An Introduction

[W]

[W]

K
W

KLL-
K J

W
-

EKKKF

Physical Measurements

WIntroduction -

K
W

Kmeasurement units of dimensional quantitiesEF-

Kunits dimensionsEF-

W EF
K-

K-
-

WMeasurement Units -
--

(SI)International SystemK
KSystem International

International bureau of

weight and measures

K

W
E-F

EF
KE-FE-FEF

E-FK

KE--F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

length

meter

mass

kilogram

kg

time

second

thermodynamics
temperature

kelvin

electric current

ampere

luminous

candela

cd

amount of
substance

mole

mol

EFE-F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

plane angle

radian

rad

solid angle

steradian

sr.

E--F

W
WThe Metric System--

(MKS system)E-F

(Meter, Kilogram, Second)

K(K)Kelvin

WThe Gaussian system (CGS)--

KE-FK EF

(MKS)
K

(CGS

system) Gauss

(Centimeter, Gram, Second)

K(K)

WThe British System (FPS)--

W

(FPS System)

KFahrenheit(Foot, Pound, Second)

(CGS) (MKS) K

KK

WInternational System Units (SI) -

KK
WDimensions -

dimensional

W consistency

and units consistency

W

[L]

[K]

[M]

[A]

[Mol]

[T]

[Cd]

[ ]

W
K-
K-
K-
K(CGS)(MKS)-

W
v=

x
t

[v] = [L] = [L][T ]1

[T ]

[ ]

()[T][L]
W

[L] [T ]1 = m s1
W
(MKS) ( m / s )

K
E-F

Application

Isaac

Newton

WForce
r

F = mar

( ar ) (m)

W ( s ) ( m / s )
r
r v ( m / s )
a= =
= ( m / s2 )
t
(s)

( 1 m / s2 ) ( 1 kg )
r
r
F = ma = ( kg )( m / s 2 )

[ M ][ L ][ T ] 2 W

K ( kg . m / s 2 )

E-F

Application

W
rr
W = F .r

( rv ) ( F )

W
m
)( m )
s2
m2
= ( kg 2 )
s

J = ( kg

K [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

( 1 N )

( 1 m )

KVoltCoulomb

? ?

KDimensions and units theory

EF

E-F

Application

(m)

K()
WSolution

W(A)
A = CL M T

( , , )

W
m2
J = kg 2
s

[M ]1 [LT 1 ]2
[L] [M ] [T ]

= , = , =

K=

1
mv 2
2

W
C = (1/ 2 )

KE-F

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

yotta-

zetta-

exa-

peta-

tera-

giga-

mega-

kilo-

hecto-

deka-

yocto

zepto-

atto-

femto-

pico-

nano-

micro-

milli-

centi-

da

deci

y
z
a
f
p
n

m
c
d

EFE-F
Prefixes for (SI) units

(yotta) prefixes

K(yocto)

KE-F

KE JF

( r )
K

Wdimensional analysis

- -EF
K

E-F

Application

Q = kA

( T2 T1 )
t
d

W
Wkconducting heatWQ
W ( T2 ,T1 ) WA thermal

conduction coefficient

KWdWt
WSolution
WJoule

Q = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

k = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1
A = [ L]2
T = [K]
d = [ L]

Z
Z

[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1 [ L ] 2 [ K ][ L ] 1 [ T ]
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

K
E-F

Application

( I ) ( R )

K(P)resistive power
WSolution
W
R = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2

W
P = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
I = [ A]

( P )

P I R

W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
= K [ A ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
2 = 0
= 2

W[L]
=

=
=

[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] 2 [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2 = R
[ A]2 = I 2

P = KI R
2

K =

KE-F(SI)
EF

Quantity

Dimensions

area

amount of substance

acceleration

angular momentum

current

capacitance

mass density

energy

electric charge

m2

Mol

mol

EF

LT 2

ms 2

ML2 T 1

kg m2 s 1

M 1 L2 T 4 A 2

kg 1 m2 s 4 A2

ML3

kg m3

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

AT

A s 1

E-F
Quantity

electric potential

electric field strength

electric resistance

frequency

Dimensions

ML2 T 3 A 1

kg m2 s 3 A1

ML T 3 A 1

kg m s 3 A1

ML2 T 3 A 2

kg m2 s 3 A2

T 1

s 1

KEF

Quantity

Dimensions

ML T 2

kg m s 2

inductance

ML2 T 2 A 2

kg m2 s 2 A2

length

luminous intensity

Cd

cd

luminous flux

CdSr

cd sr

luminance

Cd L2

cd m2

mass

kg

moment of inertia

ML2

kg m2

magnetic flux

ML2 T 2 A 1

kg m2 s 1 A1

MT 2 A 1

kg s 2 A1

force

magnetic field density

magnetic pole

LA

mA

magnetic field
strength

L1 A

m1 A

km

permeability

MLT 2 A 2

kg s 2 A2

surface tension

M T 2

kg s 2

specific heat

L2 T 2 K 1

m s 2 K 1

time

temperature

torque

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

thermal conductivity

MLT 3 K 1

kg m s 3 K 1

volume

L3

L3

velocity

LT 1

LT 1

E-F

[ ]--W

E-F

capitallower

case

K ( , , , , )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
solid

anglePlane angle

( ) K
K ( Z )

