The Dental Laboratory

The Dental Laboratory
What is the Dental Laboratory ? The dental laboratory is the place where dental technicians work. The dental laboratory is the environment in which the dental technicians apply their knowledge and skills to carry out dental laboratory procedures. Aim of the Dental Laboratory The aim of the dental laboratory is to have all of the things the dental technicians need to work safely. The aim of the dental laboratory is to supply all of the facilities the dental technicians require to carry out dental laboratory procedures safely. What is dental technology? Dental technology is the practice of preparing; fabricating and reparing the prosthesis appliances and related items required for restoring ' correcting the function and aesthetics of the mandible ' maxilla and face of the patient .
Requirements of the Dental Laboratory a. Area The area for the dental laboratory needs to be large enough for : - All of the facilities required for dental technicians to carry out dental
laboratory procedures safely. - All facilities required to be organized correctly, so they can be used safely and easily. - All personnel to be able to move around safely and easily. b. Illumination ( Lighting )
c. Ventilation Ventilation is important to keep the air of the dental laboratory clean and cool. Some dental laboratory procedures produce dust, fumes or heat, which need to be removed from the dental laboratory. Air extraction is a part of ventilation. There are 3 common types: 1. Environmental extraction. 2. Work area extraction. 3. Equipment extraction.
d. Services The dental laboratory requires 4 services: 1. Electricity (110v and 220v) Required for electrical equipment.
2. Gas. Required for gas equipment.
3. Water (cold, hot and waste) 4. Compressed air.
e. Materials and equipment The dental laboratory requires the materials and equipment, which the dental technician requires to do his work. Material is the thing of which something is made. Equipment is the thing used to manipulate and process the material.
f. First-Aid and Fire
First-aid kit: - To be able to treat minor wounds quickly. - Must be available at all times. Fire fighting equipment: - To extinguish a small fire or to protect life in a large fire until the emergency services arrive. Emergency Exits. - To be able to exit quickly in an emergency. - Must be clearly visible. - Must be easily opened and have a clear path with no obstructions. Medical and fire emergency procedures. - To be able to act quickly and effectively in an emergency. - Must be presented to all personnel. - Must be posted clearly for everyone to see.

Organization of the Dental Laboratory a. Technician Work Stations The technician work stations include the facilities required by the dental technician to do the procedures wich are: - Detailed. - Sensitive . The technician work stations are separated from the ather areas so they are: - quiet . - clean .
- safe ( away from unnecessary hazardous facilities ) . Each technician work station includes an adjustable chair to ensure a correct and comfortable seating position.
b. Wet area The wet area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to do the procedures which require water and gypsum: - Pouring, trimming, articulating casts. - Flasking. - Duplicating - Investing. c. Machinery Area The machinery area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to do the procedures: - Processing heat cured acrylic resin. - Trimming. - Polishing. - Cleaning.

Organization of the Dental Laboratory d. Casting Area The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician To do the procedures: - Casting alloys. - Soldering alloys.
e. Storage Storage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the dental laboratory .

Organization of the Dental Laboratory d. Casting Area The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician To do the procedures: - Casting alloys. - Soldering alloys.
e. Storage Storage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the dental laboratory .
Common Dental Terminology

What is Dental Terminology? Dental terminology is the language of dentistry. All dental professionals use it so they can communicate clearly with each other, in Saudi Arabia and around the world. This lesson will introduce some common dental terms, which will be practiced and built upon during future lessons of this course. Oral Anatomy Oral anatomy : parts of the mouth
Posterior : Toward the back of the mouth Anterior : Toward the front of the mouth
Occlusion : Any contact between the teeth of the upper arch and lower arch.
Dentate : With all teeth.

Edentulous : Without teeth.
Partially edentulous : With 1 tooth or some teeth missing.
An Impression : An imprint of some anatomy.
A Cast : A gypsum reproduction of some anatomy.
A Prosthesis : An artificial body part

Procedures A procedure : The way to do a task
To Pour : To add a liquid material
To Adapt : To fit a material to an object
To trim : To remove unwanted material from an object.
To polish : To make the material of an object smooth and shine.
To fabricate : To make.

