AN-573 APPLICATION NOTE

One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com

OP07 Is Still Evolving

by Reza Moghimi

INTRODUCTION
The OP07 has been tinkered with over the years, and versions of it are still available in plastic packages. This application note highlights some of the major features that the OP7x7 brings into new designs. A number of applications using these features are presented.

to +2.7 V with single rail operation. The OP777/OP727/OP747 data sheet characterizes the parts with rails of +5 V and 15 V. The OP7x7 familys true single-supply capability enables designers to operate down to the negative supply or ground in both singleand dual-supply applications. Figure 1 shows that the gain of the instrumentation amplifier (made up of U3 and U4) is set for 100. The AD589 establishes 1.235 V, while the U1 amplifier servos the bridge and maintains the voltage across the parallel combination of 2.55 M and 6.19 k to generate a 200 A current source. This current splits evenly, flows into both halves of the bridge, eventually through RTD, and establishes an output voltage based upon its value.

SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATION
One of the biggest problems with the part in todays environment is that the OP07 requires dual supplies. This family of amplifiers from Analog Devices, Inc., addresses this problem while still giving a close replica of the original specifications. The OP777 single, OP727 dual, and OP747 quad operational amplifiers allow supplies from 15 V down to 1.35 V with split rails and from +30 V down

5V R4 26.7k

R3 37.4k V+ 3

V2 R7 100

GAIN = 100 (V2 V1)

AD589
N D1

U1 V

1/4 OP747

R2 200 RTD 100

V1 R5 26.7k R8 2.55M R9 6.19k R12 1M U4

R4 10.1k

U3 1/4 OP747 R15 1M

VOUT

1/4 OP747
R14 10.1k

Figure 1. Low Power Single-Supply RTD Amplifier

Rev. B | Page 1 of 8

02380-001

AN-573 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 Single-Supply Operation.................................................................. 1 Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Much Lower Supply Currents ......................................................... 4 Absence of Clamping Diodes at the Inputs ................................... 5

APPLICATION NOTE
Rail-to-Rail Output ...........................................................................6 Negative Rail Input ............................................................................6 3 V Over the Input ............................................................................7 Design Reminders for Achieving High Performances .................7

REVISION HISTORY
3/10Rev. A to Rev. B Changes to Format ............................................................. Universal Changes to Introduction Section and Single-Supply Operation Section ................................................................................................ 1 Changes to Figure 2 and Figure 4 ................................................... 3 Changes to Much Lower Supply Currents Section ...................... 4 Changes to Absence of Clamping Diodes at the Inputs Section and Figure 10 ..................................................................................... 5 Changes to Figure 14 and Figure 16 ............................................... 6 Changes to 3 V Over the Input Section ......................................... 7 6/03Rev. 0 to Rev. A 11/02Revision 0: Initial Version

Rev. B | Page 2 of 8

APPLICATION NOTE
VIN 0V TO 3V

AN-573

R23 10k R21 182k

R24 100k R20 1.21M V+ 3 2 R26 100 OP777 1 R25 220 C2 220pF R28 100k 3 Q1 2N1711 2 VIN TRIM VOUT GND REF-02A/D R27 100k 4

T1

12V TO 30V

5 6

TWIST PAIR R29 100 4mA TO 20mA

R22 1k D2 2 1 HP5082-2800

Figure 2. Self-Powered 4 mA to 20 mA Current Loop Transmitter

+VS 2 VS REF192 OUTPUT GND 4 6 C7 0.1F 3 2 V +VS V+ 1 1/4 OP747 R1 R1 (1 + ) A = 300 AR1 VREF VOUT = + 2.5V 2R2

02380-002

R91 10.1k R1 (1 + ) R1 +VS 2 VS R2 REF192 OUTPUT GND 4 R85 10k R84 6 1M R82 10.1k 1/4 OP747

VOUT 1/4 OP747 R83 1M

Figure 3. Single-Supply Linear Response Bridge

As shown in Figure 2, the circuit floats up from the single-supply (12 V to 30 V) return. It consumes only 1.5 mA, leaving 2.5 mA available to the user for powering other signal conditioning circuitry. The OP7x7 is very useful in many bridge applications. Figure 3 shows a single-supply bridge circuit whose output is linearly proportional to the fractional deviation () of the bridge. Note that =

