A Case Study Of Community Based Micro Hydropower Long Lawen, Sarawak, Malaysia

Operational Participants: Green Empowerment The Borneo Project The Long Lawen Community Partners of Community Organizations Sahabat Alam Malaysia Funding Participants: Seacology Friends of Malaysia Energreen Foundation Prepared By:

Green Empowerment and Joseph G. Richards, P.E. May, 2004

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to document the Long Lawen Community Based Renewable Energy Project in a manner that will assist in developing similar projects in the future. Where appropriate, within the body of the text, italicized sections entitled Hurdles and Lessons Learned have been added to identify experience based implementation strategies that will help project developers. The Project is worthy of attention, not because it was implemented perfectly, but rather because the project team was able to overcome difficulties by adjusting their implementation strategy while remaining true to a set of core values. These include: social justice, local leadership, sustainability, and environmental preservation. The Long Lawen Project is community based. This means simply that decisions throughout the development process were made democratically. Therefore, this case study will investigate whether the project team was successful in achieving the objectives described in the body of the report while working within the community based model and adhering to the stated core values. Before addressing some of these larger questions, some introductory information will be useful for the reader. Introduction The Long Lawen community is located on the Island of Borneo in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, as detailed on the Map of Borneo in Appendix A (page 26). The community consists of 70 families, as presented on the Community Map in Appendix B (page 27), or approximately 350 people, of the Kenyah Badeng group. The people moved to Long Lawen from Long Geng in 1998 to avoid the Malaysian Governments resettlement efforts in conjunction with the construction of the Bakun Dam. The Long Geng community moved to Long Lawen because it is part of their ancestral land claim, has ample elevation to keep it out of the Bakun Reservoir catchment, and has sufficient natural resources to support the community. The community was divided on the issue of resettlement because their leaders disagreed on a logging concession granted in 1990 to timber companies in the area. This occurred prior to the commencement of the Bakun Dam project. The Long Geng headman (chief) signed the concession without the support or knowledge of the rest of the community. It was not until 1993 when many of the Long Geng residents were in jail for blockading the logging operations that they learned that the concession had been granted by their headman. When the resettlement occurred in 1998 the Long Geng headman led half the community to the resettlement area in Asap while the assistant headman led the other half to Long Lawen. Some 10,000 people from many different indigenous groups have been displaced by the construction of the Bakun Dam and relocated to the Asap Reservation. The $5 billion Bakun project will flood about 300 square miles of rain forest and is scheduled to produce 2,400 megawatts of electricity, making it the largest hydropower

facility in SE Asia. By comparison, that is supplying enough power to serve Philadelphia and San Francisco combined1. The project is planned to distribute power to the cities within Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei, and Kalimantan, all on the Island of Borneo. None of the anticipated power will be available to the local upriver communities due to the lack of power intensive industry in the area. Opponents of the project site insufficient energy demand, environmental destruction, unsustainable resource extraction, and the displacement of indigenous peoples as reasons to abandon the project. Some international opponents (International Rivers Network) and local resistance communities claim that the dam is an excuse to illegally harvest the valuable hardwoods within the Bakun catchment. The Business Times of Singapore valued the timber alone in the Bakun catchment at US $400 million. For better or worse the Bakun project is moving forward as planned. Within its shadow, the people of Long Lawen have completed their own community based micro hydropower facility. The community has, through great effort on their own part and with the assistance of numerous organizations, accomplished their goal of independent power production. Important events are listed below:

TABLE 1: Event Timeline

Year 1990 Event Logging concession granted to companies in Long Geng against the will of the community. 1992 Hydropower survey completed in Long Geng. 1993- 1995 Logging protest activities by the community in Long Geng. 1998 Long Geng community members begin to move to Long Lawen. 1999 Hydropower survey in Long Lawen and Batu Kalo. Long Lawen is selected as the first site because of easier access. January 2002 Long Lawen Commissioning complete. April 2002 Long Lawen opening ceremony. February 2003 Project follow-up and case study completion. The community has operated the facility for over a year. They have overcome some major milestones but still face challenges today and in the future that require continued organizational assistance. Eight organizations played major roles in project implementation and/or financing. Organizational Involvement The Borneo Project and Sahabat Alam Malaysia were working with the indigenous communities within the Bakun catchment when members of the Long Geng community moved to Long Lawen and asked for their assistance in developing their renewable