Greek Name
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu

Lower case

Capital

Greek Name

Lower case

Capital

Xi

Omicron
Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Chi

Psi

Omega

EF

Nu

E-F

KEF

E-F

Application

(x) Projectile

K ( gr ) ( vo )

K
WSolution
x ( vo , g )

(K)

( , )
x = K vo g

[L]W

{[ L ][ T ] } {[ L ][ T ] }
1

= [ L ] [ T ] [ L ] [ T ] 2
= [ L ] + [ T ] 2

W
[ L ] = [ L ] + { T ] 2

[ T ] 0

[ L ][ T ] 0 = [ L ] + [ T ] 2

dimensions analysis

+ = = -

()

- = - =

-(-) =

+ =
- =

()

W()
= - = -( ) =

x=K

vo2
g

K
E-F

Application

W a ( x )
x = xo + vo t + ( 1 / 2 )at 2

( vo ) ( t ) ( xo )

KEFK
WSolution

[L]

[ L ] + [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] + [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2

W
[ L] = [ L]
= [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] = [ L ]
= [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ L ]

K
E-F
r

Application

( F ) ( f ) oscillationfrequency

KE l m/Fmass per unit length

K
WSolution

W
f ( F , l, m / l )

K(K)

v = KF l m
l

dimensions

KEFanalysis

K(s )(SI)

[ T ] 1 = K [ M ][ L ][ T 2 ] [ L ] [ M ] [ L ]
= K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

W [ M ] 0 [ L ] 0

[ M ] 0 [ L ] 0 [ T ] 1 = K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

EF

+ = 0 + = 0

2 =

EF

EF

= 0 =

2 = 1 = 1 / 2
= 1 / 2
= 1

m
f = KF l
l
1
2

1
2 1

= KF l m

K
l

1
2

1
2

F
m

(m / l ) 2 W
1

( l )1

K ( m / l ) (m) (m / l ) 2
1

Summary

K(SI)

(CGS)(MKS)

W(SI)

-(FPS)

-
-

K ( 1 dyne cm 2 esu 2 ) ( 9 10 9 Nm 2 C 1 )

E-F

Self Test Exams

W

( l ) ( p ) ( p / l )

K ( r ) ( ) ( visconsity )

W
W

r2
= K
( s l )g
v

( r ) Stocks law

( g ) ( ) ( l ) ( v ) ( s )
K K =

2
9

W
( T ) ( A ) black body
K ( t ) (Q)

W
Q =

Stefen-Boltzman

A t T4

constant ( )

K(SI)

KEF

Unit One Exercises & Problems

-
K(SI)

W -
r

F = mar

W J
r

K ( ar ) (m) ( F )
F = G m1 m2 2
r

W J
r

( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )

W J
v = vo + x t

x = xo + v t + ( 1 / 2 )x t 2

( xo ) ( x ) ( vo ) ( v )
K ( t )

-
( l )

K ( g ) ( T ) ( m )

-
W
r

F = kx

W-

K ( k ) ( x ) ( F )
r

F = G m1 m2 2
r

W-

( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )

-
K(CGS)K(CGS)(MKS)

-
K-
K-
K-
K-
K
W ( 6.37 106 m ) -
-
-
K -

Optional Problems

K ( 3 108 m . s1 ) -
KL

KL

-
K ( 1 u ) ( 1 u )

K -
( 1.4 1021 kg ) -

Scalars & Vectors
WIntroduction -
scalars

vectors

(y)(x)(x-y

plane)

(x)
counter

clockwise

K-
-
K

-
K

-
K

-
K

WScalars -
Wscalar

K magnitude J
Kmeasurment unit J
W unit

()

( kg)W

WVectors -
W

Kmagnitude-

K(xyz)(xy)direction-
Kaction point-
Kaction axis-

force
velocity magnetic

field displacement

arrow Kmomentum acceleration

(N-W direction)( N)
( N)

-F

KE

EF( N) ( F ) E-F

(A) ( A )
r

( F ) E-F

EF
K()()

W (F

N)

W
K

WAdding Vectors: Graphical Method -

KE-FK ( B ) ( A )

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( A ) EF
r

( A ) ( B )
r

( B ) ( A )
r

K ( A + B = B + A ) ( C = A + B ) (A)EF

( B ) ( A ) ( C )
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r r r
C= A+B
(-)

KE-F

E-F

r
( C )

cosine law
r

( B ) ( A )
r

W?? ( B ) ( A )
C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

K
K

??
ApplicationE-F

r
r
( B ) ( A )

