International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(7), pp. 175-181, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.

com/ijsrk ISSN: 2322-4541; 2013 IJSRPUB http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p175-181

Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of Ductility and Load Carrying Capacity in RC Beam-Column in Exterior Joints Enhanced with FRP
Alireza Mardookhpour
Ph.D., Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Iran Alireza.mardookhpour@yahoo.com
Received 18 April 2013; Accepted 21 May 2013

Abstract. One of the techniques of strengthening of the reinforced concrete (RC) structural members is through confinement with a composite enclosure. This external confinement of concrete by high strength fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite can significantly enhance the strength and ductility and will result in large energy absorption capacity of structural members. An experimental investigation of the behavior of retrofitted FRP wrapped exterior beam-column joints under seismic conditions is presented. Also, the experimental study on exterior beam-column joint of a multistory reinforced concrete building under the seismic has been analyzed using ANSYS software. Two specimens were cast and tested to failure during the present investigation. One is Control specimen test up to 70% of the ultimate load (without FRP), and another specimen test up to 70% of the ultimate Load (with one layer of FRP). The results show about 18% has been obtained by retrofitting with FRP sheets in load carrying capacity. Also an increase about 54% has been obtained by retrofitting with FRP sheets in cumulative ductility. Key words: FRP, cyclic loading, ANSYS software, beam-column exterior joints

1. INTRODUCTION One of the modern methods in strengthening concrete structures is utilizing fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) bonded to concrete beams as strips made of carbon fibers. The effect of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymers) sheets on bending strength of beams is one of the advantages of utilizing carbon fibers in concrete structures. FRP materials have a number of favorable characteristics such as ease, to install immunity to corrosion, high strength, availability in sheets etc (Appa Rao et al., 2008). Tensile Properties of the Sprayed GFRP has been shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.The simplest way to strengthen such joints is to attach FRP sheets in the joint region in two orthogonal directions (HungJen and SiYing, 2009). In RC buildings, portions of columns that are common to beams at their intersections are called beam-column joints. Under earthquake shaking, the beams adjoining a joint are subjected to moments in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction (Murthy et al., 2001). The dynamics of earth quake loadings are 12 cycles in five stages .The loading is applied gradually for forward direction with 3,6,9,12,15 KN respectively and 3,6,9,12,15 KN for reverse direction. Under these moments, the top bars in the beam-column joint are pulled in one direction and the bottom ones in the opposite direction (Kolluru and Subramaniam, 2007). These forces are balanced by bond stress developed between concrete and steel

in the joint region. If the column is not wide enough or if the strength of concrete in the joint is low, there is insufficient grip of concrete on the steel bars (Tajari and Esfehani, 2006). In such circumstances, the bar slips inside the joint region, and beams lose their capacity to carry load. Further, under the action of the above pull-push forces at top and bottom ends, joints undergo geometric distortion One diagonal length of the joint elongates and the other compresses (Ali-Ahmad et al., 2007; Murugesan and Thirugnanam, 2009). If the column cross-sectional size is insufficient for satisfying minimum bar ratio, the concrete in the joint develops diagonal cracks (Tajari and Esfehani, 2006). Problems of diagonal cracking and crushing of concrete in the joint region can be controlled by two mean, namely providing large column sizes and providing closely spaced closed-loop steel ties around column bars in the joint region (Sayed and Soleimani, 2009). The ties hold together the concrete in the joint and also resist shear force, thereby reducing the cracking and crushing of concrete (Murugesan and Thirugnanam, 2009). One of the newest methods for retrofitting joint region of beam-column, to increase shear strength of RC structures under cyclic loading is utilizing FRP sheets (Thirugnanam, 2007; Tsonos et al., 1992).

175

Mardookhpour Evaluation of Ductility and Load Carrying Capacity in RC Beam-Column in Exterior Joints Enhanced with FRP

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental study exterior beam-column joint of a reinforced concrete structure under the seismic

circumstance has been analyzed using ANSYS software. Mechanical properties of GFRP sheets are presented in Table 1. Also the stress strain relationship is sketched in Figure 1.