Rainforest Action Network.

energy resource. They agreed and estimated the project cost to be US $5,000 for the 40 families in the community. Green Empowerment, The Borneo Project, and Sahabat Alam Malaysia representatives traveled to the site in October of 2000 to formulate a plan to complete the project. Joseph Richards of Green Empowerment assumed project management responsibility and both organizations launched fund raising campaigns to secure the necessary money to complete the project. Project financial contributions are listed below on Table 2.

TABLE 2: Project Financial Contributors (Note: 1 US$=Rm 3.8)

Organization Green Empowerment The Borneo Project Seacology The Friends of Malaysia The Energreen Foundation The Long Lawen Community Total Project Cost: Cash Contribution $12,280 $12,048 $15,000 $6,500 $5,000 $2,600 $53, 428.00 Does Not Include labor costs for GE employees labor costs for Borneo Project employees

Labor and local materials

Green Empowerment was added to the project team because of their technical and community development experience in the area of renewable energy project implementation. The project team however still lacked an experienced local technical counterpart until Adrian Lasimbang of the Sabah-based Partners of Community Organizations (PACOS) volunteered to help in March of 2001. PACOS members were instrumental in the completion of the project. They led the house wiring work in the community and contributed significant time and energy to the overall implementation of the project. In fact, they continue to play an important role in supporting the ongoing needs of the community and have bolstered the strength of the renewable energy sector in Malaysia. An equally important member of the project team was Kusetiadi Raharjo of P.T. Heksa Prekarsa Teknik. PT. Heksa Prekarsa Teknik is a manufacturing company located in Bandung, Indonesia with extensive experience in the field of micro hydropower implementation since 1992. They have fabricated and installed over 60 micro hydro systems, including the turbine for the micro hydro system in Long Lawen. Kusetiadi Raharjo, Director for PT. Heksa Prekarsa Teknik, traveled to Long Lawen to personally help with the installation of the turbine and the commissioning of the project. He was also instrumental in training the system operators and generally lending his expertise during the commissioning and opening stages.

The following seven objectives broadly describe the goals of the Long Lawen project. Some of these objectives were conceived at the beginning of the project while others evolved throughout the implementation period. 1. Build cohesion within the community. 2. Meet the energy demand of the newly formed community and minimize diesel power generation dependency. 3. Improve community quality of life by providing home lighting and agricultural processing that is universally accessible. 4. Preserve the local environment. 5. Establish cottage industries to improve the socio/economic condition of the community. 6. Develop a local technical group to take responsibility for the Project and future projects within the local renewable energy sector. 7. Achieve Project sustainability and increase the sustainability within the local renewable energy sector. Resource Identification The Long Lawen community is located 200 meters from a 35-meter waterfall on the Salau River. The site is ideal for micro hydropower development because of its close proximity to the village and the available head and flow rate of the water resource. The project team determined the potential of the water resource for power production by measuring the head and flow rate at the site during the dry season. More extensive hydrologic calculations were not made because of the lack of useful data. The flow rate of the Salau River varies throughout the year in accordance with precipitation. Flow ranges from approximately 70 liters/second (l/s) to 500 l/s with a design flow rate of 48 l/s. The watershed consists primarily of forest cover with clay and sandy soils. A logging road cuts through the watershed some 150 meters above the waterfall. The existence of the logging road introduces significant sediment laden water into the river upstream from the intake. This has been and continues to be a major factor in the operation and maintenance of the facility. Refer to the operation and maintenance section for more information. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: Project developers should consider the potential growth of the community when determining the electrical generation capacity. In Long Lawen more power could have been produced with an alternative intake site and civil configuration. Project cost must be compared to the community demand when making these decisions. The configuration in Long Lawen was selected when there were only 40 families in the community in 1999 but when the project was commissioned in 2002 the community had grown to 70 families.

