The Ingenieur Vol 47 Sept 2010

Green Township Policy Initiatives
property development
Landscape : The Economic Value Innovations in Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient Designs PahangSelangor Raw Water Transfer Project
BUYERS LAB
2009 PICK
Canon Inc.
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contents
VOL 4 7 S EPT - NOV 2 0 1 0
Presidents Message Editors Note
engineering & law
Contingent Payment The Continuing Saga
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6 Announcement
feature
Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia
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COVER FEATURE
feature
Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project
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15 Landscape: The Economic Value
Engineering features
An Old Faithful Bridge in Sg 54 Lembing, Pahang ex-mining town
20 Liveable and Sustainable Housing Development
Engineering Nostalgia
Kajang Town in 1960s
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research & development
26 Innovations in Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient Designs
Cover photo courtesy of Mr. Zainal Arifin Baseri from Perbadanan Putrajaya
P r e s i d e n t s m e s s ag e
Property development remains one of the key driving forces in generating domestic demand and growth of the economy. The property sectors contribution to economic growth also has a multiplying effect as it involves a significant number of downstream sub-sectors players ranging from professionals, contractors, material suppliers, transporters to tradesmen. Similarly, any contraction in the property development will have cascading adverse effect in the engineering circle. Property development in Malaysia has matured to some extent. The industry is no longer satisfied with providing shelter for human habitation. Developers are marketing their properties on innovative designs, green technologies, eco-friendly environment, trendy architecture and interior decoration, energy efficient fixtures and facilities, and universal design that caters to Disabled Persons and the elderly. Many of these require input and imagination from engineers. It is imperative that engineers keep up with the time and technologies to stay relevant in the shifting market. The unfolding New Economic Model, 10th Malaysia Plan and Greater Kuala Lumpur Plan have again placed emphasis on property development. While the opportunity may sound promising for local engineers, I wish to remind them of the importance of professionalism in discharging their duties and responsibilities. Public perception and image of local engineers will have a bearing on their standing in society. This will be even more significant when the service sector is liberalized within the ASEAN region by 2012. Dato Sri Ir. Dr Judin bin Abdul Karim President Board of Engineers Malaysia
KDN PP11720/04/2011(029445) ISSN 0128-4347
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSIA (BEM) 2009/2010 President YBhg. Dato Sri Ir. Dr. Judin Abdul Karim Secretary Ir. Ruslan Abdul Aziz Registrar Ir. Hizamul-Din Ab. Rahman Members YBhg Tan Sri Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulkifli bin Tan Sri Mohd Ghazali YBhg Dato Ir. Hj. Ahmad Husaini bin Sulaiman YBhg. Dato Ir. Abdul Rashid Maidin YBhg. Dato Ir. Dr. Johari bin Basri YBhg. Datuk Dr. Ir. Abdul Rahim Hj. Hashim YBhg. Dato Prof. Ir. Dr. Chuah Hean Teik YBhg. Brig. Jen. Dato Pahlawan Ir. Abdul Nasser bin Ahmad YBhg. Datuk Ar. Dr. Amer Hamzah Mohd Yunus Ir. Mohd Rousdin bin Hassan Ir. John Anthony Ir. Wong Siu Hieng Prof. Ir. Ishak Abdul Rahman Ir. Tan Yean Chin Ir. Chong Pick Eng Ir. Dato Dr. Lee Teang Shui Dato Jaafar bin Shahidan EDITORIAL BOARD Advisor YBhg. Dato Sri Ir. Dr. Judin Abdul Karim Secretary Ir. Ruslan Abdul Aziz Chairman YBhg. Dato Ir. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin Editor Ir. Fong Tian Yong Members Prof. Ir. Dr. K.S. Kannan Ir. Chan Boon Teik Ir. Prem Kumar Ir. Ishak Abdul Rahman Mr Zamani bin Zakariah Ir. Mohd Rasid bin Osman Ir. Dr. Zuhairi Abdul Hamid Ir. Ali Askar bin Sher Mohamad Executive Director Ir. Ashari Mohd Yakub Publication Officer Pn Nik Kamaliah Nik Abdul Rahman Assistant Publication Officer Pn Che Asiah Mohamad Ali Design and Production Inforeach Communications Sdn Bhd Printer Art Printing Works Sdn Bhd 29 Jalan Riong, 59100 Kuala Lumpur The Ingenieur is published by the Board of Engineers Malaysia (Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia) and is distributed free of charge to registered Professional Engineers. The statements and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the writers. BEM invites all registered engineers to contribute articles or send their views and comments to the following address: Communication & IT Dept. Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia, Tingkat 17, Ibu Pejabat JKR, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50580 Kuala Lumpur. Tel: 03-2698 0590 Fax: 03-2692 5017 E-mail: bem1@streamyx.com; publication@bem.org.my Website: http://www.bem.org.my Advertising Advertisement Form is on page 56
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The property industry seems to respond well to the Governments National Green Technology Policy with more developers launching green townships and eco-parks. Consumers too include Green Technology as one of the items on their checklists for premium housing scheme. Details on policy and good practices towards green aspects in property development are well narrated in the article on Green Township Policy Initiatives in Malaysia. The essence of landscaping for property development is further described in Landscaping in Property Development by a landscape architect. The paper on R&D Innovations in Energy Efficiency & Energy Efficient Designs highlights two viable energy efficient technologies that have market potential in this infant field. In the engineering feature section, the photos highlight an old wooden bridge in Sungai Lembing, Pahang, an ex-mining town that is still servicing villagers on both sides of the river. Readers are encouraged to contribute engineering feature photos that are unique and interesting. Happy reading! Ir. Fong Tian Yong Editor
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T H E I N G EN I E U R VOL 4 7 S EPTEM B ER - NOVEM B ER 2 0 1 0
Pindaan Skala Gaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi 2006
Mulai 1 Ogos 2010, Pekeliling LJM No. 2/1992 bertajuk BEM/MOF Dialogue Update On Some Aspects Of Remuneration For Engineering Consultancy Services For Government Projects adalah dibatalkan. Skala Gaji Perunding hendaklah menggunapakai Surat Arahan Perbendaharaan bilangan S/K. KEW/PK/P/1100/000000/165/23 JLD 6 SK 2(2) bertarikh 15 April 2010 bertajuk Pindaan Skala Gaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi 2006. Sila layari laman web LJM di http://www.bem.org.my/v3/circulars_link.html untuk Pindaan Skala Gaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi 2006. 2011 RENEWAL NOTICE [Professional Engineers, Accredited Checkers, Temporary Engineers, Engineering Consultancy Practice (ECP)] Due Date for 2011 Renewal of Registration: 31st January 2011 * Expiry Date for 2010 Registration: 31st December 2010 * Engineering Consultancy Practice (ECP) The 2011 Renewal Form and Notice are currently available in BEM web site. To download the notice and form, please visit: http://www.bem.org.my/v3/downloads.html (or http://www.bem.org.my | menu News & Event - click BC, MDP, SP, PN - 2011 RENEWAL NOTICE)

