Compresor+Tech+ +may+2011

www.compressortech2.
com
May 2011
Status of African
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Ambient Air Standards
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UNDERSTANDING CATALYSTS
A Handbook for the User
Part 3 Building a Catalyst, Step 1 Forming a Substrate
Catalyst Emissions
EduCation Program
A scheduled series from Catalytic Combustions Catalyst 101
substrate
The substrate is more than just the framework
that supports everything else so exhaust gases
can come in contact with the catalytically active
layer. The majority of substrates used
for industrial engines are an Iron-
Chrome-Aluminum alloy that has
been rolled into a .002 inch thick foil
strip. Foil is preferred for industrial
engines, instead of the ceramic
substrates typical in automobiles, because of
the vibration, duty cycle changes and misfres
it must endure.
Before substrate manufacturing begins,
choices have to be made regarding the shape
needed, the size of the cells (cell density), the
cells longitudinal pattern and the inclusion
of brazing materials or mechanical locks.
Housings for round, rectangular, and other
multi-sided shapes are in use and each shape
has its pros and cons regarding installation and
sealing efectiveness. Cell density is expressed
as the number of cells per square inch, or cpsi.
The most common cell densities are 200-400
cpsi, but they can range from 100-1,000 cpsi.
The longitudinal pattern of the substrate can
be straight, herringbone (zig-zag), or angled
from one face to the other. The combination of
cell pattern and cell density provides a balance
between maximizing the contact between the
exhaust and the surface of the catalyst, which
directly afects the performance of the catalyst
while minimizing the backpressure on the
engine.
The foil arrives on coils containing several thousand feet of foil already slit to the
desired fow depth of the pattern. The cell structure is achieved by corrugating the
foil with special gear forms, progressive die forming or a pleating process. Then the
foil can either be formed into the substrate shape or it begins the coating process,
depending upon the manufacturers process. For this discussion, we will follow the
QuAlITy CATAlysTs sInCe 1950
IN THE NEXT ISSUE
Building a Catalyst, step 2 -
The Wonderful World of Washcoat
For your catalyst questions, contact:
John W. Robinson Jr., V.P. Catalyst Group
jrobinson@catalyticcombustion.com
Phone: 715-568-2882 Ext. 127 Fax: 715-568-2884
www. Cat al yt i cCombust i on. com
The structured monolith has emerged as the clear choice for the catalyst form used in industrial engines. Its three layers -
substrate, washcoat and catalytically active materials - all play vital roles in the performance of the catalyst.
Lets begin with the substrate.
frst path and assume that a round element
is being made.
To make a round substrate the corrugated
foil is combined with a layer of fat foil
and is wound around a hub or mandrel.
Winding is done under tension to keep the
substrate fat and resist deformation from
its own weight. substrate size is limited by
the catalyst manufacturers downstream
coating equipment, but elements as large
as 72 inches have been produced.
Over the years many solutions to
prevent the commonly seen sagging or
telescoping failure mode have been
implemented. Inserting rods through the
foil across the diameter of the substrate,
using retaining bars either laid across or
placed fush with the faces of the substrate,
and incorporating a lock and key pattern
into the foil corrugation pattern have been
tried with various degrees of success. By far
the most robust method applies a brazing
alloy or compound during the winding
operation, which after being processed
at high temperatures and vacuum levels
approaching that of outer space, weld the
layers together into a unifed whole.
At this point our wound, brazed substrate
is complete and ready for the coating
process.
Straight Cell Pattern
Herringbone Cell Pattern
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4 CompressorTech
Two
PUBLICATION STAFF
CT
Two
Founder ........................ Joseph M. Kane
Editor and Publisher ..........D. Phillip Burnside
Associate Publisher .............. Roberto Chellini
Managing Editor ..........................Patrick Crow
Senior Editor .......................... Brent D. Haight
Senior Editor .................. Michael J. Brezonick
Regional Manager/Editor ........... Ian Cameron
Senior Editor ..........................Dawn M. Geske
Feature Editor .....................Amanda M. Klemp
Associate Editor .......................... Kyle Kopplin
Associate Editor ............................... DJ Slater
Field Editor/
Business Manager ...................... Bo Svensson
Advertising Manager .......... Christa L. Johnson
Production Manager ............. Marisa J. Roberts
Graphic Artist ........................Brenda L. Burbach
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PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
Reprints of all articles published in CompressorTech
Two
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COMPRESSOR
Tech
Two Dedicated to Gas
Compression Products
and Applications
A Member of the Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications Group
According to a recent editorial in
The Wall Street Journal, more Ameri-
cans work for the government than in
manufacturing, farming, fishing, for-
estry, mining and utilities combined.
Much has to do with the burden of
regulations imposed by various agen-
cies. For every regulation, a regulating
body must be formed. To err is hu-
man, so Ive heard. It seems as though
every time someone makes a mistake,
no matter how trivial, someone else
decides we need a regulation to either
prevent the mistake in the future or to
penalize the offender.
Weve Become a Nation of Tak-
ers, Not Makers, is the title of this
observation by Stephen Moore, se-
nior economics writer for the Journal.
Some 22.5 million people work for
the government. All of manufacturing
employs approximately 11.5 million
just about half. This is compared
to 1960 when 15 million worked in
manufacturing and 8.7 million for gov-
ernment. Nearly half of the US$2.2
trillion cost to run state and local gov-
ernments is the US$1 trillion/yr tab
for pay and benefits of state and local
employees. This is one major reason
why the locals cant pay their bills.
While productivity in the private
sector accounts for some of the dis-
crepancy, government propensity to-
ward hiring more and more employees
to do less and less is by any measure
a contributor to negative productivity.
More alarming are surveys of college
graduates that find that more and more
bright graduates want to work for the
government. This is because only gov-
ernment agencies have been hiring
lately, and because they offer near life-
time security for young college gradu-
ates who are not willing to take career
risks. This constitutes a real problem.
In a 2009 research report, David
Keating of the National Taxpayers
Union said, The income-tax indus-
try employed more workers than are
employed at the five largest employ-
ers among Fortune 500 companies
more than all United Parcel Service,
McDonalds, International Business
Machines and Citigroup combined.
These produce nothing except tax
compliance. Enough of that stuff.
Something of interest, Chuck Leavell
and Carlton Owen, both connected
with forestry in one form or another,
wrote an editorial, Save a Forest: Print
Your Emails. The reality is that the
notice that appears on many emails
to not print, may hasten the conver-
sion of forests to other uses like strip
malls, parking lots and housing devel-
opments. This is because the nations
forest landowners cant keep growing
trees without markets for this natural,
organic and renewable product.
Growing and harvesting trees pro-
vides jobs for millions of Americans.
With modern and improved forest
management, the United States has
more trees today than it had 100 years
ago. The editorial authors say, More
forests are dying of insect infestation
and disease or being paved over across
this country right now than could be
converted to an email print-out in a
thousand years.
With all this going on, may the Lord
hold you in the hollow of His hand. A
Joe Kane
Volume XVI: Issue IV
Check These Numbers
and Weep
www.compressortech2.com
Follow compressortech2 on
RSS_Twitter.pdf 1 10/1/10 2:42:43 PM
CT701.indd 1 4/27/11 1:02:36 PM
DCL.indd 1 10/27/10 2:20:35 PM
n Volume XVI: Issue IV ................................................................................ 4
n Global Perspective Coalbed Methane to Supplement
Asia-Pacific LNG Resource ....................................................................... 8
n Market Talk Oil, Gas Firms to Boost Capital
Investments During 2011 ....................................................................... 10
n Oil and Gas in the African Continent....................................................... 12
n MAN Introduces Irds Monitoring for Turbomachinery .............................. 20
n TECHCorner Centrifugal Compressor Train in
Coal Seam Gas Application .................................................................... 22
n Troubleshooting Capacity Reduction of
Critical Process Gas Compressors ......................................................... 30
n Telvents SCADA Systems Dominate
Northern Hemisphere Pipeline Scene ..................................................... 34
n Atlantic Offshore Gas Continues to Gain Prominence .............................. 38
n Cummins Shifts Gears ........................................................................... 42
n Compressor Installation Specialist Strikes Right Balance ........................ 44
n The Relevance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Part 1 ...... 46
n Howden Buying Thomassen Compression for E100 Million ..................... 54
n Leap in Smart Actuators Research ........................................................ 56
n Miratech Hires Staff for Tulsa Headquarters .......................................... 57
n sgard Subsea Compression System Going Ahead ................................. 58
n Sundyne Adds to High-Pressure Centrifugal Pump Line .......................... 70
n Dateline ................................................................................................ 11
n Featured Products ................................................................................ 33
n Industry News ....................................................................................... 45
n Planning Ahead ..................................................................................... 55
n Scheduled Downtime ............................................................................. 62
n Recent Orders ...................................................................................... 63
n Advertisers Index ................................................................................. 64
n Marketplace ......................................................................................... 65
n Product Information Center ................................................................... 66
n About the Business ................................................................................... 72
p. 38
p. 54
MAy 2011
p. 20
May 2011 6 CompressorTech
Two
CompressorTech
Two
(ISSN 1085-2468) Volume 16, No. 4 Published 10 issues/year (January-February, March, April, May, June, July,
August-September, October, November, December) by Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications, 20855 Watertown Road, Waukesha, WI 53186-
1873, U.S.A. Subscription rates are $85.00 per year/$10.00 per copy worldwide. Periodicals postage paid at Waukesha, WI 53186 and at
additional mailing offices. Copyright 2011 DIESEL & GAS TURBINE PUBLICATIONS.
Canadian Publication Mail Agreement # 40035419.
Return Undeliverable Canadian Addresses to: P.O. Box 456, Niagra Falls, ON L2E 6V2, Canada. E-mail: slizdas@dieselpub.com.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Circulation Man ager, COMPRESSORTECH
TWO
, 20855 Watertown Road, Suite 220, Waukesha, WI
53186-1873 U.S.A.
Follow compressortech2 on at www.compressortech2.com
p. 42
Member of...
CT May TOC.indd 1 4/27/11 1:12:58 PM
not just one...
> H i - F l o > r a d i u s e d d i s c > r i n g t y p e
> p o r t e d p l a t e > p o p p e t > u n l o a d e r s > a c t u a t o r s
> r e c o n d i t i o n i n g > r e p l a c e me n t s p a r e p a r t s
The CPI range of compressor valves are
designed to meet the full range of application
requirements. These designs include: Hi-Flo,
radiused disc, concentric ring, dampened disc, ported plate
and poppet. CPI valves can also be ftted with a range of
plug and fnger type unloading systems and actuators.
CPI valves are designed, manufactured and reconditioned
at a number of CPI facilities, strategically located around the
world, which enables quick turnarounds and the capacity
for large volume production.
Replacement spare parts such as seats, guards and
other internal components are also held in stock at these
locations, providing total customer support 24/7,
all year round.
CPI valve design
The CPI team of valve compression engineers, support operators
with rapid response design solutions using sophisticated valve
dynamics programs and valve performance modelling, to analyse
existing installations, practise and operation. Which enables an
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CPI.indd 1 4/18/11 11:27:48 AM
The Asia-Pacific LNG export mar-
ket with Japan, South Korea, and now
China and India as main consumers
has always been lucrative. The recent
nuclear disaster in Japan will make it
even more lucrative in the future.
For many years, Australia and Indo-
nesia have been among the main sup-
pliers of LNG to these consumer mar-
kets. Both countries, while possessing
substantial conventional natural gas
reserves, also feature extensive coal re-
serves and thus unconventional natu-
ral gas in the form of coalbed methane
(CBM). While Australian natural gas
reserves are still on the rise, Indonesia,
after many years of extraction, is facing
a decline in its reserves.
With the rise in gas price, CBM,
which is more costly to produce, be-
comes a viable source of energy in Aus-
tralia. It will lead to development of the
energy industry in the eastern part of
the continent (natural gas reserves are
concentrated in the west/northwest of
the country). Indonesia is going to sup-
plement the natural gas declining pro-
duction to make full use of the existing
LNG production facilities.
The total amount of CBM in place
reserves worldwide is estimated to be
between 3500 and 9500 Tcf (100 x 10
12
and 272 x 10
12
m
3
). CBM is considered
one of the worlds largest sources of
fossil fuel. Australia has total CBM re-
serves of about 300 to 500 Tcf (8.6 x
10
12
to 14.3 x 10
12
m
3
). Many Austra-
lian coal seams contain high volumes
of methane gas up to 880 cu.ft. (25
m
3
) per tonne. Australia began produc-
ing CBM in 1988 but it was not until
1996 that commercial CBM produc-
tion started in the state of Queensland.
It is now rapidly developing both in
Queensland and South Australia.
Australias Icon Energy recently an-
nounced signing of an LNG sales agree-
ment with Chinas Shantou SinoEnergy,
concluding a deal to supply 44 MMtpy
(40 x 10
6
T/yr) of LNG, equivalent to
a total of 2.0 Tcf (52 x 10
9
m
3
), or 92
Bcf (2.6 x 10
9
m
3
) annually, over a 20-
year period to Shantou SinoEnergy.
First deliveries are envisioned in 2016.
Icon Energys tenements are in east-
ern Queenslands Surat Basin as well
as in the Cooper Basin, which extends
across western Queensland into South
Australia. Icon said it is looking at liq-
uefaction options in both Queensland
and South Australia.
However, its development focus is
presently on its Surat Basin acreage,
with its close proximity of these to sev-
eral proposed Gladstone-area LNG ex-
port terminals. This strongly suggests
that Icon will look to Queensland for
its export route. Other Australian inde-
pendent explorers, such as Beach En-
ergy, similarly look to Gladstone-area
terminals for access to the Asia-Pacific
LNG export market.
On the other side of the Pacific
Ocean, Shantou SinoEnergy has joined
forces with Chinese state-run utility
China Guodian to build an LNG receiv-
ing terminal and regasification facility
at Nanao Island, near the city of Shan-
tou in Guangdong Province.
With some of the worlds largest coal
reserves, Indonesia is believed to hold
significant reserves of CBM, estimated
at around 452 Tcf (12.8 x 10
12
m
3
) by
the government. In early April, BP an-
nounced that it had signed production-
sharing contracts for four CBM blocks
in the Barito Basin in Indonesias South
Kalimantan. This is one more than the
three CBM blocks it was awarded in
March. This demonstrates the extent to
which the company is expanding in In-
donesias upstream segment. BP is no
stranger to Indonesias CBM sector. The
company was awarded study rights for
the West Sanga CBM block in June 2010.
The award of the study secured match-
ing rights for BP and its local partner
over the 1351 sq.mi. (3500 km
2
) block.
Exploration of CBM blocks enables
increasing production by 18% between
2010 and 2017 to 3.2 Tcf (90 x 10
9
m
3
).
Following years of stagnating output,
Indonesia is turning to CBM to boost
gas production. BP has also been ex-
panding in Indonesias conventional
upstream segment, winning a 100% in-
terest in the North Arafura oil and gas
production-sharing contract onshore
West Papua in November 2010. The
U.K. company is involved in a joint
venture with Italys Eni at the Sanga
Sanga gas field and also operates the
Tangguh LNG export plant. The future
sees CBM joining natural gas in the
production of LNG. A
may 2011 8 CompressorTech
Two
Roberto Chellini
Coalbed Methane to SuppleMent
aSia-paCifiC lnG ReSouRCe
Both Australia and Indonesia are Blessed with Major
Resources of Coalbed Methane
By Roberto Chellini, Associate Publisher
CT697.indd 1 4/26/11 11:18:36 AM
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Growing confidence in the United
States and global economies is spur-
ring companies to increase their capital
investments in 2011. This is particular-
ly true in the oil and gas sector where,
according to the Oil & Gas Journals
annual spending report, companies
plan to invest US$258.9 billion in up-
stream projects compared with US$245
billion last year. Of this US$258.9 bil-
lion, 84% would be spent on drilling
and exploration, with the balance on
production. The production expendi-
tures alone are expected to increase to
US$41.3 billion, up 6.2% over 2010.
The bigger question is how many of
these wells will be natural gas, as com-
pared to oil. Reports from traditional
domestic natural gas exploration and
production companies have indicated
their intent to pursue oil plays, rather
than natural gas, during 2011. This re-
allocation will likely slash the number
of gas wells drilled. According to the
U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA), over the past 10 years the ratio of
gas to oil wells has averaged 2.24:1. This
ratio peaked in 2004 when 2.75 natural
gas wells were drilled to that of each
oil well. Since then the ratio has been
declining. In 2010 it was parity at 1:1,
when 19,054 gas and 19,386 oil wells
were drilled. In the first two months of
2011, according to EIA, a monthly aver-
age of 4105 natural gas and oil wells
were drilled. But the gas:oil ratio has
declined and now stands at 0.68:1,
clearly reflecting producers preference
to seek higher-priced oil. Assuming
that the first two months are indicative
of the upcoming year, it would mean
that 49,260 wells would be drilled in
the United States in 2011, with about
20,010 being natural gas. While this is
a marginal increase over 2010, it is well
below levels of 2004-2008, when gas
wells averaged 30,374 per year. That
being said, one could conclude that gas
production in 2011 will continue at lev-
els seen during 2009-2010.
Canadian investments are also ex-
pected to increase, but at about half
the rate seen in the United States. The
spending survey found that invest-
ment in Canada will increase by 3.1%
to Can$33.5 billion, of which 70% will
be spent for drilling and exploration
and the balance of Can$9.8 billion on
production. Currently, the Canadian
Association of Oilwell Drilling Contrac-
tors is forecasting 11,811 wells will be
drilled in 2011. Over the past several
years about 47% of the wells drilled
have been natural gas. If that holds true
for this year, about 5500 wells will be
drilled in Canada. Yet current year-to-
date rig activity in Canada, according
to Baker Hughes, shows only 32% of
the rigs drilling in Canada are seeking
natural gas.
On a brighter note, natural gas pipe-
line projects in the United States are
expected to see a 75% increase from
2010 with a total capital investment of
US$5.3 billion, including costs for pump
stations and compressors, according to
the report. Conversely, Canadian natu-
ral gas pipeline investments are pro-
jected to decline 81% to Can$434 mil-
lion in 2011.
There has been some strengthening
in the futures markets for natural gas,
with the 12-month strip increasing to
US$4.48/MMbtu, a gain of 14% from
the previous report.
While the U.S. economic recovery
seems to be gathering traction, the over-
all market remains concerned about the
potential for an oversupply of natural
gas. EIA reported that dry gas produc-
tion in January 2011 was 1.883 Tcf (53 x
10
9
m
3
). This was 6.4% above the level
in January 2010. Currently, production
is running 16% above the 10-year av-
erage and at levels not seen since EIA
started collecting data in 1973.
The availability and price of natural
gas may actually be getting some at-
tention in the nations capital. Federal
tax incentives to encourage natural gas
engines for trucking fleets are being
discussed. While public policies can be
beneficial, it seems that their best in-
tentions can ultimately lead to market
disruptions that in the long term
could prove adverse to the industry. A
Oil, Gas Firms tO BOOst
Capital investments DurinG 2011
But Decline in Gas Drilling Expected to Continue
By Harold Lampe
Two
Harold Lampe
Harold Lampe is principal of Energy Re-
search Services of Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A.,
which provides a range of marketing serv ices
for the energy industry. He can be reached
at hlampe@hotmail.com.
CT684.indd 1 4/26/11 11:19:53 AM
Two
*May 2-5, Offshore Technology Confer-
ence - Reliant Park, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.;
Tel: (972) 952-9494; Web: www.otcnet.org
May 3, Permian Basin Gas Processors Asso-
ciation Annual Meeting - MCM Elegante Hotel
& Conference Center, Odessa, Texas, U.S.A.;
Tel: (915) 490-9033; Web: www.gpaglobal.
org/chapters/permian
*May 10-12, Eastern Gas Compression
Roundtable (EGCR) - Robert Morris Universi-
ty, Moon Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; Tel:
(412) 372-4301; Web: www.egcr.org
May 10-12, Intergas VI: 6
th
Intl Conference
& Exhibition - CICC, Cairo, Egypt; Tel: +44 20
7978 0078; Web: www.intergasegypt.com
May 17-19, OGU 2011: 15
th
Uzbekistan Intl
Oil & Gas Exhibition & Conference - Uzexpo-
center, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Tel: +44 207 596
5233; Web: www.ogu.com
May 23-27, Applied Principles of En-
gines and Compressors - Hilton Shreveport,
Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A.; Tel: (972)
620-4026; Web: www.gmrc.org/events/ap_
engines_compressors.html
May 24-25, 2011 Core Symposium: Magnolia
Hotel, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.; Tel: (800) 524-
1620 x4; Web: www.coresymposium.com
May 25, Reciprocating Compressors: Opera-
tional Reliability - Institution of Mechanical En-
gineers, London, England; Tel: +44 (0) 20 7973
1258; E-mail: t_churcher@imeche.org
May 25-27, Foundation Design & Repair/The
Bolted Joint - Hilton Shreveport, Shreveport,
Louisiana, U.S.A.; Tel: (972) 620-4026; Web:
http://gmrc.org/events/bolted_joint.html
*June 6-10, ASME Turbo Expo 2011 - Van-
couver Convention & Exhibition Centre, Van-
couver, BC, Canada; Tel: (404) 847-0072; Web:
www.asmeconferences.org
*June 7-9, Sensor+Test 2011 - Nuremberg
Exhibition Centre, Nuremberg, Germany; Tel:
+49 5033 9639-0; Web: www.sensorfairs.com
*June 7-9, Power-Gen Europe - Fiera Mila-
no, Milan, Italy; Tel: +44 1992 656 617; Web:
www.powergeneurope.com
*June 7-9, Gas & Oil Expo & Conference
2011 - Stampede Park, Calgary, Alberta, Cana-
da; Tel: (403) 209-3555; Web: www.gasandoi-
lexpo.com
June 7-10, Caspian Oil & Gas 2011 - Hyatt,
Baku, Azerbaijan; Tel: +44 207 596 5000; Web:
www.ite-exhibitions.com
June 8-10, The 58
th
Annual Corrosion Con-
trol Course - University of Oklahoma, Norman,
Oklahoma, U.S.A., Tel: (405) 325-3891; Web:
www.engr.outreach.ou.edu/corrosion
*June 15-16, Energy Exposition - Cam-
Plex convention center, Gillette, Wyoming,
U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-1868; Web: www.
energyexposition.com
*Sept 12-15, International Pump Users
Symposium - George R. Brown Convention
Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.; Tel: (979) 845-
2924; Fax: (979) 845-1835
*Sept 12-15, Turbomachinery Symposium
- George R. Brown Convention Center, Hous-
ton, Texas, U.S.A.; Tel: (979) 845-7417; Web:
www.turbolab.tamu.edu/
*Sept 14-16, Wyoming Gas Fair 2011 -
Snow King Center, Jackson Hole, Wyoming,
U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-7147; Web: www.wyo-
gasfair.org
Sept 18-20, Arab Oil and Gas - Dubai Inter-
national Convention and Exhibition Centre,
United Arab Emirates; Tel: +971 4 3355001;
Web: www.ogsonline.com
Sept 20-22, Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference
& Exhibition - Jakarta Convention Center, Ja-
karta, Indonesia; Tel: +60 3 2288 1233; Web:
www.spe.org/events/apogce/2011
*Sept 27-29, Gas Compression Conference
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma,
U.S.A.; Tel: (405) 325-3891; Web: www.engr.
outreach.ou.edu/gascompressor
Dateline
*Indicates shows and conferences in which CompressorTech
Two
is participating.