Table 1: Tensile Properties of the Sprayed GFRP Tensile Properties value unit Ultimate Tensile Strength 69 M Pa Tensile Modulus Ultimate Rupture Strain 14000 M Pa 0.63 %

Fig. 1: Stress strain diagram of GFRP sheets For testing model the dimension of beam was 120 X 170 mm with out slab thickness and beam length of 450mm and that column size was 120 X 230 mm. Height of the column was 600mm.Figure (2.a-1.b) shows the details of beam- column joints. The basis for this model and reinforcements is satisfying minimum bar ratio and flexibility in joints. The reinforcement cages were placed in the moulds and cover between cage and form provided was 20 mm. The concrete mixture design has been shown in Table 2.

Coarse aggregate 750

Table 2: Concrete mixture design (kg / m3) sand cement 1000 300

water 160

The concrete was placed into the mould immediately after mixing and well compacted. Control cubes and cylinders were prepared for all the mixes along with concreting. The test specimens cubes were remolded at the end of 24 hours of casting. They were marked identifications. They are cured in water for 28 days. After 28 days of curing the specimen was dried in air and white washed according to ISIS. A hydraulic jack was used to apply the axial load for column. To record the load precisely a proving ring was used. The load is applied forward and reverses cyclic and deflection measured by using

LVDT (Figure 3).Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear and rotary position and displacement. The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference (zero, or null position) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. After loading the deflection of the specimens the strains at the end- spans are measured by gauge. Also, the strain of concrete at the level of the tensile and compressive reinforcing bars and the strain of GFRP sheets at the end- span of beam are measured by gauge according to Figure 3.

176

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(7), pp. 175-181, 2013

Fig. 2: a. casting the joint

Fig. 2: b. ductile detailing of beam -column joint

Fig. 3: Measuring instruments The deflection was measured at the beam free end tip. The loading is applied gradually for forward direction with 3,6,9,12,15 KN respectively and 3,6,9,12,15 KN for reverse direction (Figure 4 a, 4 b).

177

Mardookhpour Evaluation of Ductility and Load Carrying Capacity in RC Beam-Column in Exterior Joints Enhanced with FRP

Fig. 4: b Test Setup for Cyclic Loading for Control Specimen The Exterior beam column joint specimen named as SL1 (Single Layer) was tested subject to quasistatic cyclic loading simulating earthquake loads (Figure 41, 4-2). The Load was applied by using screw jack under 5 cycles. The beam-column joint was gradually loaded by increasing the load level during each cycle on the column head (Tang and Saadatmanesh, 2005). The load sequence consists of 3kN, 6kN, 9kN and up to 70% ultimate load. The deflection measured at tip during the cycle of loading, as the load level was increased in each cycle.

Fig. 4: a Load setup for the retrofitted specimen 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experimental results are compared with finite elements model (FEM) in ANSYS software. The 70% of ultimate load carrying capacity of the joint was 17.0 kN in control specimen. In other words, the first crack was witnessed during 4 th cycle at the load level of 17.0 kN. The maximum stresses are occurred at the junction for the ultimate loading. As the load level was increased, further cracks were developed in other portions. Cumulative ductility of joint for control specimen has been shown in Figure 5.

178

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(7), pp. 175-181, 2013

40

Comulative Ductility (mm)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Load Cycles Retrofitted Specimens Control specimens

Fig. 5: Comulative ductility VS load cycles for Control Specimen In the next series of experiments, the GFRP wrapped specimen was subjected to quasistatic cyclic loading simulating earthquake loads. The history of load sequence followed for the test was presented in Figure 6.