2.67k VIN 3 2 100k +3V V+ A1 V 1 1F 2.67k 2F 1F 2.67k 1.33k 1k +3V 1M 1F 1M 1k A2 VOUT

1/4 OP747

02380-003

1/4 OP747

2.67k

R R

1/4 OP747
A3 0.01F 100k 1F
02380-004

To process ac signals in single-supply systems, it is often best to use a false-ground biasing scheme. In Figure 4, this is done by Amplifier A3. The user should replace the 2.67 k Twin-T section with a 3.16 k resistor to reject 50 Hz. Sensitivity is due to the relative matching of the capacitors and resistors in the Twin-T section. Use Mylar (5%) and 1% resistors for satisfactory results.

499

Figure 4. 3 V Single-Supply 50 Hz/60 Hz Active Notch Filter with False Ground

Rev. B | Page 3 of 8

AN-573
MUCH LOWER SUPPLY CURRENTS
The OP07 has a quiescent current that is higher than desired in todays portable applications. The quiescent current of the OP777 in-amp is less than 350 A, while the OP07 requires 4 mA for 15 V operation. In terms of power consumption, the OP777 allows the part to be designed into many portable applications.
5V V1 R12 1M 3 2 U4 V+ 1 R13 10.1k
02380-005

APPLICATION NOTE
+15V 22k IN4002 10V 1 F AD680AD 2 VIN VOUT TEMP R48 6 10k 3 +VS 3 2 V+ 1 10k 1/4 OP747 7.5V

R49 10k

V2 U3

1/2 OP727 VOUT

4

1/4 V OP747

10k 1/4 OP747

GND

2F R50 10k C8 1F 10k 10k

1/2 V OP727

5V

R15 1M R14 10.1k

Figure 5. Single-Supply Micropower In-Amp

2.5V
02380-006

The OP727 can be used to build an in-amp with two op amps. A single-supply in-amp using one OP727 amplifier is shown in Figure 5. For true difference, R14/R12 = R15/R13. The formula for the CMRR of the circuit at dc is CMRR = 20 log(100/(1 (R15 R14)/(R13 R12)) It is common to specify the accuracy of the resistor network in terms of resistor-to-resistor percentage mismatch. The CMRR equation can be rewritten to reflect this. CMRR = 20 log(10000/% mismatch) The key to high CMRR is a network of resistors that is well matched from the perspective of both resistive ratio and relative drift. The absolute value of the resistors and their absolute drift are of no consequence; matching is the key. CMRR is 100 dB with a 0.1% mismatched resistor network. To maximize CMRR, one of the resistors, such as R12, should be trimmed. Tighter matching of two op amps in one package (OP727) offers a significant boost in performance over the triple op amp configuration. For this circuit, VO = 100(V2 V1) for 0.02 mV (V1 V2) 290 mV, 2 mV VOUT 29 V. Due to its great dc accuracy and specification, the OP747 can be used to create a multiple output tracking voltage reference from a single source, as shown in Figure 6.

1/4 OP747

Figure 6. Multiple Output Tracking Voltage Reference

Figure 7 shows an example of a 5 V single-supply current monitor that can be incorporated into the design of a voltage regulator with foldback current limiting or a high current power supply with crowbar protection. The design capitalizes on the commonmode range of the OP777 that extends to ground. Current is monitored in the power supply return where a 0.1 shunt resistor, RSENSE, creates a very small voltage drop. The voltage at the inverting terminal becomes equal to the voltage at the noninverting terminal through the feedback of Q1, which is a 2N2222A or equivalent NPN transistor. This makes the voltage drop across R3 equal to the voltage drop across RSENSE. Therefore, the current through Q1 becomes directly proportional to the current through RSENSE, and the output voltage is given by VOUT = 5 V (R2/R3) RSENSE IL) The voltage drop across R2 increases when IL increases; therefore, VOUT decreases when a higher supply current is sensed. For the element values shown, VOUT is 2.5 V for a return current of 1 A.
5V RETURN TO GROUND