Removable Prosthodontic Technology Removable prosthodntics : The practice of replacing missing oral anatomy with a removable prosthesis . A removable prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which the patient can remove easily. A complete denture : A removable prosthesis which replaces all teeth. (For an edentulous arch)
A removable partial denture
A removable prosthesis
RPD
which replaces 1 or more teeth. ( For a partially edentulous arch)
Fixed Prosthodontic Technology Fixed Prpsthodontics : The practice of restoring existing teeth, and replacing missing oral anatomy with a fixed prosthesis. A fixed prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which is fixed to the Prepared tooth/teeth of the patient
A preparation : A tooth which has been trimmed (by the dentist) to provide space for a fixed prosthesis.
Crown : A fixed prosthesis which restores 1 prepared tooth ( for a dentate or a partially edentulous arch)
: A fixed prosthesis which replaces 1 or more missing teeth. ( For a partially edentulous arch)
Fixed Partial Denture FPD

Orthodontic Technology Orthodontic : The practice of correcting the positions of teeth and occlusion.
An orthodontic appliance : an appliance for moving teeth And/or changing occlusion.
A removable Appliance : An orthodontic appliance which the patient can remove easily.
: An orthodontic appliance which Is temporarily fixed to some of the Patients' teeth.

&
A fixed Appliance
Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology Maxillofacial Prosthodontics : The practice of restoring the maxilla and face. A splint : An appliance for stabilising oral anatomy E.g. broken maxilla and/or mandible afafter an accident.
An turator : : A prosthesis which fills a hole in the maxilla.
A facial prosthesisb> : : A prosthesis which replaces a part of the face.
Common Dental Laboratory Materials

What are Materials? 'Materials' are the things of which something is made. 'Dental materials' are the materials used in dentistry .this lesson will introduce some of the common dental materials used in the dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course and the rest of the dental program. Gypsum Products Some Uses Fabricating a cast. Mounting casts on an articulator. Flasking a denture wax up.
Description Before Mixing Fine powder (Common colours-white, yellow, blue, green) Manipulation Place the required amount of water in a mixing bowl. Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly. Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until smooth and creamy with no lumps remaining. Working time is 2-4 minutes. ( The time you have to work with a material)
Setting time is 30-60 minutes. (The time of this material takes to harden 'set') Trim the set material using a model trimmer to the size and shape required.
Description After Setting Rigid. Hard surface. Porous (Absorbs water) Dental stone is harder and stronger than dental plaster.

Acrylic Resins A. Cold Cure Acrylic Resin A Use Fabricating a custom impression tray. Description Before Mixing Fine powder- 'polymer' ( Common colours- Green, blue, white) Liquid 'Monomer'.
Manipulation Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl. Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly. Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and creamy dough ( Dough stage) Adapt to cast and cut to shape. Working time is 2-4 minutes. Curing time 8-12 minutes. ( The time of this material takes to harden- 'cure') Trim and polish the cured acrylic resin, using a trimming And polishing lathe. Description After Curing Rigid. Hard surface. Polished surface has a low to medium shine.
B. Heat Cure Acrylic Resin A Use Fabricating a complete denture . Description Before Mixing Fine powder- 'polymer' ( Common colour - Pink ) Liquid 'Monomer'.
Manipulation Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl. Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly. Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and creamy . Wait a few minutes for the dough stage. Pack the stiff dough into the denture mould. Working time is 4-6 minutes. Cover the packed denture mould with cold water. Heat the water to 100 centigrade over a period of 6 hours. Curing time at 100 centigrade is approximately 1 hour .
Remove from the water and allow to cool for 1-2 hours. Remove the cured acrylic resin carefully from the mould. Trim using a micromotor with the correct trimming burrs and stones. Polish using a polishing lathe and polishing materials. Description After Curing Rigid. Hard surface. Polished surface has a medium to high shine. Heat cured acrylic resin is harder and stronger than cold cure acrylic resin. Waxes A. Baseplate Wax A Use Waxing up a complete denture.
Description Before Heating Sheet of wax. Flexible. Soft. Common colour-Pink. Manipulation Soften: Use warm water or a Bunsen burner flame to soften the wax. Melt: Use a Bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in a flame, to melt the wax.
Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax. Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax. Description After Cooling Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed.
B. Inlay Wax A Use Waxing up a wax pattern for a fixed restoration.
Description Before Heating Stick of wax. Rigid. Harder than baseplate wax. Common colour Blue.
Manipulation Soften: Use warm/hot water or a bunsen burner flame to soften the wax.. Melt: use bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in a flame, to melt the wax. Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax. Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax.
Description After Cooling Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed. Investment Material A Use Forming an investment mould by investing a wax pattern.
Description Before Mixing Fine powder (similar to dental plaster and dental stone). Investment liquid. Manipulation Place the required amount of the special liquid in a mixing bowl. Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly. Using a mixing spatula, mix for 15-30 seconds until all of the powder is mixed with the liquid. Using a vacuum mixing machine, vacuum mix for 30-60 seconds. Pour the creamy mixture into the prepared ring containing the wax pattern. Working time is 2-4 minutes. Setting time is 30-60 minutes. Place in a burnout furnace and preheat to approximately 1000 centigrade for 1-2 hours and hold at 1000'c For 20-60 minutes. At this high temperature, the wax will melt and burn out of the investment mould leaving it empty to receive the casting alloy. Description After Setting Rigid. Hard surface. Porous. Able to resist temperatures as high as 1500'c.

