International Applied Mechanics, Vol. 47, No. 2, July, 2011 (Russian Original Vol. 47, No.

2, March, 2011)

PLANE-STRAIN STATE OF AN ELASTOPLASTIC BODY WITH A CRACK UNDER MIXED-MODE LOADING

G. V. Galatenko

A mixed-mode (I + II) crack model with a plastic strip on its continuation under plane strain is proposed. The stress components within the strip are determined from the yield conditions, stress limitation, and relationship between the normal stress components defined via the principal stress state. The crack parameters are analyzed for the Mises yield condition. In the quasibrittle case, the governing system of equations includes stress intensity factors KI, KII, and T-stresses Keywords: crack, plane strain, mixed-mode loading, plastic strip, yield condition, T-stresses Introduction. The Dugdale model was developed in [1, 10] for a mode I crack under plane stress and Tresca yield conditions with s y > s x > 0on within the plastic strip. Under plane strain, the stress state on the crack continuation is generally triaxial, making this model inapplicable. A crack model with two lateral plastic strips was proposed in [8] and was modified in [6] by introducing a fracture process zone on the crack continuation (so-called trident model). These models allow obtaining a closed solution only for small-scale yielding (the plastic strips are much smaller than the crack). This is why the Dugdale crack model was generalized in [2, 14] to a body with a mode I crack with an arbitrary plastic zone under plane strain and arbitrary yield conditions. Comparing the parameters of the model under plane stress and plane strain makes it possible to reveal typical behavior for both small-scale and developed yielding at the crack tip. The obtained results underlie two-parameter fracture criteria for bodies with mode I cracks [11] invariant to the degree of triaxiality of the stress state at their front. The triaxiality of the stress state in the plastic zone was also taken into account in spatial problems for circular and elliptic cracks [3, 4, 12]. The present paper develops a mixed-mode crack model with a thin plastic zone under plane strain. To determine the stresses in the plastic strip, we will derive a system of constitutive equations and analyze displacement discontinuities at the crack tip, depending on the loading sequence. The results obtained will be compared with those for the plane-stress state under the Mises yield condition. 1. Model. Let the plane xOy have a crack of length 2l on the Ox-axis. The crack edges are free from stresses. The principal stresses N 1 = p and N 2 = q act at infinity, the direction of N 1 making an angle a with the Ox-axis. The material is assumed perfectly elastoplastic with the following yield condition under plane strain: F ( s x , s y , s z , t xy ) = 0. (1.1)

The loading gives rise to a plastic zone at the crack tip. The zone is modeled by a line on the continuation of the crack. 0 0 0 Since the stress state is compound in this zone, the stresses s 0 x , s y , s z , t xy acting on the plastic line satisfy the yield condition (1.1) (Fig. 1a). 0 If these stresses are known, the plastic zones are replaced by cuts with normal (s 0 y ) and shear (t xy ) stresses (Fig. 1b) applied to their faces. Thus, the original problem has been reduced to a boundary-value problem of elasticity for a crack of length 2L = 2( l + d ) with normal and shear stresses acting on its faces and the stresses at the points x = L being limited.

S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Nesterov St., Kyiv, Ukraine 03057, e-mail: fract@inmech.kiev.ua. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 107115, March 2011. Original article submitted March 10, 2009. 1063-7095/11/4702-0195 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 195

q
0 0 0 s0 x , s y , s z , t xy

a
0 s0 y , t xy

p
0 s0 y , t xy

0 0 0 s0 x , s y , s z , t xy

l p

d q

x p

l d q

a Fig. 1

The stresses in the plastic zone are unknown and should be found by solving the problem. All the four stresses satisfy the yield condition (1.1) and the equations of elasticity. Moreover, since these stresses are limited, they are also continuous at the points x = L. These facts allow us to establish an additional relationship between the stresses in the plastic zones: y = 0, l | x| L: s y = s0 y, sx = s0 x, t xy = t 0 xy ,
0 0 s0 z = n( s x + s y )

or, in terms of the complex potentials [5]: y = 0, l | x| L:

0 F( x ) + W ( x ) = s 0 y - it xy , 0 F( x ) + 2F( x ) - W ( x ) = s 0 x + it xy .

(1.2)