For a complete listing of upcoming events, please visit our website at www.compressortech2.com
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Untitled-4 1 4/25/11 2:23:32 PM
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May Dateline.indd 1 4/26/11 11:21:24 AM
Today, Africa is split into some 50
free states or more with a total popula-
tion estimated at 842 million. All these
states have been formed after the end
of the colonization era and the politi-
cal situation today is still fluid (a recent
referendum has indicated that in July
2011 Sudan will be divided into two
states, North and South Sudan.) With
the exception of South Africa the word
democracy is more or less unknown.
The majority of African states are ruled
Oil and Gas in the african cOntinent
Africa Has Great Energy Production Potential,
but Political Unrest Impedes Progress
By Roberto Chellini
Two
The illustrations accompanying this article
are based upon information compiled
from a wide range of sources by ECOWAS
SWAC/OECD and presented in the Oil
and Gas in West Africa chapter of the At-
las on Regional Integration in West Africa,
May 2007 and available online on the
website of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development at http://
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/34/38798400.
pdf and http://www.oecd.org/
dataoecd/28/34/38798400.pdf.
Oil production has been growing in Africa since 1980.
by dictators in a military or tribal form.
From the geographic, ethnic and cul-
tural point of view the continent can
be divided into two parts: North Africa
and sub-Saharan Africa.
North Africa compris-
es Mauritania, Mali, Mo-
rocco, Algeria, Tunisia,
Libya, Egypt and North
Sudan. The population
and culture is Arab. The
Maghreb which means
sunset in Arabic
groups the eastern Arab
states including Libya
and excluding Egypt and
Sudan (North Sudan).
Sub-Saharan Africa is
also called Black Africa
and is completely differ-
ent from the ethnic and
cultural point of view.
This report, intended for
the readers of Compressor-
Tech
Two
, will focus on the energy resourc-
es of this continent rich in both oil and
natural gas.
African oil represents some 9.6%
Africas share of world energy production has been growing,
but exports have been static.
CT695.indd 1 4/27/11 1:19:57 PM
share of the whole world, and natural
gas represents 7.9%. This means con-
siderable quantities of compressors
and pumps will be required for up-
stream and midstream activities. Data,
referring to the end of 2009, is taken
from the BP statistic Review of World
Energy, June 2010.
Statistical data for the main ener-
gy- producing countries will give the
reader an idea of the size, popula-
tion, nominal GDP per capita and
amount of oil and gas reserves. How-
ever, keep in mind that the GDP and
the population are not evenly distrib-
uted because of political and geo-
logical reasons characteristic of this
large continent.
Algeria
Population: 32 million
Area: 918,923 sq.mi. (2.38 x 10
6
km
2
)
GDP per capita: US$3816 (estimated 2009)
Proved gas reserves: 159.1 Tcf (4.5 x 10
12
m
3
)
Proved oil reserves: 12.2 Bbbl
Algeria is a main producer and ex-
porter of natural gas to Europe, cover-
ing 20% of its consumption.
The country enjoys a vast internal
network of oil and gas pipelines.
The natural gas hub is in Hassi RMel
where a giant gas field is located.
Many other gas fields located in the
Sahara Desert convey their produc-
tion to Hassi RMel from where inter-
national pipelines start.
The first pipeline connection to
Europe was the Transmed pipeline
that crosses Tunisia, the Mediter-
ranean Sea to Sicily and Italy. The
Maghreb-Europe pipeline connects
Algeria, through Morocco, to Spain
and Portugal. Recently, the Medgaz
pipeline connecting Algeria with
Spain has started pumping gas to
the European continent. A proposed
fourth pipeline should connect Alge-
ria with Sardinia and Italy.
But Algeria is known to pioneer
LNG. The first refrigeration trains in-
stalled in Arzew started to produce
88,185 tpy (80,000 T/yr) of LNG back
in 1964. Presently, Sonatrach oper-
ates three LNG trains in Arzew and
one in Skikda with a total production
of 26.5 MMtpy (24 x 10
6
T/yr).
Libya
Population: 5.4 million
Extension: 679,540 sq.mi. (1.76 x 10
6
km
2
)
12
m
3
)
Libya is a major oil producer. Lib-
yas main oil reserves are concentrat-
ed in the eastern part of the country,
Cyrenaica Province, with some other
fields in the west, near the border
with Tunisia and Algeria. Natural gas
has always been considered a by-
product of low interest. The lack of
infrastructure is a result of the politi-
cal situation that, in the last 40 years,
has made international oil compa-
nies cautious in allocating major in-
vestments in the country. Production
of the more remunerative oil has led
to massive flaring of natural gas.
Although Libya started production
of LNG in 1970 in Marsa el Brega,
the third nation in the world, after
Algeria and the United States, lack of
investments have, in practice, killed
this activity. The first year of produc-
tion (1970) shows a mere 44,092 tpy
(40,000 T/yr) of LNG which, howev-
er, is in line with the other pioneer-
ing countries (Algeria, 88,185 tpy
(80,000 T/yr); United States, 55,116
tpy (50,000 T/yr) while recent fig-
ures show that the system has nev-
er reached industrial production
(584,225 tpy [530,000 T/yr] in 2006)
and operation of a first-generation
LNG plant if not definitively closed
must be noncompetitive.
The only link to export natural gas
to Europe is the Greenstream, a 32
Two
OECD issued this summary of
proven oil and gas reserves in
Africa at the end of 2005.
continued on page 14
CT695.indd 2 4/26/11 11:25:05 AM
Two
py (5.5 x 10
6
T/yr) train; its produc-
tion is delivered to the Segunto re-
ceiving terminal in Spain. A second
train of the same size is planned to
double production.
Nigeria
Population: 130 million
Area: 356,669 sq.mi. (0.92 x 10
6
km
2
)
12
m
3
)
Nigeria is a major producer of
both oil and gas. Because of its geo-
graphical position, far away from the
consumer markets, the country has
implemented its LNG capabilities
becoming one of the major LNG pro-
ducers in the world. A Trans-Sahara
pipeline to transport Nigerian gas to
Hassi RMel and from there to Europe
is planned, but the size of the invest-
ment, the technical problems and
the political/security risk are hold-
ing back the project. The distance to
cover from the Warri region to Hassi
RMel is 2580 mi. (4128 km).
In the meantime, the natural gas
reserves concentrated in the eastern
part of the Niger Delta are processed
at the Bonny Island LNG facilities
situated at the southern edge of the
Rivers State. This plant is enjoying a
continuous increase in the number
of refrigerating trains in operation.
The six LNG trains in operation
have a delivery capacity of 24.3 MMt-
py (22 x 10
6
T/yr), which will rise to
33.1 MMtpy (30 x 10
6
T/yr) with the
commissioning of the seventh train
presently under construction and
to 41.9 MMtpy (38 x 10
6
T/yr) with
the planned eight liquefaction train.
The majority of Nigerian LNG is ex-
ported to Europe and North America.
In spite of several delays and cost
raises, the present gap between gas
and oil prices will make the Escravos
GTL plant (EGTL) very profitable.
Chevrons own EGTL plant is now
70% complete and will come on-
stream in 2013. The EGTL project is
designed to convert 325 MMcfd (9.2
x 10
9
m
3
/d) of gas into 33,000 Bbbl/d
of diesel, naphtha and liquefied pe-
troleum gas. The plant is located next
to the Escravos gas plant (EGP) in a
swamp 60 mi. (100 km) southeast
of Nigerias largest city, Lagos. The
EGTL facility will be supplied with
gas from the EGP, where Chevron
completed its latest, Phase 3a, expan-
sion in 2009.
Equatorial Guinea
Extension: 10,831 sq.mi. (28,051 km
2
)
transit land for Hassi RMel gas ex-
ported to Spain and Portugal.
Egypt
Area: 386,102 sq.mi. (1.0 x 10
6
km
2
)
12
m
3
)
Egypt claims considerable oil and
gas reserves located in the Gulf of
Suez, the Sinai Peninsula, the Nile
Delta, in deep waters of the Mediter-
ranean Sea and in the Western Des-
ert near the Libyan border. Main gas
reserves are located onshore and off-
shore the Nile Delta and in the West-
ern Desert. A pipeline exports Egyp-
tian natural gas to Israel and Jordan,
and plans are to extend the route to
Syria and possibly join the planned
Nabucco pipeline to Europe.
For the time being, gas is exported
to Europe as LNG. The liquefaction
plants are located in Idku, east of
Alexandria and Damietta, 38 mi. (60
km) from Port Said.
The Egyptian LNG plant of Idku
features two 3.97 MMtpy (3.6 x 10
6
T/
yr) trains. LNG production of train 1
is taken under a 20-year contract, by
GDF-Suez while train 2 has a similar
20-year contract with the BG Group.
Plans are to increase LNG output by
installing more liquefaction trains
(up to six).
The Spain Egyptian Gas (SEGAS)
plant of Damietta features a 6.1 MMt-
in. (813 mm), 223 mi. (520 km) long
sealine crossing the Mediterranean
Sea from Mellitah, west of Tripoli, to
Gela, Sicily. This pipeline has trans-
ported up to 283 Bcfy (8 x 10
9
m
3
/yr)
of Libyan gas to Italy since 2004. The
turmoil in Libya at the time of writ-
ing will certainly lead to a change in
the oil and gas business and hope-
fully a more intensive and rational
use of Libyan natural gas reserves.
Other Maghreb Countries
Mauritania, Mali, Morocco and Tuni-
sia do not have developed oil and gas
industries. Tunisia is a small country
one-tenth the size of Libya and
has proven oil reserves of 0.6 Bbbl. Its
position makes it strategically important
as a transit country for Algerian natu-
ral gas to Europe. From the Hassi RMel
gas hub, two lines cross the Algerian
and Tunisian Sahara Desert to reach
Cape Bon. From this point the gas is
conveyed at high pressure through five
parallel lines to Mazara del Vallo in Sic-
ily and through the Italian Peninsula to
the European natural gas net.
Morocco has very limited gas re-
serves. Circle Oil, an independent
U.K. oil company with exploration
interest in Morocco, announced last
February its third gas discovery in its
Sebon permit. However, the amount
of gas available is only sufficient to
be piped to the consumer markets
along the Morocco coast line. As is
Tunisia, Morocco is important as a
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
000 bbl/d
O
th
e
r
West Africa
North Africa
2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965
North African nations consistently have produced most of the continents oil.
CT695.indd 3 4/26/11 11:25:42 AM
KBdelta.indd 1 9/21/10 9:16:03 AM
Proved Reserves:
Gas: 1.4 Tcf (0.04 x 10
12
m
3
), May 2010
Oil: 1.1 Bbbl, Jan. 2011
This small state in the Gulf of
Guinea features significant offshore
oil and natural gas reserves.
The LNG plant of Bioko Island,
Punta Europa, has started operations
in 2007 when its first LNG train with
a capacity of 3.7 MMtpy (3.4 x 10
6
T/
yr) was commissioned. A second LNG
train with a 4.9 MMtpy (4.4 x 10
6
T/
yr) capacity is planned to start opera-
tions in 2016.
Angola
Extension: 4.09 million sq.mi. (10.6 x 10
6
km
2
)
Proved Reserves:
Gas: 10.6 Tcf (0.30 x 10
12
m
3
), May 2010
Oil: 13.5 Bbbl, Jan 2011
Angola is mainly known for its oil
reserves, the great majority of which
are located offshore on the continen-
tal shelf as well as in deep waters of
some 4921 ft. (1500 m).
Natural gas is also abundant, mainly
as associated gas connected with oil
production. The lack of more accu-
rate knowledge of natural gas reserves
is because of, in part, the absence of
dedicated investment and non-exis-
tence of a legal contractual framework
that promotes the exploration and de-
velopment of natural gas as a primary
energy source.
Annual production of natural gas
is presently estimated at 24 Bcf (680
x 10
6
m
3
). A part of this gas will be
used locally and the major part ex-
ported. Export activities are planned
to start in 2012 after completion of
the 5.7 MMtpy (5.2 x 10
6
T/yr) Soyo
LNG plant. All the LNG is due to be
shipped to a Mississippi, U.S.A., re-
gasification terminal.
South Africa
Extension: 16.8 million sq.mi. (43.6 x 10
6
km
2
)
South Africa is known to be very
poor in hydrocarbons, while it has
extensive coal deposits. However, the
development of shale gas is chang-
ing the perspective. After a year of
studying the shale gas potential of
South Africas Karoo Basin, Shell has
applied for exploration rights at three
contiguous blocks covering about
34,749 sq.mi. (90,000 km
2
), roughly
the size of Portugal, in the vast basin
in the center of the country. The Ka-
roo Basin has emerged as one of the
more prospective shale gas plays in
Africa, and with its exploration ap-
plication Shell is positioning itself as
an important player in the region.
16 CompressorTech
Two
Conclusions
From what is reported, the major
African hydrocarbon reserves of both
oil and gas are concentrated in North
Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. East
Africa only has small spots of oil and
gas used for local consumption. Con-
sider that most of the African acre-
age is still to be explored and im-
portant discoveries may happen any
time. However, keep in mind that
several factors prevent large interna-
tional oil companies to invest heavily
in the continent. Political instability
and security, and in many cases the
absence of clear legislation, restrict
exploration to small companies pre-
pared to face high risk with limited
investments in order to eventually
enjoy high profits.
Local tribal fights and major events
like the ones under way in North
Africa at the time of writing are a
normal happening from the
Ivory Coast to Nigeria, from Congo
to Ruanda, from Somalia to Eritrea,
just to name a few. The latest news
from Egypt and Libya is monopoliz-
ing newspaper headlines, but in the
oil and gas sector uncertainty seems
to be the rule. After years of discus-
sion, only in March 2011 Cameroon
and Nigeria have reportedly agreed
to explore the Bakassi peninsula
together for oil and gas resources.
Reports indicate that both coun-
tries support joint exploration. The
two countries have agreed that joint
exploration of the area would be
cheaper, better and faster for both
countries. After years of conflict be-
tween Nigeria and Cameroon, the
International Court of Justice ruled
in 2002 that the Bakassi peninsula
belongs to Cameroon, but the rul-
ing did not see the end to conflicting
ownership claims by the two coun-
tries and its inhabitants, and the se-
curity situation in the peninsula re-
mains tense.
In January 2011, after a referen-
dum, agreement was reached that
on July 9 South Sudan will become
officially independent from North
Sudan. The official border line is
yet to be defined. While produc-
tion activities are concentrated in
the South, all export infrastructure
is in the North. The newly formed
government of the South has en-
sured that it will honor contracts the
government of the North has signed
with exploration and production
companies before the 2005 Compre-
hensive Peace Agreement. However,
many questions remain over what
shape the states oil industry will
take and what role foreign compa-
nies will play. A
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CT695.indd 4 4/26/11 11:26:12 AM
Cylinder Head
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TechTransfer.qxp 2/3/10 3:30 PM Page 1
TechTransfer.qxp 2/3/10 3:30 PM Page 2
MAN PrimeServ, the aftersales brand
of MAN Diesel & Turbo, is offering an
intelligent remote diagnostic system
(irds) for the companys turbomachin-
ery products to improve reliability and
availability via a condition-based main-
tenance approach.
The system can process data from
measuring points in and around the tur-
bomachinery installation, so that MAN
Diesel & Turbo can remotely monitor
equipment at the customers facility.
The collected raw data is automati-
cally evaluated by adams plus, the
companys software that allows auto-
matic or manual analysis, to spot de-
viations and changes in parameters.
Those deviations are analyzed via
trend presentations that make it pos-
sible to recognize impending faults at
an early stage and thus help to reduce
outages, the company said.
MAN PrimeServ said an irds system
has been installed at a globally known
oil platform, which was a prime can-
didate for qualified remote monitor-
ing. The continuous data evaluation
helps to optimize the operations and
maintenance, and the facility is always
checked. If there are any uncertainties
regarding the MAN turbomachinery
products, the manufacturer is always
up to date, which also helps its prod-
uct enhancements and research and
development activities.
Regular reports are made available
to customers in order to optimize
plant operation and plan mainte-
nance measures.
In addition to preventive main-
tenance, condition analysis enables
pre-planning work with a high level
of precision, and then implementing
those plans when needed. The avail-
ability and reliability of the installa-
tions are significantly increased and
spare parts management is improved,
said MAN PrimeServ.
The irds monitoring system is modu-
lar in design. An industrial computer
with a real-time operating system col-
lects process data via direct links with
the open-loop/closed-loop control sys-
tem of the machine installation.
The long-term data is acquired as
streams via Profibus-DP, Modbus-RTU
or Modbus-TCP/IP, written to a ring
buffer and automatically transferred
at intervals to the central database of
MAN PrimeServ.
Furthermore, high-resolution ring
buffers with a sampling rate of 10 ms
can be used to get process data or
alarm messages from the control sys-
tem of the machine. This data is event
triggered, stored on the local computer
MAN INtroduces Irds MoNItorINg
for turboMAchINery
New System Allows for Turbomachinery Remote Control,
Operation Analysis of Installations
By Roberta Prandi
The MAN PrimeServ irds monitoring system collects operating data from turbomachinery installations. The data is transmitted through a local VPN
box via Internet LAN, ISDN, DSL or even satellite to the MAN control center for analysis.
Two
CT683.indd 1 4/26/11 3:55:08 PM
and transferred if necessary. Remote
data transmission is through ISDN, DSL
(broadband) or customers LAN via the
Internet using a local VPN box that es-
tablishes an SSH connection for high
security. Transmission via satellite is
also possible.
MAN PrimeServ said operating data
transmitted by each individual ma-
chine is automatically examined by
adams plus software. If a limit value
infringement is found by the auto-
matic analysis, the system saves this
result in the database in the form of
graphic and text information. Adams
plus makes these messages available
for further processing. Expected con-
ditions are calculated using physi-
cal and experience-based equations,
which are influenced by several differ-
ent parameters. As these parameters
and influences vary under different
operating conditions, the automated
data analysis distinguishes possible
operating states of a machine.
The system determines whether ma-
chines are operating free of disruption
and will automatically flag possible
faults for the MAN PrimeServ service
engineer responsible for the machine.
Over time, the system accumulates
the specific operating behavior of each
machine. This individual history pro-
vides a basis for regular reports includ-
ing measures and recommendations
for preventive maintenance.
With the introduction of irds, the
company said that it has been possible
not only to optimize plant operation
but also to significantly increase plant
availability. Malfunctions and causes of
failure can be analyzed and rectified
within a minimum of time. Spare parts
stocking for the machines in question
is directly related to evaluation of the
operating data. For example, special
spare parts can be ordered in advance
so that they arrive at the facility in time
for preventive replacement during the
next scheduled shutdown.
All the turbomachinery products of
MAN Diesel & Turbo are manufactured
irds-ready, but are fully equipped with
irds functionality only on the cus-
tomers request. On the other hand, if
MAN Diesel & Turbo sells a machine
in combination with a service contract,
then irds is a prerequisite.
The company said an increasing
number of customers are asking for
the irds feature.
While irds is the monitoring sys-
tem for all turbomachinery products
of MAN Diesel & Turbo, the company
also recently launched its PrimeServ
Online Service, which is a similar
monitoring solution dedicated to low-
and medium-speed engines, gen-sets
and turbochargers.
The Online Service is based on the
companys existing engine diagnosis sys-
tem, CoCoS EDS, which monitors all en-
gine operating data and shows it at the
engines installation for the operator.
MAN Diesel & Turbo said Online
Service has been an integral part
of all medium-speed engine man-
agement contracts since early 2010.
Subsequently, the company decided
to include it as a standard free-of-
charge feature for all new engines
warranty period. A
see directlink At
Two
All MAN Diesel & Turbo turbomachinery products leave the plant irds-ready, but are fully equipped
with irds functionality only upon the customers request. If a service contract is signed, irds must
be included.