Community Organization The indigenous political system of the Long Lawen community is village based. It is based on their adat (customary law) that, like most legal systems, is a living record that has been developed over time. Prior to the abolition of head hunting and the subsequent conversion of the Kenyah Badeng to Christianity, the community was administered by a shaman who was the arbiter of the Adat and by the headman of the community. The community is still organized in roughly the same way. Priests have replaced the shamans of old and the village headman now administers the adat. Although the community is Christian they are divided into two church groups, Roman Catholic and Protestant. The current community leaders are: Gara Jalong, Liau Anyii, and Ali Siting as Headman, Assistant Headman, and Secretary, respectively. The community is administered democratically and decisions are generally made by a group vote. The elders in the community play an important role and are well respected. A good example of elder leadership in the community occurred late in 2002. At the beginning of the project Liau Anyi was the headman and continued to lead the community until he was challenged in 2002 by a disgruntled villager, one of the most prosperous businessmen in the community. He had also been one of the largest impediments to the success of the project because of his outspoken opposition. In several instances he actually vandalized the distribution system. He challenged Liau for the headman position because the community had banned some forms of alcohol, which he commonly sold at his store, from being sold or made in the village. His challenge prompted Gara Jalong to run in opposition for the headman position. The elder men in the community put the candidates through arduous verbal challenges in front of the community to test their leadership ability. During the test the competitor fled from the public meeting and Gara was elected as headman by the elders. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: It is essential to include a cross section of the entire community in the decision making process. The management committee should be composed of people who represent the diverse needs of the community. Failure to do this will cause significant problems. The Need for Energy According to village headman Gara Jalong, the community of Long Geng first requested micro hydropower in 1992 at its old location from the Holland based NOVIB. At that time the Long Geng community consisted of 135 families or approximately 700 persons. The water resource in Long Geng had insufficient energy potential to serve the community so the organization did not develop it. The upriver communities of Borneo had long used petrochemicals: kerosene, diesel, and gasoline for their energy needs.

In October of 2000, when the project team in Long Lawen completed the first energy survey, there were 24 diesel generators and 3 gasoline generators in the community. The community survey, presented in Appendix C (page 28), details energy use and expenses throughout the community. The energy survey process is the starting point in determining the communitys energy demand and their ability and willingness to pay for power. As illustrated by the comparison of the Energy Use and Cost Before Micro Hydro (Appendix C page 28) with the Energy Use and Cost After Micro Hydro (Appendix D page 30) the community spends 50% less on hydropower than they did on other energy sources before the project. In addition the community reserve fund grows by over $2000 a year. To date, project revenue has come solely from residential light use in accordance with the established rate structure, although the mill has also increased the value of agricultural products and a community center with refrigeration for fish is currently being constructed. Sustainable End Uses and Job Creation Developing sustainable end uses from the produced power is an essential aspect of community based renewable energy development. This is because hydropower is available for use as long as the plant is running. In systems like Long Lawen where ample water is available power can be generated 24 hours a day. ELC (electrical load controller) governing systems, like the one used in Long Lawen, distribute power between consumer uses and, when demand is insufficient to consume 100% of the power produced, to sacrificial ballast loads. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the community to encourage and develop income generating end uses that utilize the produced power. In projects where the community has borrowed money to bring the project to fruition, maximum plant usage is critical. The plant factor is equivalent to the energy used divided by the energy available over a period of time. In Long Lawen the plant factor is approximately 21 %. This is because most consumers only use their lights for 6 hours. Successful implementation of the day use distribution system will improve the plant factor to above 0.5 (50%), increase system income, and create revenue-generating cottage industries. Cottage industries in Long Lawen could include freezers, machine shops, communications, baking, and sewing. The 7.5 KW Disk mill connected at the powerhouse is used to grind a wide variety of dried materials into flour. Possible uses of the flour include rice flour for local cakes, fish food, and sago palm. By February 2003 the mill was used infrequently to make rice flour cakes for celebrations. Mill use will increase if ovens are installed in the communal use area and if it used for other processing activities. Some women in the community bake and sell cakes to other village members and to the company camps in the area. This business market will assuredly increase as Bakun Dam construction activities move forward and more contractors move into the area.

