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Normal Pentane
Normal hexane
Normal heptane
Normal octane
Iso-octane
Normal decane
Normal dodecane
Octane
Benzene
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Name
Normal Pentane
Normal hexane
Chemical
Formula
mf
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C10H22
C12H26
C8H16
C6H6
CH3OH
C2H5OH
72
86
100
114
114
142
170
112
78
32
46
Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)
0.631
0.664
0.688
0.707
0.702
0.734
0.753
0.884
0.796
0.794
Chemical
Formula
C5H12
C6H14
Liquid Fuel
Hlgat
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C
-365.1506
-365.1506
-365.1506
-362.8248
-327.9378
-360.499
-358.1732
-337.241
-432.5988
-1102.4292
-839.6138
0.7197
0.6925
0.6783
0.6796
0.6654
0.6757
0.6731
0.6783
0.5310
0
0
Qch
(High)
Qc
(Low)
49004.606
48306.866
48074.286
47888.222
47841.706
47562.61
47492.836
0
41841.142
22699.808
29723.724
45353.1
44748.392
44562.328
44422.78
44376.264
44190.2
44143.684
44271.603
40166.566
19955.364
26862.99
Fuel vapor
Cp
k
15.56C
0.5129
0.5142
0.5155
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.3579
0.5297
0.5943
Fc
rm
30.1
0.065
7
0.065
8
0.066
0
0.066
5
0.066
5
0.066
8
1.05
30.1
Normal heptane
C7H16
30.2
Normal octane
C8H18
30.3
Iso-octane
C8H18
30.3
Normal decane
C10H22
30.4
Cp
60F
FcQc
19.3483
2979.699
19.3483
2944.444
1.360
0.3230
1.05
1.06
0.3230
19.3074
0.3230
a
3527.8401
2954.115
a
3557.6424
0.983
19.3074
2951.022
1.353
0.3230
a
3520.3896
0.983
19.3074
0.3230
a
3553.9171
2941.114
1.355
1.06
Qv
0.980
1.355
1.06
ma
F ---mf
0.976
1.355
1.06
1+
0.975
1.357
0.3230
Source
of Data
a
T
a
3553.9171
0.984
19.2665
2951.905
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.05
1.08
1.11
1.13
a
3561.3676
Normal
dodecane
Octane
C12H26
30.5
C8H16
30.5
Benzene
C6H6
30.4
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
CH3OH
C2H5OH
29.4
30.2
B.
0.067
2
0.067
8
0.075
5
0.155
0.111
1.06
1.350
0.3230
1.05
0.985
19.2256
2966.456
3576.2688
1.355
0.3230
1.01
0.983
19.3074
3001.615
0.3204
0.3165
0.3385
1.380
1.34
a
3632.148
1.350
1.06
1.06
0.974
19.4302
19.5120
19.1847
3032.576
3093.081
2981.792
0.876
0.936
a
3565.0929
3520.3896
3527.8401
b
b
Gasoline
Gasoline
Kerosene
Light diesel oil
Med. Diesel oil
Heavy diesel oil
Name
Gasoline
Chemical
Formula
mf
C8H17
113
126
154
170
184
198
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
Chemical
Formula
C8H17
-348.87
-330.2636
-290.725
-267.467
-244.209
-232.58
mm
Fc
rm
Cp
15.56C
30.3
0.067
0
0.066
8
0.066
7
0.066
6
1.06
1.045773
30.3
Kerosene
30.4
C12H26
Liquid Fuel
Htqat
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C
2.0915
2.0078
1.9242
1.8823
1.7987
1.7568
Qch
(High)
Qc
(Low)
47585.87
47120.71
45934.55
44748.39
44446.04
43794.81
44236.72
43957.62
43050.56
42445.85
41864.4
41375.98
Fuel vapor
Cp
k
15.56C
1.673237
approx.
Gasoline
Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)
0.702
0.739
0.825
0.876
0.920
0.960
30.5
approx.
k
1.35
approx.
a
T
FcQc
19.22567
approx.
1
1 + ma
F ---mf
0.981
2963.86
1.06
Qv
b
3561.3676
2936.369
1.06
Source
of Data
0.987
1.06
b
3531.5654
0.988
2871.472
2826.894
1.05
approx.
0.989
3390.0048
3296.8728
C13H28
30.6
C14H30
30.7
0.066
4
0.067
0
1.06
0.989
2779.796
1.06
3289.4222
0.990
2772.191
3371.3784
C.
Solid fuels
Name
C to CO2
C to CO
Name
Chemical
Formula
mf
C
C
12
12
Chemical
Formula
Fuel vapor
Cp
k
25C
Qch
(High)
Qc
(Low)
33770.616
10093.972
33770.616
10093.972
mm
Fc
rm
0.086
8
0.173
6
1.00+
+
0.825+
+
C to CO2
29.0
C to CO
29.0
D.