By Dr Dahlia Rosly and Nor Zaliza Mohd Puzi, Research and Development Division Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (This paper was published in Habitat Magazine, Second Edition 2010, Ministry of Housing and Local Government)
Malaysia continuously supports initiatives in implementing sustainable urban development strategies including green growth and green urbanism. Initiatives towards developing green townships in Malaysia in related policies have been formulated at various levels of development plans including planning guidelines that support green urbanism. Development plans in Malaysia have long recognized the need for green strategy by way of conservation, promoting green networks in urban neighbourhoods, promoting walkability and sustainable public transport. Currently, this has been value-added by design dimensions related to energy efficiency towards a low carbon society. The role of the community is instrumental in supporting green cities initiatives.
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Correction
Ingenieur Vol 46, June-August 2010 Gaining A Global Foothold We apologise for the typo error in page 14 which stated that SAJ Holdings Sdn Bhd produces 16 Mld of water from its treatment plants in Johor. The figure should be 1600 Mld.
The concept of environmental sustainability was first brought to widespread public attention in 1972 embodied in the book The Limits to Growth. The report basically concluded that the growth of the human population, and an increase in prosperity, would cause an ecological collapse within 50 years. This was followed by the Bruntland Report in 1987 and the Rio Declaration in 1992 which had spurred strategies for action towards achieving sustainable development and consequential initiatives in sustainable communities, green development and green cities to adapt to environmental degradation, climate change and a carbon constrained future.
GREEN AND THE SUSTAINABLE CITIES AGENDA Cities are actively making changes to become more sustainable, often aiming to promote development that is contained within its ecological carrying capacity, a development which is socially just and economically inclusive. The concept of sustainable development was consequently extended into green development, synonymous to green urbanism. Green urbanism presents fundamental opportunities to shape cities to be more sustainable, bringing about major lifestyle changes such as walking, cycling and reduction of consumption communities, with provisions to boost renewable energy, energy efficiency and
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Green elements such as the network of green spaces and corridors, tree-lined streets, significant private landscaping or even small scale local community agriculture are examples of good green applications.
environmental restoration. Among features are high-performance green buildings (extended spatially into high-performance green townships) with investments in public transport and other sustainable transport measures, and research into new technologies. Indeed, it is the cities that hold the greatest hope for achieving a more sustainable future of our planet. By 2030, over 60% of the worlds population (4.9 billion out of 8.1 billion people) will live in cities. (UN-Habitat 2001). Thus any effective agenda to reduce the impacts of climate change and other environmental challenges must necessarily include cities as a key element. Though there are many earlier historic references to the garden city, the implementation of green element in modern physical planning can be traced to Sir Ebenezer Howard in 1898 through his concept of the garden city. These were well-planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by green belts, containing carefully balanced areas of residences, agriculture and industries. With environmental issues on the forefront, development is increasingly focusing on green elements to directly or indirectly reduce green house gases (GHG). Thus, the garden city concept has been expanded and enhanced to resolve environmental challenges as well. In its wider interpretation, green development has been described as a land use planning concept that includes consideration of community-wide implications of development, as well as site-specific green building concepts1. This involves city planning and environmental planning, urban design, architecture and community
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They emphasize a high quality of life and the creation of highly liveable neighbourhoods and communities.
From these criteria, a Green township can be conceived as an integrated planned habitat that gives emphasis to the protection, use and recycling of natural resources, besides promoting public health, safety and general welfare of urban people. Key characteristics of future Green Cities is that they are waste free, transport efficient with widely available public transportation, walkable and cycle-friendly, wholly energy independent with minimal carbon output including reduction of fossil-fuel use, adopt sustainable building practices, promote green space and parks as lungs of the cities and clean air quality, implement energy-efficient initiatives and develop well-organized mixed-use neighbourhoods that combine living, working and shopping. Instrumental to green urbanism is the community network and cohesion, green consciousness and commitment. The neighbourhood as a basic module in developing green cities becomes the front line to incorporate efforts in designs and activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while meeting a host of other community goals. As the quality of peoples homes is influenced by the spaces around them, there is an increasing recognition that well-designed, well-managed green spaces by and in between housing are crucial to making neighbourhoods liveable, and contribute to peoples quality of life. Green elements such as the network of green spaces and corridors, tree-lined streets, significant private landscaping (including green roofs) or even small scale local community agriculture are examples of good green applications. Thus, buildings in the neighbourhood are often green with excellent environmental performance; area-wide green infrastructure is common place, from low-impact storm water management to district energy systems. Most important in planning a green
Green space and parks are lungs of the cities... neighbourhood is creating the vision, giving policy directions and guidelines that describe all aspects necessary of a green neighbourhood towards achieving its set of goals. Making a commitment to neighbourhood designs that will support a low-emission lifestyle for all residents, would involve the widest possible range of stakeholders and community support to set up and maintain internal systems to ensure continued improvements and refinements as the plan is being implemented. POLICIES RELATED TO THE PLANNING OF GREEN TOWNSHIPS IN MALAYSIA The Malaysian Government has been continually promoting environmental stewardship in all development plans. Since the 8th Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), the incorporation of environmental consideration into planning and development has been intensified. Consequently, the sustainable use of energy has been identified in the 9th Malaysia Plan, highlighting strategies for using energy efficiently through the promotion of greater use of renewable energy for power generation by industries and intensifying energy efficient initiatives in the industrial, transport and commercial sectors as well as applications in Government buildings. The 10th Malaysia Plan reinforces and places further emphasis on the use of renewable energy and on increasing energy efficiency. Various measures such as relevant guidelines, standards and laws would be introduced to ensure efficient use of energy and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. In tandem with the Malaysia Plans and other national policies, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia through its Department of Town and Country Planning, had translated these into spatial form through the National Physical Plan (NPP) and the National Urbanisation Policy (NUP). National Physical Plan (NPP) First approved by the National Physical Planning Council in 2005, the goal of the National Physical Plan (NPP) is to establish an efficient, equitable and sustainable national spatial framework to guide the overall development of the country towards achieving developed nation status by 2020. The NPP is prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). Selected policies supporting the green urbanism concept and initiatives are summarized as follows: Transit oriented development (TOD2) concept as the basis of urban land use planning to ensure viability of public transport, supported by walkways linkages to promote connectivity and to reduce emissions Urban settlements to be serviced by an integrated network of solid-waste
Green urbanism presents fundamental opportunities to shape cities to be more sustainable building. Sustainable neighbourhoods would then become the basic module in green urban planning, forming green cities and green regions. CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN CITIES AND GREEN NEIGHBOURHOODS Beatley, T. (2000), described cities that exemplify green urbanism, characterized as follows: They strive to live their ecological limits, fundamentally reduce their ecological footprints, and acknowledge their connection with and impacts on other cities and communities and the larger planet; They are designed for and function in ways analogous to nature; They strive to achieve a circular rather than a linear metabolism, which matures and develops positive symbiotic relationships with and between its hinterland (whether that be regional, national, or international); They strive towards local and regional self-sufficiency and take full advantage of nurturing local/ regional food production, economy, power production, and many other activities that sustain and support their population; They facilitate (and encourage) more sustainable, healthful lifestyles; and
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Green_development
2 Transit oriented development is a development that clusters around a transit station in order to support public transport usage through optimum threshold and ridership.
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The Iskandar Development in Johor has been selected as a pilot and tagged as Low Carbon City 2025, Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia.
disposal and/or recovery facilities. Waste generation management will be promoted including recycling of waste, solid waste collection and disposal in accordance with the National Solid Waste Master Plan. Strategic assets, electricity generation plants and distribution mains shall be suitably located to provide a reliable and efficient supply of power to consumers. Renewable energy such as energy from solar, wind, wave and biomass are to be promoted to complement traditional power generation sources. green township implementation. Among these are: Planning Guidelines for Open Space and Recreation Facilities This guideline first prepared in 1997 had aimed to guide local authorities and developers to provide adequate open spaces at various levels of hierarchies, locations, sizes and facilities. It also highlights the requirement to provide a minimum of 10% of usable open spaces for all types of developments. This guideline is being reviewed by the Federal Department of Town and Country Planning. Planning Guideline for Roof Top Gardens With rising concerns to reduce carbon footprint, the green roof becomes an adaptation measure in a changing climate. The Federal Department of Town and Country Planning has drafted the Planning Guidelines for Roof Top Garden in 1997 and is currently being reviewed and updated. Originally conceived as part of the open space planning in the urban areas to fully utilize idle spaces, rooftops are now providing opportunities not only in beautification but in energy saving, insulation and air quality improvement and for reducing the effects of urban heat island. There are successful examples of roof top gardens in shopping malls. These gardens adopt recycling technologies such as chilled water irrigation sourced from the shopping centres air conditioning system to grow temperate plants and a rainwater harvesting system for general irrigation. As an example, plants can be grown on a soil-mix based on granulated horticultural carbon. The Circular from the SecretaryGeneral, Ministry of Housing and Local Government on Rain Water Harvesting System, 1999 (SPAH) Forward looking, the Cabinet had, in 1998, instructed the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to promote the use of rainwater. This was prior to the formulation of the Policy on Climate in Malaysia. Subsequently, the Ministry been selected as a pilot and tagged as Low Carbon City 2025, Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia. This study researches the feasibility of developing Iskandar Malaysia into a low carbon city. The methods involved developing the current inventory of GHG emissions of Iskandar Malaysia; and quantifying the social economic activity level in 2025 based on Iskandar Malaysia Comprehensive Development Plans 2025. Initial findings had shown that the GHG emissions of Iskandar Malaysia will increase 3.6 times higher than of the level at 2005 without mitigation measures, and by adopting the mitigation options, emissions can be reduced by approximately 60% by 2025. OTHER NATIONAL POLICIES The National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) July 2009 The NGTP is one of the most current platforms supporting green growth. It introduces and proposes the implementation of innovative economic instruments, as well as the establishment of effective fiscal and financial mechanisms to support the growth of green industries. The NGTP is held by four pillars namely energy, environment, economy and social; with four key areas focusing on energy, building, water & waste management and transportation. These areas are expected to promote foreign direct investments (FDI) in green technology to foster domestic direct investments (DDIs) and local industry participation. Implications on green cities have been identified through two strategic thrusts in the NGTP. The first thrust focuses on providing a conducive environment for green technology development with measures to strengthen the understanding of local players in Green Technology industries and their value chain. This would include technology and infrastructure support required for energy efficient neighbourhoods and cities. Similar to economic strategies adopted by many countries, the NGTP facilitates and infuses funds into sustainability-
A backyard rainwater harvesting system in Sandakan of Housing and Local Government had produced a Circular in 1999 to instruct local authorities to install a Rain Water Harvesting System (SPAH, Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan) in buildings. A success story in implementing the rainwater harvesting system, the Municipality of Sandakan, Sabah, had imposed a planning requirement in development applications to provide a rainwater storage tanks for new residential building commencing June 2001. Each tank is able to store maximum of 400 gallons of rainwater. Further guidelines had been prepared to support this circular. RESEARCH INITIATIVES Low Carbon City Research Green Urbanism being the current buzzword had rendered numerous interests from various Government Ministries, Institutes of Higher Learning and Local Authorities into various research aspects and pilot projects. The Federal of Town and Country Planning Department (FTCPD) had identified the Low Carbon City concept as one of its research initiatives since the 9th Malaysia Plan and had produced related guidelines including one on Sustainable Transportation in Landuse Development in 2007. In a wider context, FTCPD is currently collaborating with a research team from Kyoto University Japan and University Technology of Malaysia (UTM) to conduct research on Low Carbon City. The Iskandar Development in Johor has
Green areas in urban centres reduce carbon emission and recreational areas to meet the requirement of the population, consequently promoting the contiguous and integrated development of green areas in urban centres to reduce carbon emission Develop an integrated, efficient and user-friendly public transportation system including environmental friendly vehicles, bicycle lanes, and pedestrian network for efficient connectivity and to reduce the level of air pollution Effective and sustainable solid waste and toxic management systems to effect solid waste reduction, full utilization of bio-degradable materials and encourage recycling programmes for the community Strategies related to sufficient housing and affordability, taking into account the needs of various groups of society including the disabled and senior citizens Environmental conservation and improving the urban quality of life, Encourage development that reduces the impact of urban heat islands and to ensure that urban development will take into account reduction of air, noise and water pollution 9. Use of innovative technology in urban planning, development and urban services management aiming to reduce the production of waste, promote the construction of green buildings and encourage the use of efficient energy and renewable energy Indeed, the urban planning fora had conceived ways to promote green urbanism since the mid 1990s and was formalized in the National Urbanization Policy during the early period of the 9th Malaysia Plan. Subsequently, initiatives in the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) serve as a support to followthrough the green growth agenda. Planning Guidelines and Circulars In addition to policy directions and prescriptions in the National Physical Plan and National Urbanization Policy, there are other initiatives to encourage
National Urbanization Policy In addition to the National Physical Plan which demonstrated physical planning commitment to support green urbanism, green urbanism has also been reflected in the Malaysias National Urbanisation Policy (NUP) approved by the Cabinet on August 8, 2006. The NUP guides and co-ordinates the planning and urban development in Malaysia incorporating key areas such as urban growth limit, compact cities, urban regeneration, utilization of open spaces, solid waste generation / containment, sustainable transport, energy efficiency and renewable energy. The National Urbanization Policy emphasizes the following: 1. Optimal and balanced landuse planning emphasis in urban development, hence all development shall be compatible with the surrounding landuses and concentrated within the urban growth limit so as to create a compact city 2. Encouragement of re-development programmes for brownfield areas and promotion of urban regeneration 3. Adequate provision of open space
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technology
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important role in shaping green cities but the bottom line is that green urbanism is community-led.
oriented projects simultaneously greening the economy. The second thrust promotes education and information dissemination through comprehensive roll - out programmes to increase public awareness on Green Technology. Malaysian Budget 2010 The topic of green growth continued when the Prime Minister, during his 2010 Budget speech in October 2009, announced that Malaysia will develop green technologies and encourage development of green buildings. The development of green technology would be translated by developing Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as pioneer townships in green technology and as a showcase for the development of other townships. These green townships would promote well-connected neighbourhoods, reduce carbon footprint through environmentfriendly initiatives including green buildings and using resources efficiently. These townships should also be well managed, inclusive, equitable and fostering a sense of community within a thriving and vibrant economy. Green rating tools have also been mentioned, highlighting the Green Building Index (GBI), where buildings focus on increasing the efficiency of resource use (energy, water, and materials) while reducing building impact on human health and the environment during the buildings lifecycle. This can be achieved through better sitting, design, construction, operation and maintenance of buildings. The framework for this green rating system for single buildings can be further extended to a neighbourhood or township level to create a green rating system for townships and neighbourhoods. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND GREEN CONSCIOUSNESS One of the keys to successful greening of a city is the commitment of the community in realizing their green objectives. Fundamental to community commitment is awareness, more so, green consciousness towards shared community goals. Often an uphill climb, communication, partnership and sharing between all members of the community are instrumental in the creation of successful green cities. Promoting an area-wide green lifestyle such as recycling, waste reduction, working on urban community agricultural plots or community gardens, or even participating in a composting programme or eco-festival for example, are green community activities that require collective synergy. Other green lifestyle changes that would be driven by community rapport are walking, cycling, and initiatives related to the use of household and community green technology. Green technology vendors play an important role in shaping green cities but the bottom line is that green urbanism is community-led. Though green networking is maturing in Europe through the social media and internet portals, Malaysia is new in these efforts. However, long existing platforms can be used, such as Local Agenda 21 and thus far some activities on greening such as recycling have been realized through Malaysias Local Agenda 21 under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government At the local authority level, Green Cities Network could create publicprivate partnership, with local
Putrajaya a pioneer green township The National Policy on Climate Change The National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC) serves as the national focal point for external financial and technical assistance for climate change programme. The NSCCC also formulates and implements climate change policies including mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to climate change. Though debates and discourses on climate change had taken place prior to the formulation of the NGTP, the submission of this Policy had preceded the submission of National Climate Change Policy to the Cabinet in November 2009. This policy will drive efforts to reduce emissions and contribute to the larger agenda of reducing climate change impacts. The Blueprint comprises five principles, ten strategic thrusts and 43 key actions, all focusing on mitigation, adaptation measures and capacity building. In December 2009, at the COP-15, the Prime Minister had announced that Malaysia will adopt a voluntary national reduction up to 40% in terms of GDP emission intensity by year 2020. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) is currently finalizing the road map for Malaysia to achieve the national target reduction of GHG emission by 2020.
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make cities more sustainable, particularly at the township level. This would involve making a commitment to township designs that will support a low emission lifestyle for all residents; involving the widest possible range of stakeholders in green growth with green infrastructure serving as a backbone to support energy efficiency and renewable energy within the water and energy systems. Thus an integrated approach linking all dimension of sustainability is instrumental. On the economic front, green development directly nurtures green economy. Infusing funds into sustainability-oriented projects is one way to green the economy, as has been highlighted by the NGTP. Long-term visions in spatial planning to secure progressively green township and regions for sustainable futures calls for a continuous improvement in the development plan making process to consciously include green urbanism. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government through the FDTCP has, since the mid-1990s supported green urbanism through its policies and guidelines. Likewise the collective support of local authorities, developers, planners and architects, and related agencies in the public and private sectors in the conception and realization of green township is instrumental. With visions and policies in place, green urbanism is at best community-driven with community support and consciousness often supported by an effective social networking media and under the auspices of good green leadership.
authorities developing a communitybased stewardship programme with community helping community whereby communities share experiences, volunteer and help each other in creating green environments. CONCLUSION THE WAY FORWARD Global warming and world climate change had impacted peoples life in varying degrees. Sustainable development and the greening of living habitat has increasingly become a prominent agenda globally. It is estimated that around 50%3 of the worlds population now lives in cities and urban areas and increasingly so in years to come. These large communities provide both challenges and opportunities for environment-conscious urban makers to
Landscape: The Economic Value