K ( = 90 ) E-F

E-F

WSolution

W ( = 90 )
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + 2( 4 )( 2 ) cos ( 90 ) = 16 + 4 = 20
C 2 = 20
C = 4.47
r

( C ) W

K
ApplicationE-F

cosine

law

( A = 3, B = 4 )

K ( = 30 ) E-F

E-F

WSolution

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
C 2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 + 2( 3 4 ) cos ( 30 )
C 2 = 9 + 16 + 24( 0.8660 ) = 45.78
C = 6.76

ApplicationE-F
r

( F2

r
= 9 N ) ( F1 = 6 N )

E-F(P)
K ( = 120 )

E-F

WSolution
E-F

F = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 Cos ( )

= ( 6 )2 + ( 9 )2 + 2( 6 )( 9 ) Cos ( 120 )
= 7.9 N

( F )

K ( F )

WVectors Addition Properties--

W
v

( B ) ( A ) Wcommutative law -

r r r r
A+ B = B+ A

Wassosiation
r r
r r
r r
( A+ B)+C = A+(B +C )

law

-
r

WE C B A F

W ( A ) ( A )
r
r
A + ( A ) = 0

WVectors Subtraction--

K ( B ) ( B )
r

r r r
r
A B = A + ( B)

)
v

( B )

K ( A )

WVectors and their ComponentsEF -

vector

E-F

K
(x, y)

cartesian axes
y-

x-components

Wcomponents

({)

K-

(cos) (sin) -

(tan)
K

( A ) E-F

( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

K ( A )

WE-F
r

K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) -
EF -

(a b c)K
r

({) ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
K

(x, y)E A FE-F

KEF

( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

K ( A )

cos ( ) =

Ax

Ax = A cos ( )
(

)
W
sin ( ) =

Ay

Ay = A sin ( )
(

(x, y)

K ( )

W (

= 90 ) -

Ax = A cos ( 90 ) = 0

W
Ay = A sin ( 90 ) = A

K ( Ay )

W ( = 0 ) -
Ax = A cos ( 0 ) = A

W ( Ax )

Ay = A sin ( 0 ) = 0

( = 0 )

W( )( )-
Ay
Ax
tan ( ) =
(

A sin ( )
A cos ( )

Ay
Ax

( )

( Ax ) ( Ay )
r r r

W ( A1 , A2 , A3 ,...)
W ( Ay ) ( Ay )

= Ay1 + Ay 2 + Ay3 + ...

W ( Ax ) ( Ax )

= Ax1 + Ax2 + Ax3 + ...

r r

K ( A1 , A2 ,...)
( )

W( )

A
A
A

tan( ) =

= tan1

(
(

( )

( Ay / Ax ) ( )

tan ( ) = 1

= tan1 ( 1 )
= 45

(a b c)E-F

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) E-F

( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

E A F (a

b c)

A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2

A=
(
(

Ax2 + Ay2

( )

K( )( ))

A=

( A ) + ( A )
2

)
r

( A )

( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )

ApplicationE-F

() )

KE-F

( km

WSolution
r

({) ( A )

W( )
A = 215 km
r

K ( A )
Ax = A cos ( )
= 215 cos ( 68 ) = 80.5 km
r

K ( A )
Ay = A sin ( )
= 215 sin ( 68 ) = 199.34 km

E JFE-F

(-

A =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2

W(-))

(80.5)2 + (199.34)2

= 215 km
Ay
tan ( ) =
Ax

199.34
= 2.476
80.5
= tan 1 ( 2.476 ) = 68
=

WUnit Vectors -

( x , y , z )

K unit

vectors

( x , y , z ) ( i , j , k )

( i , j , k )

( Ax ) ( x , y ) ( j ) ( i )

K ( A ) ( Ay )

KE-F

r
k
A = Ax i + Ay j + A
z

E-F

( i , j , k )

E-F
r

( Ay ) ( Ax )

A = Ax i + Ay j

KE-F
ApplicationE-F

W ( A )
r
A = 4i 5 j + 3k

W
+ 4i , 5 j , 3k

+ 4 , 5, + 3

(x, y, z)

WE-F

r
( A ) E-F

Adding Vectors by Adding their

-
WComponents

( A )
r

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

( )
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
( )
r
C = C x i + C y j + C z k
(

W
R x = Ax + B x + C x
(

R y = Ay + B y + C y
(

R z = Az + B z + C z

W ( C ) ( B )

r
R = R x i + R y j + R z k

( x , y , z )

r
( R ) ( Rx , R y , Rz ) W

K ( i , j , k )

ApplicationE-F
r

W ( R )
r
A = 4i + 6 j + 2k
r
B = 3i + 3 j 2k
r
C = i 4 j + 2k

WSolution
Rx = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Ry = 6 + 3 4 = 5
Rz = 2 2 + 2 = 2

r
R = 8i + 5 j + 2k

WVectors Product -

KKW
WDot ProductEKF--

EKF scalar
W

rr
A.B = A B cos ( )