The unknown potentials can be represented as follows: F( z ) = F1 ( z ) + F 2 ( z ), W ( z ) = W 1 ( z ) + W 2 ( z ),

where F1 ( z ), W 1 ( z ) characterize the principal stress state (of the plane without crack); F 2 ( z ), W 2 ( z ) are unknown functions vanishing at infinity and bounded at the points x = L. Then Eqs. (1.2) become:
0 F 2 (x ) + W 2 (x ) = s 0 y - s y - i ( t xy - t xy ), 0 F 2 ( x ) + 2F 2 ( x ) - W 2 ( x ) = s 0 x - s x + i ( t xy - t xy ),

y = 0,

l | x| L,

(1.3)

where s x , s y , t xy are the stresses on the plane without crack, which are related to the principal stresses p, q at infinity as 2 2 s x = p cos a + q sin a, 2 2 s y = p sin a + q cos a,

t xy =

p -q sin 2a. 2

Moreover
F1 ( x ) + W 1 ( x ) = s y - it xy , F1 ( x ) + 2F1 ( x ) - W 1 ( x ) = s x + it xy .

In [7], it was shown that for problem (1.3), F 2 ( x ) = W 2 ( x ) if y = 0 and | x| > L, whence s x = s y . But the stresses at x = L are limited and continuous. Then the following equality must hold on the plastic line:
0 s0 x - sx = s y - s y .

(1.4)

This expression can be rearranged into

0 s0 x - s y = ( p - q )cos 2a.

(1.5)

196

0 0 The yield condition (1.1), expression (1.5), and the plane strain condition s 0 z = n( s x + s y ) are not sufficient to

determine all the stress components. The missing equation can be derived from the stress limitation at x = L. This equation 0 relates the tangential (t 0 xy ) and normal (s y ) stresses on the strip. 2. Boundary-Value Solution. The boundary-value problem (Fig. 1b) reduces to the Dirichlet problem outside the cut 2L for complex potentials F( z ) and W ( z ). Its solution is as follows [7]: F( z ) = F 0 ( z ) + where F0 ( z ) = W0 (z) = X (z ) = z 2 -l2 , X ( t ) p( t ) 1 1 q( t ) dt + dt, 2piX ( z ) t-z 2pi t - z
L L

P1 ( z ) 1 - G , X (z) 2

W( z ) = W 0 ( z ) +

P1 ( z )

1 + G , X (z) 2

(2.1)

X ( t ) p( t ) 1 1 q( t ) dt dt, 2piX ( z ) t-z 2pi t - z

L L

P1 ( z ) = C 0 z + C1 ,

1 G = - ( N 1 - N 2 )e 2 ia , 2

1 1 C 0 = G + G = N 1 + N 2 - ( N 1 - N 2 )e 2 ia , 2 4 1 i + p( t ) = ( s + + sy ) - ( t xy + t xy ), 2 y 2

C1 =

1 X + iY , q( t )dt 2p(1+ k ) 2pi

L

1 i + q( t ) = ( s + - sy ) - ( t xy - t xy ), 2 y 2

( X , Y ) is the load resultant applied to the cut. 0 After integration in (2.1) with q( t ) = 0, p( t ) = s 0 y - it xy , we get
0 (s 0 y - it xy ) z

F( z ) = -

p z 2 - L2

L2 + zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l - z ) 0 0 l s y - it xy arccos ln L 2pi L2 - zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l + z ) p + q - ( p - q )e 2 ia ]z p - q [ + + e 2 ia , 4 z 2 - L2 4 L2 + zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l - z ) 0 0 l s y - it xy arccos ln L 2pi L2 - zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l + z ) +

W( z ) = -

0 (s 0 y - it xy ) z

p z 2 - L2

[ p + q - ( p - q )e 2ia ]z - p - q e 2ia .
4 z 2 - L2 4 l p + q - ( p - q )e 2 ia . = 4 L

(2.2)

The stresses at z = L are limited as

0 s0 y - it xy

arccos

Separating the real and imaginary parts, we obtain

197

s0 y p or

arccos

l p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a , = 2 L

t0 xy p

arccos

l ( p -q) = sin a cos a 2 L

p( p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a ) p( p - q )sin a cos a l . = cos = cos 0 0 L 2s y 2t xy In what follows, we will consider only an opening crack for which p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a 0.
0 The needed relation between the stresses s 0 y and t xy follows from (2.3): 0 t0 xy = s y

(2.3)

( p - q )sin a cos a p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a

Thus, we have obtained a closed-form system of equations for the stresses on the plastic line:
0 0 0 F (s 0 x , s y , s z , t xy ) = 0, 0 t0 xy = s y 0 s0 x - s y = ( p - q )cos 2a,

( p - q )sin a cos a p sin a + q cos a

2 2

0 0 s0 z = n( s x + s y ).