The first attempt to introduce the day use distribution system was unsuccessful. A villager vandalized the system MCBs in order to stop the delivery of power to consumers during the day use period. Apparently, he did not want to lose his monopoly on day use cold storage, a business that some of the community members wanted to start. The community used Adat (customary law) to give him a fine. Community members who wanted to use larger appliances identified the need for this separate phase line. The original day use system allowed 15 users in the community to receive power limited by a 2 amp MCB. As stated in the distribution section, a 2 amp MCB allows 480 watts of power for the consumer. This amount of power is sufficient to operate the freezers and washing machines that exist in the community. Refer to Appendix C (page 28) for a tabulated summation of appliance demand per household in 2000. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: It is essential to consider existing businesses in the community when setting up sustainable end uses. Competition will probably be unwanted by the existing business owner and that person will have to be considered in the decision making process. The vandalism situation in Long Lawen may have been avoided if the troublemaker had been more involved in the project from the beginning. The existence of a local NGO is essential to identifying these issues and dealing with them in a positive way. In February 2003, a second effort to implement the day use distribution system was made. This distribution plan was also detailed in the Distribution Section. Rather than providing all the day use power to individuals, as was the case with the first effort, the power is available in the communal use area and to 5 individuals who wanted service. The communal use area will have an office for the power committee, 24-hour cold storage, and communal plugs where the consumer will pay based on the kilowatt-hours of usage. Implementation of the plan is underway and it is only a matter of time before we will know if it is successful. In the end it is the community that must choose and implement the right solution for themselves. Rate Structure Determination Hydropower systems require operation, maintenance, and repairs to function properly. In order for the community to operate a system they must have an income stream to pay system operators, buy spare parts, and create a reserve fund for major repairs. Selling power to the community is the best way to establish a reliable income stream. However, the revenue stream must be based on income-generating end uses such as agricultural processing, as well as residential use, to produce sufficient revenue to be sustainable. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: It is essential for the community to understand that the power from the project will not be free. It is common for community members to perceive that the power is generated from water, which is free, and therefore the power should also be free. A further hindrance to rate structure acceptance is that the cost of the project is primarily covered by funding sources outside of the community. This conception, that the power is or should be free, can be tempered by requiring the community to contribute significantly to developing the project. In any case, a major

hurdle to overcome in the community development process is gaining acceptance for a sustainable rate structure and mobilizing the community members to pay. The first step in accomplishing this is completing the community energy survey as presented in Appendix B (page 28). It is essential to consult the community widely and intensively to obtain a real picture of potential community energy demands and potential income generating end-uses. The Long Lawen community spent some $8,700 US on petrochemical energy in 2000. This cost is underestimated however because it does not represent all of the costs of operation, maintenance, transport, equipment replacement, or the cost of oil for the generators. Modern appliances such as stereos, televisions, fans, refrigerators, and washing machines are used in the community. Families with generators commonly sell power to neighbors to power a 45 watt fluorescent tube lamp for Rm 5 per month2. Monthly energy cost per household ranged from Rm 7 to Rm 250 to for houses 32 and 52 respectively. These two extremes represent the use of a single kerosene lamp in house 32 and a gasoline generator in house 52 or the poorest and richest families in the community in terms of energy consumption. From the energy survey it was apparent that the community needed renewably generated power and that they had the ability to pay. The rate structure was then determined based on the intended use and the time of day as described below. Refer to the Distribution Section for details regarding day and night use distribution mechanisms. 1. Night Use Period: 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM. Use is limited to 15-watt compact florescent light bulbs (January 2003: 228 bulbs installed at Rm 2/bulb/month) and some small appliances (radio & small fan) that can operate when lights are switched off in individual homes. Bulbs are also installed on the porches in the community (January 2003: 54 bulbs installed at Free). There are also four communal use 480 watt plugs at the two churches, the headmans house, and the assistant headmans long house (January 2003: 4 communal plugs at Free). 2. Day Use Period: 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM. 480-watt plugs are available for individuals who can pay for the service while other community members can use power at the day use communal area for a nominal fee. The object of the day use is to increase income generation and create cottage industries in the community. This is an essential component of system sustainability because it utilizes a greater portion of the available power form the system and increases the plant factor. The Long Lawen rate structure was initially set based on the energy consumption and the ability of the poorest families in the community to pay for electric service. The cost to operate a kerosene lamp for one month in 2000 was Rm 7. That equated to 1 gallon of kerosene. This cost was then used as a means to set the light use rate structure at Rm 2/bulb/month. With this rate structure the family that used kerosene light before could now afford 3 bulbs at a savings of Rm 1/month over kerosene. It is useful to refer to the
2