Fig. 6: Load Vs Deflection curve for retrofitted specimen The loading is applied gradually for forward direction with 3,6,9,12,15 KN respectively and 3,6,9,12,15 KN for reverse direction. The load was applied by using screw jack Totally 12 cycles were imposed. The 70% of ultimate load carrying capacity of the one single layer (SL1) specimen was 20.0kN recorded at 5 th cycle. Figure 5 shows the ductilityload curve for retrofitted specimen. According to Figure 5, an increase about 54% has been obtained by retrofitting with FRP sheets in cumulative ductility. In Control specimens the cumulative ductility reached about 24 mm whereas in retrofitted specimens the cumulative ductility has been increased up to 37 mm. Also, the load carrying capacity in Control specimens has been about 13.5 kN, but the load carrying capacity in retrofitted specimens increased up to 15 kN which refers an increase about 18 % has been obtained by utilizing GFRP at the joint region. 4. CONCLUSION The structural behavior of RCC beam column joint exterior type has been studied analytically by using standard software packages ANSYS software. The load deformation characteristics and load carrying capacity improved to large extent in the case of the

179

Mardookhpour Evaluation of Ductility and Load Carrying Capacity in RC Beam-Column in Exterior Joints Enhanced with FRP

retrofitted specimen over the control specimen in test presented work. The results show, the load carrying capacity has been increased about 18% by retrofitting with FRP sheets. Also an increase about 54% has been obtained by retrofitting with FRP sheets in cumulative ductility. REFERENCES Ali-Ahmad M, Subramaniam KV, Ghosn M (2007). Analysis of Instability in FRP Concrete Shear Debonding for Beam Strengthening Applications. Journal of Engineering Mechanics of Materials, ASCE, 133(1): 5867. Appa Rao G, Mahajan M, Gangaram M, Eligehausen R (2008). Performance of nonseismically designed RC beam column joints strengthened by various schemes subjected to seismic loads. Journal of structural engineering, 35 (1): 52-58. HungJen L, SiYing Yu (2009). Cyclic Response of Exterior Beam-Column Joints with Different Anchorage Methods, The ACI structural Journal, Title No.106S32. ISIS (2001).Canada strengthening reinforced concrete structures with externally-Bounded fiber reinforced polymers. Design manual. No 4. 2001. Kolluru V, Subramaniam S (2007). Civil Engineering Department, City College of City University of New York, New York, NY 10031 Murthy CV, Durgesh C, Rai K, Bajpai K, Sudhir K (2001).Anchorage Details and Joint Design in

Seismic RC Frames. the Indian Concrete Journal, 274 280. Murugesan A, Thirugnanam GS (2009).Ductile Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete beam column joints subjected to Cyclic loading, National Conference on Advances and Innovations in civil Engineering. Mepco Schlenk Engineering college, Sivakasi , 27-33. Murugesan A, ThirugnanamG.S (2009).Ductile behavior Reinforced Concrete Beam Column joints Subjected to Cyclic loading, National Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete. Steel and Composite Structures , I.R.T.T., Erode,118-135. Sayed M, Soleimani S (2009).Sprayed GFRP shear strengthened reinforced concrete beams under impact loading, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Canada. Tajari A.R., Esfehani M.R (2006).Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP sheets, Elsevier. Tang T, Saadatmanesh H (2005). Analytical and experimental studies of fiber reinforced polymer-strengthened concrete beams under impact loading. ACI Structures J., 102:139149 Thirugnanam G.S (2007). Ductile Behavior Of FRP Strengthened R.C Beams Subjected To Cyclic Loading IRTT Erode. Tsonos AG, Tegos IA, Penelis G (1992). Seismic resistance of Type 2 Exterior Beam column joints reinforced with inclined bars. The ACI structural Journal, Title No.89S1.

180

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(7), pp. 175-181, 2013

Dr. Alireza Mardookhpour has Ph.D. in Civil Engineering. He is Assistant Professor in department of civil and water engineering, manager of civil engineering, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Iran. He has 81 papers in ISI and scientific research journals.

181