Liquid Fuel
Hlg at
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C
Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)
1.0039
1.0039
a
T
k
1.40
1.40
20.04378
Source
of Data
1
1 + ma
F ---mf
1.0
FcQc
2931.289
Qv
3587.445
1.0
20.04378
1752.314
2134.585
+
+
+
+
Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide
Air
Chemical
Formula
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C2H2
CO
mf
2
16
30
44
58
26
28
29
----a
0.069
0.552
1.03
1.52
2.00
0.897
0.996
1.00
Fuel Alone
Cp
Qch
(High)
1.317
2.200
1.710
1.623
1.660
1.602
1.045
1.003
141978.46
55495.913
51874.643
50344.266
49523.259
48562.704
10105.601
0
120029.9
49958.18
47446.32
46320.63
45685.69
48306.87
10105.6
1.41
1.31
1.20
1.13
1.11
1.26
1.404
1.40
mm
21
27.7
29.0
29.6
29.8
28.8
28.7
28.85
Fc
Vol
Fc
Mass
rm
0.418
0.105
0.0598
0.0419
0.0323
0.0837
0.418
0.0292
0.0581
0.0623
0.0638
0.0647
0.075
0.404
0.85
1.00
1.03
1.04
1.05
0.96
0.85
Name
Chemical
Formula
Cp
15.56C
Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C2H2
CO
1.016492
1.070872
1.04159
1.045773
1.045773
1.045773
1.008126
1.003942
Air
20.1665
20.0437
4082.663
0
1.0
Source of
Data
Qv
3024.927
3218.642
3408.631
3483.137
3501.763
4097.808
a
a
a
a
a
c, d
c, d
3527.84
0
Blast
furnace gas
Blue Water
gas
Carb, water
gas
Coal gas
Coke-oven
gas
Natural gas
Producer
CO2
CO
11.5
27.
5
37.
0
34.
0
10.
9
6.3
5.4
3.0
3.0
2.2
C2H6
FUEL ALONE
Composition by volume
C2H4
H2
CH4
N2
O2
C3H8
1.0
47.3
6.1
1.5
3.5
40.5
54.5
46.5
15.8
4.5
27.
11.0
mf
C6H6
60.0
1.3
10.2
24.2
32.1
83.4
3.0
8.3
2.9
4.4
8.1
0.8
50.9
29.6
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.6
16.4
2.8
1.3
0.5
18.3
12.1
13.7
18.3
24.7
f
----a
1.02
Qc(Volume)
High
Low
213.9736
211.6478
672.1562
609.3596
1279.19
1237.3256
1237.3256
1109.4066
1335.0092
2625.8282
379.1054
1195.4612
2374.6418
355.8474
0.57
0.63
0.42
0.44
0.61
0.86
gas
Name
Fuel alone
Qc(Mass)
High
Blast furnace
gas
Blue Water
gas
Carb, water
gas
Coal gas
Coke-oven gas
Natural gas
Producer gas
2721.186
Low
CP
29.4
1.024858
2697.928
15233.99
13908.28
25537.28
34421.84
35352.16
50702.44
5395.856
Fc
Mass
rm
FcQc
1.47
1.50
0.915
1740
1
1 + ma
F ---mf
0.405
0.476
0.266
0.864
1580
0.681
0.218
0.137
0.942
1505
0.821
26.9
27.3
27.3
27.0
Maxwell, 3.33
Taylor and Taylor, 1.10
Estimated.
Estimated on basis of zero volume for carbon
Handbook of physics and chemistry. P. 1732
Marks handbook, McGraw Hill, 5 ed. P. 361
Marks handbook, McGraw Hill, 5 ed. P. 520
Int. Critical Tables, McGraw Hill, 1929
Hottel et al., 3.20
Symbols
mf
Molecular weight fuel
Hlg
enthalpy of liquid above vapor at 15C, KJ/Kg
Cp
Specific heat at constant pressure, KJ/ Kg-C
21.1073
21.1073
20.5755
20.2892
20.0437
0.220
0.200
0.095
0.813
0.092
0.058
0.058
0.700
0.940
0.957
1.00
0.913
1390
882
1265
1620
0.818
0.890
0.916
0.549
Qv
Source
e
2007.926
21.5163
27.1
26397.83
38375.7
39538.6
56051.78
5744.726
Fc
Vol
19.7983
25.0
SOURCES :
a
b
+
+
c
d
e
f
g
a
T
e
3091.982
e
3516.664
3188.84
2231.443
3285.697
2540.641
e
e
e
e
Qch
Qc
k
mm
Fc
rm
a
T
mn
Qv
Natural gas
Limits
0-25
32-98
0-20
0-2
0-3
0-26
0-2
0-20
0-2
0.57-0.89
760-1350
20-40
Blast-furnace
Producer gas
Sewage-sludge
gas
gas
Aver. Limits
Aver. Limits Aver. Limits
Aver. Limits
Aver.