Dental Casting Alloys
Some Uses Fabricating a removable partial denture metal framework. Fabricating a fixed prosthesis metal framework.
Description Before Melting Ingots (Pieces) of the alloy (1-6 grams). Very Rigid. Very hard surface. Very strong. Common colours - Grey, pale yellow.
Manipulation Place the alloy ingots into the crucible of the casting machine. The casting machine will melt the alloy ingots in the crucible at 900-1450 centigrade). Using tongs, remove the hot investment mould from the hot burnout furnace and place correctly into the casting machine. The casting machine will force the melted alloy into the hot investment mould-this procedure is called 'casting'. The investment mould containing the cast alloy is allowed to cool slowly (1-2 hours) . Using a sandblaster, remove the investment material from the cast metal framework. Trim the cast metal framework, using a trimming lathe or micromotor with the correct trimming burrs and stones.
Description After Casting Similar to 'Before Melting' except for the new shape which has been formed and without shine. Dental Porcelains A Use Fabrication of a porcelain fused to metal fixed prosthesis.
Description Before Mixing Fine powder (Common colours - Pink, blue, yellow). Modeling liquid. Manipulation Place a small amount of porcelain powder on a clean glass surface. Add a small amount of modeling liquid. Using a clean glass instrument, mix until smooth and creamy. Using a clean porcelain brush, apply the mixed porcelain to the metal framework. Place the porcelain on the metal framework in a porcelain furnace and fire (bake) at 920-950 centigrade for 1-2 minutes. Using tongs, remove the prosthesis from the porcelain furnace and allow it to cool slowly.
Trim, using a micromotor with trimming stones for porcelain. Glaze the porcelain ( make it shine) by firing again in the porcelain furnace. Description After Firing Very Rigid. Very Hard surface. Porous. Appearance should be as natural teeth.

Wrought Metals A Use Forming a wire component of an Orthodontic appliance.
Description Before Bending Wire. Strong. Flexible. With shine.
Manipulation Using wire cutters, cut the wire to the required length. Using orthodontic pliers, bend the wire to from the shape of the component required. Description After Forming Similar to 'Before Bending' except for the new shape which has been formed.
Introduction to Health & Safety within the Dental Laboratory

Health & Safety Guidelines-Why? Health and Safety guidelines are important so that dental laboratory personnel can work safely in the dental laboratory. This lesson will introduce some of the more important health and safety guidelines, which are to be followed while in the dental laboratory. Health and safety instruction will be practiced and developed during this course and the rest of the diploma program.
The Dental Laboratory The dental laboratory must have: Enough area so that all laboratory personnel may move around safely. Enough illumination to see clearly and to use materials and equipment safely. Enough ventilation so that dust, fumes and heat, produced from some laboratory procedures, may be removed. Services supplied safely E.g. No exposed electrical wires. Electricity supply above water supply and never contact each other. No gas leaks. Services main on/off points with easy access. Organisation so that hazardous materials and hazardous equipment are stored and used in specific and safe areas. First aid and fire equipment, emergency procedures and emergency exits. Personal Protective Equipment- PPE a. Protective clothing Always worn in the dental laboratory . Helps to protect personal clothing and body Helps to prevent loose clothing from entangling in rotary equipment or igniting Near a flame . b. Protective eye goggles Helps to protect eyes from flying particles, dust and fumes . c. Protective gloves Helps to protect hands from some hazardous materials . d. Protective facemask Helps to protect mouth and respiratory system from flying particles,dust and fumes. e. Dark protective eye goggles Helps to protect eyes from intense light . f. Heat resistant gloves Helps to protect hands from hot equipment and hot objects . Hazardous Materials
Gypsum Products
: Laboratory plaster and laboratory stone. : Pouring an impression to fabricate a cast. : Fine dust may irritate eyes and respiratory system. : Wear protective eye goggles and facemask. Organic materials : Monomer (liquid of acrylic resin). : Complete denture, custom impression tray. : Allergic reaction, carcinogenic, toxic vapour, flammable. : Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask. Use in a well-ventilated area. Use away from flames or heat sources. Store separately and safely as a hazardous material. Flammable Liquids
Example A Use Hazards Precautions
Example Some uses Hazards Precautions
: Alcohol. : Fuel for small alcohol burners. : Fire, explosion. : Use alcohol burner away from other flames or other sources. Store in a cool place as a hazardous material. Flammable Gases
: Natural gas. : Fuel for small alcohol burners..
Example A Use
: Fire, explosion. : Never leave a Bunsen burner unattended. Always turn off the gas when not in use. Acid solutions : Electropolishing solution. : Electropolishing a removable partial denture metal framework. : Irritation to eyes, respiratory system and skin Burn. : Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask. Handle metal framework with forceps - not fingers until rinsed in clean water. Use in a well-ventilated area. Store separately and safely as a hazardous material.
Hazards Precautions
Example A Use Hazards
Precautions
Introduction to Health & Safety within the Dental Laboratory