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Untitled-6 1 3/11/11 12:58:49 PM
see directlink At
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Introduction
For coal seam gas (CSG) compression, centrifugal compres-
sors have been applied in an approximate range of 211,900
cfh to 10.6 MMcfh (6000 to 300,000 m
3
/hr). Above 10.6 MMcfh
(300,000 m
3
/hr), CSG compressor trains are not applicable,
however, if any are required, axial compressors may be used.
Below 211,900 cfh (6000 m
3
/hr) oil-flooded screw compres-
sors are more efficient and cheaper. Full allowance is needed
for the untreated and water-saturated nature of the CSG, which
may contain coal fines and corrosive agents. A CSG centrifugal
compressor train design and arrangement is often complex,
and optimization must be made between the various process
requirements. These include mechanical needs, aerodynamic
limits, reliability issues and commercial situations of centrifu-
gal compressor and gas turbine driver.
CSG can be converted more efficiently to electricity in large
central generating power stations. For CSG fields near electric
power grids or major power stations, the costs of electrical en-
ergy may displace gas turbine drivers. Large electric-motor driv-
ers using variable frequency conversion are very attractive but
not for remote CSG fields. Gas turbine drivers are common in
remote CSG projects. The speed of gas turbine is standard for
a given frame. Gas turbine main components are not custom
engineered to the specific application for a power and speed
match. In many applications, a speed matching gear must be
included. If exhaust heat recovery or regeneration is used, the
efficiency of the gas turbine is quite attractive. Gas turbines have
always been tolerant of a wide variation of fuel conditions (an
important consideration for CSG).
Centrifugal Compressor
Multistage arrangement centrifugal compressors are the
most common of any found in process service [1-5]. They are
the most common compressors in CSG service. For relatively
Two
Centrifugal Compressor train in
Coal seam gas appliCation
Many of the Usual Guidelines Apply in Coal Seam Gas Application for
Centrifugal Compressors, but This Application Presents Additional
Conditions That Should be Considered
By Amin Almasi
Amin Almasi is lead rotating equipment engineer in Worley
Parsons Services Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia. He previously
worked at Technicas Reunidas (Madrid, Spain) and Fluor (vari-
ous offices). He holds chartered professional engineer license from
Engineers Australia (MIEAust CPEng Mechanical), chartered
engineer certificate from IMechE (CEng MIMechE), Registered
Professional Engineer in Queensland (RPEQ) and he also holds
MS and BS in Mechanical Engineering. He specializes in rotating
machines including centrifugal, screw and reciprocating com-
pressors, gas and steam turbines, pumps, condition monitoring
and reliability. Almasi is an active member of Engineers Austra-
lia, IMechE, ASME, CMVI, Vibration Institute, SPE, IEEE, SMRP
and IDGTE. He has authored more than 40 papers and articles
dealing with rotating machines. For additional information or
answers to questions, contact the author via his e-mail addresses:
amin_almassi@yahoo.com or amin.almasi@worleyparsons.com.
low pressure, horizontally split compressors are used (for high
capacity below 1810 psig [25 barg] and for low capacity be-
low 1960 psig [35 barg] or even 2030 psig [40 barg]. Above
these limits, the common arrangement for a CSG compressor
is vertically split with bolted head. Figure 1 shows a vertically
split centrifugal compressor with bolted-on head for medium-
pressure applications including CSG.
Figure 1. Vertically split
centrifugal compressor
with bolted-on head for
medium-pressure appli-
cations (Picture from H. P.
Bloch, A Practical Guide
to Compressor Technol-
ogy, 2
nd
edition, 2006).
Figure 2 shows a vertically split centrifugal compressor
with shear ring head. This is not a common arrangement for
CSG applications, but may be used in special high-pressure
cases, depending on type of downstream CSG consumer.
Figure 2. Vertically
split centrifugal com-
pressor with shear
ring (Picture from H.
P. Bloch, Compressor
and Modern Process
Application, 2006).
In CSG applications, the flow out of each section of the
compressor is taken through an intercooler and back to the
compressor. Usually, cooling water is not available in CSG
remote project locations and air-cooled heat exchangers are
provided as intercooler and aftercooler. Provision to remove
and scrub condensed liquid is usually required because CSG
is generally saturated.
Multistage centrifugal compressors generally operate at a
pressure ratio of less than or around two per impeller (closed
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impellers) [6, 7]. In multicasing trains, the first casing, because
it has the highest suction volume, will dictate the train speed.
This will lead to increasingly sub-optimum designs as the suc-
tion volume of the later stages decreases. An optimum solu-
tion is a gear unit between casings for large pressure ratios.
Capacity control may be accomplished by suction throt-
tling, speed variation, a cooled bypass from discharge to
suction, or discharge throttling. For CSG compressors, the
best and more efficient method is speed variation. It alters
the characteristic curve of the compressor, and a separate
curve for each speed is required. Variable guide vane capac-
ity control is not common since single-stage or integrally
geared machines are not common in CSG fields. Suction or
discharge throttling are not efficient and only used for very
small centrifugal compressors.
Net forward flow from a CSG centrifugal compressor pack-
age is generally controlled from zero to 100% using a combi-
nation of speed control and recycle control (turndown with
maximum use of speed control). Compressor control allows
operating at points below the characteristic curve and to the
right of the surge curve (speed control). Bypassing is needed
when operating to the left of the surge line [3]. Generally,
several trains will work in parallel and a load-sharing control
system is required.
The most common seal arrangement with a CSG compres-
sor is a tandem dry gas seal with intermediate labyrinth. A
suitable seal system is required for specified variations in
seal operating conditions that may prevail during start-up,
shutdown or settling out, and during any other special op-
eration specified. Also, a wide range of CSG condition varia-
tion should be considered. For CSG, a primary gas seal is
from the compressor discharge. Additional supply (second-
ary seal gas) from downstream of the plant gas dehydration
unit is usually provided. Separation gas will be backed up
by bottled nitrogen. For gas turbine-driven CSG compres-
sor units, rotation at low speed may be needed for certain
periods to avoid shaft thermal distortion during start-up or
immediately following a shutdown. The dry gas seals must
be reliable and not be damaged by such operation. Specify
special precautions that must be taken.
Anti-surge systems are required to prevent operating in
unstable regions that may cause damage. The reaction time
of the anti-surge system should be rapid, and the volume
seen by the compressor at the delivery should be kept to a
minimum by mounting a fast-acting nonreturn valve near the
delivery connection, immediately downstream of the recycle
line (sometimes hot gas bypass is required). Reverse rotation
of the compressor following a trip should be avoided.
A rule of thumb is that the energy of the gas entrained
between compressor and check valve should be less than
50% of the kinetic energy stored in the rotating masses
[8, 9]. Coupling of the limited end float type is always pre-
ferred (best selection is a diaphragm type). CSG compres-
sor packages are generally transported with instrumenta-
tion in place. As online gas composition measurements for
CSG compressors may not be available, provision for the
manual input of the gas characteristics for performance cal-
culations is necessary.
Gas Turbine Driver
Figures 3 and 4 show examples of heavy frame industrial
and aeroderivative gas turbines, respectively. There are dif-
ferences between the aeroderivative and heavy industrial gas
turbines including weight, combustor design, turbine design,
bearing design and lube oil system.
Heavy frame industrial compared to aeroderivative gas tur-
bines are slower speed, have higher air flow and need more
time and spares for maintenance. Heavy industrial gas tur-
bines use hydrodynamic bearings but aeroderivative gas tur-
bines use anti-friction bearings. The advanced aircraft engine
and space technologies have been used to provide maintain-
able, flexible, lightweight and compact aeroderivative gas
turbines. The key to maintainability is the modular concept,
which provides for removal of components and replacement
without removing the gas turbine from its support mounts.
The heavy industrial units, by contrast, require more effort
to remove and replace components (especially combustor
parts) and more effort to inspect or repair the sections.
The user must weigh needs and requirements against the
variety of gas turbines offered. The preference has been to
place the aeroderivative units in remotely located applica-
tions (such as CSG remote fields) and to place heavy frame
industrial units in easily accessible applications. The heavy
industrial gas turbine consumes more fuel and approximately
50% more air than the aeroderivative units. The large cross-
sectional area of blades and vanes in heavy industrial turbines
are under more corrosion attack and contamination impact,
but can tolerate more corrosion than the thin and high aspect
ratio turbine blades of the aeroderivative gas turbines.
In hot-end drive configurations, the output shaft is at the
turbine end where exhaust gas can reach high temperatures
that affect bearing operation and life. Also, service is more
difficult because the assembly must be fitted through the
exhaust duct. Constraints include output shaft length, high
temperature, exhaust duct turbulence, pressure drop and
maintenance accessibility. Insufficient attention to any of
these details often results in power loss, vibration, shaft or
coupling failure and increased downtime for maintenance.
In the cold-end drive configuration, the output shaft ex-
tends out the front of the compressor. Here, the compressor
is accessible, relatively easy to service and exposed to ambi-
ent temperature only. Drawbacks include: turbine compressor
of inlet must be configured to accommodate the output shaft
and the CSG compressor. This inlet duct must be turbulent free
and provide uniform, vortex-free flow throughout its operating
speed range. The problem resulting from a poor design can be
catastrophic. For example, inlet turbulence can induce surge in
the turbine compressor resulting in complete destruction of the
unit. Inlet duct turbulence is of major concern, however, it can
often be eliminated at the expense of pressure drop.
An integral shaft gas turbine is uncommon for compres-
sor drive applications [10,11,12]. The high torque required to
start compressors under full pressure results in high turbine
temperature during the start-up cycle when cooling air flow
is low or non-existent. A single-spool split output shaft gas
turbine is a single-spool gas turbine driving a free power
turbine. The air compressor and turbine component shaft is
not physically connected to the power turbine shaft but is
Figure 3. An example of a heavy frame industrial gas turbine [10].
Figure 4. An example of
an aeroderivative gas
turbine [10].
Two
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Two
coupled aerodynamically, which makes starting easier (cooler)
in mechanical drive. This usually is referred to as a split shaft
mechanical drive gas turbine and attains self-sustaining opera-
tion before picking up the load of the driven equipment.
In a dual spool split output shaft gas turbine, indepen-
dent low- and high-pressure air compressors and turbines
generate the hot gases that drive the free turbine. (There
are three shafts, each operating at different speeds, for
higher power applications.)
Optimum over-rating includes 5% as tolerance to meet
the CSG compressors additional 2% for gearbox (if appli-
cable), additional 2% for fouling and erosion and finally an
additional 5% for long-term gas turbine deterioration (totally
around 12 to 14%).
The preferred starting device is electrohydraulic (electric
motor drives a hydraulic pump, which in turn transmits hy-
draulic power to start the gas turbine) rated to supply a mini-
mum 110% of the starting and acceleration torque in a worst
case. Helper drivers are not recommended. The gas turbine
should be capable of an immediate hot-start at any time af-
ter trip for three consecutive start attempts. Cold-start and
hot-start restrictions are very important (finalized in bidding
stage). Igniters should not remain in the primary combustion
zone during operation. The rotating blades and the labyrinths
of shrouded rotating blades are designed to start up without
rubbing. Renewable sealing components (such as labyrinths,
honeycombs or abradable surfaces) are required at all inter-
nal close-clearance points between the rotating and stationary
parts and all external points where shafts pass through the
casings. For variable speed mechanical drive applications, the
speed ranges for single-shaft gas turbine and two (or more)
shaft gas turbines are recommended 25% (80 to 105% of rated
speed) and 55% (50 to 105%), respectively.
Air compressors of the gas turbine are either axial design
(up to 19 stages) or centrifugal design (one or two impel-
lers). Increase in compressor ratio is the prime contributor
in the overall increase in simple-cycle thermal efficiency to
above 35% (especially for aeroderivative). Combustor de-
sign is a complex task, often referred to as a black art.
The combustor design took two distinct configurations fairly
early in the evolution of the gas turbine. These are the can-
annular combustor and the annular section. There are two
types of can-annular combustors: 1. More efficient straight
flow through. 2. Reverse flow combustor. The advantage of
the reverse flow combustor, as used in the heavy industrial
gas turbine, is in use of regenerator, which improves over-
all thermal efficiency. A further distinctive design approach
within the can-annular concept is a single fuel nozzle and
multifuel nozzle per combustion chamber.
Present gas turbines use impulse-reaction turbine design.
Aeroderivative units use high aspect ratio (long and thin)
blades incorporating tip shrouds to dampen vibration and
improve blade tip sealing characteristics. The heavy frame
industrial gas turbines incorporate a low aspect ratio (short
and thick) blade with no shroud. Where long thin airfoils
have been used, lacing wire may be used to dampen vi-
bration. Improvements in metallurgy and casting techniques
have allowed eliminating midspan shrouds and lacing wires.
Turbine blades are subject to stresses resulting from high
temperature, high centrifugal forces and thermal cycling.
Figure 5 shows structure of high-pressure turbine blades
with cooling distribution.
Required gas turbine performance curves: net output, net
heat rate, exhaust temperature, exhaust flow versus ambient
temperature for the CSG fuel at site conditions.
Auxiliaries and Accessories
For aeroderivative gas turbines (anti-friction bearings, use
synthetic lubrication oil), the turbine lubricating oil system is
usually separate from the CSG compressor lubricating oil system
and includes instrumented metal chip detection an online me-
tallic debris monitoring system, which is strongly recommended.
Industrial gas turbines (hydrodynamic bearings, usually use min-
eral-based lubricating oil) generally have one integral lubricating
oil system per train. In a common oil system, the lubricant is
usually hydrocarbon oil and corresponds to the ISO Grade 32
or similar. Anyway, ensuring that the proposed oil is compatible
with all lubricated components is necessary. As a rule of thumb,
the rise in oil temperature (through the bearing and housing),
bearing outlet oil temperature and bearing metal temperature
measured (with embedded temperature detectors) should not
exceed 80F (30C), 185F (85C) and around 203 to 239F (95
to 115C) (depending on oil temperature), respectively.
Lubrication oil systems should include at least two pumps
each [1, 13, 14]. API 661 air coolers with spare fan (for oil
cooling), double filters with removable element and stainless-
steel piping and valves should also be provided. The lubri-
cation system is one of the major sources of trouble. Neces-
sary lubrication points and lubrication spare points should
be provided. Oil supply line to critical components should
be monitored (mainly oil pressure). For oil reservoir volume,
retention time more than eight minutes is recommended.
Auxiliaries and accessories (such as air filter system, exhaust
system, etc.) should be provided with proper supports since
they are in the vicinity of rotating machines, subjected to vi-
bration. Corrosion protection of the gas turbine filter, ducting
and silencer is necessary. Filter house (mounted on top of the
gas turbine enclosure) and silencers include inlet silencer per-
forated plate element, exhaust plenum and exhaust silencer
usually fabricated from suitable grades of stainless steel.
Silencers need rigid structure. They are designed consid-
ering acoustical or mechanical resonances and differential
thermal expansion. The air inlet and exhaust systems for gas
turbines are designed for a minimum practical pressure drop.
Air filters for 100% removal of particle sizes down to 3 mi-
crons are generally necessary [10]. Filter systems require: an
entrance screen to prevent debris from entering, proper ori-
entation of the air inlet, a louver or cowling to minimize the
entry of driving rain (snow or sand), proper access to facili-
tate maintenance, differential-pressure alarm for each stage
of filtration, modular construction (fully factory-assembled
modules) and clean-air side completely free of objects that
can become loose during operation. Some of the worst ef-
fects of turbine hot-section corrosion are experienced in CSG
applications where saltwater pond or brine water pond of
reverse osmosis systems are nearby. (A very large volume of
salty and contaminated water is pumped from CSG wells.)
The prevention or reduction of corrosion should be addressed
in the design of the inlet air filter system, selection of turbine
material and material coatings. For an optimum duct system,
Figure 5. Internal structure of high-pressure turbine blades showing
the cooling distribution throughout the core of the blade airfoil and root
[10]. Note: Figures 3, 4 and 5 from T. Giampaolo, Gas Turbine Hand-
book Principles and Practices, 3
rd
Edition, 2006.
CT700.indd 3 4/26/11 11:33:35 AM
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Two
ed because of the possibility of damage from water carryover
or poor quality of water. Liquid-to-air heat exchangers to
cool the inlet air (for performance enhancement) and steam
or water injected for emission control purposes are not pro-
posed because of significant maintenance problems.
Casing vibration monitoring (minimum of two sets for each
machine casing) are always recommended both velocity
measurements for low-speed vibrations up to 2 kHz and ac-
celerometers for high-speed vibrations and for hot sections.
Noncontacting probes are used for axial and radial vibra-
tion monitoring (journal bearings, noncontacting X-Y probes
mounted at a 45 angle from the vertical centerline, in addi-
tion to velocity seismic transducer for bearing housings and
dual probes axial position for thrust bearings). Monitoring of
pressure (discharge pressure against a reference) is the opti-
mum way to monitor performance and degradation both for
centrifugal compressor and gas turbines. (Flow is usually not
as easily monitored compared to pressure.)
Temperature monitoring, including temperature monitor-
ing of strategic locations of rotating machines, oil tempera-
ture and gas flow temperature monitoring, is important. Over-
temperature protection shall be independent from the turbine
combustion temperature control. Six thermocouples usually
are placed around the turbine exhaust gas frame to measure
exhaust gas temperatures for alarm and trip.
Heavy-duty industrial turbines usually have two wheel space
thermocouples (thermocouples are replaceable during opera-
tion). Aeroderivative turbines usually have two wheel space
thermocouples located downstream of the last turbine wheel
(thermocouples and conduits as small as possible). Electronic
governors are required to prevent gas turbine speed increase
beyond the specified over-speed limit upon any case of
malfunction, such as loss of rated load (coupling failure). Each
shaft should have its own over-speed trip protection system,
requirements are a minimum number of direction changes in-
cluding proper turning vanes (to ensure uniform flow distribu-
tion and avoid resonance); air velocity limit of 66 ft./s (20 m/s)
and 98 ft./s (30 m/s) for the inlet and exhaust respectively; ducts
sufficiently rigid to avoid vibration (plate 0.2 to 0.4 in. [5 to 10
mm] thick is generally used); and appropriate required man-
ways for cleaning and inspection. Ducting and casing design
should permit field balancing in the end planes of the rotors
without requiring the removal of major casing components.
Layout of the inlet and exhaust system should be designed
with great care. The air inlet should be upstream of the exhaust
stack during prevailing wind conditions. Relative position should
avoid recirculation of exhaust gases because of any conceivable
potential wind conditions (minimum horizontal separation of
320 ft. [97.5 m]). The air inlet (minimum 16.4 ft. [5 m] elevation)
and gas turbine exhaust should be outside a three-dimensional
fire hazardous zone and outside any classified electrical area.
Support, ducting and piping should be designed with respect
to operation and maintenance also to facilitate piping spool and
ducting module removal and avoid support removal [11].
The CSG fuel system is critical and needs special attention. A
fuel strainer (Y-type strainer with stainless-steel internals) and a
blow-down system for purging and warming up the fuel system
for approximately 20 minutes prior to starting (manual valve
closed around two minutes after starting) should be provided
(also consider safety shutdown valve). The pilot limit valve (fail
safe) for trip on primary gas knockout drum high liquid level,
preceded by a high level alarm (also capable of manual trip),
is required. To prevent condensate mist carryover or hydrate
formation, if required, a super-heater designed to deliver 104F
(40C) fuel gas (CSG) should be included.
Train Reliability
Evaporative coolers (for gas turbine) are not recommend-
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Hoerbiger.indd 1 2/15/11 11:48:40 AM
CT700.indd 4 4/26/11 11:34:06 AM
Two
[2] Bloch, H. P., Compressor and Modern Process Applica-
tion, 2006 (John Wiley, New Jersey, U.S.A.).
[3] Davidson, J.; Bertele, O., Process Fan and Compressor
Selection, pp 47-68, 1996 (Mechanical Engineering Publica-
tions Limited, London, England).
[4] API 617, Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Ex-
pander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Indus-
try Services, 7
th
Edition, July 2002, (American Petroleum Insti-
tute Publishing, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.).
[5] Brown, R. N., Compressors Selection and Sizing, 3
rd

edition, pp 120-220, 2005 (Gulf Publishing Company, Hous-
ton, Texas, U.S.A.).
[6] Bloch, H. P.; Soares, C., Process Plant Machinery, 2
nd

edition, 1998 (Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, U.K.).
[7] Forsthoffer, W. E., Forsthoffers Rotating Equipment
Handbooks Volume 3: Compressor, 1
st
edition, 2005 (Elsevier,
Oxford, U.K.).
[8] Rangwala, R. S., Turbo-machinery Dynamics Design
and Operation, 2005 (McGraw-Hill, U.S.A.).
[9] Walker, D. N., Torsional Vibration of Turbomachinery,
2004 (McGraw-Hill, U.S.A.).
[10] Giampaolo, T., Gas Turbine Handbook Principles and
Practices, 3
rd
Edition, 2006 (The Fairmont Press Inc., U.S.A.).
[11] Kulikov, G. G.; and Thompson, H. A., Dynamic Mod-
eling of Gas Turbine: Identification, Simulation, Condition
Monitoring and Optimal Control, 2005 (Springer, England).
[12] Han, J. C.; Dutta, S.; and Ekkad, S. V., Gas Turbine
Heat Transfer and Cooling Technology, 2000 (Taylor & Fran-
cis, New York, U.S.A.).
[13] Davey, N., The Gas Turbine Theory and Practice, 2006
(Merchant Books, Berks, U.K.).
[14] Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H.; Rogers, G. F. C.; Cohen, H.;
and Straznicky, P. V., Gas Turbine Theory, 6
th
Edition, 2009
(Pearson Education Limited, Essex, England).
which allows online testing without over-speeding the turbine
(over-speed trip system independent of the governor). All shut-
down functions are two out of three voting to avoid unnecessary
trip. Recommended shutdowns include: over-speed, low fuel
supply, flame out gas temperature, low lube oil pressure and
radial and axial shaft vibration.