1 US $ is equivalent to Rm 3.8

prices index in Appendix F (page 34) and compare the cost of village items to the implemented power rate structure. While light use is subsidized and universally available, plug use is limited due to a finite power supply and should therefore be more expensive. The benefit of day power use is distributed among the community in the form of increased income, potential community projects, and overall system sustainability. The rate structure was set at Rm 50/plug/month in April of 2002 and was later changed to Rm 40/plug/month by the community in February of 2003. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: An effective vehicle to gaining community acceptance for a proposed rate structure is to compare power cost to the cost of items that are available in the community. Non-essential items that are commonly purchased by community members such as cigarettes and alcohol are especially effective. Cigarettes in Long Lawen cost between Rm 2- 4 per pack and a can of Tiger beer costs Rm 4. Environmental Factors The environmental factors that project developers must consider include: the effect of the local environment of project infrastructure (i.e.: the civil works, electro/mechanical components, main distribution system, and home connections), social factors, and watershed impacts. Of these environmental factors the last two, social factors, and watershed impacts pose the greatest risk to the long term sustainability of the project in Long Lawen. Logging trucks hauling timber from the Bakun Reservoir catchment motor through Long Lawen 24 hours a day. The forests around Long Lawen have already been logged of the largest trees and the logging companies have returned to take the smaller stands. The eventual plan is to convert the area into an oil palm plantation once all the trees have been harvested. Logging activities within the micro hydropower watershed have the potential to permanently degrade the Salau water resource and render the Long Lawen power facility inoperative. Logging increases the sediment load within the stream and generally decreases the volume of water available for power production. In many cases streams will dry up all together and precipitation patterns will change. Refer to the Watershed Management section for more information. Environmental factors that could affect the project infrastructure must be addressed during the design of the system and during the procurement of the electro/mechanical equipment. It is essential that the turbine, generator, and control equipment are suited to the local environment. Watershed Management

