o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

Miscellaneous Exercises (Differential Calculus (2nd part))

(Solutions of * marked problems)
1. Given that y = {log(1 + x) log(1 x)} + 1 {log(1 + x + x2 ) log(1 x + x2 )} 2 + 3 tan1

x 3 1 x2

1 1 dy = + 1+ x 1 x dx

FG H

2x +1 2x 1 U IJ + 1 R S 2 K 2 T1 + x + x 1 x + x 2 V W+ (1 x2 )2 1 + x2 + x = 3 (1 + x 2 ) (1 x2 )2

3.

1 1 + 3x 2
2

(1 x )2

d x 3 dx 1 x2

F GH

I JK

2 1 x2 2 1 x2

1 2 (1 x2 ) + 2 (1 + x 2 )2 x 2 1 x2 +

3.

. 4

3(1 + x 2 ) 1 + x2 + x 4
6 1 x6

2 1 x2

1+ x2 + x4 6

4 + 2x2 1+ x2 + x4

(1 x )(1 + x + x )

. (Proved.) .)

2. Since y =

x2 1 1 + x x 2 + 1 + log x + x 2 + 1 2 2 2

FH

IK

... (1)

\ 2y = x x + x 2 + 1

FH

IK

+ log x + x 2 + 1

FH

IK

... (2)

Differentiating (1) w.r.to x, we get

1 dy =x + dx 2

R | S | T

or,

dy = dx

U R 1 | | + S1 + V 2 2 F I | x +1 | W 2H x + x + 1K T x 2 + 1 + e x2 + 1 j x2 + 1 + F H x + x2 + 1IK
x2 + 1 + x2
x +1
2

U | V 2 | x +1 W
x

x2 + 1

=x +

x2 + 1 .

From (2) we have, 2y = x

dy dy + log . (Proved.) .) dx dx

FG IJ H K

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

3. Let z =

1 x4 .
2 2

\ z2 = 1 x4 or, x2 =
2 2

1 z2 . 1 1 x 4 x2
1 z 1 z2

Let y =

1+ x 1 x 1+ x + 1 x z 1

FH =

IK 2 e1 + x2 j e1 x2 j
1+ x 2 1 x 2 = 1 x4 1 x6

or, ,y =

dy = dz

e1 z j

3 2

1 x4 1

ex j

3 2

. (Proved.) ed.)

2 3 4 4. y = x x + x x + ... y = log g e(1 + x) (| x | 1) 2 3 4

dy dy = 1 (1 + x) = 1. dx 1 + x dx

2 y2 2 x 2 y dy 5. x2 + 2 = 1 2 + 2 . =0 a b dx a b

dy dx

2 d 2y b2 y x dx = xb2 2 = 2 dx a ya y2

F GG H

dy

I JJ K
y2 b2

2 = b2 a

F y + xyab I b2 y2a2 + x2b2 GG y2 JJ = 2 . 3 2 = b4. H K a ya

2 2 2

ya

a 3 2

2 + x2

4 = b 3 2 ya

a 2y 3

2 d 2y 4 a 2y3 d y + b 4 = 0. = b dx2 dx2

6. y = cot1

1+ 1+

x 1 x + 1

x x

= cot1

e e

1+ x 1 x

1+ x + 1 x

je

1+ x 1 x

= cot1

1+ x +1 x 2 1+ x 1 x

1+ x

j e

1 x

= cot1 1 1 x x

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

2 2 z = cosec1 1 + x + sec1 1 + x2 2x 1 x 2 1 + tan2 q = cosec1 1 + tan q + sec1 (taking x = tanq ) 2 tan q 1 tan2 q

= 2q + 2q = 4q = 4 tan1x. Now, dy = dx 1 1 + 1 1 x x x x + 1 1 x . 2
d 1 1 x 1 1 x d x . dx dx

FG H

IJ K

j e e xj

j e xj

x 2 1 x

1 1 x
2 x

x 1 x + 1 x x . x +1+1 x 2 1 x 2x x 1 x
1 1 x x 1 . = . 2 2 1 1 x 2. x x x 4 x x2

Again, dz = 4 2 . dx 1 + x

x2 . So, dz = dx = 4 2 . 4 x x2 = 16 x dy 2 dy 1+ x 1+ x
dx

dz

8. y = 5x log5 7 + sin1 4 x 1 4 x2
x = 5log5 7

FH + sin1 F 4 x H

IK x 1 1 4 x2 I K = 7 + 2sin (2x)
2 = 7xlog g e7 + 4 1 4 x2 .

dy = 7x log g e7 + 2. dx

1 (2 x )2

x 9. Let, z = xe . Then log g z = ex log x.

x Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, we get, 1 dz = e + ex log x z dx x x x or, dz = xe e + ex log x . dx x

FG H

IJ K

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

ex x ex + ex log x So, d ex = d ez dz = ez . xe x dx dz dx

FG IJ H K

e j

FG H

IJ K

ex x ex = e x . xe x + e x log x .

