Lecture 1 & 2

Levels of organization: Chemical Level - Cell Level - Tissue Level - Organ Level - Organ System Level - Organism
June-15-13 9:55 PM

Directional terms - are used to describe the location of one body part in relation to another. Anatomy - structure of the human body -tomy -> to disect/to set apart Physiology -functions and processes of the body Basic Approaches: 1. Systematic Anatomy - anatomy of studying organ systems 2. Regional Anatomy - study of body parts 3. Surface Anatomy - configuration of the surface of the body, especially in relation to its internal parts. Different Organ Systems: 1. Lymphatic System - combating of virus or diseases 2. Respiratory System - transportation of gases throughout the body 3. Digestive System - Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients into blood. 4. Integumentary System - regulates the temperature of the body 5. Urinary System - Passage of urine 6. Muscular System - gives movement and regulates body heat 7. Skeletal System - protection and support 8. Endocrine System - regulates metabolism and hormones 9. Nervous System - Control Center of the body 10. Cardiovascular System - pumps blood throughout the body 11. Reproductive System - production of sperm and egg
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Right Left Superior/Cephalic - towards head Inferior/Caudal - to the toes (tail) Anterior/Ventral - Front Posterior/Dorsal - Back Proximal - near the attachment Distal - away from the attachment Lateral - away from the median Medial - towards the median Superficial - towards the surface Deep - away from the surface

Body Planes: 1. Sagittal Plane (median) flight of an arrow divides the body into left & right 2. Transverse Plane (horizontal) Divides the body into superior & inferior parts 3. Frontal Plane (coronal) Divides body into anterior & posterior parts Characteristics Of Life: 1. Organization - all parts of an organism interact to preform specific tasks 2. Metabolism - chemical & physical changes taking place in an organism 3. Responsiveness - adjustments that maintain their internal environment 4. Growth - increase in size of all or part of the organism 5. Development - changes in an organism that undergoes through time 6. Differentiation - cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function 7. Reproduction - formation of new cells/new organism Homeostasis - existence & maintenance and relatively constant interval environment 1. Variable - value 2. Set Point - ideal normal value 3. Normal Range - fluctuation and the set points Negative feedback- turns off the original stimulus Positive feedback - enhances original stimuli Body Positions - human standing erect w/ the face directed forward, and the arms hanging to the side and the palms facing forward *Supine - person laying face up *Prone - person laying face down Central Regions: Head Neck Trunk 1a. Thorax 1b. Abdomen 1c. Pelvic 2. Upper Limb 3. Lower Limb
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Organ Planes: 1. Longitudinal Plane - along the axis 2. Cross Plane (transverse) - right angle to the long axis 3. Oblique Section - across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle Diaphragm - divides the thorax from the abdomen Mediastinum - divides the thorax into 2. Body Cavities: Cavity - hollow space which houses organs 1. Thoracic Cavity - enclosed by the rib cage & diaphragm 2. Abdominal Cavity - diaphragm and abdominal muscles 3. Pelvic Cavity - pelvic bones Serous Membrane - protects organs 1. Parietal Membrane - covering the cavity 2. Visceral Membrane - in contact with the organ Serous Fluid - protects organs against friction

Stimuli
Receptor - monitors variable Effector - responses to the original feedback

Control Center
- Recieves variable from receptor