( )

r
r
( B ) ( A )
r
r
KE-FE A dot B FEF

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( 90 ) W

i .i = 1 1 cos ( ) = 1

i . j =

i . k =

-
1 cos ( 0 ) = 1

-
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0
-
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

EF

( ??( )

K- )

W
i = j = k =1

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )( B x i + B y j + B z k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k

E-F

Kdistribution law
ApplicationE-F

W ( B ) ( A ) ( )
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k

WSolution

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
Ax2 + Ay2 =

(3)2 + ( 4 )2

=5

B = B x2 + B z2 =

( 2 )2 + (3)2

= 3.6

A=

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j )( B x i + B z k )
= ( 3i 4 j )( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i ).( 2i ) + ( 3i ).( 3k ) + ( 4 j ).( 2i ) + ( 4 j ).( 3k )
= ( 6 )( 1 ) + ( 9 )( 0 ) + 8( 0 ) ( 12 )( 0 ) = 6

W
cos ( ) =

= cos

6
= 0.333
18

{) =
r

K ( = 110 ) ( B ) ( A )


Cross ProductEXF--

vector

r r r
A B = C = A B sin ( )
(

( ) (C)
r

KE A cross B FE-F ( B ) ( A )

r
E B

r
FE A FE-F

( C )

E-F

( A )

( C ) ( B )
W

B A = A B
(

r r
A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( B x i + B y j + B z k )
(

distribution

r r
law ( A B )

( x , y , z )

W
W ( j ) ( i )

i j = i j sin ( )

W
i = j =1

( k ) ( = 90 )

W ( j ) ( i )
i j = 1 1 sin ( 90 ) = 1( k ) = k

WK ( z ) ( k )
i j = k
(

j k = i
(

k i = j
(

KE-F

(k)(j)(i)E-F

ApplicationE-F
W

r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k
r r r
C = A B W

WSolution

r
r r
C = A B = ( 3i 4 j ) ( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i 2i ) + ( 3i 3k ) + ( 4 j 2i ) ( 4 j 3k )

= 0 + 9 ( j ) + 8( k ) 12( i )
r
C = 12i 9 j 8 k

i i = j j = k k = 0
(

)
i i = 1 1 sin ( 0 ) = 0 W

K ( k k ) ( j j )

Summary

A
A

= A1 x + A2 x + ...

= A1 y + A2 y + ...

tan( ) =

A
A

W
W ( i , j , k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = Bx i + B y j + Bz k
r
C = Cxi + C y j + Cz k

R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k

(B,

A) W

r
C = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos( )

( B ) ( A )
K ( )

( B, A ) W

r r

A . B = A B cos( )
B

K ( )

( B, A ) W
W

A B = A B sin( )
r
( C )

( B, A )
K

Self Test Exams

K
W
r r r

KE-F ( m ) ( F1 , F2 , F3 )
K-
K-

E-F

y-componentx-component

KE-F

E-F

W E-F

K Fx -
K Fy -
K-

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 2i + 3 j
r
B = 3i + 3 j

W
r

K ( 2B ) ( 3 A ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( A B ) ( A + B ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) ( ) -
r r

K ( A . B ) -
r

K ( A B ) -
W

KEF

Unit Two Exercises & Problems

() ( A ) -

( x, y )
r

K ( A )

W ( A ) -
x=

y =
r

K ( A ) -
r

K ( A ) -
( 15 m )

r
( R )

( 30 )

K ( x, y )

-
KE-F ( 20 ) ( 12.5 m )

E-FE-F

K-
K -
r

W ( D ) ( C ) -
Cx = 7.4, C y = 3.8, Cz = 6.1
Dx = 4.4, Dy = 2.0, Dz = 0
r

K ( R )
r

W ( B ) ( A ) -
r
A = 4 i + 3 j
r
B = 13 i + 7 j

K ( j ) ( i ) -
r

K ( A + B ) ( R ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A ) -
r
A = 3 i + 4 j
r
B = 5 i j

r r r
R = A+ B
r r r
R= BA
r
r
W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 4 i 3 j + k
r
B = i + j + 4 k
r

K ( A + B ) -W
K ( A B ) -

W ( C ) -
r

A B+C =0

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) -
r r
r
A B = 2C
r r
r
A + B = 4C
r
C = 3 i + 4 j

K ( B ) ( A )
r

()E-F ( B ) ( A ) -
K

E-FE-F

K ( B ) ( A ) ( R ) -
r

K ( R ) -
r

K ( R ) -
K -

( 6 m ) ( 12 m )

( 3 m )
KE-FK

E-FE-F

-
W

i .i = j . j = k . k = 1

i . j = j . k = k .i = 0

i i = j j = k k = 0

i j = k , k i = j , j k = i

() ( A ) -
W(

r
)() ( B )
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A ) -
r
A = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k
r
B = 2 i + j + 3 k