The purge period should displace the minimum six times
of the exhaust system volume (including turbine, exhaust
duct, waste recovery device, exhaust stack, etc.) before firing
the unit. Gas turbine surface temperatures should be lower
than the ignition temperature of the CSG. The fuel control
system should include a shutoff valve (separate from the fuel
control valve) that stops all fuel flow to the turbine on any
shutdown condition (local and remote tripping) and can-
not open until all permissive firing conditions are satisfied.
Fuel shutoff valves should have a remote shutdown actuator
device and a partial stroke feature to permit checking the
operability of the shutoff valve during normal operation of
the gas turbine.
Conclusion
This study allows the optimization of centrifugal compressor
with gas turbine driver arrangement for CSG applications. The
optimum figure described here offers the advantages to integrate
all different aspects of compressor, gas turbine driver and en-
ables correctly specifying and purchasing centrifugal compressor
trains. Proper design and selection of various train components,
together with proper maintenance and operating practices, can
affect the level of performance significantly, along with environ-
mental impact and thus time between repairs or overhauls. A
References
[1] Bloch, H. P., A Practical Guide to Compressor Technol-
ogy, 2
nd
edition, 2006 (John Wiley, New Jersey, U.S.A.).
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,

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.
Hoerbiger.indd 2 2/15/11 11:48:50 AM
CT700.indd 5 4/26/11 11:34:25 AM
The cracked gas compressor train
in a world-scale ethylene plant had
been exhibiting performance impair-
ment for some time. The daily plant
production level of 2250 tons was not
being achieved. Performance degra-
dation of the cracked gas compressor
was evident from various symptoms,
such as a need to increase first-stage
suction pressure in order to maintain
discharge pressure (fractionation col-
umn overhead) and increase in the
steam turbine driver speed; the train
was operating at its maximum con-
tinuous speed of 4124 rpm as com-
pared with the rated speed of 3927
rpm and the turbine governor valves
were full open, i.e., the steam rate
had gone up.
The machine could not be run in this
condition for a prolonged duration, as
it significantly impacted ethylene pro-
duction revenues. To confirm the initial
analysis that the output was reduced
most likely because of fouling inside
the casings, a Six Sigma approach was
used to define the problem, assess
condition, analyze the findings, recom-
mend corrective measures, and monitor
and control performance thereafter.
As a starting step, the compres-
sor first-stage suction conditions
were maintained in close proxim-
ity to the original normal case. At
steady state, gas samples were de-
rived from each of the six-stage in-
lets from which the gas properties
were determined and thermody-
namic calculations of the compres-
sion train were performed (Table
1). These calculations substantiated
the initial analysis that because of
fouling inside the compressor cas-
ings and possibly the rotors, poly-
tropic efficiency was lower and
the machine was delivering a re-
duced throughput.
In the weeks following the analy-
sis, a number of discussions were
held with the plant operations,
maintenance and warehousing de-
partments to plan for the outage
of the compressor, disassembly of
the casings, carrying out internal
inspection and implementing reme-
dial measures. Compressor suction
knock-out drums were also included
in the turnaround inspection to ex-
amine internal demisters because of
reported liquids in compressor suc-
tion lines.
A detailed turnaround plan was de-
veloped that consisted of step-by-step
instructions for disassembly, check-
ing, cleaning, measurements and reas-
sembly. All required spare parts were
identified and the ones that were not
available in the warehouse were or-
dered from the manufacturer. Spare
compressor rotors in the warehouse
were cleaned and balance checked.
The decision was made to replace the
installed rotors with spare rotors to fa-
cilitate quicker turnaround. The rotors
that were removed would be subjected
to a thorough inspection after start-up
of the plant.
The compressor was shut down
This is a sectional view of a centrifugal com-
pressor typical of those discussed in the
cracked gas compressor train in a world-scale
ethylene plant.
Two
Neetin Ghaisas is director of Design Engineering in Fluor Canadas Calgary office. He
has a masters degree in Mechanical Engineering and is a registered practicing Profes-
sional Engineer in the province of Alberta, Canada. Ghaisas has more than 29 years of
professional background with experience in the specification, selection, application and
troubleshooting of rotating equipment. He is a subject matter expert on compressors and
steam turbines at Fluor Corp. Further, he has experience in machinery vibration diagno-
sis including transient and steady-state analysis. For further information and answers to
questions, contact the author at his e-mail address: Neetin.Ghaisas@Fluor.com.
TROUBLESHOOTING CAPACITY
REDUCTION OF CRITICAL PROCESS
GAS COMPRESSORS
After Step-By-Step Planning and Implementation,
Compressors Were Returned to Normal Operation in
Three Weeks of Around-the-Clock Work
By Neetin Ghaisas, ME, PE
CT688.indd 1 4/27/11 4:00:10 PM
and all four of its casings were
opened. Subsequent examination re-
vealed significant fouling in the first
two casings (stages 1, 2 and 3) and
onset of deposits in the following
casings (stages 4, 5 and 6). Demis-
ter pads inside the knock-out drums
for stages 1, 2 and 3 were found to
be disintegrated.
After completing all maintenance
and inspection activities in three
weeks working around-the-clock
the compressor was returned to
the Operations Department. The ma-
chine was started and has since been
running in steady-state condition with
normal, continuous output.

Description of the Issue
The cracked gas compressor train
in question consists of four inline
casings comprising six stages of
compression. The rated discharge
pressure of the compressor is 580
psia (40 bara) with a total brake
power of 48,820 hp (36,400 kW)
at 3927 rpm. The compressors are
manufactured by Ebara, Japan and
the driver steam turbine was sup-
plied by Mitsubishi Heavy Indus-
tries. The casing models are 70MD3-
3 (stage 1), 70M6I (stages 2 and 3),
may 2011 XX CompressorTech
Two
TABLE 1
Parameter Value Unit
Suction Pressure 1.308 barA
Suction Temperature 30 C
Mass Flow Rate 190,476.1 kg/hr
Molecular Weight 25.18
Inlet K Value 1.26
Inlet Z Value 0.98
Inlet Enthalpy 101.84 Kcal/kg
Discharge Pressure 2.718 barA
Discharge Enthalpy 126.45 Kcal/kg
Calculated Values
Stage Pressure / Temp. Ratios 2.10 / 1.06
Polytropic Exponent 1.273
Discharge Temperature 82.48 C
Polytropic Head 7868 m
Polytropic Efficiency 0.749 Original=0.79
Brake Power 5483 kW
Flow Coefficient 0.15
Head Coefficient 0.45
q/N 20 max. for 70 M
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GTE_Well Service.indd 1 4/26/11 3:58:13 PM CT688.indd 2 4/26/11 4:56:07 PM
60M8I (stages 4 and 5) and 38M10
(stage 6). The turbine, model 9CL-9,
is of straight condensing type. The
entire train is mounted on a table-
top foundation. The lube and seal
oil console is at the grade.
Since the first start-up, the com-
pression train operated without in-
terruption. Prior to the first reported
signs of depleting performance,
throughput of the cracked gas com-
pressors was higher than the design
capacity as evident from production
of the ethylene plant.
Feed gas to this train is derived
from pyrolysis of ethane feed. The
gas mixture enters the compressor
through an upstream quench tower
and knock-out drum. It contains
lighter and heavier hydrocarbon
fractions and has a tendency to po-
lymerize and form deposits. The de-
posits occur in the areas where gas
flow velocity undergoes a change.
It is industry practice to limit dis-
charge temperature to about 212F
(100C) in those services such as
cracked gas, to reduce potential for
excessive fouling.

Evaluation
The analysis of performance deg-
radation began with a systematic
review of the operating conditions.
This was followed by studying
trends of flow, pressure, tempera-
ture and power parameters. The
vibration spectrum of the entire
train was also closely monitored on
Bently Nevada Trendmaster system
for signs of abnormal rotordynamic
behavior. Because no online perfor-
mance calculation software or sys-
tem was available, thermodynamic
performance of each stage was man-
ually computed. Gas samples were
collected from the suction lines of
each stage after stabilizing the oper-
ating conditions to correspond with
normal case. Calibration of the in-
line instrumentation was checked.
Gas mol fractions were determined
in the plants laboratory using a gas
chromatograph. From this data, mix-
ture properties such as the molecu-
lar weight, critical pressure, critical
temperature and specific heats at
constant pressure, and temperature
were calculated.
A set of calculated thermodynamic
parameters for stage 1 of the com-
pressor is included in Table 1. Similar
calculations were performed for each
of the following five stages.
Results of thermodynamic evalua-
tion of all stages showed a drop in
efficiency. Subsequent to review of
the performance calculations, main-
Two
tenance planning was completed and
the shutdown schedule was devel-
oped. All required spare parts and
consumables were moved to the com-
pressor platform and functional tests
of the overhead crane were conduct-
ed. The compressors were then shut
down and released for overhaul.
After disassembly of the top casings,
a first look inside the casings con-
firmed the analysis. Significant poly-
mer buildup was noticed in the bottom
halves of the first two casings; deposits
were also in the other two casings. In-
let vanes, area around balance piston,
interstage labyrinth seals and impeller
diffuser passages were plugged to vari-
ous degrees. The area around the bal-
ance piston was least affected. Impel-
lers did not have a buildup because of
centrifugal force. A polymer layer was
noticeable in the compressor discharge
pipe. Compressor interstage coolers
were not fouled.
The rotors and diaphragms were re-
moved. All diaphragms were cleaned
with a hydro jet, subjected to dye pen-
etrant examination and then reinstalled.
All four rotors were replaced with spare
sets, including new labyrinth seals.
Mechanical contact seals and bearings
were also changed. Because demister
pads in all six knock-out drums were
found to be disintegrated, they were
replaced after carrying out internal in-
spection of the vessels. Solo run and
overspeed performance test of the
driver turbine and functional checks
of the lube/seal oil console were com-
pleted prior to start-up.
Conclusion
Adopting the systematic approach
(vibration and process data collec-
tion and analysis, and calculations to
validate the observations) helped to
identify the root causes behind per-
formance degradation of the cracked
gas compressor train. Further to that,
it facilitated proper planning, outage
of the machine for inspection and
normal start-up.
The principles of asset performance
management were kept in focus dur-
ing the process of troubleshooting.
For example, they included root cause
analysis, characterization of distress
mode and inspection management.
They helped to complete all scheduled
tasks on time.
Operating the compressor at higher
than the design capacity influenced the
rate of polymer formation.
Performance of interstage labyrinth
seals was undermined because of en-
trapped polymer, thus increasing gas
leakage across the stages and affecting
compression efficiency.
Disintegrated demister pads in the
knock-out drums allowed liquid car-
ryover, thus creating an environment
for erosion.
Because of centrifugal force, depos-
its did not accumulate on the rotor and
hence vibrations of the train did not
show a step rise. Traces of polymer
were deposited around the balance
piston, not adequate enough to plug
the piston seals. Hence, axial move-
ment of the rotors was not affected.
After overhaul, performance calcu-
lations were performed once steady-
state operation of the machine was
achieved. The driver turbines speed
was found to have dropped from
maximum continuous speed to near
rated speed and the compressors first-
stage suction pressure was back to its
normal range of 17.4 to 20.3 psia (1.2
to 1.4 bara). Calculated polytropic ef-
ficiency in each stage was observed
to be in the vicinity of original val-
ues (as-new condition) and output of
the compressor was restored to near
rated flow rate.
Other Actions
After cleaning and inspection of the
rotors that were removed, a protec-
tive antifouling coating was applied
to reduce the possibility of corrosion
and deposition. The coating consist-
ed of sacrificial primer, intermediate
layer and a polymer topcoat. Appli-
cation of coating on the diaphragms
was considered as well, at the next
available opportunity. Prior to decid-
ing in favor of coating, continuous
injection of wash oil or solvent was
considered. It was not pursued, as
possible implementation of this mea-
sure turned out to be impractical.
An agreement was reached that
in future turnarounds, mandatory
inspection of demister pads in the
knock-out drums will be carried
out. Also, the piping between inter-
stage aerial coolers and compres-
sors will be inspected. Intercooler
pressure drop would be monitored
along with other parameters.
Frequency of analysis of compres-
sor gas composition was changed
from quarterly to monthly, to trend
and report significant deviations.
In the new olefins plant that was
added to the facility, torque-meter
couplings were installed between
the driver steam turbine and each
cracked gas compressor casing. The
benefit was that online, instanta-
neous computation and trend moni-
toring of torque and power of each
casing became possible instead of
having to do rigorous manual per-
formance calculations. A
CT688.indd 3 4/26/11 4:56:23 PM
Hydrogen Analyzer
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d e t e c t i o n
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launched its explosion-proof Hy-Optima
2700 inline process hydrogen monitor. This
model, according to H2scan, is designed for
hazardous environments in the oil and gas,
hydrogen production and other chemical
industries. The Hy-Optima, which has a
10-year life expectancy, has no consum-
able or moving parts and combines detec-
tion and measurement on one chip, the
company said. It also uses a sensor con-
figured to operate in process gas streams.
The 2700 line of analyzers includes models
that can measure hydrogen in process gas
streams containing up to 20% (by volume)
carbon monoxide and 10% (by volume)
hydrogen sulfide.
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A range of
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wood, Massa-
chusetts, U.S.A. The companys powder
coatings are suited for pumps, mixers,
tanks, valves and related components.
A powder coat from 0.0002 to 0.025 in.
(0.005 to 0.64 mm) thick can be applied
on parts weighing up to 2000 lb. (907
kg), depending on the coating and sub-
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PFA and Tefzel. Custom formulations are
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A-T Controls has engineered its new
M-series metal seat ball valves, which
are manufactured with specially coated
matched balls and seats to stand up to
high temperatures, pressures and abrasive
materials encountered in the oil and gas,
power generation and mining industries,
the company said. M-Series valves have a
temperature range of -20 to 661F (-28
to 349C) and a pressure rating up to ANSI
class 600. M-series ball and seat materi-
als include stainless steel, satellite-welded
and hard chrome-plated steel, allowing
the valves to perform well in applications
involving abrasive fluids and steam, ac-
cording to A-T Controls. The valves are
available with four connection options
flanged, threaded, socket weld and butt
weld. Nominal pipe size (NPS) range is 0.5
to 8.0 in. (12.7 to 203 mm).
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MAy 2011 33 CompressorTech
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BGservices.qxp 2/4/10 9:34 AM Page 1
MayProducts.indd 1 4/26/11 3:52:01 PM
According to Telvent, its technol-
ogy controls 60% of the hydrocarbon
shipments through Latin and North
American pipelines.
The software company provides
advanced supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) and En-
terprise global information system
(GIS) technology for pipeline man-
agement and real-time reporting
tools. It also offers system integra-
tion support, custom application de-
velopment, project management and
IT services.
Telvent is an offshoot of the Spanish
conglomerate Abengoa. Telvent has ex-
perienced fast growth in the last decade,
both organically and through numer-
ous acquisitions. The energy division is
based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Bill Morrow, Telvents oil and gas
product manager, said Telvents en-
ergy sector worked on 25 to 30 con-
tracts worldwide last year valued at
more than US$100 million.
Morrow said, Helping operators
manage compression is one of the
key functions provided by our sys-
tems. Were very aware of the ex-
pense of compression. If you look
at the financial data from the major
gas transmission pipelines and the
[volume] they move through their
systems, and then do some basic
arithmetic, you will quickly see that
compression is their number one op-
erational expense. In many cases its
larger than their payrolls.
He said one large pipeline spent
more than US$100 million last year on
compression, both for equipment and
for the energy to push gas down the
pipeline. Anything we can do to im-
prove a companys operational aware-
ness and decrease their expenses
even if only by a fraction of a percent
can be a huge savings for them.
Morrow said the strong position
Telvent has in the pipeline industry
is due to its software systems, its ex-
perience and its service.
He said the company has written
open architectural software that facil-
itates the extraction of data and has
continued to hone that software over
the years. We often do customiza-
tion on top of our baseline product.
Thats difficult for some competitors
to match because theyre using some-
one elses product and theyre much
more constrained when it comes to
customization.
Although Morrows group works
with oil and electrical transmission
firms, much of its work is with gas
systems. He said, We provide some
natural gas applications that a ge-
neric SCADA company might not
offer because their experience lies
elsewhere. We think our basic sys-
tem is superior due to the fact we
have always had such a strong focus
on the natural gas transmission and
distribution industry.
Morrow said customers also are at-
tracted by Telvents experience and
reputation. We receive many re-
quests for bids. Weve been doing
this kind of work in our core market
TelvenTs sCADA sysTems
DominATe norThern hemisphere
pipeline sCene
Advanced Data Analysis Software Helps
Operators Reduce Compression Costs
By Patrick Crow
Telvent provided SCADA
technology for this gas
pipeline control room.
Two
CT694.indd 1 4/26/11 11:21:50 AM
for 30 years, so we have plenty of ex-
perience. Because our products are so
versatile, they typically integrate very
well into our clients corporate enter-
prise environment. And weve satisfied
many different requirements from our
pipeline customers in the Americas
through the years, so we know how
to build systems that work well for the
people who run pipelines, he said.
Morrow said Telvent has a deep
customer-service ethic. If one of our
customers has a system that is not
working well, whether its a prob-
lem with our product or something
theyve done, were very strong in
our response. Were a good vendor:
we deliver what our clients need and
support what we deliver.
He said the open architecture of
Telvents software allows some of its
pipeline customers to use their own
information technology staff to retrieve
data, feed it into simulators, determine
optimum compression levels and then
notify their control room operators
about those parameters. He said, We
dont claim credit for providing the
whole solution, but we are fundamen-
tally important in helping them oper-
ate their pipelines in the most cost-
effective mode.
In another example, Morrow said
Two
that one particular Telvent client is
a gas distributor serving a large geo-
graphic area. A dozen compressor
stations feed gas into the customers
grid. Smaller versions of Telvents
software system are used to manage
the stations and part of the grid.
Theyre not actually controlling the
compressors in the stations, but theyre
supervising that control and watching
what the station does in relation to the
pipeline and distribution grid. This is
one of the ways in which our product
is particularly strong. It enables each
of those tiers to work with each other
to communicate collectively up to the
master control site, he said. Our cus-
tomer can oversee what is going on
with the distribution grid, the pipeline
that supplies it and the optimal com-
pression needed to keep both working
in balance. Our client can also control
his entire fleet of compressors, as a
single entity, to minimize expenditures
and reduce maintenance.
In fiscal 2010, Telvent reported net
income of E48.5 million, compared
with E51.3 million in 2009. Adjusted
earnings before interest, taxes, depre-
ciation and amortization (EBITDA)
were E114.7 million, or 15.2% of total
revenues, compared with E109.2 mil-
lion and 14.3% in 2009.
The company said, For fiscal year
2011, we expect organic revenue
growth to be between of 5 and 8%.
Adjusted EBITDA margin is expected
to range between 14.5 and 15.5%.
The company has received several ma-
jor contracts since the first of this year.
In China, the Shaanxi Provin-
cial Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Ltd.
will use Telvent SCADA on its 500
mi. (800 km) Jingbian-Xian gas
pipeline. Also, China National Off-
shore Oil Corp. will use its systems
to manage LNG production opera-
tions, corporate sales and accounts,
and trading risks.
In France, GRT gaz selected Telvent
systems for its GDF Suez gas grid, the
largest in Europe. The grid spans 20,000
mi. (32,000 km) in France alone.
Indonesias Pertamina chose Tel-
vent software and advanced applica-
tions for its Jakarta headquarters and
local pipeline control centers serving
North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West
Java, Kalimantan and South Sumatra.
Telvent also completed the installa-
tion of a SCADA system for the Damp-
ier Bunbury pipeline, the largest gas
line in Western Australia. DBP Trans-
mission is owner and operator. A
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ACI.indd 1 3/20/08 12:18:00 PM
CT694.indd 2 4/26/11 11:22:35 AM
Cameron.indd 1 4/20/11 9:22:40 AM
Cameron.indd 2 4/20/11 9:22:49 AM
Most people think of Alberta, British
Columbia and Saskatchewan when they
hear the words Canadian petroleum in-
dustry. However, now that such fields
as Hibernia, Terra Nova and Sable Is-
land are operating, the Atlantic region
has also become a key player.
In a government study published in
2009, the oil and natural gas potential
of the east coast was found to be on a
par with that of Western Canada and
the Arctic Ocean. The Maritimes Basin
is a 96,525 sq.mi. (250,000 km
2
) area
that includes the southern Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Cabot Strait and southwest-
ern Grand Banks, with onshore ties to
Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island and Newfound-
land and Labrador, Canada.
The study estimated that the basin
contains 39 Tcf (1.10 x 10
12
m
3
) of hy-
drocarbons, most of which is natural
gas. Sweet light crude is prevalent east
of Newfoundland and Labrador and
natural gas is common off the coast of
Nova Scotia.
The first major offshore project in the
Maritimes Basin was Hibernia, which
began producing sweet light crude oil
in November 1997. Ten years later, 50
development wells have been success-
fully drilled and are being operated on
the first North American gravity-based
production platform. The platform is
strong enough to withstand a direct hit
from a 6.0 MMt (5.44 x 10
6
T) iceberg,
which is only expected to occur once
every 10,000 years. By 2009, crude oil
production had grown to an average
of 126,000 bbl/d. It is estimated that
the Hibernia field will produce oil for
up to 18 years.
Terra Nova, which commenced pro-
duction in January 2002, is the second
largest oilfield off Canadas east coast.
The facility was developed using a float-
ing production storage and offloading
(FPSO) vessel. The vessel is shaped
like a ship and contains integrated oil
storage facilities. The oil is offloaded
onto one of three shuttle tankers and is
delivered to the Newfoundland Tran-
shipment Terminal (NTL) at Whiffen
Head. Oil is produced at about 150,000
bbl/d and is expected to last for about
15 to 18 years.
