvJT+ERW~HI We will be asking Dr. Puri to examine mother.

(i) (ii)

rn?T & 6 (i) FT 7 (i) deliberate intention (ii) m sh-wkfm I

8.
~ ~ * ~ T ~

8 3?lT
m i

3P &
i

6 (ii) @ 7

I am sure he will abide by his promise.

~ : ~ m m ~ , @ m i i * Indefinite 3 %T rn 8 I V? V idiomatic ~

m I

3lwRr 12

FFThfkiwm*3~m:
1.

You shall be prospering.

2.

Parents will be looking after their only son.

3.

1 shall be spending the rest of my life in devotion to God.

4.

She shall be leading a carefree life.

5.

He shall be getting lifts in life.

W F f :
I.

(Future Perfect Tense)

l+if#%md*d~*mirm:

m~3mm'K"iifv%+fi1
We shall have written all the letters by 6 o'clock.

2.
3.

*d*$~rnm~mrn*~
We shall have started from here before he comes.

&+rna;mm~3m;rr;r;mypfm~ml
I shall have finished my work by the middle of the next month
:

verb W

shalVwill + have + Past Participle of verb.

WFf :
1.

+ TTEFf (Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

- P w t % k i ~ & * ~ * r n :
T & % ~ * ~ . O O & ? ? ? ~ % J J ' ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ I

Tomorrow when it is 5 o'clock in the morning, my friend will have been reading.
2.

m*w*tmir*~&Tm**m*+Tm&**l
Vimala will have been suffering from this severe disease for five months on the 2nd of next month.
~W~FF'KF~T**I

3.

They shall have been singing by this time tomorrow.

3lWlX 1 4

mm;rdiwm*mm:
1. The fire will have destroyed all the huts by then.

2.

1 shall have saved enough money for a house by the end of year 1996.

3.

The mother will have cooked the supper by then.

4.

You will be working in your office at this time tomorrow.

1.

2.

He likes the company of bad boys. They take the food only in the evening. Mohan obeys the parents. Sarala escapes the work. / Sarala shirks from the work.

3.
4.

mpmrm-

5.
7.

fhhr:gm~dk~~ 6.

.&m-I

8.
9.

lo.
11.

You tell a lie. The sun sets in the west. The Prime Minister comes to Jaipur tomorrow. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. There is a limit to carelessness. They recite the Ramayana everyday. The water boils at 100 degree centigrade.

m
1.

2. 3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

The Gardener is watering the plants. The Gardener has been watering the plants since today morning. They have been living in this room for three weeks. He is writing an essay. He has looked into the facts. Madhuri is waiting for car to come. His subordinates and senior officers both are behaving very well with him. The students are waiting earnestly for the examination results. He has been doing the same job for three years.

3PmK5
1. 2.

3.

He has written five novels. The teacher has taught me Geography. He has taken bath.

4.

5.

6. 7.

You have resigned from the job. He has cheated me. They have done the exercises. You have helped your friend.

-8

1.
2.
3. 4.

5.

6.
7.

8.
9,
lo.
m
1.

He always comes late. You are always scolding me. / You have always been scolding.me. The flood victims were continuouslyasking for relief. He kept on knocking the door for 10 minutes but no body ca'me to open it. Before the commencement of Viva-Voce the student kept on doing rehearsal among themselves. If he had tried, he would have succeded. 1 wish we had gone to Simla in these holidays. 1 wish you would have met me two years ago. On enquiring we came to know that the child had been hit by the scooter. When he reached, the examination had already started.
9

2.
3. 4.

5.

They will cooperate with'each other. No work will be done. History will remember the sacrifices of Rana Pratap. The office will remain closed for Dushehra holidays. The office will reopen after that.

fMw~:gmr3fkfl

T W F ~ T W + ~ T W ~ 6. 7.

Students will read attentively. We will join our duty from tomorrow.

Fw1

8.
9. lo. 11.

1 know that today evening you will go to Delhi. We are sure 1 we believe that you will futfill your promise. It seems that there will be a strike today. First I will give him money then he will go to market.

I rn11 1. Watchman will keep on watching.

2.
3. 4.

5.

He will keep on reading the newspaper. Thieves will keep on running. You will keep on bringing things for me. They will keep on sleeping.

SromK 13 The patient will have died before the doctor arrives. 2. We will have reached the play ground before 5 o'clock. 3. He will have harvested before the summer sets in. Tomorrow when it is 4 pm he will be walking in the beautiful valleys. 4.

1.