By Puan Hajah Rotina b. Mohd Daik, Jabatan Landskap Negara
Many things are encompassed in our understanding of the word landscape. It is a matter not only of beauty, aesthetic appreciation of nature and architecture, but the whole ecology of an area, the history of its occupation and use by people; geological structure of the land, its soils, animals and its vegetation; and the pattern of human activity both past and present. Landscape is described as the environment we experience in the interaction of natural resources and peoples needs. Landscape contributes to society in many ways Among benefits that are widely accepted are: Experiencing beauty and source of inspiration. Many people have seen the landscape they grew up in disappear. Many children of today will share that experience. It is experienced as the loss of a shared past. This aspect plays an important role in experiencing the identity of a district, city or country. Landscape has been a source of inspiration for artists from practically every discipline: composer, film directors, poets, writers, painters, photographers and designers. Many artistic expressions are connected with the landscape. This all makes the landscape a thoroughly alturas phenomena. Since landscape is manifested in the work of so many different artists; it emphasizes the deeper values in society. Landscape is thus a vehicle of values. Conserving nature and biological diversity. Landscape conserves nature and biological diversity through the eco-system along with vegetation, flora and fauna that have evolved through human intervention. Natural landscape is known to be repositories of biological richness. Conserving human history in building and activities by impressing human history in monuments, buildings and activities. It will continue to provide living spaces and livelihood for the population to evolve in harmony with the environment. Offering source of recreation and tourism. Public use and enjoyment are important contribution of landscape towards physical and mental health. A well managed landscape area or park will integrate recreation with conservation, leading to a wide range of experiences walking, climbing, caving, cycling, gliding, photography, party, nature study or simply enjoying the beautiful area created. Economic value provided by landscape In line with current approach of property development which gives emphasis to landscape and environment, and puts culture and landscape as assets to drive a citys distinctiveness, appropriate mechanisms need to be followed in order to establish the market value of a property. Natural and man-made landscapes provide a wealth of goods and services in the economy such as: aesthetic views with beautiful trees and lake landscape, opportunities for physical exercises that include brisk walking and jogging recreational activities including picnicking carbon sequestration and carbon sink Some of these benefits are derived directly while others are obtained indirectly. In other cases, the benefits are obtained without making any actual expenditure. The mere presence and protection of the landscape trees may generate emotional satisfaction. There is also a time dimension to the benefits derived. In most cases people acquire these benefits in the current period, but there are also circumstances where they derive satisfaction from the knowledge that protecting a landscape area now could ensure that future generations also have the opportunity to use it. The categories of economic value include: Direct Use value These are the values that accrue from direct human use of a natural landscape, and can be either extractive or non-
3 According to Central intelligent Agency (CIA), USA https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html?countryName =World&countryCode=xx&regionCode=oc&#xx: urban population: 50.5% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.85% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) ten largest urban agglomerations: Tokyo (Japan) 36,669,000; Delhi (India) 22,157,000; Sao Paulo (Brazil) 20,262,000; Mumbai (India) 20,041,000; Mexico City (Mexico) 19,460,000; New York-Newark (US) 19,425,000; Shanghai (China) 16,575,000; Kolkata (India) 15,552,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) 14,648,000; Karachi (Pakistan) 13,125,000 (2009)
References 1. Beatley Timothy (2000), Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities, Island Press. 2. Bristol Accord (2005), Conclusions of Ministerial Informal On Sustainable Communities in Europe UK Presidency, Crown. 3. Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2006), National Urbanisation Policy. 4. Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2005), National Physical Plan. 5. Federal Department of Town And Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (1997), Planning Guideline on Open Spaces and Recreational Areas. 6. Federal Department of Town And Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (1997), Planning Guideline for Roof Top Gardens. 7. Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2006), Planning Guideline for Environmental Sensitive Areas and its surrounding areas (Draft). 8. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology & Water KeTTHA, (2010), National Green Technology Policy. 9. Malaysian Institute of Architects - PAM (2009) Green Building Index (GBI) 10. Prime Minister Department (2001), Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001 2005 11. Prime Minister Department (2006), Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006 2010 12. Putrajaya and Cyberjaya on environs-friendly fast track. Wednesday January 27, 2010, the Star Online 13. The Speech on Tenth Malaysia Plan 2011 2015 by Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak, June 10, 2010 in the Dewan Rakyat. 14. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kyoto University, Okayama University and Ritsumeikan University (2009), Low-Carbon City 2025: Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia. 15. Wikipedia Dictionary, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_development, download on February, 2010.
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extractive. Examples of the former include the use of the landscape area by the local community for timber and non-timber forest products like root, shoots, bark, leaves, flower, fruit or mushroom picking without destroying the trees. The extracted product may be sold commercially or used for subsistence purposes. Non-extractive direct use values include the amenity and recreational benefits individuals receive from visiting areas of outstanding natural beauty, as well as the research and educational values people derive from studying biologically diverse and unique landscapes. Indirect Use value These are the ecological functions and services of natural resources and landscapes that indirectly provide support and protection to people and economic activity. For example, the watershed protection functions of a landscape area can help to control erosion and sedimentation in rivers and drains, and hence the flooding of productive land downstream. The environment also provides a myriad of other ecological services such as air and water purification, nutrient recycling, carbon sequestration and micro-climate stabilisation, all of which indirectly help support or protect economic activity and human welfare nearby the park. Option value Institutions may want to conserve natural landscape areas so that future generations also have the chance to enjoy them. This is the option value. Individuals or institutions may also want to conserve nature if they believe there is potential value in doing so. Local authorities, for example, may conserve beautiful landscape areas of high biodiversity and natural features now in an attempt to establish new parks in the future. This is an action which is a form of option value. These option values arise because of the uncertainty of future supplies of green landscape areas with clean water bodies. Non-Use value The above three categories capture the benefits of actually using the landscape area, either now or in the future. But people also derive value from nature simply by knowing that it exists. This existence value captures peoples desire to see environmental and natural landscapes conserved, even though they never intend to use them. For example, people pay money to conservation organisations to protect charismatic biodiversity species, although they may never see or visit them. This is part of the altruistic value that some people have on unique landscapes. Table 1.1 presents illustrations of economic values computed for a range of goods and services provided by landscape areas overseas, classified according to the different categories of economic value.
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Case studies around the world Japan Studies show that there are relative increases in property value in areas composed of good landscape environment. In Japan, data from Tokyo and Kitakyushus large and medium sized metropolitan areas were used to evaluate 200300 transacted vacant sites, designated for residential development. The results of principal component analysis and hedonic regression analysis suggested that the compatibility of the buildings and the greenery of the neighbourhood were distinctively perceived; and these factors significantly influenced land prices for both cities. The outcomes indicate that programmes should be provided to motivate residents to preserve or create landscape amenity co-operatively, and justify planning policies to encourage neighbourhoodbased co-operation for landscape improvement.1 Netherlands An attractive environment is likely to influence house prices. Houses in attractive settings will have an added value over similar, less favourably located houses. This effect is intuitively felt, but does it always occur? Which environmental factors make a location an attractive place to live in? A study in Netherlands explored the effect of different environmental factors on house prices. The research using the hedonic pricing method to analyse 3,000 house transactions, in eight towns in the Netherlands, were studied to estimate the effect of environmental attributes on transaction prices. Some of the most salient results show that the largest increases in house prices due to environmental factors (up to 28%) for houses with a garden facing water, which is connected to a sizeable lake. It demonstrate that a pleasant view can lead to a considerable increase in house price, particularly if the house overlooks water (810%) or open space (612%). Observation revealed that house price varies by landscape type. Attractive landscape types were able to attract a premium of 512% over less attractive environmental settings.2 Natural setting helps to boost property value.
Table 1.1: Examples of economic value derived for a range of environmental goods and services
Landscape Areas and Biodiversity Resources Natural forest landscape as a source of timber Non-timber products from forest landscapes
Categories of Economic Value Direct use value
Location
Economic Value*
Source
Nam Dong District, Central Vietnam
Harvestable stock value 52.5 million VND/ha $54/household /yr of bamboo pole $12/household/yr of bamboo shoot $22/household/yr of firewood $22/household/yr of foodstuff $16/household/yr of fodder $22/household/yr of other resources $25 million/year $100.5-210/visitor
Mohd Shahwahid et al. (2008) Pham et al. (1999)
Direct use values Luong Son District, Hoa Binh Province, Vietnam
Safari viewing value of elephants Wetland landscape recreation and amenity services Value landscape recreation and amenity services Value of endangered species
Non-extractive direct use value Non-extractive direct use value Non-extractive direct use value
Kenya UK
Brown and Henry (1993) Bateman et al (1994) Mohd Shahwahid et al. (2007)
Bach Ma National Park, Central Vietnam
28,460-28,700 VND/visit (international tourist) and 23,500-23,800VND/visit (domestic tourist) $19.1 Bald eagle $18.5 Grizzly bear $5.1 Coyote $9.3 Blue whale $40-64 Humpback whale $3 marginal benefit estimate per non-visiting Australian
Non-use value
US
UNEP (1995) Bennett et al (1997)
Natural setting helps to boost property value.
Xiaolu Gao, and Yasushi Asami, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
1 b
Conservation of rainforest
Non-use values
Value of Vanuatu rainforests conservation to non-visiting Australians
Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands
Joke Luttik Alterra, Green World Research, P.O. Box 125, 6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands
* exchange rate at 2,100 Vietnamese Dong (VND) = RM1 in 2007 and $1 (US) = RM2.5
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United States of America A survey of the sales of 844 single family residential properties in Athens, Georgia U.S.A., indicated that landscaping with trees was associated with 3.5%4.5% increase in sales prices. During the 1978 1980 study period, the average house sold for about US$38,100 (in 1978 constant dollars) and had five trees in its front yard. The average sales price increase due to trees was between US$1,475 and US$1750 (US$2,869 and US$3,073 in 1985 dollars) and was largely due to trees in the intermediate and large size classes, regardless of species. This increase in property value resulted in an estimated increase of US$100,000 (1978 dollars) in the citys property tax revenues.3 The hedonic price model was used to simultaneously estimate the effects of street trees on the sales price and the time-on-market (TOM) of houses in Portland, Oregon. On average, street trees add US$8,870 to sales price and reduce TOM by 1.7 days. In addition, it was found that the benefits of street trees spill over to neighbouring houses.4 Contribution of Amenity Trees in Malaysia In Malaysia, the value of a standing tree in Taman Tasik Taiping has been estimated by using Thyer Tree Valuation method which was designed to value trees in public parks or urban setting. The calculated value is assessed based on the contribution of trees to landscape, and the extent it is appreciated by the public due to its importance to the environment and human community. A survey done by Jabatan Landskap Negara and Universiti Putra Malaysia on the value of the sampled amenity trees in Taman Tasik Taiping revealed that Samanes saman (Hujan-hujan) trees aged around 130 years were valued between RM1,649,288 to RM2,084,699 per tree. Greater effort should be encouraged for all parties to plan and execute development project that will enhance the quality of Malaysian landscape by preserving our natural resources, protecting natural topography and creating green areas by planting trees with greater foliage. Building a Vibrant Garden Nation The aspiration of making Malaysia a Beautiful Garden Nation has been progressing well since the vision was put forward in the late 1990s. This vision needs to be supported by drastic changes in the mindset of our society towards landscape. Strategies for the Government to build a more vibrant and liveable nation are as follows:- Rows of heritage trees in Taiping, Perak Promote and improve Malaysian landscape development parallel to the Garden Nation Vision, with sufficient and functional Green Infrastructure that benefit people. Conserve and preserve precious natural resources to ensure these unique national assets are in safe hands. Ensure that landscape is taken as a fundamental requirement in all programmes and projects. Review the legislation and monitoring procedures for matters related to landscape. Strengthen the landscape industry which eventually will progress to promoting research and development related to landscape. Fostering landscape as part of Malaysian lifestyle Malaysian landscape should reflect its present climate and character as Malaysia is renowned for her unique tropical character, abundant with an assortment of landscape resources. The distinctive physical appearances; namely rainforests, topographical and geological formation, rivers, and vegetations should be wisely carved along with development. The key
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safeguarded. We should also protect natural landscape and biodiversity in development of townships and infrastructure. d) Promoting Green Development Moving forward to achieve World Health OrganisaArchway of trees enhances the entry point to development actions to promote Malaysias unique landscape character and value include:a) Reflecting Local Climate and Tropical Character Malaysian landscape should reflect the present climate and character as Malaysia is renowned for her unique tropical character with distinctive rainforests, rivers, and plants. There is also an urgent need to ensure the uniqueness is creatively used for a quality living environment. b) Respecting Nature and Environment To respect nature and environment, there is a need to emphasize the Spirit of Place or the Genius Loci in every development to avoid estrangement. Furthermore, the natural local species should also be highlighted together with the places culture and history to create a distinctive composition. Materials and components selected should suit the climate, habitat and ones needs. c) Conserving natural landscape through creative design of property development Practice natural conservation and biodiversity in order to thwart and control any indiscriminate acts of destruction of existing hills and topographical formation as well as natural settings. A constant and proper consideration should be taken in all physical developments to ensure that natural and landscape resources are tion Standards of 16m of green space per person, greater effort is need to promote green development. Utilization of creative landscape approach such as creating roof top garden, vertical landscape and increased density of green spaces ought to be put into effect. e) Applying Design to Follow Function Applying Design to Follow Function principle is undeniably suitable for spaces especially in the cities. A good landscape development should have a functional, creative and attractive design that benefit the user besides providing comfort and a secured living environment. Such a principle will not only create distinctive Malaysian landscape identity and character, but will also benefit and meet the needs of every level of users. In addition, optimizing the usage of indigenous materials is also essential to ensure its sustainability. f ) Creating lush open space, recreation area and Green Corridor One of the most crucial actions to reduce the elements of hardcape in a development. As what we are witnessing today, too much usage of hardcape elements is proven to intensify heat and cause discomfort to the user. Hard-surfaced materials used are unlikely to absorb heat. More green area, lush open spaces and seamless green corridors need to be created. g) Creating dedicated and permanent landscape reserve by the roadside, highways and river corridors In order to create avenue of scenic beauty trees in Malaysia, a dedicated and permanent landscape reserve by roadside, highways and river corridors need to be developed. These will eventually form an integrated green network in urban areas. h) Adopting Management Practices In landscape and parks developments, properly managed and maintained areas supported by a well equipped organisation is vital in creating sustainable development. Professional curator and park managers in every park are essential to manage the park and to carry out park inventories and habitat identification works with other related experts.
3 Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (U.S.A.): A survey based on actual sales prices L.M. Anderson and H.K. Cordell USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Carlton Street, Athens GA 30602, U.S.A. 4 Landscape and Urban Planning Journal
Trees and landscape enhance the value and feel of a place
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21
Liveable And Sustainable Housing Development

