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A.

Liquid Fuels; Pure Compounds


Name

Normal Pentane
Normal hexane
Normal heptane
Normal octane
Iso-octane
Normal decane
Normal dodecane
Octane
Benzene
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Name

Normal Pentane
Normal hexane

Chemical
Formula

mf

C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C10H22
C12H26
C8H16
C6H6
CH3OH
C2H5OH

72
86
100
114
114
142
170
112
78
32
46

Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)
0.631
0.664
0.688
0.707
0.702
0.734
0.753
0.884
0.796
0.794

Chemical
Formula

C5H12
C6H14

Liquid Fuel
Hlgat
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C
-365.1506
-365.1506
-365.1506
-362.8248
-327.9378
-360.499
-358.1732
-337.241
-432.5988
-1102.4292
-839.6138

0.7197
0.6925
0.6783
0.6796
0.6654
0.6757
0.6731
0.6783
0.5310
0
0

Qch
(High)

Qc
(Low)

49004.606
48306.866
48074.286
47888.222
47841.706
47562.61
47492.836
0
41841.142
22699.808
29723.724

45353.1
44748.392
44562.328
44422.78
44376.264
44190.2
44143.684
44271.603
40166.566
19955.364
26862.99

Fuel vapor
Cp
k
15.56C
0.5129
0.5142
0.5155
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.5168
0.3579
0.5297
0.5943

Chemically correct mixture vapour and air


mm

Fc

rm

30.1

0.065
7
0.065
8
0.066
0
0.066
5
0.066
5
0.066
8

1.05

30.1

Normal heptane

C7H16

30.2

Normal octane

C8H18

30.3

Iso-octane

C8H18

30.3

Normal decane

C10H22

30.4

Cp
60F

FcQc

19.3483

2979.699

19.3483

2944.444

1.360
0.3230

1.05
1.06
0.3230

19.3074

0.3230

a
3527.8401

2954.115

a
3557.6424

0.983
19.3074

2951.022

1.353
0.3230

a
3520.3896

0.983
19.3074

0.3230

a
3553.9171

2941.114

1.355

1.06

Qv

0.980

1.355

1.06

ma
F ---mf

0.976

1.355

1.06

1+

0.975

1.357
0.3230

Source
of Data

a
T

a
3553.9171

0.984
19.2665

2951.905

1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.05
1.08
1.11
1.13

a
3561.3676

Normal
dodecane
Octane

C12H26

30.5

C8H16

30.5

Benzene

C6H6

30.4

Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol

CH3OH
C2H5OH

29.4
30.2

B.

0.067
2
0.067
8
0.075
5
0.155
0.111

1.06

1.350
0.3230

1.05

0.985
19.2256

2966.456

3576.2688

1.355
0.3230

1.01

0.983
19.3074

3001.615

0.3204
0.3165
0.3385

1.380
1.34

a
3632.148

1.350

1.06
1.06

0.974
19.4302
19.5120
19.1847

3032.576
3093.081
2981.792

0.876
0.936

a
3565.0929
3520.3896
3527.8401

b
b

Liquid Fuels; Typical Mixtures


Name

Gasoline
Gasoline
Kerosene
Light diesel oil
Med. Diesel oil
Heavy diesel oil
Name

Gasoline

Chemical
Formula

mf

C8H17

113
126
154
170
184
198

C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
Chemical
Formula

C8H17

-348.87
-330.2636
-290.725
-267.467
-244.209
-232.58

mm

Fc

rm

Cp
15.56C

30.3

0.067
0
0.066
8
0.066
7
0.066
6

1.06

1.045773

30.3

Kerosene

30.4
C12H26

Liquid Fuel
Htqat
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C
2.0915
2.0078
1.9242
1.8823
1.7987
1.7568

Qch
(High)

Qc
(Low)

47585.87
47120.71
45934.55
44748.39
44446.04
43794.81

44236.72
43957.62
43050.56
42445.85
41864.4
41375.98

Fuel vapor
Cp
k
15.56C

1.673237

approx.

Chemically correct mixture vapour and air

Gasoline

Light diesel oil

Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)
0.702
0.739
0.825
0.876
0.920
0.960

30.5

approx.

k
1.35
approx.

a
T

FcQc

19.22567

approx.

1
1 + ma
F ---mf
0.981

2963.86

1.06

Qv
b
3561.3676

2936.369

1.06

Source
of Data

0.987

1.06

b
3531.5654

0.988
2871.472
2826.894

1.05
approx.