The White Rose offshore field first
produced crude oil in November 2005,
with the field having an estimated life
of 12 to 15 years. Drill centers located
on the seafloor contain the production,
water and gas injection wells used to
produce the oil reverses. The centers
are located in excavated glory holes
that are below the ocean floor to pro-
tect the wells from iceberg scour. The
drill centers are connected to an FPSO
vessel using flexible flowlines and ris-
ers. By 2007, production had reached
120,000 bbl/d.
Farther south, one of the largest
known natural gas deposits that re-
mained to be developed in North
America began producing gas on Dec.
31, 1999. The Sable Offshore Energy
Project (SOEP) was created to devel-
op six major natural gas fields located
AtlAntic OffshOre GAs cOntinues tO GAin PrOminence
The Maritimes Basin Achieves Success in the Canadian Oil & Gas Industries
By Neil Purslow
Gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) from the Venture and North Triumph platforms are transported to the Thebaud central processing facility. The com-
bined streams are delivered through a two-phase subsea pipeline to the onshore processing facilities. (Photo courtesy of ExxonMobil Canada Ltd.)
Two
CT698.indd 1 4/25/11 4:36:02 PM
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near Sable Island. The fields are 6 to 25
mi. (10 to 40 km) north of the edge of
the Scotian Shelf, or about 140 mi. (225
km) off the coast of Nova Scotia.
SOEP was developed in two phases.
Phase 1 encompassed the development
of three fields the Venture, Thebaud
and North Triumph. Along with the
drilling of the production wells, addi-
tional infrastructure took shape. They
included three offshore platforms,
inter-field pipelines, a subsea pipeline
to shore, a gas plant at Goldboro, a
natural gas liquids pipeline and a frac-
tionation plant at Point Tupper.
The produced natural gas and natural
gas liquids (NGLs) are delivered from
the wellheads to the gas gathering hubs,
and then to the field platforms through
infield lines that are up to 18 in. (457
mm) in diameter and range from 3 to
34 mi. (5 to 55 km) in length. The gas
and NGLs from the Venture and North
Triumph platforms are transported to
the Thebaud central processing facil-
ity, and then the combined streams are
delivered through a two-phase subsea
pipeline to the onshore processing fa-
cilities. The subsea pipeline has an out-
side diameter of 24 in. (610 mm).
The Goldboro gas plant can process
up to 600 MMscfd (17 x 10
6
m
3
/d) of
natural gas. It contains what is de-
scribed as one of the worlds largest
slugcatchers, which is required to han-
dle the large volume of gas and liquids,
along with the pressure of the gas flow.
The plant separates the NGLs from the
natural gas and transports the gas to
the Maritimes and Northeast Pipelines
(M&NP) 30 in. (762 mm) pipeline for
delivery to markets in Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick in Canada and New
England in the United States. The NGLs
are transported via underground pipe-
line to the Point Tupper fractionation
plant on Cape Breton Island.
At the fractionation plant, approxi-
mately 20,000 bbl/d of NGLs are sepa-
rated into propane (35%), butane (15%)
and condensate (50%). The condensate
is used in refineries to make gasoline.
The products from the fractionation
plant are shipped to customers by rail,
truck and ship.
Phase 2 involved the development
of the Alma, Gleneig and South Ven-
ture fields. Alma was the first to come
on-stream in 2003, with South Venture
following in 2004. Gleneig has been de-
layed until natural gas prices improve.
A compression deck was also added
to the Thebaud platform to increase
hydrocarbon recovery because of de-
clining field pressures. Rolls-Royce
fabricated the compression package.
It contains a Dresser-Rand D12R8-6B
compressor driven by an RB211 6562
dry-low emission (DLE) gas turbine,
with the package controlled by the
Rolls-Royce FT-110 system. Equip-
ment fabrication commenced in Janu-
ary 2005 and the deck started operat-
ing in November 2006. All gas flows
through the compression deck before
it enters the subsea pipeline. The ad-
dition of the deck boosted output by
about 25%, which currently averages
between 400 MMscfd and 500 MMscfd
(11.3 x 10
6
and 14.2 x 10
6
m
3
/d).
Another large project in Eastern Can-
ada is the development of the Deep
Panuke natural gas field. This field is
located 155 mi. (250 km) southeast of
Halifax and is approximately 11,500 ft.
(3500 m) deep. The project includes
a production field center (PFC), four
producing wells and a disposal well.
The PFC contains all of the process-
ing equipment and is capable of han-
dling up to 300 MMscf (8.5 x 10
6
m
3
)
of natural gas per day. Each well has
its own dedicated flowline to the PFC,
where H
2
S and CO
2
are removed from
the natural gas and injected downhole
through the acid gas disposal well. The
market-ready natural gas is delivered
to shore via a single subsea pipeline. A
short 1.75 mi. (3 km) pipeline connects
the subsea line with the M&NP distri-
bution system at Goldboro. The first
gas is expected to be produced from
Panuke in the second half of 2011.
The Future
When the government completed its
petroleum study in 2009, two sources
of reserves were not included shale
gas and gas hydrates.
Utica shale is a huge shale formation
in the St. Lawrence Lowlands in Quebec.
According to some industry estimates,
there could be as much natural gas in the
Utica between Quebec City and Mon-
treal, Quebec, as in the Maritimes Basin.
Several companies are currently drilling
and evaluating the formation, but until
it has been properly delineated, reserve
estimates will vary substantially.
Gas hydrates are a solid form of natu-
ral gas and water that occur in the polar
and continental shelf regions, and in the
sediment of the outer continental mar-
gins. Although little is known of Cana-
das or anyone elses actual gas hydrate
reserves, the favorable conditions for
creating hydrates are present in Cana-
das offshore regions. These conditions
were used to evaluate the Davis Strait,
Labrador Shelf, Scotian Shelf and Grand
Banks of Newfoundland areas. The
analysis determined that a conservative
estimate for gas hydrates in those areas
could be between 670 Tcf and 2755 Tcf
(19 x 10
12
and 78 x 10
12
m
3
). Much re-
search is required before this source of
fuel can be exploited.
Conclusion
The petroleum industry in Eastern
Canada has advanced considerably in
the past 10 to 15 years. While the cost to
develop the reserves has been substan-
tial, considering that an average oil well
delivers 20,000 bbl/d versus 50 bbl/d
in Western Canada, it is easy see why
capital investment has shifted eastward.
The same is true for natural gas. Eastern
Canada has already established natural
gas delivery networks and markets, so
it is more appealing to invest in the east
than build an expensive pipeline from
the Arctic Ocean. a
Two
Rolls-Royce fabricated the com-
pression package on the new
compression deck at the The-
baud platform in the Sable Proj-
ect. It includes a Dresser-Rand
D12R8-6B compressor driven
by an RB211 6562 dry-low emis-
sions (DLE) gas turbine, with
the package controlled by the
Rolls-Royce FT-110 system. The
deck was installed to increase
hydrocarbon recovery because
of declining field pressures.
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CT698.indd 2 4/25/11 4:39:12 PM
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Burckhardt.indd 1 12/14/10 9:37:28 AM
Cummins Inc. has shifted its oil and
gas business into a whole different
gear with the introduction of a new
series of transmissions for high-power
pumping applications in the oil and
gas and well-servicing industries.
The QTR series transmissions will be
capable of up to 1668 hp (2237 kW).
The first in the series the QTR2500
and QTR3000 will be available in
the fourth quarter of 2011, the com-
pany said. The transmissions will be
available as a package, coupled with
Cummins QSK50 or QSK60 engines,
depending on the power requirement,
or as stand-alone transmissions.
Cummins has been watching oil and
gas industry trends over the past several
years and sees a greater demand now,
and in the future, for a dependable and
reliable transmission delivering over
2500 hp [1864 kW], said Erik Drewry,
director High-Horsepower Oil and
Gas Business. We already have a de-
pendable series of engines that deliver
the horsepower required for the difficult
fracturing jobs globally. The next strate-
gic product for Cummins to deliver is a
complete package a durable engine
coupled with a robust transmission.
The QTR transmissions are designed
as a direct replacement for existing
powertrain products. This flexibility
allows operators to access Cummins
broad product support in existing
equipment fleets while minimizing the
need for redesign, the company said.
Cummins is committed to adding
superior products to our oil and gas
product line, said Mark Levett, vice
president and general manager High-
Horsepower Business for Cummins,
and the QTR series transmissions are
another example of that.
The transmissions are engineered to
bring powertrain performance advan-
tages to pressure pumping and frac-
turing operations by incorporating a
lay shaft design that allows for more
precise gear ratios to match engine
and pump performance.
Cummins said that exten-
sive voice of the customer
consultations during the de-
velopment of the new trans-
missions led directly to the
creation of a special pres-
sure test operating mode.
Intended for use during pres-
sure testing, the Cummins
Electronically Controlled Pres-
sure Test Mode is designed to allow
operators finite control of output shaft
speed in order to maintain minimum
flow at very high pressure for test ap-
plications. This prevents powertrain
shock loading that can occur during
pressure testing, which Cummins said
is a major source of drivetrain compo-
nent failures.
The transmissions also incorporate
dual clutch input technology with the
Cummins Synchro Shift design that
provides smoother operation and an
increase in both reliability and serv-
ice life, the company said. This de-
sign eliminates common failure mode
components such as torque convert-
ers, while improving thermal and
me chanical efficiency and reducing
overall complexity, Cummins said. As
a result, QTR series transmissions are
capable of providing constant torque
across operating ranges as well as
smoother start-up and shifting, the
company said.
Cummins partnered with Pacific Rim
Engineered Products (PREP), Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, in the devel-
opment of the new transmissions. The
transmissions are assembled in Canada.
The dimensions of the QTR2500
and QTR3000 transmissions are ap-
proximately the same, as both are 87
in. (2210 mm) long, 50 in. (1270 mm)
wide and 55 in. (1397 mm) high, and
each weigh 6799 lb. (3084 kg). The
transmissions will carry the same base
warranty as the QSK50 and QSK60 die-
sels, which is one year with unlimited
hours or two years and 2000 hours. A
see directlink at
Cummins has introduced a new series of transmissions for high-power pumping applications in
the oil and gas and well-servicing industries. The new QTR series transmissions will be capable
of up to 1668 hp (2237 kW) and will be available packaged with Cummins QSK50 or QSK60 en-
gines or as stand-alone transmissions.
Two
Cummins shifts Gears
New QTR Transmissions Designed to Team with QSK
Engines for Oil and Gas, Well-Servicing Applications
By Mike Brezonick
CT664.indd 1 4/26/11 11:23:21 AM
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S2W Contracting LLC has carved its
own deep gouge into a niche market
the precision installation of Aerial
compressors for Caterpillar/Ariel pack-
ages at pipeline compressor stations
and storage facilities.
The company said that 100 of the
Caterpillar G16CM34/Ariel KBB/KBV/6
packages have been sold in the United
States and about 70 have been com-
missioned. Of the hundred packages,
S2W Contracting has installed the
Ariel compressors for 29 and has in-
spected the assembly of seven more.
The 11-employee company is based
in Weatherford, Texas, U.S.A, but pro-
vides service nationwide.
Owner Emmery Withee said S2Ws
latest project has been to set up nine
packages totaling 67,000 hp (50 MW)
at the Mansfield and Cheneyville com-
pressor stations on Acadian Gas LLCs
Haynesville Extension pipeline project
in Louisiana, U.S.A. Enerflex Ltd. pack-
aged the engines and compressors for
the stations.
Acadian is an intrastate line owned
66% by Duncan Energy Partners L.P.
and 34% by Enterprise Products Part-
ners L.P. Enterprise affiliates own 58%
of the common units of Duncan.
The 2.1 Bcfd (59.4 x 10
6
m
3
) Haynes-
ville Extension involves construction of
270 mi. (435 km) of 36 and 42 in. (910
and 1060 mm) pipe to move Haynes-
ville Shale natural gas from northwest-
ern Louisiana into southern Louisiana.
The line originates in Red River Par-
ish, Louisiana, southeast of Shreveport,
Louisiana, and terminates near Don-
aldsonville, Louisiana. Completion is
set for the third quarter of this year.
The project will make gas available
to 150 industrial and municipal custom-
ers on the Acadian system. It will also
supply markets in the eastern United
States through connections with a doz-
en interstate pipelines, including Flori-
da Gas Transmission Co. and Southern
Natural Gas Co. systems.
Withee is a compression industry
veteran who launched his company
four years ago. Since then it survived
the 2009 slowdown and has nearly tri-
pled its revenues each year.
S2W Contracting has managed the
commissioning of Enterprise compressor
stations in Texas; Midcontinent Express
Pipeline stations in Texas, Louisiana and
Mississippi, U.S.A.; Kinder Morgans salt-
dome storage project at Markham, Tex-
as; and Kinder Morgans storage facility
at Herscher, Illinois, U.S.A.
Withee recently opened an office at
Williamsport, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., to
serve the Marcellus Shale Play of the
northern Appalachian Basin.
Compressor InstallatIon
speCIalIst strIkes rIght BalanCe
S2W Contracting Sets Up Big Cat/Ariel Packages
By Patrick Crow
S2W workers preparing an Ariel KBV/6 for an Acadian pipeline station at Cheneyville, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Two
CT693.indd 1 4/26/11 5:10:53 PM
Generally, packagers install the units
they assemble. Sometimes a subcon-
tractor like S2W performs the services
for the final assembly or alignment of
compressors in the field.
Withee said, What makes us differ-
ent from some other firms is that be-
cause of our size, we can be extremely
flexible. Many larger companies in
the compressor industry have rewrit-
ten their business plans to include the
catch phrase personal service. Well,
everything we do is personalized. I
like to have my customers meet, know
and trust the people that work on their
projects. Im present at many of the
jobs, getting my hands dirty.
S2W has several areas of particular
expertise: the alignment of compres-
sors and turbines, the pouring of grout
for the placement of compressor pack-
ages, the leveling of machinery and
the installation of Caterpillar GCM 34
and Ariel KBB/KBV. The company
also specializes in the final field assem-
bly of 3600 Caterpillar with Ariel JGC/
JGD/KBZ compressors.
Withee said, Proper calibration and
solid foundations are the critical com-
ponents of our business. Compressors
are stationary objects, so their initial
leveling and alignment are crucial to
how the rest of the project unfolds.
Small mistakes in the beginning will be
magnified as the job progresses.
First, [the] level you use must be
properly calibrated. We use a peg test
a field calibration test that can be
performed on an optical tilting level in
about 30 minutes. Performing this test
is paramount because you need to be
able to trust your perspective. Second,
a high level of competence is neces-
sary to level the compressor. If you
start in the right direction, youll get
where you want to go without wasting
any time, he said.
Withee said, We operate our busi-
ness the same way we do things in the
field. We identify the most important
things and take care to ensure we do
them right the first time. Then we can
take strong, steady steps forward to
deliver a quality product on time at a
competitive price.
S2W has also branched out into the
aftermarket, offering preventive main-
tenance, troubleshooting and repair,
operations contracts and support and
engine top-end servicing.
Withee said, Ive assembled a team
of service mechanics who are very ex-
perienced some of them have spent
20 years working on gas compressors
and theyre capable of handling just
about any installation, maintenance or
troubleshooting issue. A
see directlink At
Elgin Fastener Group
Elgin Fastener Group (EFG) has hired
Dale Knotek as part of its management
team. Knotek will focus on engineering and
design assignments for the various EFG divi-
sions, working out of the companys head-
quarters in Versailles, Indiana, U.S.A. Knotek
brings 33 years of fastener industry experi-
ence to EFG, having served as an industrial
engineer and design consultant to the auto-
motive, hardware, construction, military and
specialty fastener markets.
WEG Electric
WEG Electric Corp., a global provider
of industrial electrical technologies, an-
nounced that David A. Pipes, president
of WEG Electric, will retire at the end of
June this year. Peter Barry, the current
vice president of sales, will assume that
position on July 1. Barry has been with
WEG for more than 18 years, serving in
various sales roles and management ca-
pacities. Allen Graham, who currently
serves as an area manager for the south
central region, will fill Barrys position.
Celso Siebert, WEG S.A. managing
director for the United States and Randy
Connolly and Mauro Mendes, both vice
presidents of sales, will remain in their
current positions.
National Fuel Gas Company
National Fuel Gas Co. has sold its land-
fill gas business to Toro Energy GP II LLC,
Toro Energy Holdings II LP and another
undisclosed buyer.
This transaction, coupled with the pre-
viously announced agreement to sell our
sawmill operations, demonstrates our com-
mitment to National Fuels core businesses,
including the development of the Marcellus
Shale and the construction of key pipeline
infrastructure projects throughout the Appa-
lachian region, said David F. Smith, chair-
man and CEO.
National Fuels wholly owned subsid-
iary Horizon LFG Inc. had operated the
companys landfill gas business. It owned
and operated seven short-distance land-
fill gas pipeline companies that purchase,
process, transport and resell landfill gas to
customers in six states.
Two
exline.indd 1 4/15/11 11:29:19 AM
Industry News CompressorTech
Two
hdfmdg
CT693.indd 2 4/26/11 5:11:09 PM
For almost four decades, the con-
tinued improvement in the nations
air quality can most significantly be
attributed to the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards, or NAAQS,
as administered by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA). The
ambient standards resulting from
the Clean Air Act have driven the imple-
mentation of a host of air quality regula-
tory programs at both the state and fed-
eral level. How the trickle-down effect
of the NAAQS impacts environmental
requirements specific to stationary re-
ciprocating internal combustion engines
(RICE) is a topic of concern for RICE
owners and operators across many in-
dustries, most notably for oil and natural
gas operations.
The EPA has established NAAQS for
six different constituents, collectively re-
ferred to as criteria air pollutants (CAPs).
These standards or ambient concentra-
tion threshold levels are set in terms
of parts per billion by volume (ppbv),
The Relevance of The naTional ambienT
aiR QualiTy STandaRdS, PaRT 1
An NAAQS Primer and What the Standards Mean to Engine-Centric Industries
By Jill Powell
Table 1. The primary and secondary standards are presented for all National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) criteria pollutants in this table
along with statistics on counties designated as either nonattainment or maintenance.
Two
Jill Powell is air compliance director at step2compliance, a firm offering emissions
compliance tools and services to assist the energy industry with air quality compliance
and data management. She holds a bachelors degree in physics (with an emphasis on
atmospheric physics) from the University of Colorado at Boulder. She has over 17 years of
experience in the field of regulatory air quality compliance and environmental informa-
tion system development. She has worked on projects for a variety of industries including
petroleum refineries, gas processing plants, compressor stations, surface coating opera-
tions, mining and steel production, but her career has focused on the natural gas indus-
try, including the production, gathering, processing and transmission sectors.
Editors note: This is Part 1 of a
3-part series on the relevance of the Na-
tional Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) on engine operators. Part 1
introduces the NAAQS, discusses how
they are defined and provides an up-
date on the eight-hour ozone standard
and changes just around the corner.
CT696.indd 1 4/26/11 5:24:22 PM
Were perfecting it.
We didnt invent
the compressor.
Ariel Corporation
35 Blackjack Road
Mount Vernon, OH 43050
www.arielcorp.com
012011_ariel_invented.indd 1 12/16/10 1:55 PM
Arial.indd 1 1/11/11 10:04:50 AM
parts per million by volume (ppmv),
mg/m
3
and/or g/m3 for ozone (O
3
),
nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), carbon monox-
ide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), particu-
lar matter (PM) and lead (Pb).
PM standards are defined accord-
ing to particle size: PM10 represents
all particulate matter less than 10 mi-
crons in diameter, while PM2.5 spe-
cifically covers all fine particulate less
than 2.5 microns in diameter. Con-
centrations stated in terms of ppbv
and ppmv differ by a factor of 1000,
so a standard of 80 ppbv is the same
as 0.080 ppmv for example. Units are
typically cast in terms of ppm or
ppb for NAAQS with the by-volume
qualifier implied.
CAPs of concern for the spark-
ignited (SI) RICE relied on extensively
by the natural gas industry include
NO
x
, CO and ozone as volatile organ-
ic compounds (VOCs), while diesel-
powered compression ignition (CI)
RICE emit not only these pollutants
but also SO
2
and PM, with the level
of significance varying depending on
diesel fuel sulfur content and exhaust
particulate controls.
The definition of VOC specifically
excludes methane and ethane, and is
really a subset of nonmethane hydro-
carbons (NMHCs) another way of
quantifying organic compounds in the
world of diesel engines.
Since ozone is not a pollutant that
is directly emitted but rather formed
through atmospheric chemical reactions,
the ground-level ozone standard most
significantly affects emission sources of
NO
x
and VOC that react with oxygen
and other compounds to form ozone in
the presence of sunlight and heat. These
constituents are therefore referred to as
ozone precursors and are regulated ac-
cordingly. Table 1 summarizes the cur-
rent primary standards under NAAQS,
the averaging period associated with
each and statistics on the number of af-
fected counties in the United States.
Long-term standards, such as the an-
nual standard for NO
2
, are intended
to protect human health and welfare
from the effects of chronic exposure,
while the short-term standards (one-
hour, eight-hour, etc.) address more
acute inhalation effects.
NAAQS are set by the EPA as both pri-
mary and secondary standards. The more
stringent primary standards are designed
to protect human health, while second-
ary standards protect human welfare that
encompasses damage to animals, crops
or buildings, for example.
For each criteria pollutant, all areas
of the United States are designated
as nonattainment, attainment, main-
tenance or unclassifiable. Nonattain-
ment areas include those areas where
ambient pollutant levels exceed the
applicable standards, while attain-
ment areas are areas that have been
found to meet the standards based on
data collected from state-run ambient
Two
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of oil and gas facilities relative to current eight-hour ozone nonattainment and maintenance areas within the
lower 48 states. View a larger version of this map at www.step2compliance/NAAQS.