48-57
50
2-5
3.5
10-20
15
1-5
2
83
27-36
31 0.2-1.6
0.5
0-4
2
60-77
67
2-4
3
0-0.5
15
0-1
25-28
0-1
0-1
3-6
5
6-13
27
20-29
24
14-30
25
1
1-3
2
0-2
11
4-8
5
0-1
0.5
0-12
1
56-63
0.2-2
1
2-14
5
1
2-13
8
58
50-58
53
0-2
0.5
0.62
980
10.5
13.5
28
68
Coke-oven gas
0.35-0.42
400-500
0.40
475
4.7
6.0
28
68
80-1.02
90-110
1.00
100
0.78
0.94
21
52
80-0.90
110-170
0.84
135
1.12
1.4
25
56
600-760
0.81
625
7.06
8.9
26
67
FUEL DATA
(Volumes at 1 atm & 15.56C)
Fuel
Hydrogen,
Carbon to CO
12
12
Carbon to CO2
-1.97291
28.0953
2.39
4.75
-1.97291
Carbon monoxide
Sulphura
Hydrogen
sulphide
Methane
CO
S
H2S
28
32
34
-314
+832
-75
CH4
16
-258
Ethane
C2H6
30
-127
Propane
C3H8
44
-44
0.849102
-0.74109
9.38383
2.39
4.76
7.14
0.698012
14.07887
16.65
13.11114
23.8
0.537557
58
+14
12.79897
30.9
0.40707
Pentane
C5H12
72
+97
12.58045
38.0
0.328403
Hexane
C6H14
86
+156
12.47431
45.2
0.27471
n- Hectane
C7H16
100
3.521278
+200
12.41188
52.4
0.236001
34.6
3
5.77
11.5
6
2.48
4.31
6.00
Heat value, KJ
Higher
Per Kg Per cu.
meter
Lower
Per Kg Per cu.
meter
141978.
5
12088.53
120029.9
10207.27
5122.26
10093.97
5140.886
17080.41
33770.62
17061.78
11946.97
10105.6
11958.15
12498.31
9261.336
12516.94
23394.76
15117.7
21718.38
37662.58
50074.47
33900.05
65453.17
47504.47
60833.82
93690.79
46376.45
86873.53
121816.7
45748.49
113099.5
149011.2
45385.66
138505.9
287964.1
45120.52
164210.3
203959.1
44864.68
189058
10093.9
7
33770.6
2
10105.6
9261.336
16280.6
4.969746
0.787917
C4H10
2.010375
9.52
1.482808
Butane
4.695037
Air
fuel
ratio
with
e=0
12.37442
17.3
2
16.1
3
15.6
5
15.4
5
15.3
0
15.3
0
15.1
5
55609.88
51935.11
50400.09
49586.06
49074.38
48725.51
48376.64
n-Octane
(gasoline)b
Decane (paraffin)
C8H18
114
+256
C10H22
142
+345
n-Dodecane
(kerosene)b
Ethylene
C12H26
170
+421
C2H4
28
-155
Propylene
C2H6
42
-53
Acetylene
C2H2
26
-118
Benseneb
C6H6
78
+175
Tolueneb
C7H8
92
+231
Hexadecadiene
(fuel oil)b
Methyl alcoholb
Ethyl alcohola
C10H20
222
+500
CH2O
C2H2O
32
46
+147
+173
59.5
0.207281
12.33072
73.8
0.166699
12.2995
88.0
0.139228
12.24955
14.28
0.844108
12.04352
21.4
0.563155
12.04352
11.90
0.909663
10.8323
35.7
0.303429
10.8323
42.8
0.257228
11.00087
(112.0)
-0.10614
0.738594
0.513832
11.89992
7.14
14.28
5.26943
7.335995
15.1
9
15.0
3
15.0
7
14.8
5
14.8
5
13.3
2
13.3
2
13.5
0
14.5
8
6.49
9.03
50586.15
231339.9
44771.65
216438.8
286101.5
44539.07
267102.6
341608.2
44446.04
319256.5
59604.48
47213.74
56437.99
86985.29
46446.23
81844.4
55022.39
48306.87
53495.02
139325.5
39980.5
96857.28
165402.4
40608.47
158696.9
428407.2
42387.71
400840.1
32268.38
21113.61
28498.39
59492.72
27746.79
53867.55
47678.9
47539.35
50376.83
49609.31
48562.7
42236.53
42562.14
45353.1
23885.97
30630.79
Qc
43957.62
42329.56
44934.456
44562.328
40306.114
26793.216
19908.848
119988.022
10117.23
50027.958
47678.9
46516
48144.06
32840.296
Fc
0.067
0.067
0.066
0.066
0.076
0.111
0.155
0.029
0.407
0.058
0.064
0.065
0.076
0.087
Qv
rm
Hlg
3561.368
3464.51
3576.269
3546.467
3617.247
3404.906
3308.049
3021.202
3535.291
3218.642
3587.445
3587.445
4097.808
3501.763
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.01
1.06
1.06
0.85
0.85
1.00
1.04
1.05
0.96
1.00
-348.87
-267.467
-365.151
-327.938
-432.599
-839.614
-1102.43
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.4444
-1.11115
4.999955
3.33329
13.88884
67.22212
148.8887
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
Hlg
Approximate temperature drop due to complete evaporation of fuel in chemically correct mixture, C