0.989

3390.0048
3296.8728

Med. Diesel oil

C13H28

30.6

Heavy diesel oil

C14H30

30.7

0.066
4
0.067
0

1.06

0.989
2779.796

1.06

3289.4222

0.990
2772.191

3371.3784

C.

Solid fuels
Name

C to CO2
C to CO
Name

Chemical
Formula

mf

C
C

12
12

Chemical
Formula

Fuel vapor
Cp
k
25C

Qch
(High)

Qc
(Low)

33770.616
10093.972

33770.616
10093.972

Chemically correct mixture vapour and air


Cp
15.56C

mm

Fc

rm

0.086
8
0.173
6

1.00+
+
0.825+
+

C to CO2

29.0

C to CO

29.0

D.

Liquid Fuel
Hlg at
Cp
25C
15.56C
-26.67C

Specific
Gravity
(15.56C)

1.0039
1.0039

a
T

k
1.40
1.40

20.04378

Source
of Data

1
1 + ma
F ---mf
1.0

FcQc

2931.289

Qv

3587.445

1.0
20.04378

1752.314

2134.585

+
+
+
+

Gaseous Fuels; Pure Compounds


Name

Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide
Air

Chemical
Formula
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C2H2
CO

mf
2
16
30
44
58
26
28
29

----a
0.069
0.552
1.03
1.52
2.00
0.897
0.996
1.00

Fuel Alone
Cp
Qch
(High)

1.317
2.200
1.710
1.623
1.660
1.602
1.045
1.003

141978.46
55495.913
51874.643
50344.266
49523.259
48562.704
10105.601
0

Chemically Correct Mixture


Qc
(Low)

120029.9
49958.18
47446.32
46320.63
45685.69
48306.87
10105.6

1.41
1.31
1.20
1.13
1.11
1.26
1.404
1.40

mm
21
27.7
29.0
29.6
29.8
28.8
28.7
28.85

Fc
Vol

Fc
Mass

rm

0.418
0.105
0.0598
0.0419
0.0323
0.0837
0.418

0.0292
0.0581
0.0623
0.0638
0.0647
0.075
0.404

0.85
1.00
1.03
1.04
1.05
0.96
0.85

Name

Chemical
Formula
Cp
15.56C

Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide

H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C2H2
CO

1.016492
1.070872
1.04159
1.045773
1.045773
1.045773
1.008126
1.003942

Air

Chemically correct mixture vapour and air


1
a
K
1 + ma
FcQc
15.56C
T
F ---mf
1.64
0.701
25.4842
3504.873
1.39
0.904
20.4119
2902.57
1.38
0.943
19.8801
2955.906
1.38
0.961
19.8392
2955.256
1.38
0.967
19.7983
2955.864
1.38
0.923
19.9210
3623.015
1.43
0.705
1.40

20.1665
20.0437

4082.663
0

1.0

Source of
Data
Qv
3024.927
3218.642
3408.631
3483.137
3501.763
4097.808

a
a
a
a
a
c, d
c, d

3527.84
0

E. Gaseous Fuels; Typical Mixtures


Name

Blast
furnace gas
Blue Water
gas
Carb, water
gas
Coal gas
Coke-oven
gas
Natural gas
Producer

CO2

CO

11.5

27.
5
37.
0
34.
0
10.
9
6.3

5.4
3.0
3.0
2.2

C2H6

FUEL ALONE
Composition by volume
C2H4
H2
CH4
N2
O2
C3H8
1.0
47.3
6.1
1.5
3.5

40.5
54.5
46.5

15.8
4.5

27.

11.0

mf
C6H6

60.0
1.3
10.2
24.2
32.1
83.4
3.0

8.3
2.9
4.4
8.1
0.8
50.9

29.6
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.6

16.4
2.8
1.3
0.5

18.3
12.1
13.7
18.3
24.7

f
----a
1.02

Qc(Volume)
High
Low

213.9736

211.6478

672.1562

609.3596

1279.19

1237.3256

1237.3256

1109.4066

1335.0092
2625.8282
379.1054

1195.4612
2374.6418
355.8474

0.57
0.63
0.42
0.44
0.61
0.86

gas

Name

Fuel alone
Qc(Mass)
High

Blast furnace
gas
Blue Water
gas
Carb, water
gas
Coal gas
Coke-oven gas
Natural gas
Producer gas

