Procedures to synchronize generators in parallel?

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Answer: You adjust the voltage and RPM on the second generator to be slightly higher than the first. How much higher depends on the system and generator design. While monitoring a synchrometer, you pick a relative phase position (again, depending on design) and close the second generator to the first at the selected moment in phase/time. You immediately monitor and adjust power and vars to make sure the second generator is not too over or under loaded. <<>> Paralleling generators The following is for three phase manual paralleling of two generators. Today's control systems will sense and do this operation automatically but the general process is the same. There are a couple of factors that have to be met when paralleling generators. The process of paralleling generators is called synchronization. What this means is that both generators have to be in phase with each other and running at the same speed. The generator that is running is called the lead generator and the one that you are trying to parallel is called the lag generator. There are two types of instrumentation used in synchronising, one is a light bank and the other a bit more sophisticated is a synchroscope meter. The synchroscope indicates whether the lag generator is faster, slower or in phase with the bus. The lag generator is brought up to speed just under the RPM of the lead generator. The synchroscope will be revolving very slowly in a clockwise rotation at this point. When the hand on the synchroscope reaches the 11 o'clock position the switch is thrown to bring the generator on to the bus tying the two generators together. The light system of paralleling generators has lamps hooked in series and connected between the hot lead of the lead generator and the hot lead of the lag generator. When one generator is running faster than the other one, the lights will blink off and on as the generators come in and out of phase

with each other. Adjusting the throttle of the lag generator and bringing it closer to synchronise speed will cause the lights will start to pulsate slower and slower until they go off for a period of seconds and then on for a period of seconds. At this point the two generators are electrically paralleled. Count the time between on off on of the lights. At half the off time (zero voltage) throw the switch and the generators will lock together, the two generators will be running in parallel with each other. Manually to keep them paralleled requires a bit of work, as the faster generator will try and take the load and motor the other one. This is where a governor is a great asset. If the generators are tied together out of phase two things could happen. The least problematic would be the generators breaker will trip. The second and most dangerous is if the lag generator is just a little bit out of phase when the switch is thrown, then the generator will be jerked into phase lock as momentary heavy current flows between the two generators. The sudden loading of the generator has been known to break crankshafts of the engine driving it.

What is the difference between earthing transformer and neutral grounding transformer?

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Answer: First of all, there is no difference between "earthing" and "grounding", since "earthing" is being used in Europe, whereas "grounding" is more common in the USA. An earthing (or grounding) transformer is a transformer which is used in a substation in order to derive the substation LowVoltageAC supply from the main power transformer. If you use an earthing (or grounding) transformer in order to provide an artificial neutral in a network without a neutral (where for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a particular voltage level), you refer to such a transformer as a neutral earthing (or neutral grounding) transformer.

For all electrical power generating units at least one LAVT and one NG cubicles is essentially required for protection, measurement and balancing of the current of the three phase generator. These panels are installed between generator and step-up transformer of the power plant.

NG & LAVT Cubicle LAVT Cubicle:LAVT cubicles are enclosure for housing (I ) Lightening Arrester (L A ), (ii) Surge Capacitor (S C), and (iii) Voltage transformers (V T S). The cubicles are installed in Power generating Units (i) To protect the generator from High Voltage Surge due to Lightening stroke or electrical fault. LA & SC provide minimum resistance path to the short duration high voltage & high current because of lightening or fault and the complete current flows to ground earth point through the earthing bus bar. (ii) For measurement of voltage of a generating unit with the help of VTs (a) For measurement of power (Metering) (b) Protection circuit and (c) Synchronization of the unit. VTs of various accuracies step down the generator voltage of 6.6 KV to 15.75 KV to 110 Volt for the purpose of metering, Protection & Synchronising purpose. The design of LAVT cubicle depends on: (a) Voltage level of the generator. (b) Type of bus duct system between generator and step up transformer of the power plant. Depending upon above mentioned factors LAVT cubicles are designed (a) With or without bushing (b) All the three phases (R,Y,B) sections put together side by side and (c) The three cubicles for R,Y,B phase separated with a air gap of 200 to 400 MM.