FG H

IJ K

x Suppose, t = ee then log g t = ex; x Differentiating both the sides, we get, 1 . dt = ex or, dt = tex = ee . ex. t dx dx e Now, p = xe x

log p = ee log g x = t log x

x

or, 1 . dp = log x dt + t p dx dx x

or, or,

e x 1 dp . = ee . ex . log g x+ e p dx x

dp = xeex eex . ex .log x + 1 . eex dx x

FH

IK

ex x = xe .ee 1 + ex log x . x

FH

IK

e Suppose, q = x x . Then log q = xe log x.

Differentiating both the sides, or,

1 dq xe . = + ex xe1.log x q dx x

e e dq = xx xe 1 + exe 1 log x = xx . xe1(1 + e log x). dx

xe xe e d ( eq ) dq Thus, taking r = ex we have dr = . = ex . x x . xe1 (1 + e log g x). dx dq dx

So,

ex x xe e dy x ex e x ex = e .x + ex log x + xe .ee 1 + ex log x + ex . x x .xe1(1 + e log x). dx x x

FG H

IJ K

FH

IK

10. y = cos1

F 2 cos x + 3sin x I H 13 K
(2 sin x + 3 cosx ) 13 1 (2 cosx + 3sin x) 13 3 cos x 2 sin x
2

dy = dx

3 cos x 2 sin x 13 4 cos 2 x 9 sin 2 x 12 sin x cos x

4 (1 cos2 x) + 9(1 sin2 x) 12 sin x cos x 3 cos x 2 sin x ( 2 sin x)2 + ( 3 cos x)2 12sin x cos x = 3 cos x 2 sin x = 1. 3 cos x 2 sin x

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

2 11. y = sin1 5 x + 12 1 x 13

F GGH

I dy = JJK dx

F 5 12 x I 13 GH 1 x2 JK F 5x + 12 1 x2 I 2 1 G H 13 JK

F 5 1 x2 12 xI H K

1 x2

169 25 x2 144 + 144 x2 120 x 1 x2 5 1 x2 12x 25(1 x2 ) + 144 x2 12 x 1 x2 1 x2 5 1 x2 12x 5 1 x2 12 x 1 x2 = 1 1 x2

12. ex + x = ey + y. Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, dy dy ex + 1 = ey + dx dx or, (ex + 1) = (ey + 1) dy . dx

Differentiating again both the sides with respect to x we get, ex = (ey + 1)

2 x d 2y y. dy dy = (ey + 1) d y + ey e + 1 + e 2 dx dx dx dx ey + 1

FG H

IJ K

d 2y or, ex(ey + 1)2 = (ey + 1)3. 2 + ey(ex + 1)2 dx or, (ey + 1)3 d 2y = ex(ey + 1)2 ey(ex + 1)2 2 dx = ex+2y + 2ex+y + ex e2x+y 2 ex+y ey = ex+y(ey ex) + (ex ey) = (ex ey) (1 ex+y). ex ey 1 ex + y d 2y \ 2 = . 3 dx ey + 1

je

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS ...

ad. infinitum

13. y =

or, y =

d xi .
x.

Taking logarithm of both the sides, log y = y log Differentiating both the sides, dy y 1 dy or, 1 . = + .log x. y dx 2 x 2 dx or, x(2 y log x) 14. y = x + dy = y2 dx

y dy 1 dy 1 . = . + .log x y dx x 2 x dx or, 2x dy dy = y2 + xy log g x. dx dx

or, x

y2 dy = . 2 y log x dx

1 1 x + x+ ad. infinitum

So, y = x + 1 or, y2 = xy + 1. y Differentiatins both the sides, 2 y or, (2y x) or, dy =y dx dy dy =x +y dx dx

dy y 1 = 1 = = x x dx 2 y x 2 2 y x + x+ 1 1
(cos x ) ... ad. infinitum

x +

ad. infinitum.

