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The deficiency generally shows as a marginal scorch on the lower leaves. This may be only a narrow band at first, but unless corrected the entire leaf is soon affected. With some plants the symptoms first show as small spots on the leaf margin. These soon enlarge, join together and become entire on the leaf margin. On azaleas the older leaves will frequently turn red before the scorch develops. Potassium is antagonistically affected by other ions. High calcium levels may induce potassium deficiency. Likewise high potassium may cause calcium to be deficient. A high potassium content may induce a magnesium deficiency. In chrysanthemums, control of this problem is obtained by reducing the amount of potassium applied to the plants. Simply adding magnesium will not correct the situation. An imbalance of N-P-K may also induce potassium deficiency symptoms. Magnesium: This particular element is needed in large amounts by plants. Problems of magnesium deficiency are not frequently seen when plants are grown in soil mixtures. The deficiency could become severe on plants grown in soil-less mixtures unless magnesium is added. Dolomitic limestone is a good source of magnesium. It should be added to the growing medium at the time it is prepared. A deficiency of magnesium shows as an interveinal chlorosis of the leaves starting at the base of the plant and working upward. As mentioned earlier, high potassium levels may cause magnesium deficiency in some plants. Calcium: Calcium deficiency is rarely seen in soil grown plants. Where soil-less mixes are used, a calcium deficiency might occur if the element is not supplied. Limestone is the principal material used to supply calcium. Gypsum, calcium sulphate, has also been used where the grower does not wish to change the soil pH. Of course single superphosphate also contains calcium. Calcium is important in the division and development of cells. A deficiency shows as a death of the meristematic regions of the plant; shoot and root tips die first. If the deficiency is not corrected the necrosis will continue to develop down the stem, subsequently killing the entire plant. Calcium deficiency on carnations causes the leaf tip to die and turn up at a 90 degree angle. Trace Elements: Trace elements are needed by plants in very small amounts. Where nitrogen and potassium levels may be 4 to 5 % or 40,000 to 50,000 ppm, the boron content of a plant may be only 30 ppm. Although only needed in small quantities, a lack of the element can seriously retard growth. Iron: Iron deficiency symptoms, manifested as a chlorosis of the new leaves, have probably been seen by more plant growers than any other trace element deficiency. Unlike nitrogen and potassium, iron is immobile within the plant. Thus the deficiency shows up in the newest growing areas of the plant, the developing leaves. At first the veins remain green with the interveinal areas becoming light green and then greenish-yellow in color. As the deficiency continues uncorrected, even the veins lose their green color as the leaf may turn yellow and almost white. In very severe cases the leaves will develop a necrosis 4 (death) and turn brown. Iron deficiency symptoms may be caused by several factors. Even though iron may be available in the soil it is not taken up by the roots. This often happens during spring when we have cold, wet soil
conditions. Too high a soil pH may result in lack of iron availability in the soil. A high manganese content is antagonistic to iron uptake. Where high levels of manganese occur, there may be iron deficiency and vice versa. Sometimes weed killers may produce symptoms that look like iron deficiency. Boron: Not seen too often by non-commercial plant producers, a lack of boron is a problem in commercial greenhouse production of several crops. Boron is not easily translocated so the deficiency usually always affects the terminal growing parts of the plants, the shoot and root tips. Boron deficiency may at first be confused with a calcium deficiency. However, boron deficient plants will often tiller, or send out new shoots. This condition is sometimes referred to as witches broom. Calcium deficient plants will not produce this type growth. In some cases the deficiency may cause problems that are unlike the typical deficiency symptoms described. Indianapolis White Chrysanthemums will develop a halo of brown petals just at the time they are ready for harvest. No other variety of chrysanthemum is known to react this way. Correcting boron deficiency can be easily mishandled. The commercial recommendation is to supply one ounce of borax per 100 square feet per year. Over-application can cause severe plant damage as manifested by a marginal scorch of the leaves. On chrysanthemums this scorch begins with the basal leaves first. Roses show a marginal leaf necrosis and interveinal leaf spotting. Manganese: Manganese deficiency is often confused with a lack of iron. With manganese deficiency, even the finest veins in the leaf retain their green color thus causing the leaf to have a lace-like appearance. Manganese deficiency is seldom seen by the average grower. Cold, wet soil conditions may cause a temporary deficiency to develop. As soon as the causal condition is corrected, the plants develop normally. Zinc, molybdenum and copper are among the trace element group. Deficiencies of these are rarely seen by the average plant grower.
Prepared by: James W. Boodley, Professor of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, April 10, 1975. Slightly revised: 6/03.