By Professor Abdul Ghani Salleh, School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia
F EAT U RE (CONTI NUED) COVER FEATURE
Creative commons @ Ting~
a balance between urban economic growth and physical growth through land use development policy, which constitutes the core of sustainable urban development. There is a positive relationship between housing development and economic growth. Housing is one of the main aspects of urban development, which are directly linked to the economy. As long as housing programmes contribute to the distribution of wealth, they contribute to the long-term economic success of development as well-housed population generates labour force of a high level of productivity. Thus, housing contributes not only to economic growth but also social equity. Liveable housing emphasises human comfort, sense of place, safety, community spirit and neighbourhood. Residential satisfaction is an important indicator of liveable housing condition, which affects individuals quality of life. The factors, which determine satisfaction, are essential inputs in monitoring the success of housing policies. Thus, urban development activities that have implications on liveable and sustainable housing development need to be monitored to assist in the formulation and revision of housing policies. Housing Development: Issues and Problems Do the forces of economic growth have stronger influence than the social and environmental considerations in housing development or to what extent does our housing system incorporate elements of sustainable development in Malaysia? No comprehensive study has so far been done to address these questions. Nevertheless, we may able to evaluate and make some propositions regarding the current housing situation based on the following observations. Sustainable development ensures that no one is left out in the development process. This explains sustainable cities as cities for all. The basic objective of urban
backgrounds. Their purpose of acquiring these properties is to have better living environment, for family reasons, weekend retreats and investment. Squatter settlements Large cities in developing countries are characterised by rapid urbanisation and urban growth that often results in multiplication of squatter colonies in the urban fringes. Malaysian cities are no exception. There are many reasons that can explain the above phenomena. Urban-rural migration is often cited to be the main cause for the rapid urban growth. The pull factors are associated with more job opportunities created by industrialisation, better urban community facilities and better urban living environment. Most of the migrants are in the low-income segment of the urban population who are not easily accessible to the formal low cost housing sector. Furthermore, the supply of low cost housing cannot cope with the increasing number of migrants to the cities. The only opportunity that is open to them to find their homes in the squatter settlements that are rather fast and cheap to build. Their living environment is deplorable with inadequate sanitation, drainage, waste collection and insecurity of tenure. The price of low-cost housing has been fixed by the Government at RM25,000 for some time until its revision in 1998. The current price of the low-cost housing is between RM25,000 and RM42,000 depending on location. Not long after that in 2000, the price of low-medium cost housing increased from RM42,000RM60,000 to RM45,000-RM70,000, and will inevitably push low-cost housing price limits higher. High land cost was quoted to be the major factor for the increase. Are we building these houses based on their needs or wants? If we use affordability as a means to deliver houses for low-income groups, we may not be able to meet their basic housing needs, not to mention the housing quality as there is no such thing as a good quality low-cost housing. They will eventually
Squatter issues development is to meet human needs and achieve equity and social justice. No one should be marginalised in the development process. However, many of us feel that housing development tends to benefit the privileged few rather than the poor and deprived. What is wrong with our housing system or where is the missing link in the sustainable housing development process? Over consumption of housing The current housing system encourages people to buy bigger houses. For civil servants, they could do so through second housing loans and increased loan limits as implemented in 2001. The consumption of housing should be based on needs rather than wants. Over consumption of housing leads to environmental deterioration. The growth of residential development in the urban periphery suburban residential development is a result of the increase of population in higher income category. This is a normal trend of urban development in which suburban growth attracts the rich leaving the poor in the central areas of the city. Resort, hill and waterfront developments are becoming popular lately in our country. A study by Ghani (1997) indicates that resort development is attractive mainly to those with professional and management
Sustainable housing development ensures that no one is left out in the development process and it addresses socioeconomic and environmental issues. Liveable housing emphasises human comfort, sense of place, safety, community spirit and neighbourhood. Residential satisfaction is an important indicator of liveable housing conditions, which affects individuals quality of life. The factors that determine residential satisfaction are essential inputs in monitoring the success of housing policies. This paper discusses some aspects of urban development activities that have implications on sustainable housing development and an evaluation of residential satisfaction in private low-cost housing projects in selected states.
Housing development Housing provision normally lags behind the rapid growth of urban population. If houses are available, they are beyond the affordability of most low-income population in rapidly growing urban centres. The impact of urbanisation on our living environment depends very much on the management of urban change by local Government and other parties involved in the development process. There are always risks to the environment in housing development as it is a complex process, which involves many players. Amongst them, the key players are the developers and planners. The role of developers is to conceive and produce the developments for others to use. They seek to satisfy public needs and get reasonable economic returns from the development. On the other hand, the role of Government is to ensure the built environment created by the development process will eventually enhance the living environment and economic well being of society. They seek to strike
Creative commons @ thienzieyung
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be marginalised in squatter colonies. Squatter eviction is not the solution as the number of low-cost housing units available is not only insufficient but also may not meet their needs. The affordability problems among low income housing will inevitably require the Government to look seriously into social rented housing sector for a solution. The sector should not only target the poor but also a wider range of the society. Moral considerations should be taken into account in housing the poor. The current trend is that most of the low and medium income groups are housed in private rented sector, which is described by Harloe (1994) as paying more for less space and poor quality house. Smart partnerships The extent of smart partnership between private and public sectors in housing development depends very much on Government policy. Currently, local authorities are concerned with regulations, controls and limitations, unnecessarily complicated, and some times unrelated to the real needs of public and private sectors. Lack of communication between the players in the development process and delays are common problems. Strict development control will not only slow down urban development but also eliminate development potential and scare investors. Planning as set out in Agenda 21, should be decentralised, participatory, responsive, accountable, realistic and imaginative (Tipple, 1996). There is a need for local authorities to build their capacity for sustainable development. Lack of open space Lastly, provision of public, open space within each residential neighbourhood to meet the needs of different groups seldom gets much attention. As a result, there is little provision for such space in urban areas and most land sites are developed for other urban activities. There may be little pressures from upper income groups to address this issue as their purchasing power allows them exclusive access to such resources. However, the poor should locations. The indicators need not be perfect, they need not tell every thing about housing sector. They are indirect measures of housing performance and early indications of the presence of housing problems that require treatment. Good indicators can only evolve over time. Local Government is a powerful body in generating local economies and sustainable housing environments. It can manage and control stakeholders in the sustainable development process so that environmental resources and urban services are distributed equitably for the present and future generations. We need to monitor housing performance to ensure housing market works smoothly and to signal if it is not, and to allocate public resources equitably. A global survey of housing indicators has been conducted since 1990 as a joint programme of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) and the World Bank. The objectives of the survey were to create a comprehensive basic set of indicators for the housing sector, to establish analytical relationship among these indicators and to provide tools to measure the performance of the housing sector. Locally, an initial effort towards establishing comprehensive sets of housing indicators has already started. Federal Department of Town and Country Plannning, Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia, has carried out a study of urban indicators in which housing is one of the sectors. Study in Kuantan, Batu Pahat, George Town, Pasir Mas and Kuching In the study, five towns were selected to form a sample. They are Kuantan, Batu Pahat, George Town, Pasir Mas and Kuching. Preliminary results of two housing indicators, namely housing price to income ratio and floor space per person, indicate we are in the middle of the extreme values compared to that of the other countries included in UNCHS Global Data Base Survey (Ghani, 2001). For instance, the average value of 2.24 for the house price to income ratio is relatively low compared to Hanoi 10.4, Jakarta 9.9, Paris 4.3 and Rio de Janeiro 2.4. The value does not indicate the level of development of urban centres and cities, but it is related to the housing policy. The lower values indicate that housing policies enable the Government to provide a large amount of affordable housing for the people. Similarly, the average value of 18.6 for the floor space per person is relatively moderate compared to Hanoi 5.19, Jakarta 15.04, Rio de Janeiro 18.6 and Paris 30. The values correlate with the level of development of urban centres and cities. These are some examples of what housing indicator system can do to monitor housing development process. A time series data of housing indicators are needed to determine the presence of problems and to generate a pattern of relationships between indictors. So, the study is a starting point for a long-term process of housing indicator programme in the country. Residential satisfaction in Penang and Terengganu Another tool for monitoring is residential satisfaction. In a study on residential satisfaction in private lowcost housing in Penang and Terengganu, the variables that affect residential satisfaction were categorized in three main groups, dwelling units, services by the developers, neighbourhood facilities and environment (Abdul Ghani, 2008). The level of satisfaction was calculated by the average satisfaction of the residents. There were 32 indicators within these three groups. The residents in both states were generally satisfied with dwelling units, services by developers and neighbourhood facilities and environment. However, the levels of satisfaction varied according to some indicators and housing estates. The residents were particularly dissatisfied as shown by some indicators. For the study in Penang, there were 10 indicators that the residents felt unsatisfied while there were 13 indicators in Terengganu. The main unsatisfied indicators were related
Creative commons @ rakastajatar
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Creative commons @ thienzieyung
Large housing estate to the neighbourhood facilities and environment, such as public transport, community hall, parking lot and facilities for the handicapped. Besides that, the residents in both states felt that they had problems with safety and their dwelling units regarding dining room area, kitchen and clothesline facilities. Thus, house quality, building design and educational facilities in the neighbourhood determine residential satisfaction in private low-cost housing in Penang while safety infrastructure, educational and health facilities in the neighbourhood determine residential satisfaction in private low-cost housing in Terengganu. Despite having reasonable level of residential satisfaction, many residents in both states wanted to move out from their houses. The main reasons given by residents in Penang were to own a more comfortable house and to get a bigger house. However, the main reasons given by the residents in Terengganu were due to far distance to work place and school and to own a more comfortable house than the present one because of many problems. The problems were floods, leaks, poor quality building materials, poor public transport and community facilities, and safety and neighbourhood problems. Generally, the residents of low-cost housing projects developed by private housing developers expressed their dissatisfaction with certain attributes of dwelling units, services by developers and neighbourhood facilities as discussed above. These problems affected their living environment and quality of life. In order to ensure that housing is not just a house but a home in liveable neighbourhood, the Government should monitor low-cost housing programmes developed by private developers to ensure that residents from low-income group are housed in a liveable environment. As we are aware, simply providing houses does not measure the success of housing programmes and policies. Thus, just meeting the target of housing units for certain time period is not sufficient effort to achieve the goal of housing policy. The suitability of living environment, services and related facilities to the needs of residents is essential for housing programmes to be successful. Conclusion A sustainable living environment can be only achieved if development and environmental issues and problems are given equal emphasis in urban development. Basic human needs must be fulfilled, with living standards improved and ecosystems sustained effectively. Therefore, as a sustainable development strategy, a
Need for open spaces not be deprived of their basic needs. Monitoring Process One of the most important changes in the last three decades has been the move away from assessing the quantitative dimensions of housing deficits or backlogs within nations to whether people can find accommodation that meets their needs and priorities (UNCHS, 1996). Their needs and priorities are assured in sustainable development. Thus, sustainable housing is not just an ideal, it is a necessity. Therefore, it must be planned, implemented through action plans and monitored through a system that will assist in the formulation and revision of policies. Housing indicators Housing indicator, a tool for monitoring, can assist in evaluation of housing conditions, identification of housing issues and problems, and formation of rational housing issues. Better housing quality and living environment will only be achieved through rational housing policies. The system can make comparisons in various aspects of housing between time periods and
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greater integration of social, economic and environmental considerations is needed in planning and development of housing sector. Housing development is a complex process, which involves many players and every one is literally affected by the changes in property market. In order to sustain the growth of housing development, every player in the housing industry needs to assess and review its position, and appropriate actions should be taken to achieve sustainable housing development. Government policies should remove barriers to decision making process and uncertainties in the development. Encouragement and incentives should be given to the developers to promote and revitalise the industry. Smart partnership between private sector and public sector should be encouraged in the development of affordable housing. The efforts of the private and public sectors should be geared to overcome the current problems faced by both parties in the development process and to stimulate the growth of local urban economy. When the economic standard of the people increases, demand for housing will naturally increase and push development forward. As a sustainable development strategy, long-term public interest rather than shortterm private interest should be given more consideration. Efforts should also be made to monitor housing performance by using various monitoring tools. It would assist the Government in the formulation and revision of the housing policies, which generate liveable and sustainable housing development. References 1. Abdul Ghani Salleh (2008) Neighbourhood factors in private low2. cost housing in Malaysia, Habitat International 32 (4): 485-493. Ghani Salleh (2001) Kajian Penerapan Konsep Mampan Dalam Perancangan (A Study of Sustainable Concept in Planning, Urban Indicators Housing Sector), Technical Report. Ghani Salleh (1997) A market study of proposed resort township development in Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang, School of Housing, Building and Planning, USM, Penang. Harloe, M. (1994) Social housing past, present and future, Housing Studies, 9 (3): 407-416. Tipple, A. G. (1996) Housing extensions as sustainable development, Cities, 20(3): 367-376. UNCHS (1996) An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements 1996, Oxford: Oxford University Press/ UNCHS.
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F EAT U REH(CONTI NUED) RESEARC & DEVELOPMENT
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Innovations in Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient Designs