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Ay By

K
r

W ( B ) ( A ) -
r
A = 3 i + 5 j
r
B = 2 i + 4 j

1
2
3

r r
A B
rr
A.B
r r r
( A + B ).B

Optional Problems

-
W

K ( 40 ) ( 1200 m ) -

( 123 ) -
E-F ( 258 m )

E-F

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) -
r
A = 3 i + 3 j 2 k
r
B = i 4 j + 2 k
r
C = 2 i + 2 j + k

E-F

r
r r r r r r r r
A ( B + C ), A .( B + C ), A .( B C )
r
r
( B ) ( A )

1 r r
A B
2

E-F

Force & Motion

WIntroduction -

KEF

forcemechanics
motion
K

W
microscopic W-
atoms
molecules
K?quantum mechanics?

EF
K

W -
speed of light
Krelativity

EF
W
-
K

-
K

-
K

K-
K-

WDisplacement -
E-F B A

displacement
KBA

EF

E-FEF

W distance
B A B A
K

E-F

WAverage Velocity -
( v ) average velocity

( t ) ( x )

W K

v=
(

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

( v )

( x2 ,t2 ) (x,

t)

( x1 ,t1 )
W

x = f(t)
(

(x) (t) function (x)

Kvector

ApplicationE-F

x = t t + t

K ( 1, 2 ,3,4 ) -

K ( t2 = 4s ) ( t1 = 0 ) -

K ( t2 = 4 s ) ( t1 = 2 s ) -
WSolution

x( s) = () () + () =

x( s) = () () + () =
x( s) = () () + () =
x( s) = () () + ()

= H = m

x = x( s) x( s)

x = m = m
v=

x 12 m
=
= 3( m / s )
4s
t

x = x( s) x( s) = (

) = m

t = s s = s
v=

x 14 m
=
= 7( m / s )
2s
t

WInstantaneous Velocity -
intanntaneous velocity

average velocity
W

v = limt 0
(

x dx
=
t dt

( ) (v)

(t) (x)

ApplicationE-F
W

x = - t + t

K(t)(x)
Kt = s
WSolution
Wt = s
v ( 1s ) =

dx d
= ( 2 2t + 4t 2 )
dt dt
= 2 + 8t = 2 + 8( 1 )
= 6( m / s)

WAcceleration -
( v1 )

( v2 )

average acceleration
a=

v2 v1 v
=
t2 t1 t

W ( a )

Winstantanous acceleration

r dv
a=
dt

( ) ( )

(t) (v)

W(t)(x)
ApplicationE-F

W
x = 50t + 10t 2
(t = (t)(x)

W )
K-
Kt = s-
Kt = s-
WSolution
Kt = st = -
x ( t = 3s ) x ( t = 0 )
t
x ( t = 3s ) = 50 ( 3 ) + 10 ( 3 )2 = 240 ( m )

v=

x(t = 0 ) = 0

t = t2 t1 = 3 0 = 3 ( s )
v=

240 ( m )
= 80 ( m / s )
3( s )

W-
v=
vt =3

d
( 50t + 10t 2 )
dt
= 50 + 20t

vt =3 = 50 + 20 3 = 110 ( m / s )

W-
dv
dt
d
a = ( 50 + 20t )
dt
at =3 = 20 ( m / s 2 )
a=

K
WConstant Acceleration Motion -

W
a=

dv
= ao = const .
dt

( ao )

Kt =

W
d v = ad t

W EF

dv = a dt
v = at + const .
(

const.

v = vo
t=o
vo = a ( o ) + const

vo = const

W( )
v = a t + vo

(a) ( v )

( vo ) ( v )

W( ) ( a = ao ) ( vo )
v = a t + vo

(-)

K
W
v = dx = at + vo
dt

dx = at dt + vo dt

W- -

dx = a tdt + v dt
1

x=a

t
+ vo t + const
2

W
t=o

x = xo

xo = a ( o ) + vo ( o ) + const

xo = const

W( )
x=

1 2
at + vo t + xo
2

( x )

( xo ) ( xo ) ( x )

( x xo ) =
(

1 2
at + vo t
2

( ) ( )

t=
(

W(t)( )

v vo
a

)
W( )

1 ( v vo )2
( v vo )
+ vo
a
2
2
a
a
2
2
1 ( v + vo 2v vo ) v vo v 2
=
+
2
a
a
2
2
2
v + vo 2v vo + 2v vo 2vo
=
2a
2
2
v vo
=
2a

( x xo ) =

v 2 vo2 = 2a( x xo )
(

W
W

WEF

v = vo + at

1 2

at + vo t
( x xo ) =
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

ApplicationE-F

( m) ( m/s)( m/s)
W

K-

K( m/s)-

K( m/s)-
WSolution

v 2 vo2
2 ( x xo )

a=

( )-

[( 50

a=

t =

m
) ( 30 )2
s = 5 ( m / s2 )
2 ( 160 ) m

v
t
v ( v vo )
=

a
= 4( s )

( 50 30 ) m / s
5 m / s2

( x xo ) EF
K ( x xo ) = d W ( d )

W( m/s)-
t=

v
30 (m / s )
=
a
5 (m / s 2 )

= 6 (s)
x xo =

xo = 0

1 2
at + vo t
2

W-

vo = 0
1 2
at
2
1
x =
(5 m / s 2 )(6s ) 2
2
= 90 (m)
x =

WNewtons First Law -

reference

system

inertia law

K??