Hazardous Equipment Rotary Equipment
: Micromotors, model trimmers, trimming and polishing lathes. : Trimming and polishing. : High speed revolving parts. : Wear protective eye goggles. Check fingers clear of revolving parts. Secure loose clothing and long hair. Always switch of when not in use. Dust Producing Equipment
: Micromotors. Trimming lathe, sandblasting machine. : Trimming, cleaning surfaces. : Find dust and flying particles may irritate or damage eyes and respiratory system. : Wear protective eye goggles and facemask. Use dust extraction equipment. High Temperature Equipment
Example A Use Hazards
Precautions
: Bunsen burner, burnout furnaces, casting machine, Soldering equipment, wax elimination equipment. : Melting wax, heating investment moulds, melting alloy, removing wax. : Hot flaying particles. Fumes may irritate eyes and respiratory system. High risk of being burned. Intense light may damage eyes. : Wear protective eye goggles, face mask and heat resistant gloves. Secure loose clothing and long hair. Use in well-ventilated areas. Wear dark protective eye goggles if there is intense light.
Example Some Uses
Hazards
Precautions
Sharp Equipment : Scalpel, cut-off disks. : cutting. : cutting or sticking in the body. : Use with care keeping fingers clear of the sharp edge or point. Never leave at the edge of a work bench. Example Some uses Hazards Precautions
Conduct of Laboratory Personnel Follow Health and safety Guidelines Laboratory Personnel must follow health and safety guidelines, at all times, while in the dental laboratory.
ALWAYS: Wear the correct personal protective equipment. Use hazardous materials safely. Use hazardous equipment safely. Know the dental laboratory's fire emergency and medical emergency procedures. NEVER: Eat. Drink. Smoke. Rub your eyes. Handle contact lenses. Wear lip balm.
Common Dental laboratory Equipment