Test conducted: Functional testing of the complete assembled panel. Continuity test and 3.3 KV test on wiring. HV Test at power frequency at 28 KV RMS for 1 minute VT ( Voltage Transformer) Cubicle These cubicles are similar to LAVT cubicle except provision of LA & SA (Lightening arrestor & Surge capacitor). These cubicles are used when the system requires large no. of voltage transformer for metering, protection and synchronization circuitry of power generating unit

NG (Neutral Grounding) Cubicle NG cubicle is an enclosure for installation of Neutral grounding transformer (NGT) and Neutral Grounding Resistance (NGR) for grounding/ Earthing of Neutral current during unbalanced three-phase load of a generator. This is essentially required for protection of the generator. The neutral grounding Transformer (NGT) steps down the voltage of neutral bus from 6.6 KV/ 11KV / 15.75 KV level to 110 Volt or 220 Volt level. This stepped down voltage is connected to a neutral grounding resistance and a Ground earth Terminal for bringing the voltage level of neutral bus as close as possible to Zero voltage level.

GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZING PANEL

A) SYNCHRONIZING PANEL Operating Method: The Synchronizing panel will operate on an automatic mains failure system, so that when the main supply is interrupted on one or all phases (after an adjustable delay period) the generator sets will start-up together. After an initial warm-up period (adjustable) the generators will synchronize with each other by means of motorized circuit breakers or contactors onto a common buss bar. Next, the motorized change-over switch will be closed and the load connected to the main distribution box. The load share units continuously monitor the load and during low demand periods one or two generators will be shut down to save on fuel consumption. As demand rises again the second and third generators will be restarted, synchronized and reconnected to load. When the AMF control unit detects that the main supply has been restored an adjustable observation period is activated before the main supply is reconnected. A cool down period will then follow, after which the generator sets will be shut down. The AMF Panel includes a Deep Sea 5510 Controller (Synchronizing Unit): General characteristics 3-phase mains-generator voltage control 3-phase current control 12 digital inputs 3 Analog inputs for pressure, temperature and fuel level monitoring Retentive energy meters RS-232 port for setup, remote control and GSM modem (optional) Context sensitive on-line help prompts

Choice of text language Icon detail and alarm viewing Event log for alarms, status and events Operating data recording Viewable measurements

Battery voltage Phase, line and system mains voltage values Phase, line and system generator voltage values Phase current Active, reactive and apparent power values Active-reactive energy meters Power factor per phase Mains and generator frequency Engine speed (rpm) Oil pressure Water temperature Fuel level Engine running hour counter Hours remaining before next maintenance Total number of starting attempts Percentage of successful starting attempts

Whats the difference in use of a synchronizing panel, automatic transfer switch, and switch gears?
This is in relation to generators
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A synchronizing panel is for connecting the local generator to the grid. The incoming generator has to have the same phase sequence, voltage and frequency as the grid. To do this a synchronozing panel is needed. Likewise, other generators to be connected in parallel has to be synchronized with the former.The automatic transfer switch is a switch that automatically transfers load from one power system to astandby generator. THE AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH HAS WITH IT RELAYS AND CONTACTORS THAT SENSES THE LOSS OF VOLTAGE FROM ONE SOURCE AND contactors which automatically closes contacts from another power source after the original power source contactor opens. The switchgears are for switching on and off the grid power and generator powers. Source(s): Industrial power plant.
5 years ago

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Optimized for installations where the use of a PC for control is not practical, the TACP is equipped with a compact 7inch TFT LCD display that supports an 800 480 resolution. The unit is capable of directly communicating with up to 120 Avitech multiviewer modules over seven different IP addresses and one RS-232 connection. Multiple TACPs can be linked in a peer-to-peer configuration, allowing users to create TACP networks and expand to control extremely large and complex systems.

SCADA

Acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. A SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system. SCADA systems were first used in the 1960s. LTAC The 415 volts L.T.A.C. panels shall be indoor floor mountings sheet metal clad type comprising of combination switch fuse units and busbar chambers and equipped with circuits and equipments as specified. The different circuits shall be mounted above and below the busbar chamber to form a suitable arrangement, except that the incomings will be located at the front and mounted below the bus bar chamber. All equipments shall be suitable for the reception of the cables rising from

the ground level. The switchboards shall be so designed as to be readily extensible. The phase and neutral busbars shall be of high conductivity Aluminium of adequate uniform cross section. The busbars shall be insulated from the structure by means of durable no