?
?
equilibrium

conditions

W
r
F
=0

W
r
r
p = mv

( vr ) (m)momemtum ( pr )

WNewtons Second Law -

(m) ( F )
r

( ar )
r r
F
a

( )
W

F1 F2 F3
=
=
= const .
a1 a 2 a 3

(m)

K
r
r
F
= ma

W( )

( )
external forces

internal forces

( )

(x, y, z)K

Fr
Fr
F

x
y

r
= ma x
r
= ma y
r
= ma z

( )
(

(ax,

ay, az)(m)

(SI)(

W
N = ( kg)( m/sI)
ApplicationE-F

kg)

W ( N)
K( N)-

K -
WSolution

E-FE-F

( f k , F ) -

W (x)

= F fk

30 3 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

27
= 3.375 ( m / s 2 )
8

= ma
30 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

30
= 3.75 ( m / s 2 )
8

ApplicationE-F

( m/s)( kg)

K( N)

K-

K-
-

WSolution

E-FE-F

( vo = 15 m / s ) -

K ( F = 0 )

W -
r

r
= max

F f k = max
0 45 = 20 ( ax )
a=

45
= 2.25 ( m / s 2 )
20

v vo
t
v vo
0 15
t=
=
= 6.6 ( s )
a
2.25
a=

K({ s)
ApplicationE-F

({

kg)

( vo = 106 m / s )

K(

s)(

N)

K
WSolution

v = vo + at

ax = 0
voy = 0

= mea y

Fy = mea y
ay =

Fy
me

F
vy = vo y + y t
me
8 10 17
10 8
= 0 +
31
9.1 10
= 8.79 105 ( m / s )

WWeight -
weight
r

( F = mar )

gravetational

attraction

W
r
r
W = mg
( )

( gr ) (m)
( gr )

K ( ar )

( )

( j ) (y)
r
r
W = mgj

( )

K(y-axis)
W
K-

K(g)-
W
Winertia mass-

minertia =

F
a

( )
Wattraction mass-

K
r r

(W1 ,W2 )

K ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

r
W1
= r
W2

( )

gravitational acceleration

K(g)free falling acceleration

r
W1 = ( m1 )( g )
r

W2 = ( m2 )( g )

( )
W(

)( )

m1 g
m2 g

m1
= const .
m2

W
m mg

m
=1
mg

m = mg

K
WNewtons Third Law -

K
r

( FAB ) (A)E-F
r

E FBA F(B)(B)

(A)
W

r
r
FAB = FBA

E-F

W
K

intertial frames

actionK

Kreaction

KE-F

( F2 ,F2 ) ( F1 ,F1 ) E-F

W
-
r

( W )
r

K ( N )

-
r

K ( N ) ( F )
r

( F ) -
r

K ( N )
WFriction -
r

( F )

EFEF

friction force

K-
K-
W --

Wstatic frictional force-

( F )
( f s ) static frictional force
r

( N ) ( f s )
K

Wkinetic frictional force-

r

( F )

kinetic frictional force

K ( f k )

W
r

( F ) -

r r
F fs

( )
r

( f s ) ( f s ) ( F )
r

E-F ( F )

(fs max) ( f s ) -

r
r
f s max = s N

( s ) ( W ) ( N )

Kcoefficient of static friction

fkfsE-F

-
r

( f s )

r
r
fk = k N

( )
coefficient of kinetic
( k )

Kfriction

W--

Nonfrictional incline surface EF-

Wmotion

KE-F

E-F

(W)(m)

()

(x, y)
W

r
( W = mg ) W-

(g)

K ( N ) -
r

( N ) ( W )

W
Wx=W sin

Wy = W cos

(Wy)(N)

W
Wy + N =

(Wx)

W
Wx = mg sin () = ma

a = g sin

( )
( )

K
ApplicationE-F

K()( kg)E-F

(g

= { m/s)

WSolution
W(

= g sin
= ({) sin ( ) = { (m/s)

K
W

K( )

Frictional incline

E F -

Wsurface motion

E-F

E-F

( W ) (m)

()
( x , y )

K ( W

= mg ) W-

(g)

K ( N ) -
r

( N ) ( W )

Wx = W sin
Wy = W cos
r
r
( W y ) ( N )