2721.186

Low

Chemically Correct Mixture


mm

CP

29.4

1.024858

2697.928

15233.99

13908.28
25537.28
34421.84
35352.16
50702.44
5395.856

Fc
Mass

rm

FcQc

1.47

1.50

0.915

1740

1
1 + ma
F ---mf
0.405

0.476

0.266

0.864

1580

0.681

0.218

0.137

0.942

1505

0.821

26.9
27.3
27.3
27.0

Maxwell, 3.33
Taylor and Taylor, 1.10
Estimated.
Estimated on basis of zero volume for carbon
Handbook of physics and chemistry. P. 1732
Marks handbook, McGraw Hill, 5 ed. P. 361
Marks handbook, McGraw Hill, 5 ed. P. 520
Int. Critical Tables, McGraw Hill, 1929
Hottel et al., 3.20

Symbols
mf
Molecular weight fuel
Hlg
enthalpy of liquid above vapor at 15C, KJ/Kg
Cp
Specific heat at constant pressure, KJ/ Kg-C

21.1073
21.1073
20.5755
20.2892
20.0437

0.220
0.200
0.095
0.813

0.092
0.058
0.058
0.700

0.940
0.957
1.00
0.913

1390
882
1265
1620

0.818
0.890
0.916
0.549

Qv

Source
e

2007.926

21.5163

27.1
26397.83
38375.7
39538.6
56051.78
5744.726

Fc
Vol

19.7983

25.0

SOURCES :
a
b

+
+
c
d
e
f
g

a
T

e
3091.982

e
3516.664
3188.84
2231.443
3285.697
2540.641

e
e
e
e

Qch
Qc
k
mm
Fc
rm
a
T
mn
Qv

Higher heat of combusting, KJ/Kg


Lower heat of combusting, KJ/Kg
Ratio of specific heats
Molecular weight of stoichiometric mixture
Stoichiometric fuel-air ratio
Ratio molecular weight before combustion to molecular weight after complete combustion of soichiometric mixture
Velocity of sound in gas, m-s-1
temperature, C
Molecular weight of air = 28.95
Heat of combustion of fuel vapour in 1 m3 of stoichiometric mixture at 1 atm. And 15.56C

DATA ON COMPOUND GASEOUS FUELS


Composition,
percent by volume
Hydrogen, H2
Methane, CH4
Ethylene, C2H4
Ethane, C2H6
Other hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen, N2
Hydrogen sulphide, H28
Specific density (air = 1)
Heat value, lower, Btu/cu.ft.
Theoretical air, cu ft / cu ft
Actual air, cu ft / cu ft
Excess air, per cent
Heat value of mixed,
Btu/cu.ft.

Natural gas
Limits
0-25
32-98
0-20
0-2
0-3
0-26
0-2
0-20
0-2
0.57-0.89
760-1350
20-40

Blast-furnace
Producer gas
Sewage-sludge
gas
gas
Aver. Limits
Aver. Limits Aver. Limits
Aver. Limits
Aver.
48-57
50
2-5
3.5
10-20
15
1-5
2
83
27-36
31 0.2-1.6
0.5
0-4
2
60-77
67
2-4
3
0-0.5
15
0-1
25-28
0-1
0-1
3-6
5
6-13
27
20-29
24
14-30
25
1
1-3
2
0-2
11
4-8
5
0-1
0.5
0-12
1
56-63
0.2-2
1
2-14
5
1
2-13
8
58
50-58
53
0-2
0.5
0.62
980
10.5
13.5
28
68

Coke-oven gas

0.35-0.42
400-500

0.40
475
4.7
6.0
28
68

80-1.02
90-110

1.00
100
0.78
0.94
21
52

80-0.90
110-170

0.84
135
1.12
1.4
25
56

600-760

0.81
625
7.06
8.9
26
67

FUEL DATA
(Volumes at 1 atm & 15.56C)
Fuel

Hydrogen,

Chem- Approx. Boiling


Volume, cubic meter
ical
mol.
point at
symbol
Wt.
1 atm
Of 1 Kg Of theoretical air
&
fuel
Per
Per Kg
15.56C
cu.meter
fuel
fuel
H
2
-423
2.39
11.80003