When the micro hydropower facility was commissioned in January of 2002 community members identified an urgent need to map and protect the community lands from the ever-present threat of logging. A community mapping and watershed management workshop was held in the community in January 2002. The workshop empowered the community by teaching them how to create community maps of their land. Maps help to strengthen land right claims by giving the community a record that can be used in negotiations. The workshop also focused on rainforest conservation to assure the long-term sustainability of the micro hydropower project. The Indigenous Peoples Network of Malaysia (IPNM) conducted the workshop with the support of the project developers. The watershed management workshop objectives included: 1. Marking the boundary of the community land area. 2. Training villagers to operate hand held compasses and GPS equipment in order to survey the area and create maps. 3. Increasing community awareness about the importance of watershed management. 4. Training the community about enrichment planting. 5. Mobilizing the community to protect their natural resources. 6. Clearly marking watershed boundaries and post signs. 7. Setting up the community land and resource management committee. 8. Using the completed maps to communicate with the local government and logging companies about protected areas. The community mapping that occurred as a result of the watershed management workshop was essential in stopping logging companies from entering protected community watersheds. These watersheds include several drinking water catchments, the micro hydropower watershed, and the community preserve. The mapping effort also helped to convince the local government of the authenticity of the communities claim to the land in Long Lawen. Power System Design and Construction The Long Lawen Community consisted of 40 families in 1999 when Mark Bronez of the Borneo Project conducted the original feasibility survey. Later that same year, John Paisley, also of the Borneo Project, selected the layout of the civil configuration and worked with the community to construct part of the intake structure and the penstock. The project construction timeline is presented in Table 3 (on next page). By the time the project was commissioned in January of 2002 the community had grown to 70 families. Although growth continues to be a factor for the ongoing sustainability of the project, the community was stable between January 2002 and February 2003. The main source of additional families moving to Long Lawen is the Asap resettlement area.

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TABLE 3: Construction Timeline

Date 1999 1999 October 2000 April 2001 April 2001 July 2001 December 2001 January 2002 January 2002 April 2002 August 2002 February 2003 Activity Feasibility survey complete. Civil configuration layout and intake and penstock construction. Distribution poles erected and flow test completed (52 l/s). Project officially given to the community during warriors day festivities. Traveled to Indonesia to meet electro/mechanical manufacturer and place the order. Main distribution wires installed (night distribution line only), intake construction and rate structure determination (PACOS participates). PACOS led house wiring trip. Electro/mechanical equipment received in Bintulu, Borneo and transported to Long Lawen. Powerhouse, intake, and tailrace construction complete. Electro/mechanical manufacturer completes erection, commissioning and operator training. Watershed mapping complete within community use area and micro hydropower watershed. Second (day use) main distribution phase wire erected. Held the opening ceremony (local people, reporters, and politicians attended). Intake weir constructed by the community. Sustainable end uses, management systems, distribution repairs, intake clean-out construction, and day use implementation.

The civil, electro/mechanical, and distribution systems are discussed in the following sections. No attempt is made here to provide how-to design information related to micro hydropower. Rather, these sections are provided to document what was done in Long Lawen and some of the lessons learned by the project team. Readers interested in micro hydropower design should refer to the Adam Harvey3 and Alan Inversin4. The Civil Components The Long Lawen civil works convey water to the electro/mechanical equipment without a headrace canal, or sedimentation basin. A headrace canal was unnecessary at the selected intake site because of the existence of a waterfall on the Salau River providing the head necessary for power production in the immediate vicinity. A sedimentation basin was not designed into the system because of insufficient room at the site that was selected for development.

Micro-Hydro Design Manual, A Guide to Small Scale Water Power Schemes, Adam Harvey, ITDG, 1993. 4 Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, A Practical Guide to Design and Implementation in Developing Countries, Allen R. Inversin, NRECA International Foundation, 1986.