What is Equipment? 'Equipment' are the things used to manipulate and process the materials. 'Dental equipment' are specifically designed to manipulate and process dental materials. This lesson will introduce some of the common dental equipment, and their common uses, used in the dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course and the rest of the dental program. Common Dental laboratory Equipment and Common Uses HEALTH & SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Eye Goggles Face Mask COMMON USES Mixing Gypsum product EQUIPMENT
Rubber Bowl and Spatula
Rotary Equipment Eye Goggles Face Mask
Vacuum Mixer Vacuum mixing Gypsum products Vacuum mixing Investment materials (Reduce air bubbles)
Pouring impressions Pouring investment Moulds (Reduce air bubbles)
Dental Vibrator
Rotary Equipment protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask
Trimming Gypsum casts
Model Trimmer
Rotary Equipment protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Use with Equipment Extraction
Trimming & Polishing Materials
Trimming and Polishing Lathe
Rotary Equipment protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Use with
Trimming & Polishing Materials
Micromotor with Trimming Burs & Stones And Polishing Brushes
Equipment Extraction
High Temp. Equipment Use with Environmental Extractionbr>
Heating wax Heating waxing Instruments
BBunsen Burner
Sharp Equipment Instruments may be hotbr>
Heating wax Softening wax Melting wax Adding wax Carving wax WWaxing Instruments
HEALTH & SAFETY PRECAUTIONS High Temp. Equipment (Hot wax) Use with Environmental Extraction
COMMON USES Wax Pot
EQUIPMENT
Melting wax Keeping wax at a Constant temperature
High Temp. Equipment (Hot water) Use Resistant Gloves Tongs Use with Work Area Extraction High Temp. Equipment (Hot water) Use Resistant Gloves Tongs Use with Work Area Extraction
Removing wax from A denture mould (Using hot water)
Wax Elimination Unit
Curing heat cured Acrylic resin (Using hot water)
Acrylic Curing Unit
High Temp. Equipment Dark Protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Heat Resistant Gloves Tongs Use with Work Area Extraction
Removing wax From an Investment Mould
Burnout Furnace
High Temp. Equipment Dark Protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Heat Resistant Gloves Tongs
Casting dental casting Alloy into a hot Investment mould
Casting Machine
Use with Work Area Extraction
Sharp Equipment protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask
Removing gypsum from A denture in a denture mould Removing investment Material from a casting In an investment mould
Air Chisel
Protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Use with Environmental Extraction
Removing investment Material from a casting
Sandblaster
High Temp. Equipment (Hot water) Protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Use with Environmental Extraction
Cleaning materials (Using hot steam)
Steam Cleaner
Hazardous Chemicals Protective Eye Goggles Protective Face Mask Use with Environmental Extraction
Cleaning materials (Using high frequency) waves and chemicals Ultrasonic Cleaner
High Temp. Equipment Tongs Use with Environmental Extraction
Porcelain Furnace
Firing (baking) Porcelain
HEALTH & SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
COMMON USES Mixing porcelain
EQUIPMENT Glass Instruments
Building porcelain
Porcelain Brushes
Sharp Equipment Sharp Wrought Wire
Cutting wrought wire
Wire Cutters
Sharp Equipment Sharp Wrought Wire
Forming (bending) Wrought wire Orthodontic Pliers
Articulating maxillary cast and mandibular cast to simulate the relationship between the 2 arches of the patient
Articulator
Introduction to Fixed Prosthodontic Technology

What is Fixed Prosthodontics? Fixed Prosthodontics the practice of restoring exhisting teeth and replacing missing teeth and surrounding tissue with fixed prosthesis. Common Fixed Prosthesis and Related Items DESCRIPTION Gypsum cast from the primary impression An impression tray, Specially made for the patient MATERIAL Laboratory stone Primary cast ITEM
Cold cure acrylic resin Provisional restoration cold cure acrylic resin (Tooth coloured)
Custom impression tray
Provisional crown
A temporary fixed prosthesis which temporarily restores 1 prepared tooth
A temporary fixed prosthesis which temporarily restores 1 or more prepared teeth and replaces 1 or more missing teeth
Provisional restoration cold cure acrylic resin (Tooth coloured)
Provisional Fixed partial denture (FPD) &
Gypsum cast from the final impressionbr>(Custom impression) With dies (parts) which can be removed and replaced, on which wax pattern is made
die stone (Die) Laboratory stone (Base)
Working cast with removable die
Wax-up for any metal work
Inlay wax
WWax pattern
Metal substructure for Metal-Ceramic crown/FPD/font> A metal fixed prosthesis which restores an area of 1 prepared tooth A metal fixed prosthesis which restores 1 prepared
Ceramic Bonding alloy
Metal substructure
Precious alloy
Gold inlay
Precious alloy FFull gold crown
tooth
Precious alloy A metal fixed prosthesis which restores 1 or more prepared teeth and replaces 1 or more missing teeth/font>
Full gold FPD
A porcelain-bondedto-metal fixed prosthesis, which restores 1 prepared tooth
Ceramic Bonding alloy and Porcelain
MMetal-Ceramic crown
A porcelain-bondedto-metal fixed prosthesis, which restores 1 or more prepared teeth and replaces 1 or more missing teeth/font>
Ceramic Bonding alloy and Porcelain
MMetal-Ceramic FPD
A porcelain fixed prosthesis which restores 1 prepared toothbr>
Porcelain
AAll ceramic crown
Porcelain A porcelain fixed prosthesis which restores the face of 1 prepared toothbr>
AAll ceramic veneer
Common /font> Materials MATERIAL Laboratory plaster USES Mounting upper and lower casts on an articulator Primary cast Base of the working cast with removable die Spacer for a custom impression tray Custom impression tray Provisional crownbr> Provisional FPD
Laboratory stone
Base-plate wax Cold cure acrylic resin Provisional restoration CCold cure acrylic resin (Tooth coloured) Die Stone Inlay wax
Die of working cast with removable die Wax pattern for any metal work
Investment material
Preparing an investment mould by investing the wax pattern Gold inlay Full gold crown Full gold FPD Metal substructure of: -Metal-Ceramic crown -Metal-Ceramic FPD Ceramic work of: -Metal-Ceramic crown --Metal-Ceramic FPD All ceramic crown All ceramic veneer
Precious alloy
Bonding alloy
Dental porcelains
Introduction to Removable Prosthodontic Technology

Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture PROCEDURE Pour primary impression - Remove cast -Trim to size and shape EQUIPMENT Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Model trimmer Bunsen burner Waxing instruments Acrylic mix instruments MATERIAL Laboratory stone STAGE Prepare upper and lower Primary casts
-Adapt base-plate wax to primary cast. -Adapt cold cure acrylic Resin dough
Base-plate wax Cold cure acrylic Resin
Construct upper and lower Custom impression trays
Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions -Pour final impression (Custom impression tray Impression) -Remove cast -Trim to size and shape Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Model trimmer Laboratory stone Prepare upper and lower Final casts
-Adapt base-plate wax to final cast. -Add occlusal rim
Bunsen burner waxing instruments
Base-plate wax
Construct upper and lower Record blocks
Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient Articulator Spatula Rubber bowl Laboratory Plaster Articulate the upper and lower final casts using Centric jaw relation record
-Connect the upper and lower final casts to the 'Centric jaw relation record'. -Mount this on an articulator using laboratory plaster
Replace the occlusal rimm with denture
Bunsen burner Waxing instruments Bunsen burner Waxing instruments
Base-plate wax (Denture teeth) Base-plate wax
Arrange the upper and lower denture teeth
Carve the base-plate wax around the teeth
Wax up the Complete denture
Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients Denture flask Spatula Rubber bowl Dental vibrator Laboratory Plaster Flask the Complete denture wax-up
-Attach denture waxups to the final casts -Mount in the denture flasks using laboratory plaster
Remove the wax from the denture moulds using boiling water
Wax elimination unit
Wax elimination
-Mix acrylic the resin -Pack the dough into the denture moulds using the press
Acrylic mix instruments press
Heat cure acrylic Resin
Pack the Denture moulds
Acrylic curing unit -place the packed denture moulds, with press, in the cold water of the acrylic curing unit -Heat the water slowly to 100'c over 6 hours. -Hold at 100'c for 1 hour
Process the Heat cured acrylic resin
Air chisel Remove the gypsum mould and final cast from the processed complete dentures
Deflask the processed Complete dentures
Trim unwanted material from the processed complete dentures, until smooth and neat
Trimming lathe Micromotor with trimming burrs and stones Polishing lathe
Trim the Complete dentures
Polish the trimmed complete dentures, until smooth and shining
Polish the Complete dentures
-Place the finished complete dentures in the cleaning solution of the
Ultrasonic cleaner
Clean the Complete dentures
ultrasonic cleaner -Switch on the ultrasonic cleaner for approximately 10 minutes
Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth

What Removable Prosthodontics? Removable Prosthodontics is the practice of replacing missing teeth and surrounding tissue with removable prosthesis. Common Removable Prosthesis and Related Items DESCRIPTION Gypsum cast from the primary impression An impression tray, Specially made for the patient Gypsum cast from the final impression (Custom impression tray impression) A base-plate and occlusal rim Used to record the relationship between The MATERIAL Laboratory stone Primary cast ITEM
Cold cure acrylic resin Laboratory stone
Custom impression tray
Final cast
Cold cure acrylic resin Base-plate wax
Record block
upper and lower arches of the patient
Wax-up of a complete denture, or Waxup of acrylic removable partial denture
Cold cure acrylic resin Base-plate wax
Denture wax-up
Wax-up of metal framework for a Chrome cobalt removable partial denture
Casting wax
Metal framework wax-up
Metal framework
Chrome cobalt
Metal framework
for a Chrome cobalt removable partial denture
alloy
An acrylic, removable prosthesis For an edentulous arch
Heat cure acrylic resin
Complete denture
An acrylic, removable prosthesis For a partially edentulous arch
Heat cure acrylic resin Wrought metal
Acrylic Removable partial denture (RPD)
A metal framed, removable prosthesis, with acrylic saddles For partially edentulous arch
Chrome cobalt alloy Heat cure acrylic resin
Chrome cobalt Removable partial denture (RPD)
Common Materials MATERIAL Laboratory plaster USES Mounting upper and lower casts on an articulator Flasking a denture wax-up to form a denture mould Spacer for a custom impression tray Record block Arranging denture teeth and denture wax-up Custom impression tray Primary cast Final cast Metal framework wax-up for a chrome cobalt RPD Metal framework of a chrome cobalt RPD Clasps Incorporated in an acrylic Complete denture Acrylic RPD Acrylic saddles of a chrome cobalt RPD
Chrome cobalt alloy br>
Cold cure acrylic resin Laboratory stone
Casting wax Chrome cobalt alloy Wrought metal Heat cure acrylic resin

Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture PROCEDURE Pour primary impression - Remove cast -Trim to size and shape EQUIPMENT Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Model trimmer Bunsen burner Waxing MATERIAL Laboratory stone STAGE Prepare upper and lower Primary casts
-Adapt base-plate wax to primary cast. -Adapt cold cure acrylic
Base-plate wax Cold cure
Construct upper and lower Custom
Resin dough
instruments Acrylic mix instruments
acrylic Resin
impression trays
Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Model trimmer Laboratory stone Prepare upper and lower Final casts
-Pour final impression (Custom impression tray Impression) -Remove cast -Trim to size and shape
-Adapt base-plate wax to final cast. -Add occlusal rim
Bunsen burner waxing instruments
Base-plate wax
Construct upper and lower Record blocks
Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient Articulator Spatula Rubber bowl Laboratory Plaster Articulate the upper and lower final casts using Centric jaw relation record
-Connect the upper and lower final casts to the 'Centric jaw relation record'. -Mount this on an articulator using laboratory plaster
Replace the occlusal rimm with denture
Bunsen burner Waxing instruments Bunsen burner Waxing instruments
Base-plate wax (Denture teeth) Base-plate wax
Arrange the upper and lower denture teeth
Carve the base-plate wax around the teeth
Wax up the Complete denture
Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients -Attach denture waxups to the final casts -Mount in the denture Denture flask Spatula Rubber bowl Laboratory Plaster Flask the Complete denture wax-up
flasks using laboratory plaster
Dental vibrator
Remove the wax from the denture moulds using boiling water
Wax elimination
-Mix acrylic the resin -Pack the dough into the denture moulds using the press
Acrylic mix instruments press
Pack the Denture moulds
Acrylic curing unit -place the packed denture moulds, with press, in the cold water of the acrylic curing unit -Heat the water slowly to 100'c over 6 hours. -Hold at 100'c for 1 hour
Process the Heat cured acrylic resin
Air chisel Remove the gypsum mould and final cast from the processed complete dentures
Deflask the processed Complete dentures
Trim unwanted material from the processed complete dentures, until smooth and neat
Trimming lathe Micromotor with trimming burrs and stones
Trim the Complete dentures
Polish the trimmed complete dentures, until smooth and shining
Polishing lathe
Polish the Complete dentures
Ultrasonic cleaner -Place the finished complete dentures in the cleaning solution of the ultrasonic cleaner -Switch on the ultrasonic cleaner for approximately 10 minutes
Clean the Complete dentures
Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth
Introduction to Orthodontic Technology

What is Orthodontics? Orthodontics is the specialty area of dentistry concerned with: The growth of the face Development of the teeth and their occlusion Correcting the positions of the teeth and their occlusion Common Orthodontics Appliances and Related Items DESCRIPTION The cast used for diagnosis and treatment planning (Has a largeangels trimmed, base) MATERIAL Orthodontic plaster ITEM
Study cast ('Angles trimmed')
The cast on which theOrthodontic applian ce is fabricated (Has a small base)
Orthodontic plaster
Working cast
A wire component of a removable appliance for retaining the appliance (Retaining component
0.7mm Orthodonticwi re
Adams clasp
A wire component of a removable appliance for moving a tooth/teeth (Active component
0.5mm or 0.7mmOrthodontic wi re
Springs
A wire component of a removable appliance
0.7mm Orthodonticwi re
Labial bow
for moving an anterior tooth/teeth, and retaining the appliance (Retaining and Active component
An orthodontic appliance, which can be easily removed by the patient
Orthodontic wire Orthodontic resin
Removable appliance
An orthodontic appliance, which is temporarily fixed to some of the patients teeth, and can not be removed by the patient
Bands Orthodonticwir e
Fixed appliance
An appliance that
Orthodontic wire
Functional appliance
changes the occlusal relationship between the upper and lower arches
Orthodontic resin