R2 2.49k Q1 2N2222A/ZTX

RSENSE 0.1 R3 100

3 V+ 2 U1 1
02380-007

VOUT

OP777

Figure 7. Low-Side Current Sensing Circuit

Rev. B | Page 4 of 8

APPLICATION NOTE
Figure 8 shows the OP777 configured as a simple summing amplifier. The output is the sum of V1 and V2.
+15V 3.3k 10k V1 10k V2 3 2 V
02380-008

AN-573
+15V VIN TRIM 21 17 16 DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 DB8 DB9 DB10 DB11 LDAC WR VREFA VREFB DACA DACB AGND DGND 1 5 R68 10k VIN R67 10k 1N4148 10k DAC8222 3 2 V+ 1 +5V 1k TTL OUT 10k 2N2222A/ZTX 2 IOUTA 24 IOUTB 3 RFBA 23 RFBB 4 VDD ADR01 VOUT GND

V+ OP777 1 VOUT

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 19 20 4 22 18

15V 10k

Figure 8. Summing Amplifier

ABSENCE OF CLAMPING DIODES AT THE INPUTS

The large differential voltage capability allows for operation of the parts in both rectifier circuits and precision comparator applications. The need for external clamping diodes (on-board in the OP07) is eliminated; such diodes are often needed on precision op amps and are the bane of many comparator designs. The simple oscillator shown in Figure 9 creates a square wave output of VS at 1 kHz for the values shown. Other oscillation frequencies can be derived by using f = 1/(2R3 C10 ln ((R61 + R60)/R61)
R61 100k +VS R60 100k 3 2 C10 0.01F OP777 V VS R3 68k
02380-009

1/2 OP727 1N4148

15V

Figure 10. Programmable High Resolution Window Comparator

V+ 1 VOUT VOUT = (VS) @ 1kHz

An OP777 is used to build a precision threshold detector. In this circuit, when VIN < VTH, the amplifier swings negative, reverse biasing the diode. If RL = infinite, VOUT = VTH. When VIN VTH, the feedback occurs and VOUT = VTH + (VIN VTH)(1 + RF/RS). C is selected to make the loop respond in a smoother fashion.
+15V 2k VIN VTH V+

1N4148

R VOUT = VTH + (VIN VTH) 1+ F RS

Figure 9. Free-Running Square Wave Amplifier

RS 1k

OP777 V 15V RF 100k C

02380-011

The programmable window comparator is capable of 12-bit accuracy. DAC8222 is used in the voltage for setting the upper and lower thresholds.

Figure 11. Precision Threshold Detector/Amplifier

Rev. B | Page 5 of 8

02380-010

1/2 OP727

AN-573
For VIN > 0 V and <2 kHz, there is no current flow through the feedback resistors, and the output voltage tracks the input. For VIN < 0 V, the output of the first amplifier goes to 0 V (that is, VS), which configures the second amplifier in inverting follower mode. The output is then a full-wave rectified version of the input signal. As can be seen from the schematic shown in Figure 12, a half-wave rectified version of the signal is also available at the output of the first amplifier.
VOUT (HALF-WAVE RECTIFIED)

APPLICATION NOTE
A single-supply current source is shown in Figure 14. Large resistors are used to maintain micropower operation. Output current can be adjusted by changing the R10 resistor. Compliance voltage is |VL| |VSAT| |VS|; IOUT = R2/(R8 R10) VS; IOUT = 1 mA to 11 mA; R2 = R10 + R7
2.7V TO 30V R7 97.3k R10 2.7k 3 2 U3 V V+ 1 IOUT = 1mA TO 11mA

R8 100k

5V 2V p-p 3 1 2 1/2 OP727 V 100k 1/2 OP727

02380-012

V+

VOUT (FULL-WAVE RECTIFIED)

C2 10pF R9 100k

OP777

RLOAD

R6 100k C1 10pF
02380-014

100k

Figure 12. Single-Supply Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier

Figure 14. Single-Supply Current Source

RAIL-TO-RAIL OUTPUT
With light loads, the output can swing to within 1 mV of both supply rails, and the parts are stable in a voltage follower configuration. Short-circuit protection on the output protects the devices up to 30 mA with split 15 V supplies (10 mA with a single 5 V supply).