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Hurdles and Lessons Learned: Although the civil layout in Long Lawen resulted in minimal penstock costs it did not allow room for proper sediment removal. Sediment laden water can be used for power production but it causes significant operation and maintenance concerns. Turbine bearings will have to be replaced more often, the civil works will have to be cleaned more frequently, and turbine runner life will be reduced. The civil layout must incorporate sediment removal in a location that can be easily cleaned by the system operators. This is a critical aspect of civil design that must be thoroughly investigated. Alternate sites with sediment removal potential should be selected over the least cost alternative to assure long-term operational sustainability. The project civil components consist of the intake weir, trash rack, sluice gate, sediment dam, iron wood screen, 36 meters of 8 inch PVC penstock (suspended along a cliff and encased in wood planks), 60 meters of 6 inch PVC penstock (with concrete thrust blocks and wood encasement), 35 degree steel elbow, reducer, 4 inch gate valve, E/M described below, and tailrace. Refer to Appendix K (page 47) for photographs of the civil components. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: The civil works construction phase is an ideal opportunity to involve the community. Construction skills need to be transferred and community ownership must be established. To accomplish this, the project developer (usually a local or regional NGO with renewable energy system experience) trains the community workers in tasks that are unfamiliar and always looks for local techniques to accomplish the work of the day. The community contributes labor and locally available materials, such as wood, aggregate, and sand, while the developer facilitates the process. In Long Lawen, the community contributed locally available materials, labor, transportation, food and lodging, and cash. The Electro/Mechanical System The electro/mechanical system was designed for 32 meters of net head, a flow rate of 48 liters per second, and an output of 8.2 KW. The system was designed, manufactured, supplied, and commissioned by PT Heksa Prekarsa Teknik of Bandung, Indonesia. The supplied equipment list, including spare parts and civil components, can be found in Appendix H (page 38). The system turbine, generator, electronic load controller, and ballast load are discussed below. A brief discussion of forms of energy and system efficiencies is presented below to help the reader understand the process of generating electrical power from water. In Long Lawen, water for power production originates in the Salau River and is diverted to a pipe called a penstock. The elevation difference between the inlet of the penstock pipe and the elevation where the water strikes the turbine runner is called the gross head. The gross head is measured in units of length or, in this case, meters and represents the potential energy available in the static state when water in the system is at rest. When the water flows and enters the penstock the potential energy of the static state is transferred into kinetic energy. Some of the energy is lost due to friction in the pipe, fittings, and

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valves when the water is flowing. The net head, 32 meters in Long Lawen, is equivalent to the gross head minus the friction loss in the penstock, valves, and fittings. Water from the penstock flows through a guide vane and strikes the turbine runner causing it to rotate transferring the kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine in turn is connected to the generator by a drive shaft, which rotates at the same speed as the turbine converting mechanical energy into electricity. The total transfer of energy described above is approximately 60% efficient or in other words 40% of the potential energy is lost in the conversion process. An additional 10% loss occurs when the power is distributed to the community giving hydropower a net efficiency of approximately 50%. It is important to note that the efficiency of the overall system is based on the performance of the individual components that vary depending on the type used in any particular project. A T14 Crossflow Turbine manufactured by PT Heksa Prekarsa Teknik was used in the Long Lawen project. The Crossflow Turbine is a medium head impulse machine that was specifically developed for village-based applications in developing countries. The turbine has operated well for over two years in the community. Photographs of the T14 turbine and other electro/mechanical equipment are presented in Appendix K (page 47). The type of power that is supplied to a community, synchronous versus asynchronous and single phase versus three-phase, should be determined based on the loads that the community intends to connect to the system. Potential loads may include motors, lighting, fans, radios, refrigerators, resistance etc. In Long Lawen a Stamford synchronous generator was selected and installed in a single-phase arrangement. This decision was made primarily because of the simplicity of the single-phase synchronous system for both construction and operation and the existence of numerous small motor loads throughout the distribution system. Synchronous power generation is a good choice for systems where the consumer loads include induction motors like the ones used to run the freezers in Long Lawen. The generator in Long Lawen could have been installed in a three-phase configuration which would have resulted in higher generator efficiencies and the ability to connect larger motor loads. This, however, was not done due to the increased technical difficulty of a three-phase system and the lack of large motor loads. Regardless of the type of generator that is selected the produced power must be governed through electronic, manual, or hydraulic means. In order to maintain a constant frequency, 50 Hz in Long Lawen, an electronic load controller is used to assure that all produced power is used by the consumer or by ballast loads. Frequency is a result of the rotational speed of the generator. If less than the produced power is consumed the generator will speed up increasing the frequency whereas if more than the produced power is needed the generator will slow down and the frequency will decrease. Electrical appliances are sensitive to frequency changes and will malfunction when the power frequency is outside of their design range. Over consumption of the produced power is controlled with circuit breakers at the consumer