( f k ) ( Wx )

= W x f k = ma

mg sin f k = ma
a=

mg sin f k
m

( )
ApplicationE-F

E-F
( N)(

kg)

( )

K({ m/s)
WSolution

W (

=
m = kg
fk = N
g = { (m/s)
a=

( 12 )( 9.8 ) sin( 30 ) 20
12

= { (m/s)

K( )

Summary

W
r
v = 0

K
W

(m)

ar =

F
m

K
?WW

K?

m = F
a

W
(W,

W)

W ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

W1
W2

W
F

fs

r
r
f s max = s N

( s )

W(fk)

fk

r
= k N

K ( k )
r

W ( a )
v = vo + at

( x xo ) = 1 at 2 + vo t
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

KWv

KWvo

KWx

KWxo

KWa

KWt

Self Test Exams

K
W

( kg)

K( N)
KE-F

W
( m)

( m/s)-

( g)
KE-F

KEF

Unit Three Exercises & Problems

( vo = 30 m / s ) -

( v = 40 m / s ) ( s)
K

( m/s) -
W K( m/s)

K -

K-
( ( kg)

Wkm/h)

K-

K( s)-
E-F( kg) -

K(g = { m/s)

KE-F( m/s)-
K( m/s)-
KE-F( m/s)-

E-F

E-F

( kg) -

K( m/s)( N)

-
K

K-
( kg) -
E-F (

K ( N)

K-

K

-
KE f k f s F

E-FE-F

( x ) -
W ( t )

x = 2 + 10 t + t 2

W ( tx ) ( x )
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) ( t ) -

K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t = 2 s ) -

AppendixEF
Physical Constants

6.022 10 23 particles / mole

NO

absolute zero
temperature
acceleration due
to gravity at sea
level
(W h
d
Avogadros number

1.6022 10 19 C

charge of an electron

8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2

6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2

constant in
Coulombs
gravitational constant

9.109 10 31 kg

me

mass of an electron

1.673 10 27 kg

mp

mass of a proton

Plancks constant

2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )

1.67492 10 27 kg

mn

speed of light in a
vacuum
mass of neutron

8.85 10 12 F / m

permittivity of space

4 10 7 T .m / A

permeability constant

273.15 C

0K

9.801 m / s 2

6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s

Conversion Factors
=

atomic mass

electronvolt

1 N .m

Joule

1 V .C

Joule

6.242 10 18 ( elementary ch arg e units )

coulomb

1.661 10 27 kg = 931.5 MeV / c 2

1.602 10

19

unit

AppendixEF
WMathematical Signs

>

<<

<

>>

WArithmatic Power of
10 a 10b = 10 a +b

10a / 10b = 10a b

(10 ) = 10
a b

ab

WAlgebra
WFractions
ab
b
a =
c
c
ac
a c
=
b d bd

b

c = b
d
cd

a
b
c
d

= ad
bc

a
c
ad + bc
+
=
b
d
bd

b b 2 4ac
K x =
2a

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

K x =

x 2 + 2x +

= 0

WTrigonometry
WDefinitions of trigonometnc Functions
u = sin EFWinverse functions
K

= sin 1 u Eu-F = arc sin u EuF

K arc tan u arc cos u W

y
r
x
cos =
r
sin
y
=
tan =
cos
x
sin =

1
r
=
sin
y
1
r
=
sec =
cos
x
1
x
=
ctn =
tan
y

csc =

WSimple Properties

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

sin
= cos
2

sin ( ) = sin

cos
= m sin
2

cos ( ) = cos

tan
= ctn
=
2
tan

tan ( ) = tan

WProperties of a triangle
+ + =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a
b
c
=
=
sin
sin
sin

a 2 + b 2 = c 2 W =

2

WTrigonometric functions

W
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
csc =

1
sin

sec =

1
cos

ctn =

1
tan

Appendix EF

--

AppendixEF

J
W
QW
P
Q r
l

P
Q = K r
l

W
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 3 [ T ] 1 =

} {[ M ][ L ]

K [ M ]{ L ][ T ] 2 [ L ] 2 [ L ] 1

[ T ] 1 [ L ]

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] [ T ] [ L ]
[ M ] + [ L ] 2 + [ T ] 2

+ = 0 =
()

2 + = 3

()

2 = 1 2 + = 1

()

W ()
= 1 = 1

W () ( )
= 1

W () ( ) ( )
2 +1+ = 3
1+ = 3 = 4

P
Q = K 1 r 4
l
Q=K

Pr 4
l

(SI)
K

WW
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
F L
A v

=
1

( kg )( m )( s ) 2 s
=
( m )
1
m2
m
1 1
= kg .m .s
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
W
r2
s g
v
m2 kg m
= kg .m1s 1
1
3 2
m.s m s

W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

r2
l g
v
m2 kg m
=
= kg .m1.s 1
1
3 2
m.s m s

W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

K(SI)