When in single-supply applications, driving motors or actuators in two directions is often accomplished using an H-bridge (see Figure 15). This driver is capable of driving loads from 0 V to 5 V in both directions. To drive inductive loads in both directions, be sure to add diode clamps to protect the bridge from inductive kickback.
5V

NEGATIVE RAIL INPUT

The amplifiers respond to signals as low as 1 mV above ground in a single-supply arrangement. The true single-supply capability of the OP7x7 family enables designers to operate down to the negative supply or ground in both single- and dual-supply applications. The high gain and low TCVOS of the OP727 ensure accurate operation with microvolt input signals (see Figure 13). In this circuit, the input always appears as a common-mode signal to the op amps. The CMRR of the OP727 exceeds 120 dB, yielding an error of less than 2 ppm.
+15V VIN 3 2 V V+ 1 1/2 OP727 D3 1N4148 2k 1/2 OP727 0V < VOUT < 10V
02380-013

5V 1.67V 0V < VIN < 2.5V 3 2 R39 5k V+ U3 1

Q3 2N2222A/ZTX

Q4 2N2222A/ZTX

1/2 OP727 V

VOUT

R38 10k

Q5 2N2907

Q6 2N2907

U3 R40 10k

1/2 OP727

Figure 15. H Bridge

30pF

D3 1N4148 1k 1k

The current source shown in Figure 16 supplies both positive and negative current into grounded load. Note that ZOUT = R2B ((R2A/R1) + 1)/((R2B + R2A)/R1) R2/R5 and, for ZOUT to be infinite, (R2A + R2B)/R1 = R2/R5.
R2A 1.8k VCC R5 2k VIN 3 2 7 U1 V 4 R1 2k V+ 6 IOUT = VIN/200 R2B 200

15V

Figure 13. Precision Absolute Value Amplifier

OP777
R2 = R2A+R2B

RLOAD

VEE R2 2k

Figure 16. Bilateral Current Source

Rev. B | Page 6 of 8

02380-016

02380-015

R37 10k

APPLICATION NOTE
3 V OVER THE INPUT
The PNP input stages are protected with 500 current-limiting resistors, allowing input voltages up to 3 V higher than either rail without causing damage or phase reversals. The phase reversal protection operates for conditions where either one or both inputs are forced beyond their input common-mode voltage range.
INPUT VS = 15V AV = 1

AN-573
The gain characteristics, of course, are rather different at differing rails. The inputs have a maximum, single temperature offset of 100 V with an input offset current of 2 nA and input bias current of only 10 nA maximum. With a single 5 V rail, the CMRR is typically 110 dB, and the large signal voltage gain is typically 500 V/mV with a 10 k load. With 15 V rails, the CMRR increases, not surprisingly, by 10 dB to 120 dB, and the large signal voltage gain increases to 2500 V/mV. For designs operating at 15 V, the OP777 is a low noise precision amplifier available in a tiny, 8-lead MSOP package. The OP777 is also available in an 8-lead SOIC surface-mount package. This family is extremely useful in instrumentation, for remote sensor acquisition, and in precision filters. The high voltage range allows the use of the parts for single-supply current sourcing and large range instrumentation amplifiers. Both single-supply and dual-supply linear response bridges can also be built. The parts are ideal for use in low-side current monitors in power supply control circuits because the common-mode range extends to ground in the single-supply configuration.