CT696.indd 2 4/26/11 5:23:46 PM
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monitoring networks. Maintenance
areas include those attainment areas
that were previously designated as
nonattainment (with some preven-
tive regulatory measures instituted
to guard against backsliding), and
unclassified areas encompass those
areas where there is insufficient
monitoring data available to make a
defendable determination.
In the case of certain CAPs, such
as ozone, an areas nonattainment or
maintenance status is further catego-
rized as marginal, moderate, seri-
ous, severe or extreme according
to the extent of the NAAQS violation.
In addition to these categories, others
used to describe maintenance areas
are named according to triggered EPA
legal citations such as Section 185A
or Former Subpart 1.
Every five years, EPA is required by
the Clean Air Act to review the nation-
al standards in light of the most recent
available data and scientific informa-
tion. Each standard is then either re-
tained or modified in accordance with
the results of the review. Revised
NAAQS limits invariably translate into
stricter state emissions-based require-
ments for that particular pollutant and
its precursors.
It typically takes EPA two years from
the date a new standard is finalized
to complete new nonattainment and
attainment/maintenance designations.
States have one year from the stan-
dards promulgation to influence those
designations through recommenda-
tions. Additional time is then allowed
for the modification of state implemen-
tation plans (SIPs). These SIPs consti-
tute the blueprint for future state regu-
lations requiring additional controls,
emissions limits and/or other permit-
ting restrictions by source type.
The extent to which existing state
requirements are tightened is propor-
tional to the degree to which reduc-
tions in ambient pollutant concentra-
tions are needed to reach acceptable
NAAQS levels. For instance, far more
restrictive NO
x
/VOC emissions control
and trading provisions are required in
Two
Figure 2. A comparison of present and future eight-hour ozone nonattainment areas based on the most conservative assumption of a 75 ppb
strengthened ozone standard. The final revised ozone standard may indeed come in lower (from 60 to 70 ppb). View a larger version of this map at
www.step2compliance/NAAQS.
an extreme eight-hour ozone nonat-
tainment area such as Riverside, Cali-
fornia, U.S.A., as opposed to a mar-
ginal nonattainment area like the San
Francisco Bay area.
NAAQS represent the most funda-
mental driving force behind future
regulatory changes that will determine
geographically dependent emissions
compliance obligations in the coming
years. Therefore, staying informed on
the recent status of EPA actions for each
of the RICE-relevant criteria pollutants
can help shed light on what engine-
centric industries might reasonably an-
ticipate in terms of new requirements
to be imposed by facility location and
engine configuration or history.
The ozone NAAQS is a good place
to begin speculation, as this particu-
lar ambient standard clearly has the
most profound impact on stationary
RICE as a controlled source category.
As shown in Table 1, ozone ranks
first among all CAPs for the num-
ber of counties designated as either
CT696.indd 3 4/26/11 5:25:09 PM
Answers for energy.
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Siemens.indd 1 4/26/11 12:44:58 PM
52 CompressorTech
Two
nonattainment or maintenance. Figure 1 provides a visual
snapshot showing the geographical distribution of oil and
gas facilities in the lower 48 states relative to current eight-
hour ozone nonattainment and maintenance areas.
In March 2008, EPA tightened the primary eight-hour
ozone standard down to 75 ppb from 80 ppb, but a stay
of this revision was later executed in September 2009, es-
sentially voiding the change temporarily. Soon after, an
eight-hour standard of 60 to 70 ppb was proposed in Janu-
ary 2010, but the court-ordered deadline for finalizing that
standard was extended from December 2010 to July 2011.
So, although the former standard of 80 ppb is presently
in force today, we can expect it to be lowered by Au-
gust 2011. Projecting the NAAQS implementation schedule
based on this six-month extension, the effective date of
the new ozone nonattainment designations would be ex-
pected around August 2012, with SIPs due to the EPA from
all states by the end of 2014. States would be required to
comply with that new standard as early as 2015.
Figure 2 is a map that has been produced from the state
activity that was passed up to the EPA with various gover-
nors recommendations. The map shows a near doubling of
nonattainment counties if the new ozone standard is released
at 75 ppb. The proposal is based upon the supposition that
the new standard will be set between 60 and 70 ppb, which
makes this mapping exercise somewhat conservative.
By understanding what is happening today on the NAAQS
front, RICE owners and operators can be better prepared to
plan for tomorrow. Using NAAQS as your fortuneteller to pre-
dict future emissions-based regulatory changes can keep you
a step ahead of the competition in industries where station-
ary RICE play a critical role. This will be the focus of Part 2 of
this series. A
KIENE
DIESEL ACCESSORIES, INC.
Telephone: 1-800-264-5950 Fax: 630-543-5953
E-mail: info@kienediesel.com Website: www.kienediesel.com
KIENE INDICATOR VALVES
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THE CV-SERIES INDICATOR VALVES ARE DESIGNED SPECIFI-
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Kiene 1/4 ad 5/22/02 2:05 PM Page 1
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held instrumentation with the New E4400 analyzer
that is ideal for emissions monitoring including quarterly
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Phone: 215-750-1212
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Einstruments2.indd 1 7/30/10 8:57:08 AM
Two
EagleBurgmann
Stefan Sacr has become the chief ex-
ecutive officer of the management board of
EagleBurgmann, Germany, a manufacturer
of industrial sealing technology. Sacr as-
sumes the duties of Christoph Mosmann,
who moved to the management board of
the Freudenberg Group in Weinheim, Ger-
many. Sacr has held positions in various
executive and managerial functions in Eu-
rope and Japan with Sick AG and Bosch
Rexroth AG.

Capstone Turbine
Capstone Turbine Corp., a provider of microturbine energy
systems, has named Robert C. Gleason as its senior vice presi-
dent, program management, effective April 6. Capstone created
the new position to aid with its cost reduction programs, reli-
ability improvement initiatives and U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) programs.
Before joining Capstone, Gleason spent more than 17 years in
program management, project engineering and business develop-
ment in high technology companies such as Parker Hannifin and
Aero-Motive Co.
Capstone has new product developments under way, which in-
clude a flexible fuel microturbine that runs on agricultural syngas,
an externally fired solar-powered microturbine and an effort to
increase the output of the C200 microturbine to 335 hp (250 kW)
and use the new C250 as part of a new multistage C370 product.
S. Sacr
CT696.indd 4 4/26/11 5:25:30 PM
GE Energy
GE has entered into an agreement to pur-
chase about 90% of Converteam, Massey,
France, a provider of electrification and
automation equipment and systems. GE is
purchasing the company from a control-
ling shareholder group that includes man-
agement, Barclays Private Equity and LBO
France for approximately US$3.2 billion.
Converteams senior management will hold
the remaining 10% stake in the company,
while GE purchases the remaining shares
over the next two to five years.
Converteams portfolio includes drivers
and other power electronics, advanced ro-
tating machines, generators and controls.
The product range converts electricity into
mechanical performance to power and
control motion or industrial assets such
as natural gas pipelines and gas gathering
compressors; turns mechanical power into
grid-quality electricity in wind turbine,
thermal power or hydro power installa-
tions; and adjusts electrical frequency to
precise user requirements such as in solar
power inverters.
Atlas Copco Compressors
Atlas Copco Compressors named Andrew
Walker as its general manager for U.S. op-
erations, which be-
came effective March
1. Walker succeeded
Paul Hense, who left
for a new position
within the Atlas Cop-
co Airpower Division
after nearly four years
in the United States
as general manager,
overseeing several
acquisitions and new
building projects during this time.
Walker, who joined Atlas Copco in
1986, has held various positions in after-
market and equipment sales and manage-
ment, both in Ireland and the U.K. before
moving to Belgium.
In 2001, he was named the aftermarket
marketing manager for the Industrial Air
Division, and then appointed vice presi-
dent of marketing Equipment for the
Industrial Air Division in 2005. In 2007,
he became general manager for the Cus-
tomer Center in Ireland.
NEA Compressor Day
Neuman & Esser Group will host NEA
Compressor Day on May 19 in bach-
Palenberg, Germany. The event brings
in energy experts from across the globe
to NEAs headquarters for the technical
symposium, which gives visitors a look at
current product innovations and ideas for
the future. Those interested can register by
calling +49 2451 481 505 or visiting www.
eneargy.com/compressorday.
Flowserve
Flowserve Corp., a provider of flow
control products and services for the
global infrastructure markets, has joined
the ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute
(WCI) as a supplier member.
Joining the ISA100 WCI gives us access
to a technical and user ecosystem that en-
ables us to accelerate our ISA100.11a prod-
uct offerings, said Scott Wilkerson, senior
product portfolio manager of Flowserve.
Recently, the ISA100 WCI discussed the
results of its Wireless Plugfest a struc-
See directLink At www.compreSSortech2.com
MAy 2011 53 CompressorTech
Two
Two
R u g g e d R e l i a b l e A c c u r a t e
Results Oriented
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The ECOM EN2 emission analyzer is a perfect example of industry
standard technology. Compact and easy to use, its designed to maintain
and trouble shoot commercial and industrial combustion systems like
boilers, fuel red reciprocating engines and turbines. The EN2 measures
O
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and even CO
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. Insist on results you can bank on.
Call us, or visit our website today.
Ecom.indd 1 4/15/11 1:09:54 PM
A. Walker
tured program conducted periodically
to confirm interoperability of wireless
products certified to the open ISA100.11a
standard. Hosted by National Technical
Services, an independent third-party engi-
neering, testing and certification company,
test engineers were able to demonstrate
interoperability of ISA100.11a-based field
devices, provisioning devices and gate-
ways, confirming the technical capability,
openness, ease of use and interoperability
capabilities demanded by ISA100.11a us-
ers, the organization said.
IndustryNews.indd 1 4/26/11 5:27:55 PM
Charter International plc has agreed
to acquire Thomassen Compression
Systems BV for 100 million to com-
plement the range of compressors in
its Howden division.
Michael Foster, Charters chief ex-
ecutive, said, This is a transforma-
tional deal for Howden. Thomassen
will make Howden a leading pres-
ence in the supply of engineered
compressors, in particular to the oil
and gas and petrochemical indus-
tries. In addition, the acquisition will
increase its revenues generated in
higher growth economies and from
the aftermarket.
He said that combining Howden
and Thomassen will increase Charters
adjusted earnings per share this year
and will generate synergies totaling at
least 5 million per year by 2014 and
continuing to increase thereafter.
Bob Cleland, Howden chief execu-
tive, said his divisions activities in the
refining and petrochemical sector have
been underweight compared to its core
market of power generation. It is part
of our strategy to widen our range of
products used in performance-critical
applications in key global infrastruc-
ture industries, he said.
Howden said its compressor range,
which includes screw, centrifugal tur-
bo, diaphragm and horizontal piston
compressors, is an increasingly impor-
tant part of its portfolio.
Thomassen, based in the Nether-
lands, focuses on manufacturing and
servicing custom-made horizontal re-
ciprocating piston compressors. Like
the Howden range, these are highly
engineered, large-scale products, but
with pressures up to 8700 psi (600 bar)
and power up to 33,525 hp (25 MW).
They are designed for high power ap-
plications, primarily in the oil refining
and petrochemical industries. Thom-
assen supplied what it believes to be
the worlds largest API 618 compres-
sor for hydrogen compression to Jam-
nagar, India, in 2008.
The compression of hydrogen is the
primary application for high-specifica-
tion, horizontal-piston compressors.
Howdens range and experience is
primarily for lower powers of up to
1314 hp (1 MW) and Thomassens is
for the higher power ranges.
Frans Bisseling, Thomassen man-
aging director, said, Thomassen will
remain the company you can trust
for heavy-duty, low-speed process
gas reciprocating compressors, re-
lated aftermarket services and the
servicing of centrifugal compressors
and steam turbines.
Thomassen has 280 employees. It
will continue to operate from Rheden,
Netherlands, as a stand-alone business.
Howden has nearly 3800 employees
and operates in 17 nations.
Charter said the combination of
Howden and Thomassen creates a
global company supplying a wider
range of compressors opening
market opportunities not currently
available to either firm. It said sig-
nificant benefits will come from
Howdens ability to extend Tho-
massens presence in China and
other markets where sales have
been limited, and from Thomassen
sharing access to Howdens global
sourcing capabilities.
Thomassen had a record year in
2010, reflecting high levels of orders
in 2008. Revenues were 141.7 mil-
lion, up from 94.0 million in 2009,
and profits before tax were 20.0 mil-
lion, up from 11.3 million in 2009.
At the end of 2010, Thomassen had
an order book of 133.1 million, com-
pared with 167.5 million in late 2009
and 207.9 million on Dec. 31, 2008.
Taking into account movements in
the order book, Charter expects 2011
to represent the trough of Thomas-
sens revenue and profit cycle, fol-
lowing which a strong recovery is
expected, Charter said.
It said the acquisition is part of
Charters strategy for growing How-
den through developing its compres-
sor business, improving its position
in higher growth nations and further
developing its aftermarket presence.
As part of this strategy, Charter will
continue to diversify Howdens business
away from the supply of new equip-
ment to the coal-fired power industry,
which provided only 24% of Howdens
revenue in 2010, compared with 42% in
2005, the company said. A
see directlink at
Howden Buying THomassen
Compression for 100 million
Purchase of Dutch Firm Will Complement
Howdens Compressor Range
Thomassen supplied this large C85.6 compressor for a low-density polyethylene plant at
MapTa Phut, Thailand.
Two
CT686.indd 1 4/25/11 4:42:06 PM
CECO.indd 1 4/15/11 11:42:57 AM
Gas & Oil Expo
The 2011 Gas & Oil Expo & Conference
will gallop into Calgary, Alberta, Canada,
from June 7-9.
The convention, to be held at Cal-
garys Stampede Park, bills itself as North
Americas world-class energy event. It
will focus on industry developments in
Canada, United States and Mexico, and
on the latest technology for produc-
ing conventional and unconventional
gas and oil.
Sponsors expect the Gas & Oil Expo to
draw more than 500 exhibitors and 20,000
registered attendees. Courses will be of-
Planning Ahead CompressorTech
Two
As the heat of summer begins to build, the June
issue of COMPRESSORTech
Two
will address the
two hottest issues facing the compression industry.
Weve written many times on the development of
nontraditional natural gas and new emissions lim-
its for stationary engines. However, new develop-
ments keep unfolding.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration re-
cently reported that the hot Barnett Shale gas play in
North Texas, U.S.A., has been surpassed by the even
hotter Haynesville Shale play in northern Louisiana,
U.S.A. The Marcellus shale, which covers several states
in the northern Appalachian Basin, has the potential
to eclipse both of them.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency has compressor operators scrambling to en-
sure that their stationary reciprocating internal com-
bustion engines (RICE) meet new hazardous air pol-
lutant emissions limits. (See COMPRESSORTech
Two
,
October 2010, p. 70.)
The final compliance deadline is not until Oct. 19,
2013, but a number of firms have begun offering spe-
cialized RICE testing services for owners of compres-
sion packages.
Coming in June
fered on subjects including unconvention-
al gas, coalbed methane and shale gas,
heavy oil processes, oil sands mining and
processing, primary heavy oil, thermal and
steam-assisted gravity drainage technolo-
gies, and unconventional gas.
COMPRESSORTech
Two

will exhibit at the conference.
Show details are at
www.gasandoilexpo.com.
Energy Exposition 2011
The Energy Exposition 2011 is sched-
uled June 15-16 at the Cam-Plex Center in
Gillette, Wyoming, U.S.A.
More than 100 companies have prereg-
istered to exhibit at the annual show.
Presentations are planned on an array
of energy topics. They include the devel-
opment of coalbed methane and produc-
tion from the Niobrara Shale play in the
Denver-Julesburg Basin, where the bor-
ders of Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming and
South Dakota, U.S.A., abut.
Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead has been in-
vited to speak at Energy Exposition 2011.
COMPRESSORTech
Two

will exhibit at the conference.
Show details are at
www.energyexpostition.com.
CT682.indd 1 4/26/11 11:24:21 AM
The JKU Hoerbiger Research Insti-
tute for Smart Actuators was officially
opened in 2010. That marked the start
of the cooperation between Hoerbig-
er, a specialist in compression, auto-
mation and drive technology, and the
Johannes Kepler University in Linz,
Austria, home of a leading research
organization for electric drives and
mechatronic systems under its faculty
of Natural Sciences and Engineering.
Within the Hoerbiger Group, smart
actuators play a key role across all stra-
tegic business units, since they apply
to compression, automation and drive
technologies. Dr. Martin Komischke,
the companys CEO, said, Smart ac-
tuators relate to fluid technology, hy-
draulics, piezo technology, electronics
and sensor solutions with an out-
standing market potential.
The aim of the JKU Hoerbiger Re-
search Institute is to work in concert
with all stakeholders and merge the
interests of academic institutions with
those of the industry.
Embedded into the broad research
landscape of the JKU, the Institute
will systematically pursue the target
objective of Hoerbiger: to engage in
research topics with lasting relevance
for the company, thoroughly attend to
them and ensure the necessary tech-
nology transfer, said Dr. Wolfgang
Amrhein, professor and board member
of the JKU Institute for Electrical Drives
and Power Electronics.
Smart actuators are electric drives that
through the use of sensors and elec-
tronics are able to actively adapt to a
wide variety of factors, such as internal
or external interference, temperature
fluctuations or load interferences.
The first research projects initiated
by Hoerbiger at JKU will be dedicated
to the early detection of damage to
compressors and gas engines, the de-
velopment of highly dynamic actuators
for the control of engines and turbines,
as well as the electrical operation of
compression valves.
In addition, the team will work on
systems that will limit the emissions of
pollutants by large-bore engines within
tight tolerances in extreme situations,
such as during rapid load changes.
Smart actuators are already at the
basis of several technologies within
the product portfolio of the Hoerbiger
Group. For example, the HydroCOM
system that was developed by Hoerbiger
Compression Technology employs
mechatronics to continuously and ef-
ficiently control the gas throughput of
reciprocating compressors.
In the oil and gas industry, reciprocat-
ing compressors are indispensable for
many processes and often have an in-
put power of several megawatts. In such
applications, the infinitely variable con-
trol characteristic of intelligent actuators
leads to significant power savings that
are comparable to the output of large
wind turbines, according to Hoerbiger.
Hoerbigers smart actuators are also
used in monitoring systems, such as
the companys RecipCOM New Gen-
eration, which delivers continuous au-
tomatic compressor monitoring.
Intelligent actuators can be used in
many applications. They are the basis of
efficient and reliable management of in-
dustrial engines within Hoerbigers new
business segment, Engine Solutions. The
companys Drive Technology division is
working on electric and electrohydraulic
solutions for mobile vehicles. That work
will lead to products that deliver greater
mileage while reducing fuel consump-
tion through the use of intelligent sup-
port of the shifting process.
Hoerbiger said the development of its
double-clutch system presents important
starting points for the combined use of
electronic control and the hydraulic op-
eration of a clutch.
Dr. Peter Steinrck, director of cor-
porate research and development for
Hoerbiger Holding AG, underlined
the importance of the Linz location
for the global orientation of the Hoer-
biger Group, Ingenuity is one of
the sustained strengths of the Euro-
pean economy. Our cooperation with
the Johannes Kepler University will
provide new technological impetus,
which will allow the Hoerbiger Group
to preserve its European focus and, at
the same time, take advantage of the
opportunities that the new markets in
Asia present. A
Leap in Smart actuatorS reSearch
Johannes Kepler University and Hoerbiger Will Both Benefit from Sponsorship
of the JKU Hoerbiger Research Institute for Smart Actuators
By Roberta Prandi
(Left) Hoerbiger RecipCOM
technology: fast transmit-
ter interface modules (TIMs)
collect the operating data of
the reciprocating compres-
sor obtained remotely by
sensors and forward it to
the equipment operator for
evaluation. (Right) Demon-
stration compressor and Re-
cipCOM new generation
shown at the Achema 2009.
Two
CT676.indd 1 4/25/11 4:45:49 PM
Miratech Corp., a designer and man-
ufacturer of emissions control products,
has hired several staff members to work
at its Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A. head-
quarters. Miratechs products, which
include nonselective and selective
catalytic reduction (NSCR and SCR)
systems, silencers, exhaust piping and
diesel particulate filters (DPFs), are de-
signed for users of industrial engines
throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Lance Waltrip joined the company
as a product design engineer. He will
focus on product design and custom
engineering to meet customer needs,
the company said. Prior to this role,
Waltrip was the lead staff engineer at
Flowserve in Tulsa. Carlos Otin will
serve as a Miratech field service tech-
nician, providing technical field ser-
vice, new equipment commissioning
support and customer training for all
Miratech product lines. He formerly
worked as a software tester for Vlingo
Corp. in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
U.S.A., and as a technical engineer
for Siemens S.A. in Spain, where he
gained a background in automation/
Miratech hires staff for
tulsa headquarters
Positions Include Marketing Director, Field Service
Technician, Product Design Engineer
By DJ Slater
Two
Miratech Corp. recently announced several new hires. They are: (from left to right) Gary Keefe, Don Riker, Lance Waltrip, Carlos Otin and
Bruce Billman.
control and communications systems.
Gary D. Keefe has joined the com-
pany as a marketing director. Before
joining Miratech, Keefe worked as
a manager of reciprocating engine
products at EmeraChem in Knoxville,
Tennessee, U.S.A. Miratech appointed
Don Riker as its vice president of busi-
ness services. Riker will oversee hu-
man resources, accounting and man-
agement information systems. Riker, a
certified public accountant, served as
the vice president of finance, admin-
istration and information technology
at Pyramid Real Estate Services before
joining Miratech.