K
W

Q
A t T4

WW
N .m = kg

m
m2
.
m
=
kg
= [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
2
2
s
s

W W

A = area = m = [L]

T = time = s = [T]

T = temperatur = K = [K]

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
[ L ]2 [T ] [ K ]4

= [ M ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 4
= kg .s 3 K 4

K
WW
= 5.67 10 8 kg .s 3 .K 4

J
W

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 ) = 4 cos ( 40 )

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 ) = 4 sin ( 40 )

= 3.06 N
F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 135 )

= 2.57 N
F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 135 )

= 1.41 N
F3x = F3 cos ( 3 ) = 3 cos ( 290 )

= 1.41 N
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 ) = 3 sin ( 290 )

= 1.026 N

= 2.676 N

F=

( F ) + ( F )

(2.676 )2 + (1.16 )2

= 1.16 N

tan ( ) =

= 2.82

F
F

= 2.91 N

1.16
= 0.433
2.676

= tan 1( 0.433 ) = 23.43

( x, y ) W

K ( F ,Fy ,Fx )
W

K
WE-F

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 )

= 10 cos ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 )

= 10 sin ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 )

= 7 cos ( 60 )

F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 )

= 3.5 N
= 7 sin ( 60 )

F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 )

= 6.06 N
= 6 cos ( 135 )

F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 sin ( 135 )

F4 x = F4 cos ( 4 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 cos ( 330 )

F4 y = F4 sin ( 4 )

= 5.19 N
= 6 sin ( 330 )
= 3 N

W
1 Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x + F4 x
= 7.07 + 3.5 + 4.24 + 5.19 = 11.52 N
2 Fy = F1y + F2 y + F3 y + F4 y
= 7.07 + 6.06 + 4.24 3 = 14.37
3

( F ) + ( F )
2

F=

= 18.4 N
tan =

F
F

14.37
= 1.247
11.52

= tan ( 1.247 ) = 51.28

1

= ( 11.52 )2 + ( 14.37 )2

W
r

W ( 3 A ) -

r
3 A = 6i + 9 j

W ( 2B )

r
2 B = 6i + 6 j

W ( A ) -
A =

( Ax )2 + (Ay )2

(2) 2 + (3) 2 =

B =

(B x )2 + (B y )2

(3) 2 + (3) 2 =

4+9 =

9+9 =

13 = 3.6

18 = 4.24

W ( A + B ) -

r r
( A + B ) = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) i

= ( 2 3 ) i + ( 3 + 3 ) j = i + 9 j
r r
W ( A B )

r r
( A B ) = ( Ax Bx ) i ( Ay By ) i

= (2 ( 3 ))i ( 3 3 ) j = 5i 0 j = 5i

( ) -

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = ( 2i + 3 j ) . ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 ) i .i + ( 2 )( 3 ) i . j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j .i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j . j

= 6 + 9 = 3

W
( i . j = j .i = 0 )
A. B
3
=
= 0.196
A B
(3.6) (4.24)

cos ( ) =

= cos 1 (0.196) = 78.68

r

W ( A . B ) -
r r
( A . B) = A B cos ( )

= (3.6) (4.24) cos (78.68 ) =

= 2.996

KEF
r

W ( A B ) -

r r
( A B ) = A B sin ( )

= ( 2i + 3 j ) ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 )i i + ( 2 )( 3 )i j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j j
= 6 k ( 9 )( k ) = 6 k + 9k = 15k

K ( j i = k ) ( i j = k ) ( i i = j j = 0 ) W

J
W

W
r

KW N

KW mgr

W
r
f k = k N

fk
470 N
=
N ( 79 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
= 0.61
k = 0.61

k =

W
K

r
r
f k = ma

r
r
r
v f2 = vo2 + 2ax
r
vf = 0
r v2
( 6 m / s2 )
a= o =
= 1.2 m / s 2
2x
2( 15 m )
r
f k = ( 1.2 m / s 2 )( 0.11 kg ) = 0.13 N
r
f k = 0.13 N
r
r
f k = k N
r
r
N mg = 0
r
r
N = mg
r
r
f k = k mg
r
fk
0.13 N
k =
=
mg ( 0.11 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k = 0.12

Contents

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....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................... EF
............................................... EF
................................................................................... EF
................................................................................................. EF
.....................................................................................................................................

K
References

WArabic References
??

??

??

??

??

??

??

??

K-

K-
KK-
KK
K

K---
-

K
??

K-
WEnglish References
-

"Fundamentals of physics"

"College Physics"

"Electric Devices and Circuits"

"Electronics"

"Menill Physics Principles And Problems"

"Electronic Devices and Circuits"

Halliday. Resniek. Walker. Fourth EditionK John Willey & sons. .

Francis Weston Sears. Addison - Wesely. .

Millman & Halkias. Mc Graw - Hill. .

Millman & seely. Mc Graw - Hill. .

Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, .

Millman & Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, .