By Ir. Chen Thiam Leong
Editors note: This paper was presented at the International Green Technology and Purchasing Conference, Kuala Lumpur October 15-16, 2010.
temperatures are conditioned, both of which are costly measures and diminish the appeal for renewable energy resources. Furthermore, conventional HVAC systems depend upon fossil fuels even when heat pumps are used, as heat pumps depend on electric power generally supplied from conventional power plants using fossil fuels and delivered at low transmission efficiency. HVAC systems are rated only with respect to their thermal efficiencies, which neglects the overall energy, environment, and economic relationships. Current HVAC systems generally rely on high-exergy fossil fuels for comfort functions, when they should only require low-grade heat or cold. This mismatch destroys most of the exergy. Exergy of any flow or resource is the total amount of useful work that is available, and a HVAC system wastes most of that. Therefore, it is no surprise that their exergy efficiency is less than 10% (Rosen and Dincer 1996; Kilkis 2004). It is unfortunate that this problem, which has been known for a relatively long time, has not yet been addressed: the building sector, with a dominant share in annual energy use, has very low exergy efficiency for energy utilization and continues to be responsible for environmental degradation, mainly in terms of CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the thermal efficiency of HVAC systems has reached a good saturation point, well above 90% on average, except for thermal energy, transport and distribution losses. There are examples of such systems already in the market, such as thermally activated building components used for floor heating systems or waterborne systems where heating or cooling pipes are placed into the concrete slab construction. Another is the airborne hollow core deck system where tempered air first circulates inside the construction walls, thereby heating or cooling the rooms before being released as fresh supply air to the rooms (Johannesson 2004). Further research is needed to explore new or not commonly used exergy resources for incorporation into the built environment, such as the ground (e.g. using ground coolness for cooling), water (e.g. using ground, sea or riverwater as a cooling source), sky (e.g. using the radiation to a clear sky at night for cooling), or others. Wide application of low exergy heating and cooling systems in buildings will create a building stock which will be able to adapt the use of sustainable energy sources, when desired. Without this ability, the transfer towards a sustainable built environment will be delayed for decades. For temperate climate applications, exergy-efficient products such as those for geo-thermal heating are quite
Exergy-efficient products and services will be the future trend. The following extract from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) will provide an initial insight to this topic for better understanding: Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings is concerned with all exergy aspects of energy and power utilization of systems and equipment for comfort and service, assessment of their impact on the environment, and development of analysis techniques, methodologies and solution for environmentally safer, sustainable low-exergy buildings. Existing building heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) and plumbing systems and equipment have already achieved high thermal efficiencies as defined by the first law of thermodynamics. According to the second law of thermodynamics however, there is a need to increase currently low exergy efficiencies primarily because existing systems and buildings demand high-exergy sources. In this respect, International Energy Agency (IEA) Annex 37 recognized exergy-efficient buildings and development of lowexergy systems and equipment to be the most important need for sustainable development and environment. Currently, there is a lack of information about the importance and relevance of the subject matter, in particular for green buildings and for sustainable development. This TG will raise the exergy awareness among engineers and provide the fundamental information and tools for the implementation of exergy-efficient designs and development of consistent exergy related methodologies. This TG will establish a robust road map for a comprehensive set of scientific and technical steps for environmentally safer building technology and HVAC systems and facilitate the new ASHRAE theme of Engineering for Sustainability.
Energy Efficiency simply means using less energy to provide the same level of energy service. An example would be insulating a house allows it to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature; whilst installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent lights can attain the same level of illumination with less energy. Exergy Efficiency refers to the efficient use of energy resource to optimise energy efficiency. For instance, using a low exergy energy resource of ground water (40OC) to provide space heating to achieve an indoor temperature of 20OC, is far more efficient than using a high exergy energy resource of electricity (to operate a heat pump). The rationale being that electricity (a high exergy energy resource) which is capable of heating water up to 100OC is wasted when needed to heat water to only 40OC. Note that the plant efficiency to produce high exergy electricity resource is rather low (transmission losses etc.). The R&D challenge is therefore to identify innovations on exergy efficient rather than merely energy efficient designs and products.
Solar panels well established. There are many more examples one may find listed in the above extracted seminar paper. As for tropical climatic applications, thus far the applications are limited to hot water heaters and more recently solar thermal cooling. There is much more to be taken advantage of. Harvesting renewable solar energy (for electricity) through photovoltaic is merely limiting to the energy efficiency angle. However, harnessing solar (e.g. evacuated tube technology) is many times more energy (and exergy) efficient by means of bypassing the need to convert into electricity to then produce cooling. The application of solar absorption cooling is an excellent prospect for tropical climate applications. R&D innovations in energy derived from renewable energy and suited to local climatic needs is the key for Malaysian industry. For the built industry, harvesting solar energy to produce exergy-efficient products rather than merely energy-efficient products is definitely the direction to go. Two specific energy technology opportunities are described below. Solar Thermal Cooling (STC)
Exergy Efficiency in Design Exergy is a qualitative measure of the useful work potential available for a given amount of energy source. For example, low-temperature waste heat is a low-exergy resource because only low temperature and limited applications such as domestic water service can be realized. On the other hand, natural gas is a high-exergy resource because several different useful applications such as electricity generation can be realized. Existing HVAC systems are not directly compatible with low-exergy renewable and waste energy resources unless either the equipment is oversized and/or resource
Rather than merely following the global trend of harnessing solar energy to produce photovoltaic that is limited in their
Creative commons @ Duke Energy
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efficiency, solar evacuated tube technology with over 80% efficiency should be a better choice. Whilst residential roofs are freely available for photovoltaic, similarly roofs of industrial and low-rise commercial buildings (one to three storey/s are far more productive for solar air-conditioning applications. In this respect, Malaysia should nurture this particular industry that today has only a handful of SME activity. Small Co-generation Cooling Electricity System
Residential Fuel Cell Co-generation System
Hydrogen
Congratulations!
Projek Lebuhraya Pantai Timur Fasa 2 ( JKR)
On receiving the Quality Award
for
Fuel Cell 1kW Electricity Electricity
200 litres Hot water
Town Gas
An excellent exergy-efficient product would be the small co-generation system using LPG/LNG to produce cooling via an absorption cycle and then harnessing its hydrogen by-product for a fuel cell to produce electricity to the grid. Japan has already produced (since 2005 see illustrations below) packaged hot water heaters using NG connected to fuel cell to produce electricity. Producing cooling through this same concept has not yet materialized, although suggested by Ir. TL Chen back in 2005. With clean energy gas available in Malaysia for the next 30 years or more, this small co-generation system can command a substantial market with feasible applications in high-rise residential buildings, service apartments and even hotels. The new trend of shop lot office buildings also constitutes very suitable applications. Conclusion R&D in any field is normally costly and limited in execution. Therefore, R&D innovations into Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient designs and products need to be well thought of, lest we descend into a herd mentality approach, more so for Malaysia if we aspire to leapfrog over others as a late bloomer. As such, we should not be contented to jump on the bandwagon created by others, but rather examine our own niche market. A classic case would be that of BIPV (building integrated photo voltaic) where we risk resigning to be followers if we pour our R&D resources in this area. Instead, we should combine the already developed and available photovoltaic technology with our climatic requirements to R&D on Solar Thermal Cooling, to take advantage of our ideal weather application and our types of built environment. This paper has merely highlighted two very viable exergy efficient technologies to reflect the enormous market potential and opportunities in this infant field and is strictly representative of the view of the author.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cell for homes launched March 2005 Brands : Panasonic, Ebara, Sanyo, Toyota, Toshiba
How about Fuel Cell Co-generation System Gas to Airconditioning with Electricity?
Best Construction Management 2010

for Conventional Project Catgory (Infrastructure)
Hydrogen
Fuel Cell ? kW Electricity Electricity
Absorption Air Conditioner
Town Gas
for PROJEK LEBUHRAYA PANTAI TIMUR FASA 2, TERENGGANU [PAKEJ 5B : DARI CH 60,000 (SERI BANDI) KE CH 67,000 (KG. CABANG)] DAERAH KEMAMAN, TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN And we, Jurutera Perunding GEA (M) Sdn. Bhd. & Mesh Engineers Sdn. Bhd. Joint Venture are proud to be part of the project team.
Finally, apart from R&D innovations into marketable products, R&D innovations to improve on design concepts (which unfortunately are usually not patentable or difficult to do so) should not be ignored. One potential area (again suitable for our climatic application) would be the optimal behaviour of active (airflow) facades.
Reference ASHRAE Kilkis 2004 TL Chen various publications since 2005
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Contingent Payment: The Continuing Saga
By Ir. Harbans Singh K.S, P.E., C. Eng., Advocate & Solicitor (Non-Practising)
Contingent Payment clauses encompassing the so-called Pay if Paid clauses or Pay when Paid clauses or Back to Back clauses is a common feature in most subcontracts in Malaysia. These were dealt with in detail by the author in an article entitled Contingent Payments In Sub-Contract: An Overview1 which looked at the typical provisions in the standard forms and the general principles that were being employed to construe such clauses. Over the time since the publication of the said article, the use of such clauses continued to expand exponentially leading to much disquiet and concern among practitioners as there was no local authority on the true construction to be afforded to such clauses. In late 2004, the High Court was given an opportunity in the case of Pernas Otis Elevator Sdn. Bhd. v Syarikat Pembenaan Yeoh Tiong Lay Sdn. Bhd. & Anor2 to elucidate the matter and provide guidance on the right approach to be taken in construing such clauses. Much to the disappointment of subcontractors, the High Court held that such clauses should be construed literally i.e. the sub-contractors entitlement to payment is contingent upon the main contractors actual receipt of the corresponding payment from the employer. This decision and the attendant legal and procedural matters were amplified and explained by the author in another article entitled Construction of Contingent Payment Clauses: An Overview3. Since the said decision was not the subject of an appeal, it remained the law and a binding precedent on the inferior courts. In the meantime, this rather unfortunate state of affairs was adequately reversed in other jurisdictions through statutory intervention4 or ingenious/novel judicial pronouncements5. No notable developments crystallized locally since the Pernas Otis decision until as of recent. A rather interesting and patently illustrative case meandered its way in the corridors of justice of the Sessions and High Courts to the Court of Appeal in Putrajaya, this case being Asiapools (M) Sdn. Bhd. v IJM Construction Sdn. Bhd.6 The Court of Appeal having reviewed the particular facts and provisions of the sub-contract in question together with the relevant law, upheld the literal approach taken in the Pernas Otis case and in no uncertain terms laid down the approach the courts would take in dealing with such clauses. This short article has been penned to update the readers on the facts of this case, a summary of the judicial pronouncement and the effects of the said case; which being a decision of the Superior Courts i.e. the Court of Appeal has far ranging legal ramifications. FACTS OF THE CASE The plaintiff (i.e. Asiapools (M) Sdn. Bhd.) was the nominated subcontractor for the swimming pool for a condominium whereby the defendant (i.e. IJM Construction Sdn. Bhd.) was the main contractor for the complete works. The nominated sub-contract works under the plaintiff s scope had been completed but the plaintiff had not been fully paid by the defendant as the latter had not been correspondingly paid by the employer under the main contract. Pursuant to the main contract, the defendant had commenced an action against the employer to recover the sum involved. The plaintiff, under the sub-contract commenced the instant action against the defendant to recover the unpaid sum. The Sessions Court had allowed the plaintiff s claim with costs. The defendant appealed to the High Court, which court allowed the defendants appeal with costs. Aggrieved by the High Courts decision, the plaintiff now appealed to the Court of Appeal. The plaintiff submitted that pursuant to the sub-contract, the final payment claimed by the plaintiff was outside the pay when paid provision expressed in Clause 13.01 of the SubContract, as it referred to progress payment/interim payment only. The defendant on the other hand contended that the final payment claimed by the defendant was only due and payable upon receipt of such payment by the defendant from the employer, because the expression progress payment in clause 13.01 covers final payment. The main issue before the Court of Appeal for its determination was on the true construction of clause 13.01, particularly progress payment and whether the final payment claimed by the plaintiff fell within the ambit of progress payment Clause 13.01 which read: 13.0 Progress Payment / Interim Payment 13.01 Notwithstanding the provision of Clause 27 pertaining to nominated sub-contractor and payment for works executed, it is hereby agreed that in the event of any interim certificate which includes, for nominated sub-contract works, the payment in respect of any work, 75% material or goods comprised in the sub-contract shall be made to the sub-contractor within 14 days after receipt by the Main Contractor of payment certified as due in the Interim Certificate from the Client i.e. Messrs, Ng Chee Yee Sdn. Bhd. Reverting to the instant appeal, in ordinary parlance, progress payment portrays any payment according to progress i.e. the forward movement of the works. Progress payment clearly includes a payment at any stage, from the first stage, to the second stage, culminating in the final stage i.e. the final payment. Upon the true construction of clause 13.01, in particular the expression progress payment, we are of the view that it is sufficiently wide to include the final payment claimed by the plaintiff, in which case, the plaintiff is only entitled to payment after the defendant has been paid by the employer. Hence, we are unable to sustain the submission presented for the plaintiff. Concurring with the former, his Lordship Abdul Malik Ishak JCA, in a similar vein held in favour with the defendants; the salient points of his judgment being summarized below. 1. The effect of a pay-when-paid clause will be entirely a matter of construction, requiring clear and unambiguous words, and requiring careful consideration of whether, on a true construction, the clause affects the right to payment or only the time for payment9. The words generally are to be understood in their plain and literal meaning. This is of course, always subject to admissible evidence being adduced to show that the words are to be understood in some technical or special sense. There was no necessity to adduce any evidence to interpret clause 13.01 because the words appearing in the clause are rather plain and they clearly preclude the defendant from paying immediately to the plaintiff unless the defendant receives payment from the employer. 3. In construing a written contract, the professed object of the court was to discover the mutual intention of the parties10. The intention of the parties must be ascertained from the document itself. Thus, the parties themselves cannot give direct evidence to show that their intentions were at variance with the provisions of the contract documents11. The task of the court is quite simple namely, to construe the contractual term without any preconception as to what the parties intended12. When the minds of the parties are expressed in an unambiguous manner, the principles of construction which are best only a guide in the search for the intention of the parties cannot be relied upon to override the declared intention of the parties unequivocally expressed in the contract document13.
EFFECTS OF RE ASIAPOOLS CASE DECISION In a nutshell, the Asiapools case decision has not only upheld the High Courts decision in the Pernas Otis case but reinforced it further. It has given a literal construction to payment provisions similar to clause 13.01 in the Asiapools case and has included all payments, be these interim or final within the ambit of the particular terminology employed.
DECISION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal in a majority decision dismissed the plaintiff s appeal with costs; the judgment of the court being delivered by his Lordship Low Hop Bing JCA7. After referring to the plaintiff s and the defendants contentions and the relevant case-law cited, he said8:
2.
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(CONTI NUED)
In tandem with the decision in the Pernas Otis case, the Court of Appeal has reaffirmed that following such a construction, the sub-contractors entitlement to any payment under a similar provision is contingent upon the main contractors actual receipt of the corresponding sum from the employer. Therefore, unless and until the man contractor actually receives the certified amount due from the employer, he is not obliged to pay the sub-contractor. By implication, it includes the popularly labelled constructive receipt situation i.e. where payment should have been received but for the employers set-off attributable to the main contractors culpability and for which the subcontractor concerned is wholly innocent14. This being a decision
of a superior court, its legal effect is immense as it binds all the lower courts including the High Courts. CONCLUSION The Court of Appeal has in the Asiapools case pronounced its decision, which no matter how unpalatable to a segment of the construction industry15, governs the implementation of any similarly worded contingent payment clauses in their contracts. Being the current law, it should be taken cognizance of by local practitioners in their everyday dealings unless a superior court16 overrules it or there is statutory intervention to ameliorate its effects or reverse it. For the latter
scenario, there is hope as there is at the moment a draft statutory instrument entitled the Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act17 (CIPPA) being proposed for enactment by Parliament to address issues similar to those dealt with by the Courts in the Pernas Otis case and the Asiapools case. Under the CIPAA, it is proposed that any provision in a construction contract that makes payment conditional be rendered void and unenforceable. Any claims for payment have to be settled within set time-frames with defaults/disputes to be resolved through an adjudication process spanning a relatively short time period and employing simple procedural steps.
FOOTNOTE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Vol. 19 June 2003, Bulletin Ingenieur [2004] 5 CLJ 34. Hereinafter called the Pernas Otis case. Vol. 28 Dec. 2008, Bulletin Ingenieur. e.g. The Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act (2004) in Singapore, etc. e.g. in New Zealand in the case of Smith & Smith Glass Ltd. v Winstone Architectural Cladding System [1993] CILL 898. [2010] 3 MLJ 7, CA. Hereinafter called the Asiapools case. On 11 Dec. 2009 sitting together with Zainun Ali & Abdul Malik JJCA. [2010] 3 MLJ 7 at p16. See Iezzi Constructions Pty Ltd. v Watkins Pacific (Q) Pty Ltd. [1995] 2 Qd. R 350; Smith & Smith Glass Ltd. v Winstone Architectural Cladding System Ltd. [1992] 2 NZLR 473. See Pioneer Shipping Ltd. & Ors v BTP Tioxide Ltd. & International Fina Services AG v Katrina Shipping Ltd. and Toren, Tanker Kabuski Kisha (the Fina Samco) [1995] 2 Lloyds Rep 344 (CA) at p350. See Penn v Simmonds [1971] 1 WLR 1381(HL) at p 1385; Zoan v Rouamba [2000] 1 WLR 1509 (CA) at p 1523. See Pagnan SpA v Tradex Ocean Transportation SA [1987] 1 All ER 81 at 88. See K Appukuttan Panicker & another v SKRAKR Athappa Chettiar AIR 1966Kerala 303. See Robinson, Lavers, Tan & Chan Construction Law in Singapore and Malaysia (2nd Edn.) at p349. In particular, sub-contractors (domestic and nominated). e.g. the Federal Court. called, CIPAA in short. See Lord Denning MRs classic statement in Dawnays Ltd. v F.G. Minter Ltd. & Ors [1971] 1 BLR 16, CA to the effect: There must be a cash-flow in the building trade. It is the very lifeblood of the enterprises.
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Integrated Water Resources Management In Malaysia