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

OUTPUT

TIME (400s/DIV)

Figure 17. No Phase Inversion

30V

02380-017

DESIGN REMINDERS FOR ACHIEVING HIGH PERFORMANCES

As with any application, a good ground plane is essential to achieve optimum performance. This can significantly reduce the undesirable effects of ground loops and I R losses by providing a low impedance reference point. Best results are obtained with a multilayer board design with one layer assigned to the ground plane. To minimize high frequency interference and prevent low frequency ground loops, shield grounding techniques are required when sensors are used. The cable shielding system should include the cable end connectors. Switching power supplies with high output noise is normally used in many systems. This noise generally extends over a broad band of frequencies and occurs as both conducted and radiated noise, and unwanted electric and magnetic fields. The voltage output noise of switching supplies is short-duration voltage transients or spikes that contain frequency components easily extending to 100 MHz or more. Although specifying switching supplies in terms of rms noise is a common vendor practice, users should also specify the peak (or peak-to-peak) amplitudes of the switching spikes with the output loading of the individual system. Capacitors, inductors, ferrite beads, and resistors are used in filters for noise reduction. Linear post regulation can also be done and separates the power supply circuit from sensitive analog circuits. Analog Devices manufactures many anyCAP low dropout linear regulators. Examples of these devices are the ADP3300 to ADP3310 and ADP3335 to ADP3339 for supply voltages less than 12 V.
02380-018

V p-p = 32V

OP777/ OP727/ OP747

Figure 18. Unity-Gain Follower

VS = 15V AV = 1 VIN

VOLTAGE (5V/DIV)

VOUT

TIME (400s/DIV)

Figure 19. Input Voltage Can Exceed the Supply Voltage Without Damage

The dynamic performance and noise characteristics of the devices are similar whether they are being used with single or dual supplies. The slew rate with a 2 k load is 200 mV/s, and the gain bandwidth product is 700 kHz. Peak-to-peak voltage noise from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz is 0.4 V, and the voltage noise density at 1 kHz is 15 nVHz.

02380-019

Rev. B | Page 7 of 8

AN-573
Capacitors are probably the single most important filter component for switchers. There are generally three classes of capacitors useful in filters in the 10 kHz to 100 MHz frequency range suitable for switchers. Capacitors are broadly distinguished by their generic dielectric types: electrolytic, film, and ceramic. Background and tutorial information on capacitors can be found in the Walter G. Jung, Richard Marsh, Picking Capacitors, Part 1 and Part 2, AUDIO (February, March 1980) article and many vendor catalogs. Chip capacitors should be used for supply bypassing, with one end of the capacitor connected to the ground plane and the other end connected within inch of each power pin. An additional large tantalum electrolytic capacitor (4.7 F to 10 F) should be connected in parallel. This capacitor does not need to be placed as close to the supply pins because it provides current for fast large signal changes at the output of the device. Use short and wide PCB tracks to decrease voltage drops and minimize inductance. Make track widths at least 200 mils for every inch of track length for lowest DCR and use 1 ounce or 2 ounce copper PCB traces to further reduce IR drops and inductance. Be careful not to exceed the maximum junction temperature or the maximum power dissipation rating of an amplifier. When a capacitive load connects to the output of the amplifier, include the power dissipation caused by the rms ac current delivered to the load in the calculation.

APPLICATION NOTE
Use short leads or leadless components to minimize lead inductance. This minimizes the tendency to add excessive ESL and/or ESR. Surface-mount packages are preferred. Use a large area ground plane for minimum impedance. Note how components behave over frequency, current, and temperature variations. Make use of vendor component models for the simulation of prototype designs, and make sure that lab measurements correspond reasonably with the simulation. SPICE modeling is a powerful tool for predicting the performance of analog circuits. Analog Devices provides macro models for most of its ICs. SPICE models can be downloaded on the OP777 product page. Because models omit many real-life effects and no model can simulate all of the parasitic effects of discrete components and PCB traces, build/prove prototypes before they go into production. To ensure successful prototyping, always use a ground plane for precision or high frequency circuits. Minimize parasitic resistance, capacitance, and inductance. If sockets are required, use pin sockets (cage jacks). Pay equal attention to signal routing, component placement, grounding, and decoupling in both the prototype and the final design. Popular prototyping techniques include Freehand dead-bug using point-to-point wiring and solder-mount, milled PCB from CAD layout, multilayer boards that are double-sided with additional point-to-point wiring.

20022010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. AN02380-0-3/10(B)

Rev. B | Page 8 of 8