15. y = (cosx )(cos x )

So, y = (cos x)y or, log y = y log cos x.

dy dy Differentiating both the sides, 1 . = y tan x + log cos x. y dx dx

or,

dy dy = y2 tan x + y log cos x. dx dx dy = y2 tan x dx or, dy y2 tan x = . dx y (log cos x ) 1

or, [y(log cos x) 1]

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

1 + 1 + ... 16. y = 1 + x x 2 2 +1 2x + 2 = 1 1+ 1 + 1 + = 1 . 11 = 1 .2 = 21x. x 2 x x 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 So, dy = 21x. log g e2. d (1 x) = 21x. log g e2 = 21x loge 1 . dx 2 dx

FG H

IJ K

2 2x 2 x 2 17. y = sec 4x = 1 + tan2 2 x = (1 tan2 )2 + (2 tan )2 (1 tan x ) (2 tan x ) 1 tan 2 x 2 2 2 (1 t 2)2 + 4 t2 (1 + t2 )2 = (1 t 2)2 + (2t )2 = = 1 + t 4 2 t2 4 t2 (1 t ) (2t ) 1 6 t2 + t4

dy (1 6 t2 + t 4 )2 (1 + t2 )2 t (12 t + 4 t3 )(1 + t2 )2 = dt (1 6 t2 + t4 )2 Now, 4t(1 + t2)(1 6t2 + t4) (4t3 12 t) (1 + t2)2 = 4t[(1 + t2)(1 6t2 + t4) (t2 3) (1 + t2)2] = 4t[1 6t2 + t4 + t2 6 t4 + t6 (t2 3) (1 + t4 + 2t2)] = 4t[(1 5t2 5 t4 + t6) (t2 + t6 + 2t4 3 3 t4 6 t2)] = 4t(1 5t2 5 t4 + t6 + 5t2 t6 + t4 + 3) = 4t(4 4t4) = 16t(1 t4). So, dy 16t (1 t4 ) = . dt (1 6 t2 + t 4 )2

1 1 18. We have x 2 n + y 2 n = u 2 + = u 2 u u n n so that x y = 1.

FG H

IJ 2 K

+ 2 = ( x n + y n ) 2 + 2 = x 2 n + y2 n + 2 x n y n + 2

x n1yn y Differentiating w.r.t. x, nxn 1 yn + xn nyn 1 . y1 = 0 or, y1 = n n1 = x x y or, x n+1yn 1 x x n+1yn 1 . y1 = 1 or, y1 = 1 or, y1 = 1 or, xn +1yn 1 y1 = 1. (Proved). ( 1) y xn yn

19. y2 = 1 + 2 2 sin 2x

or, (1 + 2 2 sin 2x)y2 = 1

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, 2(1 + 2 2 sin 2x)y dy + (4 2 cos 2x)y2 = 0 dx y or, 1 + (2 2 cos 2x)y2 = 0 y

or, y2. y y1 + (2 2 cos 2x) y2 = 0 or, y1 + (2 2 cos 2x)y3 = 0

or, y1 = (2 2 cos 2x)y3.

Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, y2 = 3(2 2 cos 2x)y2 dy + (4 2 sin 2x)y3 dx

or, y2 = 3(2 2 cos 2x)y2. y1 + 2(2 2 sin 2x)y3 = 3(2 2 cos 2x) y2( 2 2 cos 2x. y3) + 2(y2 1)y3 = 3(2 2 )2 (cos2 2 x)y5 + 2
1 y2 3 . y = 24(1 sin2 2 x)y5 + 2(1 y2)y y2

L F y 1I OP = 24 M1 G MN H 2 2 JK PQ y
2 2

+ 2(1 y2)y

= 24.

8 ( y2 1)2 5 . y + 2(1 y2)y 8

4 y2)2 . y5 + 2(1 y2)y = 3. 8 y (1 y4

LM N

OP Q

= 3. [8y4 1 + 2y2 y4]y + 2(1 y2)y = 3. (2y2 + 7y4 1)y + 2(1 y2)y = y[6y2 + 21y4 3 + 2 2y2) = y(21y4 + 4y2 1) = y(21y4 + 7y2 3 y2 1) = y[7y2(3y2 + 1) 1(3y2 + 1)] = y(3y2 + 1)(7y2 1).
20. Here, x = sin y dx sin( a + y) cos y cos( a + y ) sin y sin a , whence = = . 2 2 sin( a + y) dy sin ( a + y) sin ( a + y ) cos( a + y ) sin y + sin( a + y ) cos y cos y sin a , whence, dz = = . 2 cos( a + y ) dy cos ( a + y ) cos2 ( a + y )

Again, z =

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

1 dy dy + = = constant. (Proved.) .) dx dz sin a

21. x2 y2 = a 2 1 and x4 + y4 = a 4 + 1 . 2 a a4 So, x4 + y4 = (x2 y2)2 + 2. x2. y2 or, a 4 + 1 = a2 1 a4 a2