Stages of Fabricating a Common Orthodontic Appliance 'Retainer' (Removable appliance) (A 'Retainer' retains the position of the teeth which have been moved by other orthodontic appliances) PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Dental vibrator Orthodontic model trimmer polishing Wire cutters Orthodontic pliers MATERIAL Orthodontic plaster STAGE Prepare Upper and lower Study casts
- Pour impression - Remove cast - 'Angles trim' the base on the orthodontic model trimmer - Polish the base
Cut the 0.7mm orthodontic wire to a manageable length Bend the wire to form the shape of the adams clasp
0.7mm 0rthodontic wire
Form the Adams clasps
Cut the 0.7mm orthodontic wire to a manageable length Bend the to form the shape of the labial bow
Wire cutters Orthodontic pliers
0.7mm Orthodontic wire
Form the Labial bow
Locate the adams clasps and labial
Bunsen burner
Sticky wax
Secure the wire
bow on the working cast, and secure with melted sticky wax
Wax knife
Components to the working cast
Orthodontic resin - Pour some polymer (powder) on to the correct area of the working cast -Add drops of the monomer (liquid) on to the polymer (Repeat until the correct shape and thickness is achieved
Fabricate the acrylic base
-Place acrylic base, with the working cast, in the pressure pot, covering the acrylic with warm water -Close the pressure pot -Apply air pressure -Wait 30 minutes then remove
Pressure pot (with warm water)
Cure the acrylic Base
Trim unwanted material from the cured acrylic based until smooth
Micromotor with trimming burrs and stones Polishing lathe
Trim the acrylic Base
Polish the trimmed acrylic base and wire components - Place the finished "Retainer" in the cleaning solution of the ultrasonic cleaner -Switch on the ultrasonic
Polish the acrylic base and wire components Clean the finished 'Retainer'
Ultrasonic cleaner
cleaner for approximately 10 minutes
Send the finished "Retainer" to the doctor to fit in the patients mouth
Introduction to Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology

What is Maxillofacial Prosthodontic? Maxillofacial Prosthodontic is the practice of restoring existing tissue and replacing missing tissue of the maxilla and face by using specific appliances and prosthesis. Common Maxillofacial Appliances, Prosthesis and Related Items DESCRIPTION Gypsum cast from the primary impression An impression tray Specially made for the patient Gypsum cast from the final impression (Custom impression tray impression) A metal appliance for stabilizing teeth and their supporting tissue E.g. After an accident which has resulted in: -Mobile teeth -Fractured maxilla (upper) -Fractured mandible (lower) An acrylic appliance for stabilizing the edentulous (without teeth) mandible E.g. After an accident which has resulted in a fractured mandible MATERIAL Laboratory stone Cold cure acrylic resin Laboratory stone ITEM Primary cast Custom impression tray
Final cast
Casting alloy
Cast Splint
Heat cure acrylic resin
Gunning splint
An acrylic prosthesis which closes a defect (a hole), and replaces the missing tissue, of the maxilla A prosthesis which replaces a missing part of the face
Orthodontic wire Orthodontic resin
Obturator
Silicone
Facial prosthesis

Stages of Fabricating a Maxillofacial Prosthesis A Facial Prosthesis PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT Spatula Vacuum mixing machine Model trimmer MATERIAL Laboratory stone STAGE Prepare working (primary)Cast
Pour primary impression -Remove cast - Trim to size and shape
Send facial prosthesis wax-up to clinic to try the fit and appearance on the patients face Form a mould of the facial prosthesis wax-up in the flask using laboratory plaster Flask Spatula Rubber bowl Dental vibrator Laboratory Plaster Flask the facial prosthesis wax-up
Remove the wax from the mould using boiling water
Wax elimination
Mix the silicone with curing agent and pigments (to match the patients skin shade)
Mixing instruments
Silicone (with curing agent and pigmentsskin shades)
Mix the silicone with colours to match the patients skin shade
- Pack the mixed
Press
Mixed
Pack the mould
silicone into the mould - Secure the mould in the press
silicone
Dry oven - Place the packed mould inside the cold drying oven - Cure the silicone by slowly heating to 70'c for 6 hours
Cure the silicone
Remove the gypsum mould from the cured facial prosthesis Trim the unwanted silicone from the facial prosthesis
Air chisel
Deflask the cured Facial prosthesis Trim the cured Facial prosthesis Clean the finished facial prosthesis
Scissors
Clean in water in the ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes
Ultrasonic cleaner
Send the finished facial prosthesis to the clinic to fit on the patients face

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