(2.4)

0 0 0 If p = q or a = p / 2, then t 0 xy = 0; if q = - p and a = p / 4, then s y = s x = s z = 0. 0 It is clear that the stresses s 0 y and t xy in terms of which the size of the plastic zone and displacement discontinuity at the

crack tip are expressed are of most interest for solving system (2.4). As it follows from (2.4), they cannot be found independently 0 of s 0 x and s z . With (2.3), the complex potentials (2.2) become:
0 s0 y - it xy

F( z ) = -

2pi

L2 + zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l - z ) p - q 2 ia e , + ln 4 L2 - zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l + z ) L2 + zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l - z ) p - q 2 ia e , ln 4 L2 - zl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - z 2 ) ( l + z )

W( z ) = -

0 s0 y - it xy

2pi

(2.5)

where the root

L2 - z 2 is positive on the upper face of the cut ( -L, L ) along the x-axis; moreover, ln f = ln| f |+ iargf ,

-p < argf < p. To determine the displacements, we will use the following formula [6]: v u 2m + i = kF( z ) - W ( z ) - ( z - z )F ( z ), x x which can be represented in the form v u 2m + i = ( k + 1)F( z ) - (F( z ) + W ( z )) - ( z - z )F ( z ), x x where m is the shear modulus; k = 3 -n for plane stress state; k = 3 - 4n for plane strain state; n is Poissons ratio. 1+ n

198

0 Since F + ( x ) + W - ( x ) = s 0 y - it xy in the plastic zone, the last formula becomes:

v u 0 2m + i = ( k + 1)F + ( x ) - ( s 0 y - it xy ), x x On the crack faces, v u 2m + i = ( k + 1)F + ( x ), x x Separating the real and imaginary parts, we obtain 0 t xy u 2m = (k + 1) x 2p 0 s y v 2m = (k + 1) x 2p for y = 0 and l | x| L and 0 t xy u 2m = (k + 1) x 2p 0 s y v 2m = (k + 1) x 2p for y = 0 and | x| < l. Integration yields u (x ) =

l | x| L.

| x| < l.

L2 + xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l - x) s0 p -q y + + cos 2a - s 0 ln y, 4 L2 - xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l + x) 2 L2 + xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l - x) 0 t xy p - q + sin 2a + t 0 ln xy 4 L2 - xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l + x) 2

L2 + xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l - x) p -q + cos 2a , ln 4 L2 - xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l + x) L2 + xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l - x) p -q sin 2a + ln 4 L2 - xl + ( L2 - l 2 )( L2 - x 2 ) (l + x)

l L2 - x 2 - x L2 - l 2 ( k + 1)t 0 L2 - x 2 - L2 - l 2 xy x ln - l ln 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4pm L - x + L - l l L - x + x L - l +

(k + 1)( p - q )cos 2a
8m

x+

(k - 1)s 0y
4m

( x + l ), -L < x l, 0, -l < x < l, ( x - l ), l x < L,

v (x ) =

l L2 - x 2 - x L2 - l 2 ( k + 1)s 0 L2 - x 2 - L2 - l 2 y l ln x ln 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4pm L - x + L - l l L - x + x L - l +

(k + 1)( p - q )sin 2a
8m

x-

(k - 1)t 0 xy
4m

( x + l ), -L < x l, 0, -l < x < l, ( x - l ), l x < L.

(2.6)

The crack opening displacements are expressed as 199

s/ sT 0.5 a = p/6 0.4 0.3

s/ sT a = p/3 0.8 2 1 0.6 2

0.2 0 0.4 0.8 p / sT

0.4 0 0.4 0.8 p / sT

a Fig. 2

dI ( l ) = v + ( l ) - v - ( l ) =

8(1- n 2 )s 0 y pE

l ln sec

p( p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a ) , 2s 0 y p( p - q )sin a cos a 2t 0 xy , (2.7)

d II ( l ) = u ( l ) - u ( l ) =

0 8(1- n 2 )t xy

pE

l ln sec

where d II ( l ) = 0in the case of uniform tension at infinity ( p = q) and mode I loading (a = p / 2) and d I ( l ) = 0in the case of pure shear (q = - p, a = p / 4). 3. Plane Stress State. In this case, s 0 z = 0 and system (2.4) has the form
0 0 F (s 0 x , s y , t xy ) = 0, 0 s0 x - s y = ( p - q )cos 2a , 0 t0 xy = s y