By Dato Ir. Lim Chow Hock, Senior Director (Management Division), Malaysia, Md. Khairi Selamat, Deputy Director (Corporate Division), DID Malaysia, Ir. Chop Ai Kuang , Senior Manager, Dr Nik & Associates Sdn Bhd Growing water scarcity, competition for water, increased demand and climate change represent major threats to water resources development and management globally. Being finite, these water resources cannot sustain indefinitely into the future unless prudently and efficiently managed. The growth in population, urban and industrial expansion, irrigated agriculture, rising water pollution and elevated living standards are imposing growing demands and pressure on water resources. According to the United Nations estimate, one third of the world population lives in water stress countries (fortunately Malaysia is not one of them). Recent extreme natural disasters such as major floods, droughts and river pollution all over the world are signs of what to expect if such water resource issues are still managed in the traditional sectoral approaches. It is clear that the main problem in water management is that the resources have not been managed as a whole. When water is becoming scarce, cross-sectoral integration becomes essential. The challenge ahead is to strike a delicate balance among all the sectors. At the International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE), January 1992 in Dublin, the following principles were adopted: Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment; Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach involving users, planners and policy makers at all levels; Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water; and Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good. In commending these Dublin Principles, world leaders at the June 1992 Rio Earth Summit signed a declaration urging all Governments to take urgent action and programmes for water and sustainable development. This was further strengthened and enhanced by the March 2000 Second World Water Forum in Hague and 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg (Sustainable Development).
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rainfall. Besides, there are water stress regions like the states of Perlis, Penang and Malacca. Some water stress situations arise because of high demands as in the case of Kedah state, where water shortage occurs because of the large rice irrigation area which consumes a major portion of the available surface water. The Klang Valley region (covering the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and a major part of Selangor) faces water shortage as a result of increasing population and rapid industrialisation as well as water pollution. The southern Johor region also suffers similar predicament. Based on the current trend, water stress situations are expected to occur more and more frequently unless drastic measures and steps are put in place. The recent (2008) Study on Effective Implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia noted that the main water-related issues in Malaysia are as in the table below. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) may be defined as A process that promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems in order to maximise the resultant economic value and social welfare.
IWRM is a process of change, a process that can start from small beginnings. It is a delicate balance to ensure water resources development and management sustainability. This definition has been used consistently in recognition of the numerous and complex links between activities and components that influence and are influenced by how water resources are developed and managed, taking into consideration that water is a finite resource. Water is intimately linked to the maintenance of health, agriculture, energy and biodiversity and ultimately poverty eradication. IWRM puts in place specific routine processes to ensure that different water demand sectors work together on water services, water projects and water plans towards achieving sustainable water resources development and management. What is there to integrate in IWRM? Demand and supply requires integration. The natural system integration extends to include fresh and coastal saline water, land and water, surface water and ground water, quality and quantity, and downstream and upstream. Human system integration requires the mainstreaming of water resources (policy and economy).
Creative commons @ wester
WATER RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA Malaysia enjoys an equatorial climate and is blessed with abundant water resources. The average annual rainfall is 2,420 mm for Peninsular Malaysia, 2,630 mm for Sabah and 3,830 mm for Sarawak. The average annual rainfall on the total land mass amounts to 990 billion m3, of which 566 billion m3 (57%) appear as surface runoff, 64 billion m3 (7%) go to recharge the groundwater and the balance of 360 billion m3 (36%) return to the atmosphere through evapo-transpiration. The major water use sectors include irrigated agriculture (9 billion m3), domestic and industrial water supply (2.6 billion m3), and hydropower and environment; the minor ones include fishery, livestock, transportation, and tourism and recreation. Current (year 2010) annual national water demand is 12 billion m3. The demand is projected to increase to about 14 billion m3 in year 2020 and about 18 billion m3 by year 2050. Whilst there is an abundance of water resource as compared to the demand, the readily available water resource for use is only about 10% due to the high seasonal and uneven distribution of
RANKING 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
IWRM ISSUES River Water Quality Catchment & Landuse Management Flooding Potable Water Supply Institutional Arrangement Segmented Management Approach River Corridor/ Riparian Management Wetland Management Water Borne Diseases Biodiversity Drought Environmental Flow Ground Water Management
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IWRM address the 3 Es, i.e. Economic Efficiency, Equity and Environmental Sustainability. It is generally recognised that there are eight key success factors in implementing IWRM, as follows:
IWRM addresses the three Es!

Economic Efficiency Equity Environmental Sustainability
Management Instruments Assessment Information Allocation Instruments
Enabling Environment Policies Legislation
Instrumental Framework Central Local River Basin Public Private
Balance water for livelihood and water as a resource
and does so through the three pillars of IWRM
IWRM is about managing competing uses across interests and sectors and by building compromises through stakeholders participation. IWRM respects that water follows its own
boundaries. As such water resources development and management should follow the river basin approach from the water quality and quantity perspective.
IWRM IMPLEMENTATION MALAYSIAN INITIATIVE In subscribing to the principles of the Rio Declaration (Earth Summit, 1992) and the Johannesburg Millennium Development Goals (World Summit, 2002), Malaysia has adopted and implemented IWRM principles as the way forward in developing and managing its water resources, way back in the early 1990s. Various measures and actions have been undertaken, not only by the Government, but also by the private sector and non-Governmental organisations (NGOs). The major ones include: Separation of the regulatory and utility functions of water resources management through re-organisation and formation of four main water-related ministries (Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, Ministry of Energy, Water & Communication, Ministry of Agriculture & Agro Based Industry and the Ministry of Housing & Local Government) related to water resources (2003); Adoption of IWRM principles in the Governments Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) & its five-year Development Plans (8th & 9th Malaysian Plans); Establishment of the National Water Resources Council (1998);
Establishment of state level river-basin management institutions; Establishment of various Non - Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the water resources sector such as Malaysian Water Partnership, Penang Water Watch and Malaysian Water Association to complement the governments efforts; Smart partnership between Government agencies, NGOs and private sector in achieving common water resources goals; Growing recognition and endorsement of stakeholders participation and involvement towards sustainable development and management of water resources; Formulating the National Water Resources Policy; Reviewing National Water Resources Study, 2000; Reviewing national water resources legislative and institutional setup; and Enactment of Akta Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SWPAN), 2006 and Water Services Industrial Act, 2006 to regulate the water supply sector.
In a bigger spectrum, water resources planning and development must be consolidated and treated as engine of economic activity and national development, social stability, environment and ecology sustainability.
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DID INITIATIVES Being the key national water resources managing agency as listed in the departmental function, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) has initiated and embarked on adopting IWRM as the way forward to manage national water resources, since early 1990. Some of the major measures and efforts undertaken include: Undertaking the review of National Water Resources Study, 2000: Main scope of works for this on-going study includes: Reviewing the findings and recommendations made under the study Formulation of a comprehensive National Water Resources Policy Development of Water Resources Management Framework Formulation of National Water Resources Law Adopting and implementing IWRM based on river basin concept (IRBM) Carry out river basin studies to formulate IRBM Plan to serve as the basin water resources management master plan; Implementing River Restoration Programmes (1 state 1 river). The main objective is to implement and demonstrate river rehabilitation and restoration approaches; Implementing Public Awareness Programmes (Cintailah Sungai Kita); Carrying out Study on Awareness Creation & Capacity Building In IWRM, 2008. The main focus is on awareness creation, capacity building and stakeholders participation; Implementing Best Management Practices (BMP) in effective implementation of IWRM : The main objective of this Project is to demonstrate the application of IWRM principles and formulate documented guidelines for adoption in other parts in Malaysia. The main focus is on awareness raising, capacity building and stakeholders participation. 10 pilot BMP projects addressing various water related issues are currently on-going as in the table below; Adopting and implementing Integrated Flood Management (Inter-agency Co-operation) programmes: Flood Forecasting and Warning Systems for major rivers KL Integrated Flood Forecasting & Warning System Adoption of Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA) Rainwater Re-cycle Installation Flood and Drought Monitoring Updating old and preparing new guidelines & manuals with regards to IWRM.
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BMP Projects Sg Liwagu, Sabah Sg Galing Besar, Pahang Taman Materhari Height, Seremban N-Park Condominium, Penang Sg Miri, Sarawak Sg Melaka at Kg Pengkalan Tasek Cini, Pahang Sg Langat, Selangor Kota Bharu Aquifer, Kelantan Sg Gajah, Alor Setar, Kedah
Main IWRM Issue Water Quality & Sabah Water Resources Enactment River Corridor Management Wet Detention Pond as community park Water Demand Management Institutional arrangement River Corridor Management Integrated Catchment Management & Raising local communitys income River Pollution & Water-borne Diseases Ground Water Management Urban River Rehabilitation
MALAYSIAS IWRM SPIRAL MODEL IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP The key elements in the Malaysian IWRM implementation roadmap or the IWRM Spiral Model is summarised in the above figure. CONCLUSION IWRM implementation in Malaysia is a challenge to the conventional practices, attitudes and professional certainties. It confronts entrenched sectoral interests and requires that the nations water resources be managed holistically for the benefits of all stakeholders. IWRM offers a guiding conceptual framework rather than a concrete blueprint. Implementing IWRM demands that all stakeholders try to change their working practices and attitudes when looking at the micro environment that surrounds their actions and daily life and to realise that sectoral interests could not occur independently of the actions of each other, but are highly dependent on one another. In conclusion, demographic driving forces will continue to increase our water demand and stress water availability. To ensure sustainable development, water resources need to be managed in an integrated and holistic manner by embracing IWRM (1Water). Comprehensive policy, legislation and administrative framework will pave the way forward towards accelerating effective IWRM implementation. Political will, commitment and enforcement are vital to ensure success. Capacity building is needed for all sectors. Public participation, education, awareness and advocacy are equally important.
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Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project