Bruce Billman rounds out the new
hires, joining the company as a serv-
ice technician. His responsibilities
include commissioning new SCR sys-
tems and providing technical service
for all Miratech products. Before join-
ing Miratech, Billman worked as a ser-
vice technician in the South Florida,
U.S.A, area for JLG Industries. A
see directlink At
Petrochemical, Gas Processing, Refineries
P
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E
Oilfree crosshead piston compressors for downstream
applications are used in gas process technology and
petrochemical industry. They are optimized for the media,
adapted to performance, working highly efficient and are
conformed to ATEX-regulations.
You are in charge for the gas process.
We supply the matching compressor.
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Phone +49 (0)7433 2605-0, Fax +49 (0)7433 2605-41
E-Mail info@mehrer.de, Web www.mehrer.de
Mehrer.indd 1 4/7/11 3:22:18 PM
CT687.indd 1 4/26/11 11:27:35 AM
Several compressor manufacturers
have long been engaged in the devel-
opment of compressors to be operated
on the seafloor. Announcements have
been made regarding the development
of new machines about tests of pro-
totypes on the achievement of pre-
defined goals and more. That activity
was focused on demonstrating that a
compressor system can reliably oper-
ate maintenance free for a minimum
period of five years. The challenge cre-
ated a technological logjam.
Now, Statoil has on behalf of the
partners in the sgard license award-
ed the EPC contract to Aker Solutions
and broken that jam. Aker Solutions
of Norway has granted MAN Diesel &
Turbo the first order for two compres-
sion systems to be actually placed in
service in waters about 984 ft. (300 m)
deep over the sgard/Midgard gas field
in the North Sea, 124 mi. (200 km) from
mid-Norway and 31 mi. (50 km) south
of Statoils Heidrun field.
The sgard fields estimated reserves
equal 830 MMbbl of oil, 94 MMbbl of
condensate and 74.9 Bcf (2.12 x 10
9
m
3
)
of natural gas. Natural gas production
is estimated to reach a plateau of 424
Bcfy (12 x 10
9
m
3
/yr) with a declining
pressure that will require compression
at the wellhead after 2014.
The sgard subsea compression sys-
tem is going to be assembled at Aker
Solutions in Egersund, Norway, and
then submerged on the seafloor over
the reservoir.
MAN Diesel & Turbo will supply
sgard subsea Compression system going ahead
MAN Secures First Subsea Compressor Order for Commercial Application
By Roberto Chellini
Two compression systems will be installed on the seafloor and operated in parallel.
Each system consists of a HOFIM RB 45-7 compressor integrally driven by a MAN
Diesel & Turbo variable speed electric motor type M43 powered by variable speed
drives (VSDs).
Two
CT706.indd 1 4/26/11 2:46:43 PM
WescoValve.qxp 7/24/09 11:38 AM Page 1
four single HOFIM RB 45-7 compres-
sors integrally driven by a MAN Diesel
& Turbo variable speed electric motor
type M43 powered by variable speed
drives (VSDs). (See a detailed descrip-
tion in CompressorTech
Two
, December
2010). The VSDs will be installed on
the sgard A platform and connected
through a 31 mi. (50 km) long high-
voltage, high-frequency line. The com-
pressor order also includes extensive
service assistance.
Each motor-compressor will be as-
sembled in a compression module, in
turn assembled in a subsea compres-
sion system under the responsibility of
Aker Solutions. Two compression sys-
tems will be installed on the seafloor
and operated in parallel. One motor-
compressor will be kept onshore (Sta-
toil Krst K-Lab) as reserve and one
for further testing purposes.
The first of the four compressors
will be factory tested in Zurich, Swit-
zerland, and delivery to the customer
is scheduled for 2012. The pilot will
be assembled by Aker Solutions in
the compression module, which will
be submitted to submerged tests in a
pool at Statoil Krst. The procedure
will follow the flow path used to test in
2008-2010, in the same pool, the new
MAN motors developed to be cooled
with wellhead untreated natural gas.
The test of the pilot compressor may
suggest minor improvements to be in-
corporated into the three further units
under construction in Zurich.
One thing worth mentioning is that
the HOFIM compressor is a standard ma-
chine for MAN, manufactured in over 70
units for topside application with down-
stream gas used as motor cooling fluid.
Furthermore, the unit was tested for
three years at K-lab.
The main design characteristics are:
capacity, 15 MMcfh (425,000 Nm
3
/
hr) untreated natural gas;
inlet pressure, maximum 943 psi
(65 bara);
discharge pressure, maximum 1780
psi (123 bara);
absorbed power, 13,400 hp (10,000
kW);
The test loop at the MAN high-speed compressor test facility.
CT706.indd 2 4/27/11 3:01:27 PM
1. 855. 463. 7427 | www. gtexhaust. com
IN THIS INDUSTRY.
GT EXHAUST A200 SERI ES:
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A LITTLE NOISE
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25-35 dB(A) | 5100 & NEW
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On average 30% smaller
NEW 5100+ Unit: Improved
pricing over original 5100, with up
to 12% improved attenuation
14-25 dB(A) | 2100 & 4100
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Improved attenuation on many
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PERFORMANCE RELIABILITY
A200
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VALUE
A200
GTE_200 Series.indd 1 4/26/11 2:06:37 PM
nominal speed, 6850 rpm (100%);
and
motor operating range, 30 to 105%
nominal speed.
The compressor features seven im-
pellers wrapped inside a bundle placed
in a steel casing designed for 3190 psi
(220 bar) pressure and directly bolted
to the motor casing to form a single-
sealed barrel. The motor compressor
shaft is supported by three active mag-
netic bearings, two placed at the two
sides of the electric motor and one at
the end of the compressor rotor.
Inside the HOFIM, the basic design is
very similar to the standard compressors
used for topside applications that the
company has manufactured since 1989.
The differences are in the interface of
the HOFIM with the total system, from
the cable jumpers to the control cabi-
net. For example, casing penetrators
have been conventionally designed for
topside application and are capable
of withstanding a pressure from in-
side the casing toward the outside. In
a subsea application, the pressure at
standstill is in the opposite direction
and requires special design, testing
and approval. Each small detail has to
be reconsidered and carefully tested to
avoid failures because the module will
be submerged in water too deep for
divers and accessible only via remotely
operated underwater vehicle (ROV).
The qualification system for subsea
components compared with those de-
signed for topside application is simi-
lar to what NASA undergoes to qualify
aviation components originally devel-
oped for airplane application for use
on the shuttle in space.
The aim of the pipeline operator is
to maintain the same discharge pres-
sure in the pipeline even as the suction
pressure unavoidably falls with the
progressive depletion of the reservoir.
The compression system has been
designed with several characteristics that
will allow it to achieve this target without
major changes. Obviously, it is not pos-
sible to increase the number of compres-
sor impellers without changing the shaft
length and thus the casing. However, it
is possible to change their characteristics
and fit them on the same shaft impellers
featuring a different internal geometry.
Changing the operating characteristics
of the motor is even more practical. The
M43 motor has a design power of 18
MW at a speed of 10,000 rpm. In the s-
gard application, it is used at a very con-
servative rating of 10 MW and approxi-
mately 7000 rpm (7200 rpm [105%]). By
increasing the operating speed by 3000
rpm, it is possible to nearly double the
compression ratio without modifying
the compressor casing while maintain-
ing comfortable safety margins. Another
option is to operate two compressors in
series. This can be done either using the
two modules installed on the seafloor in
series or adding a second compressor
casing to the original HOFIM (tandem).
MAN has already supplied several
tandem HOFIMs for topside operation.
In this case, the motor is positioned in
the middle of the two compressor cas-
ings driving the compressor shafts cou-
pled on both ends of the motor shaft.
The system features only one addi-
tional magnetic bearing on the second
compressor shaft end. The axial thrust
of the added compressor will partially
compensate the axial thrust of the first
compressor reducing the load on
the thrust bearing and the electric mo-
tor power and torque reserve is more
than sufficient to drive the new high-
pressure casing.
The customer has not decided, for
the time being, how to proceed, but
these are the options offered by the
flexibility of the HOFIM system.
The first two subsea modules will be
taken to site in 2014 and the refurbish-
ing for sliding inlet pressure will apply
only after 2020. Experience acquired
during the first five years of operation
will give practical guidelines for future
refurbishing of the whole system.
With the sgard order, the era of sub-
sea compression has thus started. a
see directlink At
CT706.indd 3 4/27/11 3:02:34 PM
Graphite Rupture Discs
Oseco has developed a new line of
graphite rupture discs designed for highly
corrosive gas and liquid processes. The
GraphiTech line is available in three con-
figurations: the GraphiTech Monoblock
(GTM), the GraphiTech Monoblock with
Vacuum Support (GTMV) and the Graphi-
Tech Inverted (GTI). GraphiTech discs are
all constructed using corrosive resistant,
resin-impregnated graphite, and include
non-asbestos inlet and outlet gaskets, the
company said. The GTM is available for
general applications that require a rupture
disc to withstand corrosive chemicals. The
GTMV is designed for the same corrosive
processes that need vacuum protection,
which can be required on any ASME ves-
sel. The GTIs inverted disc is engineered
for jobs requiring a high burst pressure,
and also provides additional corrosive
protection with its available Teflon liner.
All models are available in sizes from 1 to
24 in. (25.4 to 610 mm), with ASME UD
stamps available.
see directlink at
Vertical-Mounting Heaters
Intertec Instru-
mentation has
introduced a new
series of slim-
line vertically
mounted electric
heaters for pro-
tecting sensitive
outdoor equip-
ment against low
temperatures in
hazardous areas
such as chemi-
cal, oil and gas
plants. Available in five variants, the finned
heaters are compact blocks with 2.4 in. (60
mm) profiles, making them suitable for
adjacent mounting to panels inside enclo-
sures. The design usually makes it easy for
engineers to use when configuring protec-
tive enclosures, cabinets and shelters for
field-based equipment, Intertec said.
The CP Megatherm heaters use the Ex d
(flameproof) protection principle and are
available for the T3 or T4 temperature class-
es, which restrict surface temperatures to a
maximum of 275 to 392F (135 to 200C)
respectively. A temperature indicator strip
is also attached to show potential problems
such as incorrect installation or misapplica-
tion at an early stage, the company said.
The heaters are approved to IEC and
other worldwide explosion-proof stan-
dards like ATEX, CSA, UL and GOST.
see directlink at
Miniscule Pump
Air Squared has developed the worlds
smallest continuous-duty, oil-free scroll
compressor. The 2 in. x 2.75 in. (5.08 cm
x 6.99 cm) unit delivers 48% efficiency
to meet the application requirements of
lightweight, battery-powered, low-noise
systems, such as durable medical equip-
ment, electronics, aerospace and military
gear. Inherently vibration free, the orbit-
ing scroll unit produces 1.32 gpm (5 L/
min) of pulse-free flow at up to 7 psig
(1.5 bar) discharge pressure. The compa-
ny said the diminutive compressors new
design eliminates the need for a dynamic
seal by using a traditional orbiting scroll
Two
Two
PERFORMANCE: The frst time, every time.
For top performance in critical applications, you need a partner with the right technology
and proven solutions to the industrys greatest challenges. Waukesha Bearings designs
and manufactures custom-engineered bearing solutions to exacting specifcations and
unmatched quality standards for performance you can trust.
LEAdiNg WiTh ENgiNEERiNg
Waukesha Bearings extensive range of
engineered hydrodynamic bearings, dampers
and seals are optimized for superior
performance...designed to meet the challenges
of high-load, high-speed applications.
We are proud to also offer the innovative,
patented technologies developed by KMC
,
including Flexure Pivot
bearings and Integral

Squeeze Film Dampers ( ISFD
).
waukeshabearings.com
WaukBearings.indd 1 3/18/11 10:48:34 AM
Visit www.compressortech2.com for answers.
Two
Cities in AfriCA
Abidjan
Abuja
Accra
Alexandria
Algiers
Antananarivo
Bamako
Benin
Brazzaville
Cairo
Cape Town
Casablanca
Conakry
Cotonou
Dakar
Dar es Salaam
Douala
Durbin
Fs
Freetown
Harare
Huambo
Ibadan
Johannesburg
Kaduna
Kampala
Kano
Khartoum
Kinshasa
Kumasi
Lagos
Luanda
Lubumbashi
Lusaka
Maiduguri
Maputo
Mbuji-Mayi
Mogadishu
Monrovia
Nairobi
Ndjamena
Ogbomosho
Oran
Ouagadougou
Port Elizabeth
Port Harcourt
Pretoria
Rabat
Tripoli
Tunis
Vereeniging
Yaound
Zaria
May_Puzzle.indd 1 4/26/11 11:29:54 AM
May 2011 63
Recent Orders
Natural Gas Producer Orders
Six More C65s from Capstone
Capstone Turbine Corp., a microtur-
bine manufacturer, has sold six addi-
tional C65s to a natural gas producer
whose current fleet of 49 Capstone
microturbines has exceeded 1 million
runtime hours.
The six C65 microturbines, which
will be installed in June, will expand
the producers mini grid system in New
Mexico, U.S.A.s San Juan Basin. They
will be part of a microturbine generation
station that provides power to pumping
and water transfer units at remote sites
through a complex underground elec-
trical system, Capstone said.
In Northern New Mexicos moun-
tains, wellsites are often located 5 mi.
(8 km) or more from a central facility.
The central facility is key to the pro-
duction process because it collects wa-
ter pumped from the ground at each
remote site. Traditionally, the water
has been hauled through the terrain
by truck to the central facility, mak-
ing the production process expensive,
Capstone said.
The microturbines will allow the
producer to pump water from tanks
at each wellsite to a central water dis-
posal facility, where the water is then
returned to the ground, eliminating the
need for water hauling.
In addition, less than three months
after announcing two orders totaling
12,069 hp (9 MW) for a large U.S. inde-
pendent oil and gas company, Capstone
received another follow-on order for six
C1000 power packages to be delivered
to the U.S. market later this year.
Capstone distributor Pumps & Serv-
ice, which secured the previous 12,069
hp (9 MW) order for projects operating
in the Eagle Ford Shale play in South
Texas, U.S.A., said it expects more or-
ders this year. The new order is the
sixth one Pumps & Service has placed
with Capstone in recent months for
units sold to large independent oil and
gas companies operating primarily in
the shale plays.
Capstone also received orders for
11 C1000s from its largest internation-
al distributor, BPC, in Russia. They
will be deployed in the Russian oil
and gas markets.
Rolls-Royce To Aid China
Pipeline Project
Rolls-Royce has received a US$65
million contract from PetroChina, an oil
and gas producer in China, to supply
compressor packages on the countrys
West-East Pipeline Project (WEPP).
The order consists of six RB211 gas
turbine compressor packages, which
will be installed on the WEPP Line 2.
The gas turbine units will be set up at
two new compressor stations along the
1500 mi. (2400 km) eastern section of
the line. They will join six RB211 units
currently being installed along the 1520
mi. (2450 km) western section and 19
RB211 compressor sets already in serv-
ice on the WEPP Line 1.
The WEPP is a natural gas pipe-
line that will soon have 45 Rolls-Royce
RB211 gas turbine compressor packages
installed on it and its associated feed and
branch lines, according to Rolls-Royce.
The WEPP Line 2 will have a total length
of 5505 mi. (8859 km), made up of one
main trunk line of 3019 mi. (4859 km)
and eight sub-lines. It will transport 1.0
Tcf (28 x 10
9
m) of natural gas every
year from reserves in Central Asia across
15 provinces to major regions such as
Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and
Hong Kong, Rolls-Royce said.
The centrifugal gas pipeline com-
pressors for the six new RB211 gas
turbine packages will be model RFBB-
36, also designed and manufactured
by Rolls-Royce. All of the equipment
for the WEPP Line 2 eastern section is
scheduled for delivery by the fourth
quarter of this year.
Converteam to Supply
Control Systems for PSVs
Converteam, a power conversion spe-
cialist, will supply its C-Series dynamic
position (DP)
control systems
for two platform
supply vessels
(PSVs) destined
for operation in
the oil and gas
fields of Russias
northern seas.
The two PSVs
are expected to be operational in 2012.
Transas Russian Fleet Ltd., which is
acting as supplier of integrated prod-
ucts for all major navigation and com-
munication systems to the shipyard,
Amurskiy Shipbuilding Factory in Kom-
somolosk-on-Amur, Russia, provided
the contract to Converteam. The ships
are under construction for Gazflot Ltd.,
the exploration and support subsidiary
of Russian oil giant Gazprom. A
BORSIG Compressor Parts
GmbH, a member of the BOR-
SIG Group, offers the following
product and service program:
Compressor Valves &
Reconditioning
Engineering &
Recalculation
Capacity Control
Systems
Condition Monitoring
in Real Time
Special Industrial
Solutions
Customer focus, innovative en-
gineering, highly qualified work-
force - BORSIG Compressor
Parts GmbH is your reliable part-
ner for reciprocating compressor
parts.
For more information,
please contact:
BORSIG Compressor
Parts GmbH
Lise-Meitner-Str. 10
D-24941 Flensburg
Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 461 / 9871-0
Fax: +49 (0) 461 / 9871-1
E-mail: info@cp.borsig.de
www.borsig.de/zm
Borsig.indd 1 4/14/11 1:23:21 PM
see directlink At
CT699.indd 1 4/27/11 3:26:03 PM
Company Name Page Number Company Name Page Number
Advertisers Index
May
ACI Services, Inc. .......................................................... 35
Altronic, Inc. ................................................................. 2-3
ARIEL ............................................................................ 47
AXH air-coolers ............................................................. 66
BG Service Co., Inc., The ............................................. 33
BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH ................................ 63
*Burckhardt Compression AG ........................................ 41
Camerons Compression Systems Group ................ 36-37
Catalytic Combustion Corporation .................................. 1
CECO, Compressor Engineering Corp. ........................ 55
*Cook Compression ......................................... Third Cover
*CPI, Compressor Products International ......................... 7
DCL International Inc. ..................................................... 5
*Dresser-Rand .................................................................. 9
DYNALCO ..................................................................... 67
ECOM America ............................................................. 53
E Instruments International ........................................... 52
Elliott Group ............................................... Second Cover
*Ellwood Crankshaft Group ............................................ 66
Exline, Inc. ..................................................................... 45
GTE Industries, Inc. ................................................ 31, 60
Hahn Manufacturing Company ..................................... 71
Harsco Industrial Air-X-Changers ................................. 11
*Hoerbiger Kompressortechnik Holding GmbH ......... 28-29
Josef Mehrer GmbH & Co. KG ...................................... 57
KB Delta Compressor Valve Parts Mfg. ........................ 15
Kiene Diesel Accessories, Inc. ...................................... 52
Kilowatts Design Company Inc. .................................... 25
MOTORTECH GmbH .................................................... 49
Murphy, FW .................................................. Fourth Cover
*Neuman & Esser Group ................................................ 43
PROGNOST Systems GmbH ....................................... 23
Rottler Manufacturing .................................................... 17
Siemens Oil & Gas ........................................................ 51
Sloan Brothers .............................................................. 70
SoftInWay, Inc. .............................................................. 71
Summit Industrial Products, Inc. ................................... 21
*Tech Transfer, Inc. ................................................... 18-19
Testo, Inc. ..................................................................... 39
Universal LLC ................................................................ 16
*Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH ................................. 27
Waukesha Bearings ...................................................... 61
Wesco Valve and Manufacturing Company .................. 59
* Further information on this companys products can be found
in the 2010 Edition of the Global Sourcing Guide (at GSGnet.net) and 2011 Compression Technology Sourcing Supplement (at CTSSnet.net).
My CoMpanys priMary Business is...
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Function is:
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OP Operating/
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Web: www.compressortech2.com Phone: +1 262-754-4121 Fax: +1 262-754-4175
Address: 20855 Watertown Road, Suite 220 Waukesha, WI 53186-1873
Natural Gas Production
Gas Gathering Company
Natural Gas Process Plant Operations
Gas Transmission Pipeline Compressor Operations
Natural Gas Storage Company
Chemical or Petrochemical Process Company
Refinery Operations
Consulting Engineers or Contractor
Distributing, Servicing and Overhauling Engines &
Compressors
74
77
70
72
75
73
76
91
54
63
65
40
41
62
99
Manufacturing Compressors
Manufacturing or Packaging Compression Sets
and Systems
Manufacturing Natural Gas or Dual-Fuel Engines
Manufacturing Gas & Steam Turbine Engines and
Gas Expanders
Manufacturing Industrial Power Transmission Products &
Compressor Components, Accessories & Control Systems
None of the above. My companys Business is:
yeS
m dIgItAl
or
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please send me
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COMPRESSOR
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and Applications
CT2_SubCrdAd_11.indd 1 1/5/11 3:17:24 PM CT2_May11_AdIndex.indd 1 4/27/11 3:27:09 PM
Marketplace CompressorTech
Two
Two
Custom Reprints Available
Articles in COMPRESSORTech
Two
can be re printed at a very reasonable
cost and used for effective direct
mail purposes, answering inquiries,
trade show distri bution and many
other sales development activities.
These re prints can be produced to
your specifi cations in one or multi-
color formats on selected paper in
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Layout production services are also
available. Contact Reprint Manager
for information.
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Distributor Wanted!
MC1C81LCP ls looklng for new dynamlc
dlsLrlbuLors ln followlng uS sLaLes:
IL, GA, SC, NC, VA, A, Cn, N, NI, MA
hone: (S04) 3SS 4212
www.moLorLechamerlcas.com
MotorTech Classified.indd 1 2/22/11 9:29:17 AM
EXPLOSION PROOF
AC&DC ENGINE STARTING SYSTEMS
STARTER MOTORS ALTERNATORS
SWITCHES CLASS I, DIV. 1&2, GROUP D
UNITED STATES ENERGY CORPORATION
1600 MISSILE WAY, ANAHEIM, CA 92801
(714) 871-8185 (714) 871-9229 FAX
WWW.USENERGYCORPORATION.COM
U.S. Energy Corp 1k x 1" 3/11/03 11:06 AM Page 1
CT2
Help Wanted... Used Equipment...