FG H

IJ 2 2x2. y2 K
or, x2 y2 = 1. (So, y2 = 1 ) 2
x

or, a 4 + 1 = a4 + 1 2. a 2. 1 + 2. x2 y2 4 4 a a a2 or, 2 + 2x2 y2 = 0

Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, 2 x y 2 + 2 x 2. y dy =0 dx or, xy2 + x2y

dy =0 dx

or, x2y2 + x3y

dy =0 dx

dy or, x3y = x 2y 2 dx

dy or, x3y = 1. dx

22. From the given first equation we get z > 0 and thus from second equation x > 0. y = exz sec1(x z ) Differentiating both the sides,
dy = exz dx

FH z + x dz IK sec1(x dx

z) +

exz.

x dz 2 z dx

+ z

x z
dz I FH z + x dx K sec1 d x z i + exz. 2

e x z j2 1
.

exz

2 z + x dz dx zx z x2 z 1

O LM R R U U | | | x dz P | 1 1 1 x sec x z z sec x z + + S V e j| dx P e j x x2 z 1 V MN S | | T 2zx x2z 1 W Q T W | L dz R O | 1 | 1 x sec1e x z jU z sec1e x z jP ... (I) = exz M S + V MN dx | PQ | T 2 z x 2z 1 W x x 2z 1

= exz

10

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

Now, z4 + x2z = x5

or, 4 z3 dz + 2xz + x2 dz = 5x4 dx dx

4 or, dz = 5 x 3 2 xz . dx 4 z + x2

or, (4z3 + x2) dz = (5x4 2 xz) dx So, from (I), we get

LM R U | | 1 z sec1e x + V S e j 2 MN | | T W x x z1 x 23. y = F1 + 1 I . Taking logarithm of both the sides, log y = x log F1 + 1 I . H xK H K

dy 5 x 4 2 xz 1 = exz x sec1 x z 3 2 dx 2 4z + x 2z x z 1 x Differentiating both the sides,
1 1 . dy = x. x 2 1 + log 1 + 1 = + log 1 + 1 = 1 + log x + 1 1 y dx 1 + 1 x x +1 x x x 1+ x x

z .

O jPP Q

FH

IK

FH

IK

FH

IK

or,

dy = y 1 + log 1 + 1 dx x+1 x

LM N

FH

IK OP Q
2

d 2y dy 1 or, 2 = + log 1 + 1 dx x + 1 x dx

1 IK OP + y LM 1 2 + x 1 OP Q MN ( x +1) e1 + x j PQ L O2 L 1 + 1 OP = y M 1 + logF 1 + 1 I P y M N x + 1 H x K Q MN b x + 1g2 x( x + 1) PQ L O2 ) = y M 1 + logF 1 + 1 I P + y x ( x + 1 2 H K 1 x + x N Q x ( x + 1) 2 L O 1 1 F I 1 1 = yM + log + P y. H K 1 x + x N Q x ( x + 1)2 . F 1 I x = F1 + 1 I 2 = F 3I 2 = 9 . Now, when x = 2, y = 1 + H x K H 2 K H 2K 4

LM N

FH

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

11

F 1 3I 2 9 . 1 H K 4 2. 9 2 or, y2(2) = 9 F 1 + log 3 I 1 . H K

So, y2(2) = + log 4 3 2
9

24. (a + bx)e x = x. Differentiating both the sides with respect to x,

y x y x

b e + (a + bx) e

F x dy I GG dxx2 y JJ = 1 H K
y y

or, bx2 e x y(a + bx) e x + x(a + bx) e x dy or, bx2 e x yx + x2 = x2 dx

y y

dy = x2 dx
y

dy or, , x2 = (x2 + yx bx2 e x ) dx

or, y1x = x + y bx e x ...... (I) x + y bxex or, y1 = . x Differentiating both the sides of (I) with respect to x we get,
y y xy2 + y1 = 1 + y1 b e x bx e x xy1 y x2 y

FG H

IJ K
y

or, xy2 = 1 b e x 1 +
y

F H

xy1 y x

I K

or, , x2y2 = x b e x (x + xy1 y) ... (II)

Now, from (I) b e x =

x + y xy1 . x x + y xy1 (x + xy1 y) x

So, from II we get, x2y2 = x

or, x3y2 = x2 [x + (y xy1)][x (y xy1)] or, x3y2 = x2 [x2 (y xy1)2] or, x3y2 = (xy1 y)2. 25. x = a sin 2q (1 + cos 2q ). Differentiating both the sides with respect to q , or, x3y2 = x2 x2 + (xy1 y)2