By Ir. Dr. Zullkefle Nordin, Ph.D Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project Team Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water By definition interbasin water transfer is an artificial withdrawal of water from one drainage basin, the basin of origin, to another, the receiving basin, for a beneficial use. Interbasin water transfer generally can be classified as open transfer systems and closed transfer systems. The state of Selangor especially the Klang Valley and Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur have experienced rapid development over the years. The water demand for this location has increased from 2,440 million litres per day (MLD) in 1998 to 3,809 MLD in 2008. This trend of water demand increases at the rate of 3.3% per annum is anticipated to continue in the future. The water demand in 2025 is projected to be about 6,242 MLD. To meet the water demand, the Government has decided to look for water resources beyond Selangor. The development of water resources will require long distance transfer and hence it has becomes more expensive, since most of the resources close to the demand centers have been fully developed. The Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project is identified as the most viable option to meet the increased water demand for the state of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur in the future.
FEATURE
Malaysia receives an annual average rainfall of more than 2,500mm. The country is therefore rich in water resources when compared to the other regions of the world. The average annual water resources on a total land mass of 330,000km2 amount to 990 billion m3. Out of which, 360 billion m3, or 36% returns to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration, 566 billion m3 or 57% appear as surface runoff and the remaining 64 billion m3, or 7% go to the recharge of groundwater. Of the 566 billion m3 of surface runoff, 147 billion m3 are found in Peninsular Malaysia, whilst 113 billion m3 in Sabah and 360 billion m3 in Sarawak. Water is used for variety of purposes. Consumptive water use is largely for irrigation, industrial and domestic water supply and to a minor extent for mining and fisheries. Background In the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), the main challenges of this Plan for water sector are: 1. To deliver facilities or services of quality. 2. To ensure an efficient and effective delivery system to meet the rising aspirations of the people. 3. To optimize the use of natural resources as well as protect the environment. To meet these challenges, five main strategies will be the main focus under the Ninth Plan, Rehabilitation of Water Supply Systems Modernization of Water Supply Systems Water Resources Development Water Treatment and Distribution Interstate Raw Water Transfer In this paper only the Interstate Raw Water Transfer will be discussed. The domestic and industrial water demand in Malaysia is expected to multiply by more than threefold in the next 50 years, The domestic demand is expected to increase from 5.6 million m3 per day in 2000 to 16.2 m3 per day in 2050 while the industrial demand from 3.9 million m3 per day in 2000 to 15.5 million m3 in 2050. The total water demand for Peninsular Malaysia is expected to increase from 29.6 million m3 in 2000 to 48.4 m3 in 2050. Selangor especially the Klang Valley and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya being the most rapidly developed region in the country is anticipated to face an acute shortage of potable water by 2014 if no action is taken by the Government. Currently all the water resources in the region have been fully developed within the major rivers such as the Klang River, the Selangor River and the Langat River. A total of six dams have been constructed along these rivers.
Interbasin Water Transfer The need to co-operatively manage the shared water resources and to resolve and prevent conflicts over their use has resulted over the last century in the establishment of many commissions for the transboundary rivers and lakes throughout the world. In many parts of the world river passes through many countries, for example, the Danube and Ganges and Mekong in Asia. Table 1 shows some of the water transfer schemes in the United States. In this country, rivers is under the state jurisdiction. Interbasin water transfer is not new in this country. The water transfer from river basin in Johor to Singapore was implemented in the 1960s and in the 1980s the Johor to Malacca transfer was implemented. Selangor being the most developed state in the country has depleted all its water resources. Recently the Federal Government has initiated the raw water transfer from Pahang to Selangor to overcome the acute shortage of raw water expected in 2014. Due to the unevenness of raw water distribution in the country, the Government had planned more interbasin projects in the future. This trend will be a common phenomenon. No. Sources/Basin of Origin Receiving Basin Types of Use 1. Lake Tahoe Basin Eagle Valley Water Supply 2. Lake Tahoe Basin Dayton Valley Water Supply 3. Lake Tahoe Basin Carson Valley Irrigation 4. Newark Valley Diamond Valley Water Supply 5. Truckee River Carson River Irrigation 6. Carson River Eagle Valley Water Supply 7. Truckee River Lemmon Valley Water Supply 8. Colorado river Las Vegas Valley Water Supply 9. Truckee River Sun Valley Water Supply 10. Truckee River Spanish Spring Valley Irrigation Table 1 Surface Water Transfer in the United States (Sources from Southern Nevada Water Authority) Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer The Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project (PSRWT) is to transfer a total quantity of 1,890 million litres per day (MLD) of raw water from Pahang to Selangor to cater to demand up to the year 2025. At present the total production capacities of the treatment works in Selangor is capable to produce a total quantity of 4,390 MLD per day (design capacity) whereas the present demand is 3,866 MLD. Figure 1 shows the locations of water treatment plants and regulation dams in Selangor. Figure 2 shows the production and design capacity for all the treatment plants in Selangor. The Second National Water Resources Study (NWRS - 2000 to 2025), which was done in 1999 has identified the only
Water dam
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No. Water Treatment Plants Design Current Capacity Capacity Production That Can Be (JLH) (JLH) Used (JLH) 1 BRH 2 BATANG KALI 3 SUNGAI DUSUN 4 SUNGAI SELISED 5 SUNGAI TENGI 6 KALUMPANG 7 KUALA KUBU BHARU 8 SUNGAI BUAYA 9 RANTAU PANJANG 10 SUNGAI BATU 11 SUNGAI RANGKAP 12 GOMBAK 13 KEPONG 14 SUNGAI RUMPUT 15 AIR KEROH 16 SUNGAI PUSU 17 NORTH HUMMOCK 18 SUNGAI LANGAT (1) 19 BUKIT NANAS 20 CHERAS MILE 11 21 BUKIT TAMPOI 22 AMPANG INTAKE 23 SALAK TINGGI 24 SUNGAI SERAI 25 SUNGAI LOLO 26 SUNGAI PANGSOON 27 SUNGAI SEMENYIH (2) 28 SUNGAI SELANGOR (F1) 29 SUNGAI SELANGOR (F3) SG. RASA (P1) SUNGAI SELANGOR (F3) SG. RASA (P2) 30 SUNGAI SELANGOR (F3) BADONG (P1) SUNGAI SELANGOR (F3) BADONG (P2) 31 TANJONG KARANG 32 SUNGAI SELANGOR (F2 P1 & P2) 33 LOLO BARU 34 WANGSA MAJU Jumlah Kapasiti Loji Di Bawah PCCA 40.60 20.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 6.70 6.70 0.90 31.50 113.70 9.00 22.50 2.30 4.50 0.50 0.00 22.50 454.00 145.00 27.00 31.50 18.00 10.80 0.90 0.40 1.80 636.00 950.00 125.00 125.00 400.00 400.00 36.00 950.00 1.04 45.00 4,643.04 29.03 8.40 0.91 1.83 1.30 5.55 3.47 0.89 32.70 96.50 11.78 23.30 1.96 0.79 0.16 0.00 16.11 478.29 110.44 23.81 26.18 16.16 5.50 0.00 0.55 3.41 573.98 699.30 50.00 - 619.50 - 22.00 969.75 3.01 45.76 3,882.32 40.60 20.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 6.70 6.70 0.90 31.50 113.70 9.00 22.50 2.30 4.50 0.50 0.00 22.50 454.00 145.00 27.00 31.50 18.00 10.80 0.90 0.40 1.80 636.00 760.00 50.00 0.00 400.00 400.00 36.00 950.00 3.00 45.00 4,255.00 Year Metered Vol (Mld) Increase rate of Metered Vol. 3.8% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% NRW rate NRW (Mld) Production (Mld) Increase Installed rate of Capacity Production (Mld) 4390 4390 4390 4390 4390 4390 4390 5390 5390 5390 5390 5890 5890 5890 Buffer Capacity Remarks
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2,485 2,613 2,700 2,789 2,881 2,976 3,074 3,175 3,280 3,389 3,500 3,616 3,735 3,858
34.8% 32.4% 31.9% 31.3% 31.0% 30.7% 30.5% 30.3% 29.5% 29.0% 28.5% 28.0% 27.5% 27.0%
1,326 1,253 1,267 1,270 1,295 1,318 1,350 1,380 1,373 1,384 1,396 1,406 1,417 1,427
3,811 3,866 3,967 4,059 4,176 4,294 4,424 4,556 4,654 4,773 4,896 5,022 5,152 5,286
1.014 1.026 1.023 1.029 1.028 1.030 1.030 1.021 1.026 1.026 1.026 1.026 1.026
1.15 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.02 0.99 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.11
Interstate (1,000 Mld)
Interstate (500Mld)
Table 2 W ater Demand Forecast (Increase Rate of 3.3% p.a.)
Figure 1 Location of Water Treatment Plants and Regulating Reservoir in Selangor available source is in the northern region of Selangor that is the Bernam river basin. From a technical point of view, it was not economical to transfer this water to Klang Valley due to its distance, pipes laying in urban areas and its topographic conditions. This may incur very high capital and operational costs due to the several stages of pumping systems. The Bernam river basin is reserved for future use for the northern region of Selangor. Historical records of actual water demand from 1990 to 2008 in states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, shows an average annual increase of 6.8% from 1990 to 2004 and 3.3% from 2005 to 2008. The main reason for the decrease of water demand from 2005 onwards is due to the continuous effort to reduce the Non Revenue Water (NRW) by the Government. The water demand forecasted after 2000 onwards increases at the rate of 3.3% per annum and it will used used for planning purposes. Figure 3 shows the future projection of water demand in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. From the figure, it is anticipated that there will be an acute shortage of water in 2013, even though steps were taken to reduce the NRW to an achievable limit. The buffer capacity reserve is expected to decrease from 15% in 2007 to 9% if the PSRWT Project is not implemented. Table 2 shows the water demand forecasted at the rate of 3.3% per annum.
Figure 3 Water Demand and Supply for Selangor and Kuala Lumpur
Figure 2 Water Treatment Plants in Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan and Putrajaya
Figure 4 Shows the Project Components
46
FEATURE
47
The Project The PSRWT is designed to transfer 1,890 MLD of raw water via a transfer tunnel from Semantan River in Pahang to the Langat District in Selangor. This transfer is to cater the needs for Klang Valley up to 2025. Figure 4 shows the components of the PSRWT project. The PSRWT consists of four main components, namely: a. b. c. d. Water Transfer Tunnel Kelau Dam Semantan Intake Works and Pumping Systems Twin Pumping Mains tunnel construction will be used for the tunnel excavation that is Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) and New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). The tunnel has a gradient of slope of 1/1900 and will operate under free flow conditions with a designed discharge of 27.6m3/s. It takes eight hours for the raw water to reach the outlet conduit and to achieve steady flow. The bedrock along the tunnel consists mostly of metamorphosed rocks of the Karak formation which is about 3.5 km from the inlet. The remaining portion is granite. The details rock types are shown in Table 3. Tunnel excavation will primarily be made using TBM. The upper and lower ends will be excavated using the conventional New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). Three TBM and four NATM will be used for the tunnel construction. Appendix A shows the longitudinal section of the transfer tunnel. The geological structure is affected by six fault zones namely, (i) North-South trending faults: Karak and Krau Faults (ii) North West to South East faults Bukit Tinggi, Lepoh, Kongkoi and Tekali Faults Figure 5 shows the location of rivers and faults location along the tunnel route. Appendix B shows the plan view of the tunnel profile. Chainage Rock Type 0.83-3.8 km Meta-sedimentary rocks with cover 240m 3.8-12.5 km Granite with cover ranges 480m to 33m 12.5-27.0 km Granite below main Range cover 1246-564m 27.0-44.6 km Deeply weathered incld. Schist cover 485-65m Table 3 Rocks Type Along Transfer Tunnel i) Site Investigations Twenty-one boreholes were carried out to determine the strength and type of rocks along the transfer tunnel route. The depth of boreholes ranges between 69m and 306m deep from the ground surface. The laboratory testing and investigations done were: a) Drilling and in situ testing: 21 cored holes, with packer tests for water pressure testing (Lugeon values), resistivity log 9 non-cored boreholes with constant head permeability tests, pH and groundwater temperature b) Geographysical investigation: Seismic refraction covering 18.5km c) Laboratory testing: Rock bulk density, unconfined compressive strength (USC), deformation modulus Ultrasonic velocity Petrographic description Chemical analysis of water The results for the USC laboratory testing shows the strength of rock varies from 11.0 Mpa (Mega Pascal) to 176 MPa at depth of 60.5m and 306m from the ground surface respectively. The USC values were prime importance for the TBM and NATM design. ii) Tunnel sections and profile alignment The total length of NATM sections for the transfer tunnel is 8.6 km long while for TBM the total length is 34.9 km. The conduits length are 1.1 km long. The tunnel size and gradient is designed to satisfy the water depth for uniform flow condition with the discharge of 27.6m3/s for the unlined circular section of the TBM. The water depth in the tunnel is designed to be 80% of the tunnel height to allow for construction tolerance of TBM. The flow velocity in the tunnel is designed to be greater than 2.0m/s to prevent deposit of sedimentation and tunnel surface erosion. The tunnel and conduit size were calculated based on uniform flow condition. Figure 6 shows a typical cross-section of the three sections. The proposed location of inlet, outlet and adits for tunnel excavation method were as follows: Tunnel sections NATM1 Ch. 8572793m working downgrade NATM2 Ch. 27934728m working upgrade NATM3 Ch. 47286,850m working upgrade TBM1 Ch. 6,85018,594m working downgrade TBM2 Ch. 18,59430,338m working upgrade TBM3 Ch. 30,33841,747m working upgrade NATM Ch.41,74744,344m working downgrade Figure 7 shows the schematic work plan for the tunnel excavation.
The project area in Pahang is drained by a number of rivers, the principal ones being the Sg. Bentong, Sg, Semantan and Sg. Kelau. The project utilizes runoffs of these three rivers efficiently with the provision of a dam at Sg. Kelau. The flow from these rivers together with the release from the dam will be abstracted at the intake station at Sg. Semantan. The water will be pumped to the connected basin located at the tunnel inlet portal through the twin pipelines. It is then gravitated to the newly proposed Langat Water Treatment Plant 2 (LRAL2) through the pipelines. The construction of Kelau Dam involves both taking the environmental and social impacts into consideration and the project has been formulated based on a flexibility project planning and design basis. A) Water Transfer Tunnel The function of the raw water transfer tunnel is to transfer 1,980 MLD of raw water from the Semantan intake to the LARL2 at Langat, Selangor. The main components of the water transfer tunnel are the main tunnel of length 44.6 km with 5.2m diameter, the inlet and outlet connecting basin and inlet and outlet conduit. There are four adits located along the tunnel route. The inlet connecting basin (EL 80.5m) is located on the hill about 300m from the Karak-Telemomg road and the outlet conduit (EL 57.2) about 3.5 km to north of the existing Sg. Langat treatment plant. The tunnel route passes through the Main Range which typically has elevations exceeding EL 1400 m. Two methods of
Figure 7 Schematic Work Plan for Tunnel Excavation
Figure 5 Shows the Rivers and Faults Zone along the Tunnel Route
Figure 6 Typical Tunnel Cross Sections
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FEATURE
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iii) Rock Classes The rocks are classified based on the Japan Highway Public Corporation ( JHPC) classes. The types are listed below, Class A Very good rock, hard and fresh Class B Good rock, hard and fresh but affected by weathering Class CI Fair rock, rock is weathered, some clay in joints Class CII Fair to poor rock weathered, loosed rock mass Class DI Very poor rock: considerably weathered rock mass, soft zones, partially soil properties Class DII Extremely poor rock: as above with potential rockfall Class E Faults and crushed rock zone, squeezing zones Properties used in assigning the rock classes is based on seismic velocity, RQD, weathering condition, rock strength, spacing of fractures and discontinuities. From the site investigation, most of rock types along the tunnel route is Class A type which is hard and fresh rock. Table 4 shows the correlation of rock mass classification based on JHPC, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Rock Tunneling Quality Index. JHPC A B CI CII DI DII E Very poor (< 20) RMR Very good (100-81) Good (81-61) Fair (60-41) Poor (40-21) Poor to very good 0.1~2.0 Extremely poor 0.04~0.1 Q values good 10< fair to poor 2~10 B) Kelau Dam The Kelau dam and associated reservoir will have an effective storage capacity of 135x106 m3 and inundated area of 22.7 km2 at full supply level. The dam is located about five km upstream from the confluence of the Sg. Kelau and Sg. Bilut. It comprises a main dam, two saddle dams, a spillway and a river outlet with a diversion facilities. Considering the availability of embankment materials, a homogeneous earthfill dam of 30m in height with chimney drain is proposed. Foundation treatment with curtain grouting is proposed for seepage control. Saddle dams will be located on the right bank. An ungated side channel type is proposed with sufficient capacity in conjunction with flood storage in the reservoir to discharge the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) condition. It is anticipated that the dam will be in operational for only four months in a year during the drought season. Culverts used for river diversion during construction will be utilized for the outlet works. Figure 8, shows the dam cross-section. The compensation flow is fixed at 12.5m3/s as requested by the Department of Environmental for the use of the downstream user. The effect of earthquake is taken into consideration for the dam design. The seismic value used is 0.1g which falls under the moderate zone category. A return period of 1 in 100 years is used to design the spillway crest length and the overflow weir length. C) Semantan Intake and Pumping Station The Semantan intake and the pumping station will be used to abstract raw water from Sg. Semantan, including the water release from the Kelau dam (only during low flow condition). The raw water will be pumped through the twin pipeline to the transfer tunnel inlet. The intake is located at Sg. Semantan which is 1.5 km downstream from confluence of the Sg. Semantan and Sg. Kelau. Figure 9 shows the location of pumping station. A concrete weir structure with sluice gates will be used to compensation flow of 27.6m3/s. The intake structure consist of intake grid chamber (sand settling basins), common well, and suction tank. The size of the pumping station is 110m long x 75m width and 30m high. Twelve numbers of vertical double-suction volute pumps with a capacity of 3.48m3/s will be installed having a total head of 54m. The pumping station is designed taking into consideration a 100 years return period with seven days low flow condition in determining the station elevation. The intake weir is designed for 50 year return period. Figure 10, 11, 12 and 13 shows the intake discharge, intake weir for 50 years duration curve, the 100-year return period water level profile and Semantan Intake structure respectively.
Figure 10 Semantan Intake Discharge
0.04< Extremely to Exceptionally poor
Table 4 Correlation of Rock Types
Figure 8 Typical Dam Across Section
Figure 9 Semantan Intake Site
50
f e at u r e
51
Figure 13 Semantan Intake Profile Figure 15 shows the maximum and negative pressure in the pipeline. The pipes are made from mild steel and manufactured to conform to the requirements in BS 534. The steel plates is from carbon steel complying with Grade 43A of BS4360 having the following strength characteristics: Minimum ultimate tensile of 430 N/mm2 Minimum yield stress of 275 N/mm2 for plate thickness up to 16mm and 165 N/mm2 for plate thickness greater than 16mm and up to 40mm thick.
Figure 11 Semantan Intake at 50 Years Return Period
For specials pipes which are buried, they will be externally coated with a layer of filter mineral. It is further reinforced by parallel glass threads. Pipes which are laid above ground shall be painted. Table 5 and Table 6 shows the pipe beam bridges and comparisons of river crossing respectively. Figure 14 Pipeline Route D) Pipelines Twin pipelines each with a diameter of 3m will be installed to convey raw water from the pumping station to the transfer tunnel in Karak. The length of the pipeline is 11.8km long. Most of the pipes are laid below ground to minimize environmental and social impacts. Figure 14 shows the proposed pipelines route. Steel pipe with cement mortar lining is utilized. Where the pipeline crosses river, special pipes with the steel plate of thickness 26mm will be used Material 43EE Material 50EE Span From Bending moment From Shear Force From Deflection 45mm 48mm 45mm 48mm 27mm 31mm 22mm 23mm 22mm 22mm 22mm 22mm 22mm 23mm 22mm 23mm 31mm 22mm 23mm
Plated Thickness to be used 27mm
Figure 12 Profile of 100 Years Water Level
Table 5 Necessary Plate Thickness for pipe Bridge
52
F EAT U RE
53
Conclusion The timely completion of the PSRWT project is the upmost importance to ensure sufficient water is available in the Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. The four components of the work started in 2009 and expected to be completed by the middle of 2014. From water demand projection for Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, these areas will face the water shortage by 2013. Therefore PSRWT project should be competed as planned. The duration for the construction of the water transfer tunnel will take 60 months to complete; the Semantan intake and pumping station will take 48 months to be in operation and finally the pipelines will take 42 months. All of these components have to be completed simultaneously. Being the longest construction period, the transfer tunnel is the most critical element for this project. A delay in the tunnel excavation will have an adverse effect on the other components. Pipe Line River Crossing Method Conception Comparison Item Item Environment Landscape Risk In the flood discharge Log accident Sedimentation Sabotage Cost Facility Bridge Underground Problem Possibility of the overtop Possibility of the crash Needs to check the river condition Possibility by the terrorism Cost Expensive Drainage facility To install Difficult Needs Air valve Weathering by Outer surface Expansion joint ultraviolet Needs to thermal strain Anchor block Big block Internal Paint Mortar is not suitable Seismic load Needs to consider Wind load Needs to consider
Load
Table 6 Comparison of Pipe Crossing
Figure 15 The Maximum and Minimum Pressure Along the Pipeline
54
ENGINEERING F EAT U RES ENGINEERING NOSTA LGIA
55
An old faithful bridge in Sg Lembing, Pahang ex-mining town
Contributed by Mr. Chua Chin Mun
Kajang Town in 1960s