( p - q ) sin a cos a p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a

(3.1)

The size of the plastic zone is defined by (2.3) and the crack opening displacement by dI ( l ) = v + ( l ) - v - ( l ) = 8s 0 y pE l ln sec p( p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a ) , 2s 0 y p( p - q )sin a cos a
0 2t xy

d II

(l ) = u +

(l ) - u - (l ) =

0 8t xy

pE

l ln sec

(3.2)

0 Thus, the main difference between the crack model under plane strain and plane stress is in the stresses s 0 y and t xy

acting on the plastic strips. The sizes of plastic zones and the displacement discontinuities at the crack tip are different too. 4. Mises Yield Condition. If t xz = t yz = 0 (plane strain), the Mises yield condition is given by
2 ( s x - s y ) 2 + ( s y - s z ) 2 + ( s z - s x ) 2 + 6t 2 xy = 2sT .

Then, solving system (2.4), we arrive at the following expressions for the stresses on the plastic line: s0 y = -(1- 2n ) 2 A ( p, q, a ) + D ( p, q, a ) 2

(1- 2n ) 2

+ 3B 2 ( p, q, a )

0 s0 x = s y + A ( p , q , a ),

0 0 s0 z = n( s x + s y ),

0 = s 0 B ( p , q , a ), t xy y

(4.1)

200

d* a = p/6

d* a = p/3 0.8

0.5 2 1 0 0 0.4 0.8 p / sT 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 p / sT 0.6 1 2

a Fig. 3

where A ( p, q, a ) = ( p - q )cos 2a , B ( p, q, a ) = ( p - q )sin a cos a p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a ,

2 D = A 2 (1- 2n ) 4 - 4(n 2 - n + 1)(1- 2n ) 2 - 12B 2 (n 2 - n + 1) + 4sT (1- 2n ) 2 + 3B 2 . 0 Figure 2a, b shows the dimensionless stresses s 0 y / sT (curve 1) and t xy / sT (curve 2) as functions of the external load

p / sT for a = p / 6, p / 3and q = 0, n = 0.3. The curves for plane stress are dashed. The stresses under plane strain are larger than 0 0 0 the stresses under plane stress. Moreover, t 0 xy > s y if a = p / 6 and t xy < s y if a = p / 3. Figure 3a, b shows the dimensionless crack opening displacements d * I = pEd I ( l ) 8(1- n )sT l
2

(curve 1) and d * II =

pEd II ( l ) 8(1- n 2 )sT l

(curve 2) as functions of the external load p / sT for the same angles. 0 The conditions p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a < s 0 y or ( p - q )sin a cos a < t xy are indicative of a quasi-brittle state at the crack boundary. In this case, the formulas below follow from (2.3) and (2.7): d= pK I2 8s 02 y =
2 pK II 02 8t xy

dI ( l ) =

(1- n 2 )K I2 s0 yE

d II ( l ) =

2 (1- n 2 )K II

t0 xy E

(4.2)

where K I = ( p sin 2 a + q cos 2 a ) pl, K II = ( p - q ) pl sin a cos a are the stress intensity factors in the linear elastic case. The system of equations (2.4) becomes:
0 0 0 F (s 0 x , s y , s z , t xy ) = 0, 0 - s0 = T , sx y

t0 xy s0 xy

K II KI

0 0 s0 z = n( s x + s y ),

(4.3)

where T denotes the so-called T-stresses that are the first regular term in the expansion of the stress components about the crack tip: sx s xy s xy K I f11 ( q ) = sy 2pr f12 ( q ) f12 ( q ) T 0 + . f 22 ( q ) 0 0

Conclusions. The proposed generalization of the Dugdale crack model to mixed (I + II) mode loading under plane strain takes into account triaxial stress state, yield condition, and principal stress state. The stresses on the plastic line are much

201

higher than those under plane stress. The system of equations to determine stresses in the plastic zone under small-scale yielding includes the stress intensity factors K I , K II , and T-stresses.

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