Carbon to CO

12

12

Carbon to CO2

-1.97291

28.0953

2.39
4.75

-1.97291

Carbon monoxide
Sulphura
Hydrogen
sulphide
Methane

CO
S
H2S

28
32
34

-314
+832
-75

CH4

16

-258

Ethane

C2H6

30

-127

Propane

C3H8

44

-44

0.849102
-0.74109

9.38383

2.39
4.76
7.14

0.698012

14.07887

16.65
13.11114

23.8
0.537557

58

+14

12.79897

30.9
0.40707

Pentane

C5H12

72

+97

12.58045

38.0
0.328403

Hexane

C6H14

86

+156

12.47431

45.2
0.27471

n- Hectane

C7H16

100

3.521278

+200

12.41188

52.4
0.236001

34.6
3
5.77
11.5
6
2.48
4.31
6.00

Heat value, KJ
Higher
Per Kg Per cu.
meter

Lower
Per Kg Per cu.
meter

141978.
5

12088.53

120029.9

10207.27

5122.26

10093.97

5140.886

17080.41

33770.62

17061.78

11946.97

10105.6

11958.15

12498.31

9261.336

12516.94

23394.76

15117.7

21718.38

37662.58

50074.47

33900.05

65453.17

47504.47

60833.82

93690.79

46376.45

86873.53

121816.7

45748.49

113099.5

149011.2

45385.66

138505.9

287964.1

45120.52

164210.3

203959.1

44864.68

189058

10093.9
7
33770.6
2
10105.6
9261.336
16280.6

4.969746

0.787917

C4H10

2.010375

9.52
1.482808

Butane

4.695037

Air
fuel
ratio
with
e=0

12.37442

17.3
2
16.1
3
15.6
5
15.4
5
15.3
0
15.3
0
15.1
5

55609.88
51935.11
50400.09
49586.06
49074.38
48725.51
48376.64

n-Octane
(gasoline)b
Decane (paraffin)

C8H18

114

+256

C10H22

142

+345

n-Dodecane
(kerosene)b
Ethylene

C12H26

170

+421

C2H4

28

-155

Propylene

C2H6

42

-53

Acetylene

C2H2

26

-118

Benseneb

C6H6

78

+175

Tolueneb

C7H8

92

+231

Hexadecadiene
(fuel oil)b
Methyl alcoholb
Ethyl alcohola

C10H20

222

+500

CH2O
C2H2O

32
46

+147
+173

59.5
0.207281

12.33072

73.8
0.166699

12.2995

88.0
0.139228

12.24955

14.28
0.844108

12.04352

21.4
0.563155

12.04352

11.90
0.909663

10.8323

35.7
0.303429

10.8323

42.8
0.257228

11.00087

(112.0)
-0.10614
0.738594
0.513832

11.89992

7.14
14.28

5.26943
7.335995

15.1
9
15.0
3
15.0
7
14.8
5
14.8
5
13.3
2
13.3
2
13.5
0
14.5
8
6.49
9.03

50586.15
231339.9

44771.65

216438.8

286101.5

44539.07

267102.6

341608.2

44446.04

319256.5

59604.48

47213.74

56437.99

86985.29

46446.23

81844.4

55022.39

48306.87

53495.02

139325.5

39980.5

96857.28

165402.4

40608.47

158696.9

428407.2

42387.71

400840.1

32268.38

21113.61

28498.39

59492.72

27746.79

53867.55

47678.9
47539.35
50376.83
49609.31
48562.7
42236.53
42562.14
45353.1
23885.97
30630.79

Properties of some common fuels


Fuel and Chemical Formula
Gasoline, (C8H16)
Diesel oil (C12H26)
Normal heptane, C7H16
Isooctane, C8H18
Benzene, C6H6
Ethyl alcohol, C2H5 (OH)
Methyl alcohol, CH3 (OH)
Hydrogen, H2
Carbon Monoxide, CO
Methane, CH4
Propane, C3H8
Butane, C4H10
Acetylene, C2H2
Carbon

Qc
43957.62
42329.56
44934.456
44562.328
40306.114
26793.216
19908.848
119988.022
10117.23
50027.958
47678.9
46516
48144.06
32840.296

Fc
0.067
0.067
0.066
0.066
0.076
0.111
0.155
0.029
0.407
0.058
0.064
0.065
0.076
0.087

Qv

rm

Hlg

3561.368
3464.51
3576.269
3546.467
3617.247
3404.906
3308.049
3021.202
3535.291
3218.642
3587.445
3587.445
4097.808
3501.763

1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.01
1.06
1.06
0.85
0.85
1.00
1.04
1.05
0.96
1.00

-348.87
-267.467
-365.151
-327.938
-432.599
-839.614
-1102.43
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4.4444
-1.11115
4.999955
3.33329
13.88884
67.22212
148.8887
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778
-17.7778

Hlg

enthalpy of liquid above vapor at 25C, KJ/Kg

Approximate temperature drop due to complete evaporation of fuel in chemically correct mixture, C

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