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Culture Documents
In India, discriminatory attitudes towards women have existed for generations and affects women over their lives. Although constitution of India has granted women equal rights but gender disparities remains. There are limited opportunities for women to access resources such as education, health care services and job opportunities to women as they decide the future of India.[1] Women are disadvantaged at work, and are often underestimated for their capabilities.[2] This has prevented Indian women from achieving a higher standard of living.
Infancy to childhood
Women are important for reproduction. sex is very important between a male and a female so as to continue the species on earth.The cultural construct of Indian society which reinforces gender bias against women, [3] has led to the continuation of Indias strong preference for male children. Female infanticide, a sex -selective abortion, is adopted and strongly reflects the low status of Indian women. Census 2011 shows decline of girl population under the age of seven, with activists estimating that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted in the past decade.[4] The 2005 census shows infant mortality figures for females and males are 61 and 56, respectively, out of 1000 live births,[5] with females more likely to be aborted than males due to biased attitudes. A decline in the sex ratio was observed with Indias 2011 census reporting that it stands at 914 females against 1,000 males, drop from 927 in 2001 - the lowest since Indias independence.[6] The demand for sons among wealthy parents is being satisfied by the medical community through the provision of illegal service of fetal sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. The financial incentive for physicians to undertake this illegal activity seems to be far greater than the penalties associated with breaking the law. [7]
Literacy for females stands at 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for males.[8] An underlying factor for such low literacy rates are parent's perceptions that education for girls are a waste of resources as their daughters would eventually live with their husband's families and they will not benefit directly from the education investment. [9]
Discrimination against women has led to their lack of autonomy and authority. Although equal rights are given to women, it may not be well recognized. In practice, land and property rights are weakly enforced, with customary laws widely practiced in rural areas. Women do not own property under their own names and usually do not have any inheritance rights to obtain a share of parental property.[1]
Consequences
Gender discrimination impedes growth; with lower female-to-male workers ratios significantly reducing total output in both agricultural and non-agricultural sector.[11] It is also estimated that growth in India would increase by 1.09% if its female labor-participation rate were put on par with the US.[12]
National Party
S.N. Symbol Flag Name Acronym Year[2] Party leader
1.
BSP
1984
Mayawati
2.
BJP
1980
L.K. Advani
3.
CPI
1925[B]
4.
CPI (M)
1964
Prakash Karat
5.
INC
1885
Sonia Gandhi
State [edit]
If a party is recognised as a state party by the Election Commission, it can reserve a symbol for its exclusive use in the state. The following are a list of recognised state parties as of September 2009. [3]
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIADMK October 1972 J. Jayalalitha Puducherry, Tamil Nadu
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
AIFB
1939
Debabrata Biswas
West Bengal
AUDF
2004
Badruddin Ajmal
Assam
AGP
1985
Assam
BJD
1997
Naveen Patnaik
Odisha
Nangol
BPF
Assam
Desiya MURASU Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam DMDK September 14, 2005 Vijayakanth Tamil Nadu
Dravida Munnetra
DMK
1949
M Karunanidhi
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
Kazhagam
Tractor
HJC(BL)
Haryana
INLD
1999
Om Prakash Chautala
Haryana
IUML
1948
G.M. Banatwalla
Kerala
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference JKNC 1932 Omar Abdullah Jammu and Kashmir
Bhim Singh
Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party PDP 1998 Mufti Mohammed Sayeed Jammu and Kashmir
JD (U)
1999
Sharad Yadav
Bihar
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
JMM
1972
Shibu Soren
Jharkhand
JD (S)
1999
Karnataka, Kerala
Coconuts
KJP
April 2011
B.S. Yeddyurappa
Karnataka
KEC (M)
1979
C.F. Thomas
Kerala
Bungalow
[[Ram Vilas Paswan LJSP 2000 {{{last}}}| Ram Vilas Paswan {{{last}}}]] Bihar
MNS
2006
Raj Thackeray
Maharashtra
MAG
1963
Shashikala Kakodkar
Goa
MPP
1968
O. Joy Singh
Manipur
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
Manipur
MNF
1959
Pu Zoramthanga
Mizoram
NPF
2002
Neiphiu Rio
Manipur,Nagaland
Book
NPP
Manipur
PMK
1989
G. K. Mani
Puducherry
Maize
PPA
1987
Arunachal Pradesh
Jug
Puducherry
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
RJD
Bihar, Jharkhand,Manipur
Hand Pump
RLD
Uttar Pradesh
RSP
1940
T.J.Chandrachoodan
West Bengal
Samajwadi Party
SP
1992
Uttar Pradesh
SAD
1920
Punjab
Shiv Sena
SHS
1966
Bal Thackeray
[C]
Maharashtra
SDF
1993
Sikkim
50px
TRS
2001
K. Chandrashekar Rao
Andhra Pradesh
TDP
1982
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Andhra Pradesh
UDP
NA
Donkupar Roy
Meghalaya
Symbol
Name
Acronym
Year
Party leader
States
ZNP
1997
Lalduhoma
Mizoram
[[]]
YSRCP
2010
Andhra Pradesh