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Reach nearly 13,000 principals in the oil, gas and process business
every month in COMPRESSORTech
Two
Marketplace Classified Advertis-
ing Section. The Marketplace is a cost-effective way to look for new
people, rent or sell used equipment and promote your company and
products to the industry.
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minimum. No charge for typesetting. Classified advertising is non-
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COMPRESSORTech
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MARKETPLACE
CT2_May11_Mrktplc.indd 1 4/26/11 2:42:33 PM
66 CompressorTech
Two
Portable Emissions
Analyzer System
Testo has released a brochure
on its portable emission ana
lyzer system, the Testo 350.
The brochure includes a list
of features for each system
model and several photos of
its components, such as the
sampling probes and pitot
tubes. The brochure also has
ordering information, techni
cal data sheets and a gallery
of Testos combustion, pres
sure and IR/noncontact tem
perature analyzers.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Offshore Compressor
Capabilities
Burckhardt Compression de
tails its capabilities for recip
rocating compressors in the
offshore market in a newly
published brochure. The com
pany can provide compression
systems for several duties, such
as boiloff gas handling, fuel gas
for power generation, pipeline
supply, gas lift and reinjection.
Its compressors are modular in
design, which makes for fast
installation, Burckhardt said.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Gas
Compressors
LeROI Gas Compressors from
Rotary Compression Technolo
gies Inc. has prepared a docu
ment that provides benefits,
features and specifications of its
HGT17 and HGT24 Series two
stage rotary compressors. The
HGT17 Series features a speed
range of 750 to 3600 rpm and
400 bhp (298 kW), while the
HGT24 Series features a speed
range of 500 to 3600 rpm and
600 bhp (447 kW).
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Remote Monitoring
Equipment
M2M RMS, the remote moni
toring services arm of M2M
Data Corp., has published
literature on its RMS500
monitoring product. The lit
erature lists the features and
benefits of the product, as
well as a chart on the ser
vice products the RMS500 is
compatible with. A list of the
RMS500s specifications is
also included.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Product Information Center CompressorTech
Two
401 East Lowry, Claremore, Oklahoma 74017
(918) 283-9200 Fax (918) 283-9229
www.axh.com
AXHair-coolers AXHair-coolers
Continuing to Lead The Industry
with 286,000 SF of Manufacturing
Facilities on 38 Acres
AXHaircoolers_2lines.qxp 3/22/10 10:36 AM Page 1
We Manufacture and
Remanufacture the
Worlds Largest
Crankshafts
Ellwood Crankshaft Group
Irvine, PA, USA 16329
Hermitage, PA, USA 16148
1-800-247-1326
or 724-347-0250
ecgsales@elwd.com
www.ellwoodcrankshaftgroup.com
We Manufacture and
Remanufacture the
Worlds Largest
Crankshafts
Ellwood.qxp 1/27/10 11:51 AM Page 1
LIT.indd 1 4/27/11 3:43:51 PM
Anderson Clamp Hub
Coupling Corporation of
America has published a bro-
chure on the Anderson Clamp
Hub, a product designed
to allow users to carry high
torques without keys or ta-
pers, according to the compa-
ny. The brochure includes a
diagram of a couplings anat-
omy, its features, dimensions
and engineering data and a
list of ideal applications, such
as shaft-mounting gear and
actuator arms.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Turbine
Control Systems
Tarco Systems Inc., an indus-
trial automation and control
manufacturer in Calgary, Al-
berta, Canada, has released
a data sheet on its motivTCS
turbine control system, which
is configurable for almost any
gas turbine, according to the
company. The data sheet in-
cludes information on the
systems hardware, control
modes, protection system,
communications and its auxil-
iary system compatibility.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Automation, Instru-
mentation, Controls
Boss Packaging Inc., located in
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, man-
ufactures oil and gas instru-
mentation, controls and pack-
ing machinery. The company
has published a capability bro-
chure that details its product of-
ferings. The brochure includes
information on Boss Packag-
ings bluebox controller, vibra-
tion sensor, positive displace-
ment piston flowmeter, divider
block sensor and the BossPac
Your SCADA system.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
D1000 Arc Protection
A packet on D1000 arc pro-
tection, which is designed
to reduce damages to mate-
rial switchgear and electrical
equipment, is now available
from Heinzmann GmbH & Co.
KG. The packet discusses the
D1000s features, which in-
clude high speed arc fault de-
tection and combined optical
fiber and point sensors. The
packet also comes with a sec-
tion on suitable applications
and technical information.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
Product Information Center CompressorTech
Two
Dynalco.indd 1 4/20/11 10:19:20 AM LIT.indd 2 4/26/11 5:05:15 PM
A
pril 23, 2011 marked the one-year anniversary of
the passing of one of our great leaders in the com-
pressor valve industry, Samuel P. Frisby, founder
of SAMCO Enterprises. The following is a tribute
to a man who shaped the compressor repair in-
dustry and left a legacy of extraordinary customer service and
warm memories that those of us who knew him still talk about
with laughter and tears in our eyes.
Sam Frisby was a man who loved life and had the unique gift
of making you feel like an old friend even if you were meeting
for the frst time. He would order 3,000 pounds of Noonday
onions every year to share with his much loved friends and
customers. He never went anywhere without his onions and
would often take them to restaurants to have with his meals.
And, yes, they were the best onions youve ever had. Ive
been known to tip upwards of a dollar, Sam would jokingly
say to the waitress while ordering. After the meal and if the
Remembering Sam Frisby
service was good, hed leave his trademark humongous tip,
which was always much more than expected. Everything was
always bigger and better with Sam. If his spending habits were
questioned, hed always reply, It only costs 80% more to go
frst class. After years of living lean, when his business began
to fourish, Sam enjoyed his lifestyle at every opportunity and
still managed to see that his employees and family had the
best of everything that he could provide as an employer and
family patriarch.
Proud to be an American, Sam enlisted in the Army at age
18 and served in the Korean War. He left the service as a Ser-
geant First Class and received several letters of recommenda-
tion from his commanding offcers.
Sam showed by example that the compressor repair busi-
ness is all about service and people. He and his family faced
many challenges but none like the loss of Sams only son,
Samuel Perry Frisby II in 1989. Sam continued to move the
RememberingSam2.indd 1 4/25/11 3:23:25 PM
company forward during this diffcult time, thanks to his
family, many close friends and devoted staff.
His nephew, Joe, tells a story about the time Sam sent
him to pick up a crankshaft. Joe pulled his white Ford
pickup truck bed up under the unit and got out and called
his uncle on the phone. I dont think my truck can take
it, this thing is huge, Joe told him. Sam ordered him to go
ahead and put the shaft in the truck and bring it back to
the shop. Just do it, its a Ford it can take it. They low-
ered the crankshaft, popped the four tires and grounded
the truck. Well, I guess it was too heavy after all, Sam
commented, when he heard what happened. That was
Sam for you, tenacious, fearless and passionate. Its how
he ran his business.
Sam was brilliant. As a young man, he would quickly
glance through an entire newspaper and tell you 90%
of what was in it. He kept records in his mind. No cal-
culators. No computers. Sam said he learned something
new every day about the compressor business which
inspired him to start his own compressor repair service
company, SAMCO Precision Compressor Valve Repair,
in Spring, Texas in 1972. At frst, he worked out of his
garage with his wife, Frances. Within months, they ran
out of space and moved the company to a 2,500 square
foot facility in Houston which grew to become a 42,500
square foot, 20.5 acre corporate hub supporting most of
SAMCOs manufacturing and inventory. Today, SAMCOs
locations also include a valve repair center in Oklahoma
City and a newly expanded Tyler, Texas compressor valve
repair division. Together, these divisions are set up to re-
pair compressor valves, pistons, rods, packing cases and
other compressor and engine parts. The Houston division
houses a huge surplus inventory that services customers
all over the world.
The expansion of SAMCOs Tyler, Texas facility ear-
lier this year shows the strength of leadership that Sam
instilled in his family and staff who are now left to run
the operations. Sams brother, Joel Frisby, his wife, Nancy,
their son, Joe Frisby, Sams daughters, Denise Lovoi and
Tanya Frisby, his grandson, Samuel Ryan Colditz, and the
rest of the SAMCO family are moving forward and con-
tinuing to grow SAMCO Enterprises with the same pas-
sion for customer service and guiding principles that Sam
and his wife, Frances, started the company with almost 40
years ago.
Walking out of Sams funeral, you saw a parking lot flled
with white Ford pickup trucks. You can have any vehicle
you want with whatever you want on it, Sam would tell
his salesmen, As long as its a Ford pickup and white, I
dont care what you get.
Sam Frisby. There will be no one else like him.
Remembering Sam Frisby
This tribute to Sam Frisby
was made possible by his many friends.
Samuel Frisby
April 28, 1942 - April 23, 2010
For more information or to contact SAMCO,
please go to www.samcoenterprises.com or call 800.231.0649
RememberingSam2.indd 2 4/27/11 2:31:36 PM
Sundyne Corp. has introduced its HMP
7000 high-pressure integrally geared
centrifugal pump, which was designed
to meet the expanded production needs
of large, new refineries, chemical and
petrochemical plants.
The first three pumps went to a Chi-
nese petrochemical plant. They will
be used in parallel, replacing 11
smaller pumps.
The HMP 7000 pump extends the
Sundyne product lines hydraulic en-
velope with flows up to 1585 gpm (360
m
3
/hr) and heads up to 15,000 ft. (4570
m). We worked very closely with the
customer to develop a new high-pres-
sure pump that more than doubles the
flows of our reliable standard HMP
pump model, said Jeff Wiemelt, vice
president and general manager.
Sundyne said the HMP 7000 uses the
proven technology of the HMP models
3000 and 5000 pumps. Sundyne HMP
pumps are in operation at hundreds of
refineries, petrochemical and chemical
facilities worldwide.
The HMP models are integrally geared
multistage centrifugal pumps designed
for use in petrochemical manufacturing
applications such as purified terepthalic
acid, which is used to make specialty
plastics that require extremely high pro-
duction pressures.
The HMP 7000 design has one to four
stages on a single gearbox, motor sizes
up to 2500 hp (1.86 MW), a small foot-
print, a new cartridge seal design and
low new positive suction head on the
first stage.
The skid-mounted pump has maxi-
mum of 2000 hp (1.5 MW) and can op-
erate from 3000 to 29,000 rpm. Various
seal configurations are available.
Sundyne makes and distributes a
family of products including heavy-
duty ISO 13709/API 610 integrally
geared centrifugal low-flow high-
head pumps; direct-drive and multi-
stage pumps; seal-less magnetic drive
pumps that meet API-685, ANSI and
ISO standards; and, high-speed mul-
tistage integrally geared compressors
that meet API-617 standards for hy-
drocarbon and chemical processing,
power generation, water manage-
ment and general industries.
Sundyne is based in Arvada, Colora-
do, U.S.A., and is a subsidiary of Hamil-
ton Sundstrand, which is a unit of United
Technologies Corp. A
see directlink At
Sundyne AddS to HigH-PreSSure
CentrifugAl PumP line
HMP 7000 Doubles Flow of Previous Models
Sundynes first HMP 7000 high-pressure pumps will be
used in a Chinese petrochemical plant.

Sloan Brothers
Fourth generation
family owned
For over 88 years
Since 1922
SLOAN BROTHERS
L U B R I C AT I ON S Y S T E MS
168 Armstrong Drive Freeport PA 16229
Tel: 800.722.0250 Fax: 412.828.2424
www.sbco.com
SLOAN BROTHERS
L U B R I C AT I ON S Y S T E MS
168 Armstrong Drive Freeport PA 16229
Tel: 800.722.0250 Fax: 412.828.2424
www.sbco.com
Trust the
Lubrication Experts
with the Most
Experience
Ralph, Walter and Paul Sloan
Circa 1908
CJ, Brian and Eric Sloan
Circa 2008
Sloan_1Third_2.indd 1 11/30/10 11:11:20 AM
CT692.indd 1 4/26/11 1:00:57 PM
rather than a spinning scroll. The design is intended for production via injection mold-
ing to minimize the size and weight of components, and is capable of being scaled up,
according to the manufacturer. Medical applications include portable oxygen concentra-
tors, ventilators, aspirators, nebulizers, dialysis machines and blood pressure.
Gas Detector
Scott Health & Safety, a global producer of per-
sonal protective equipment and safety devices,
has launched its latest gas detector, the Freedom
6000. The Freedom 6000, which supports the
detection of toxic and combustible gases, incor-
porates a universal transmitter into a fixed gas
detection system, simplifying maintenance and
reducing training costs, the company said. The
system combines Scott Health & Safetys sensor
technology with a modular design to enable sim-
ple component replacements and field upgrades.
The Freedom 6000 universal transmitter is
available with accessories that allow users to cus-
tomize it to meet any application. In addition to
Freedom 6000, Scott Health & Safety manufac-
tures a full line of fixed gas detection products under the Freedom series.
ATEX Axial Fans
ATEX Systems has released its EVXP axial fan, which is designed for use in explosive
atmospheres. The fans are either square painted or galvanized plate assembled, with an
ATEX motor galvanized steel structure, a propeller in anti-static composite or aluminum
alloy and galvanized steel grid protection. They have an outflow of 21,200 to 706,000 cfh
(600 to 20,000 m/hr) and 0.16 to 2 hp (0.12 to 1.5 kW). Diameters for the fans range from
250 to 630 mm (9.8 to 24.8 in.), the company said, with each fan incorporating a three-
phase, 230/400 V Class F motor, 50 Hz and an ambient tempera-
ture of -4/104F (-20/40C).
Vacuum Lifter
Anver Corp., of Hudson, Massachusetts, U.S.A., has introduced
a below-the-hook, pneumatic vacuum lifter that is designed to
pick up pipe, rod and other cylindrical loads from the top surface
while eliminating blocking, bending and sagging, the company
said. The Anver VPFL air-powered vacuum lifter uses suction pads
that adjust to the curvature of the top surface and two alignment
guides for easy attachment. It also comes equipped with an adjust-
able handlebar to accommodate loads of varying widths. The lifter,
which is suitable for handling cylindrical loads up to 2000 lb. (907
kg), comes with the VLS-8 vacuum leakage sensor, which sounds
a loud horn and flashes an LED warning light if suction loss or
leakage occurs. Common applications include feeding machining
centers and moving long plastic pipes or rods, the company said.
MAy 2011
Precision
Boring
Milling
Drilling
Grinding
Tapping
Production
Prototypes
5332 Hamilton Avenue
Cleaveland, Ohio 44114
Tel: 216.391.9300
Your reliable partner
for machined
compressor parts.
Give us a call at 216-391-9300
or visit our website at www.HahnMfg.com
precision boring, milling, drilling, tapping and
grinding on ferrous and non ferrous material
up to 30,000 lbs.
Hahn.indd 1 1/25/11 8:43:58 AM
Two
SoftInWay.indd 1 1/18/11 4:11:41 PM
see directlink at
continued from page 61
Tyco International Ltd. has signed
a definitive agreement to acquire a
75% equity stake in privately held
KEF Holdings Ltd. for approximately
US$300 million in cash. Based in the
United Arab Emirates, KEF manufac-
tures valves and supplies steel castings
to the oil and gas, chemical, mining
and power industries.
KEF employs 900 people and projec-
tions indicate it will generate about US
$140 million in revenue during 2011.
Kottikollon owns 55% of the business
and will retain a 25% equity stake in
KEF following the close of the trans-
action. Dubai International Capital
(DIC) holds the remaining 45% of KEF
and will sell its interest in the business
as part of this transaction, which is ex-
pected to close during summer 2011.
Gas and Air Systems Inc. (GAS),
Hellertown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., will
take part in a joint venture with Ham-
worthy Compressor Systems (HCS),
Poole Dorset, U.K., to market, sell, engi-
neer and build compressed natural gas
(CNG) refueling stations to the alterna-
tive fuel market in North America.
The new entity will focus on fleet serv-
ices such as airports, corporate service
vehicles, rental cars and school buses.
The designs will permit stations to pro-
vide both slow and fast fill capabilities.
Kobe Steel Ltd., a subsidiary of
Kobelco Compressors America Inc.
(KCA), is opening a new, US$20 mil-
lion factory complex that will double
its compressor system manufacturing
capacity. KCA has also moved its head-
quarters to the new facility in Corona,
California, U.S.A., 48 mi. (80 km) east
of Los Angeles, California.
Formerly known as Kobelco EDTI
Compressors Inc., Kobe Steel reported
that KCA is anticipated to play a lead-
ing role in its process gas compressor
business covering North, Central and
South America, where rising energy
demand and stricter regulations cre-
ate promising opportunities, in the
companys view, over the medium- to
long-term future.
KCA was established in 1990 and
Kobe Steel, which now owns the com-
pany outright, first took an equity share
in 2003. Since that initial investment,
KCA has steadily expanded its opera-
tions. In 2008, KCA increased produc-
tion capacity by completing its No. 2
Plant. Business conditions remained
strong in 2010, resulting in orders to-
taling US$86 million. Construction of
the No. 3 Plant began in August 2009.
With the start-up of the new facility,
manufacturing capacity has doubled to
US$100 million. KCA employs about
200 people, and, in 2010, posted sales
of US$51 million.
Kobe Steel is said to have manufac-
tured Japans first reciprocating compres-
sor in 1915, and today offers a compre-
hensive line of compression products.
A developer of advanced turboma-
chinery design methods, Advanced
Design Technology Ltd. (ADT), has
established TURBOdesign Technology
Inc. as sole distributor of TURBOde-
sign Suite products and provider of
design services based on 3-D inverse
design. The company said this U.S.
base reflects its growth in the region
and its commitment to provide closer
customer support and design services.
The new firm will be led by Dr. Judy
Busby, who has 20 years of experience
in the U.S. turbomachinery industry at
the U.S. Navy, United Technology Re-
search Centre, Pratt and Whitney, and
Barber Nichols.
TURBOdesign Suite is a turbomachin-
ery-specific design, analysis and opti-
mization package built around the 3-D
inverse design methodology. The in-
verse approach helps design engineers
develop high-performance components
while shortening the design cycle.
The organizers of Offshore West
Africa 2012 have extended the deadline
for submissions of abstracts for possible
presentation until May 27, 2011. The
events theme will be Deepwater Tech-
nologies for West Africa. For 16 years,
Offshore West Africa has attracted key
industry professionals and experts such
as engineering management, engi-
neers, operations management, opera-
tions and maintenance personnel from
the oil and gas industries. Visit www.
offshorewestafrica.com for further in-
formation and a submittal form.
The 12
th
Energy Exposition in Gil-
lette, Wyoming, U.S.A., June 15-16,
2011, will feature a keynote address
at its Exposition Banquet by Wyoming
Governor Matt Mead, who will be in-
troduced by Tom Doll, Wyoming Oil
& Gas Conservation Commission su-
perintendent. The moderator for the
banquet, which is scheduled for 6:30
p.m. on June 15, will be the founder of
the Energy Exposition, Wyoming State
Senator Kit Jennings.
During the event, Chesapeake En-
ergy will display its custom-built CNG
chopper built on the popular TLC TV
series American Chopper. In addition,
Encana Oil & Gas will show its CNG
vehicles, which include a Chevy quar-
ter-ton pickup and a semi-truck trac-
tor. The panel discussions will cover
the Niobrara oil play, unconventional
gas production, uranium practices and
other topics. An
Tyco KEF Holdings gas & air sysTEms
HamworTHy KobE sTEEl KobElco advancEd
dEsign TEcHnology oFFsHorE wEsT aFrica
EnErgy ExposiTion
Edited By Phil Burnside
About the Business
Two
CT702.indd 1 4/27/11 3:28:56 PM
One Name, A World of Solutions
www.cookcompression.com
2011 Cook Compression
EngInEErEd PrOduCts rEPaIr sErvICEs MEChanICal FIEld sErvICEs PrOjECt EngInEErIng MOnItOrIng & dIagnOstICs
Providing the support you need requires a thorough
understanding of your compressor as well as your
application, machine history and the challenges youre
facing right now. Its the only way to boost reliability,
efficiency and economy. At Cook Compression, thats
what we do every day.
If youre ready for a partner who knows your
needs in intimate detail and how to solve them
give us a call.
Its one more reason
you can trust
Cook Compression.
We Know Our
Customers
Compressors
Inside
and Out
Cook.indd 1 3/18/11 11:01:17 AM
As a gl obal company, FW Mur phy st ays on t op of new
envi r onment al r egul at i ons wor l dwi de. We meet t he
emer gi ng i nt er nat i onal st andar ds, t hen appl y t hem gl obal l y.
We i nvest i n t he new t echnol ogy up f r ont . You st ay ahead
of new r egul at i ons year s i n advance.
That gi ves you mor e t i me t o upgr ade and set your own
t i met abl e. Pl us, you know t hat t he Mur phy pr oduct s you
use now wi l l st i l l be compl i ant i n t he f ut ur e.
That s what i nspi r es us.
www.fwmurphy.com/MLS- CT2 FW Murphy P.O. Box 470248 Tulsa, OK 74147 918.317.2607
Lower Emissions are in your future.
But were ready today.
Were inspired by...
Were inspired by...
The
Environment
The
Environment
The new MLS is a single-seal magnetic
level switch. It features a single impenetrable
barrier between the electronics and switching
mechanism. It reduces fugitive emission leaks
and is completely maintenance-free.
1010655 MLS 1/21/11 1:09 PM Page 1

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