Contributed by Ir. Ashari Mohd Yakub
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Green Township Policy Initiatives

Presidents Message Editors Note

engineering & law

Contingent Payment The Continuing Saga

Integrated Water Resources  Management in Malaysia

Green Township Policy Initiatives

Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project

15 Landscape: The Economic Value

An Old Faithful Bridge in Sg  54 Lembing, Pahang ex-mining town

20 Liveable and Sustainable Housing Development

Kajang Town in 1960s

research & development

26 Innovations in Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient Designs

KDN PP11720/04/2011(029445) ISSN 0128-4347

Green Township Policy Initiatives

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Green_development

Landscape: The Economic Value

Categories of Economic Value Direct use value

Nam Dong District, Central Vietnam

Mohd Shahwahid et al. (2008) Pham et al. (1999)

Bach Ma National Park, Central Vietnam

UNEP (1995) Bennett et al (1997)

Natural setting helps to boost property value.

Value of Vanuatu rainforests conservation to non-visiting Australians

Trees and landscape enhance the value and feel of a place

Liveable And Sustainable Housing Development

F EAT U RE (CONTI NUED) COVER FEATURE

T H E I N G EN I E U R VOL 4 7 S EPTEM B ER - NOVEM B ER 2 0 1 0

Creative commons @ Ting~

Creative commons @ thienzieyung

27-29 SEPTEMBER 2011

DIVERSE SOLUTIONS FOR THE REGIONS POWER INDUSTRY CHALLENGES

OWNED AND PRODUCED BY:

FLAGSHIP MEDIA SPONSORS:

Innovations in Energy Efficient & Exergy Efficient Designs

Creative commons @ Duke Energy

Fuel Cell 1kW Electricity Electricity

200 litres Hot water

Best Construction Management 2010

Fuel Cell ? kW Electricity Electricity

Absorption Air Conditioner

Reference ASHRAE Kilkis 2004 TL Chen various publications since 2005

Integrated Water Resources Management In Malaysia

T H E I N G EN I E U R VOL 4 7 S EPTEM B ER - NOVEM B ER 2 0 1 0

IWRM addresses the three Es!

Management Instruments Assessment Information Allocation Instruments

Enabling Environment Policies Legislation

Instrumental Framework Central Local River Basin Public Private

Balance water for livelihood and water as a resource

and does so through the three pillars of IWRM

Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project

T H E I N G EN I E U R VOL 4 7 S EPTEM B ER - NOVEM B ER 2 0 1 0

Interstate (1,000 Mld)

Table 2 W ater Demand Forecast (Increase Rate of 3.3% p.a.)

Figure 2 Water Treatment Plants in Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan and Putrajaya

Figure 4 Shows the Project Components

Figure 7 Schematic Work Plan for Tunnel Excavation

Figure 6 Typical Tunnel Cross Sections

Figure 10 Semantan Intake Discharge

0.04< Extremely to Exceptionally poor

Table 4 Correlation of Rock Types

Figure 8 Typical Dam Across Section

Figure 9 Semantan Intake Site

Figure 11 Semantan Intake at 50 Years Return Period

Contingent Payment The Continuing Saga

Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia

Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer Project

An Old Faithful Bridge in Sg 54 Lembing, Pahang ex-mining town

Kajang Town in 1960s