12

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

dx = 2a cos 2q (1 + cos 2q ) 2a sin 2q sin 2q dq

= 2a cos 2q + 2a (cos2 2 q sin2 2 q ) = 2a (cos 2q + cos 4q ) = 2a . 2 cos 3q cos q = 4a cos 3q cos q Again, y = a cos 2q (1 cos 2q ). Differentiating both the sides with respect to q , dy = 2a sin 2q (1 cos 2q ) + 2a cos 2q sin 2q dq = 2a sin 2q + 2a (sin 2q cos 2q + sin 2q cos 2q ) = 2a sin 2q + 2a . 2 sin 2q cos 2q = 2a (sin4q sin 2q ) = 2a .2 cos 3q sinq = 4a cos 3q sin q . So, dy 4a cos3q sin q = = tanq . dx 4 a cos3q cosq d 2y d 1 = (tanq ) = d (tanq ). dq = sec2q . dq dx 4 a cos 3q cos q dx2 dx
2 L d y F dyI O 3 2 2 = sec q = esec q j = e1 + tan q j = M1 + dx2 MN H dxK PPQ . 2
3 2 3 2 3 2

Thus,

or, 4 a cos 3q

26. u sin t + v cos t = 5 ..... (i)

and u cos t v sin t = 7 ....... (ii)

So, from i and ii we obtain that u = 5 sin t + 7 cos t ...... (a) v = 5 cos t 7 sin t ....... (b) Differentiating both the sides of (a) and (b) with respect to t we get u = 5 cos t 7 sin t = v(from (b)) v = 5 sin t 7 cos t = (5 sin t + 7 cos t) = u (from (a)). So, u = v and v = u . Thus, u v u v = v v + u . u (Q u = v, v = u ) = (v)2 + (u )2 = ( u )2 + v2 = u 2 + v2 = (5 sin t + 7 cos t)2 + (5 cos t 7 sin t)2

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (2nd part))

13

= 25 (sin2 t + cos2 t) + 49 (sin2 t + cos2 t) = 25 + 49 = 74. 27. y3 3 ax2 + x3 = 0, or, 3 y2 dy 6 ax + 3x2 = 0 dx 2 ax x2 or, y2 dy 2 ax + x2 = 0 ..... (1) or, y2 dy = 2ax x2 or, dy = . dx dx dx y2 Differentiatins both the sides of (1) with respect to x, 2 y dy dx

F I H K

d y + y 2 2 2 a + 2x = 0 dx

F 2ax x2 I 2 OP F I OP GH y2 JK P H K PQ Q x2 )2 O = 2. (a x ) y3 (2 ax x2 )2 = 2[a x (2 ax PQ y3 y3
or, y2
2 d 2y dy = 2[ a x y = 2[a x y. dx dx2

a x )(3ax2 x3 ) (2 ax x2 )2 x2[(a x)(3a x ) (2 a x )2 ] = 2. ( = 2. y3 y3

2 2 2 4 a2 x2 + 4ax] = 2. x 2( a2 ) = 2 a2 x2 . = 2. x [3a 3ax ax + x y3 y3 y3

So,

d 2y 2a2x2 = dx2 y5

i.e.,

d 2y 2a2x2 + 5 = 0. dx2 y and y = k + a sin q ..... (ii)

28. Given that x = h + a cos q .... (i)

Differentiating both the sides of (i) and (ii) with respect to q ,

dx = a sin q ........ (iii) dq

and

dy = a cos q ......... (iv) v) dq

So,

dy a cosq = = cot q . dx a sin q

Differentiating both the sides with respect to x we get,

14

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

d 2y d = ( cot q ) = d ( cot q ) dq = cosec2q . 1 = 1 cosec3q . 2 dx dq dx a sin q a dx So, cosec6q = a2

F d2y I 2. GH dx2 JK

3 2 R F 2 I. | | dy I U F Then, S1 + = {1 + ( cotq )2}3 = (cosec2q )3 = cosec6q = a 2 G d y V H dx2 JK | T H dx K | W

29. y = (sin1 x)2 + (cos1 x)2. or, dy = 2 sin1x. dx 1 2 cos1 x. 1 x2

1 1 1 = 2 sin x cos x ... (I) 1 x2 1 x2

dy or, (1 x2) dx

F I H K

= 4(sin1 x cos1x)2

2 dy d2y or, 2(1 x2) . 2 2 x dy = 8(sin1 x cos1 x) 2 dx dx dx 1 x2

F I H K dy d y dy or, (1 x ) . x F dy I = 4. (from (1)) dx dx H dx K dx

2 2 2 2 2 dy y or, (1 x2) d 2 x = 4. dx dx