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connection and is discussed in the Distribution Section. Under consumption of the produced power is controlled by electronically sharing the produced power between the consumer load and the ballast or sacrificial load to assure 100% power consumption and stable frequency. Ballast load requirement is normally 10 20% greater than the expected maximum plant output. The ballast load should be resistive e.g. immersion water heater or space/air heater and nonessential. The Long Lawen ballast is a 10 KW air heater placed in a well vented location in the power house. Refer to the System Drawings in Appendix J (page 44) for the powerhouse layout. Once the power is produced with a stable frequency and voltage, 50 Hertz and 240 volts in Long Lawen, the current is distributed throughout the community through wires. The Distribution System Approximately 8 KW of power is distributed amongst 70 families in Long Lawen through a single-phase system with two phase wires and one common neutral as shown in Figure 1 (below). The distribution wires are sized to minimize the maximum voltage drop in the system to 10 percent. Power consumption is controlled with 0.5 ampere (amp) and 2 amp microcircuit breakers (MCB) at the point of consumption. The MCBs within the system are protected with a lead seal to reduce the potential for power theft. Twenty four hour power utilization and end use flexibility are accomplished by operating each phase wire independently during the day and night use periods as described below. 3. Night Use Period: 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM, controlled with 0.5-amp MCB (allows 120 watts of power to the consumer). Night use plugs are controlled with 2 amp MCBs allowing 480 watts of power consumption. The communal use area is controlled with a 5 amp MCB (allows 1,200 watts of power to the consumer). 4. Day Use Period: 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM, individual plugs controlled with 2 amp MCB (allows 480 watts of power to the consumer). 5 installed in the community. The communal use area is controlled with a 20 amp MCB (allows 4,800 watts of power to the consumer).

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Figure 1: Operator making pole connections for the second phase wire in Long
Lawen(left) and the long house circuit with phase wires in blue and red, neutral in black, and ground in green (right). The phase wires are switched with the master controller at the powerhouse by one of the operators. Both the long house circuits and the transmission lines are grounded to earth for consumer safety. Hurdles and Lessons Learned: All MCBs must be installed outside of the home to prevent tampering and power theft. Seals can and should be used to limit access to the MCB. The best deterrent is constant inspection by the power committee and self policing by community members. Several instances occurred in Long Lawen where the MCB was bypassed allowing for greater power consumption by the user. In one case someone, removed the MCB all together and connected his color TV directly to the system. His TV caught fire due to the unprotected connection. The MCB not only protects the generator it also protects connected appliances. In another case a system operator, changed his 0.5 amp MCB for a 2 amp MCB and enjoyed free power for over a year before the power committee discovered the theft. These examples illustrate the weakness behind the MCB as a current limiter. Community Training and System Management Community training is completed through all phases of the project. In general, if you are doing something as the project developer, you should teach it to your local counterparts and hope they will in turn pass on the knowledge to others. In ideal cases the project developer will be facilitating a project through a local NGO who will work directly with the community. This was not the case in Long Lawen so the community was trained directly by the project team. Fortunately we were successful in involving local persons to assist with the project and conduct much of the community training. The goal of the training is to create a sustainable project that is operated and maintained by the local community.

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A community committee manages the Long Lawen Micro Hydro project. The committee has adopted system rules which have been approved as laws or customs under their Adat system by the community. These rules are presented in Appendix I (page 40). The present management structure in the community is: 1. Management Committee: Gara Jalong, Liau Anyii, and Ali Siting. 2. System Operators: Yout Ampong, Bagi Lawan, Em, and Karim. 3. Home inspector / Bill Collector: Sam Wan and Sedin Tasek. The management committee has many challenges still to overcome. They are headed in the right direction with Gara Jalong as their leader. With the continued support of the participating development organizations the community will overcome the roadblocks to sustainability and the project will continue successfully. System Cost and Financials The cost of micro hydropower development is variable within the range of US $2,000 to US $5,000 per installed kilowatt of production capacity according to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) published a range of US $1,136 to US $5,630 with an average of US $3,085 per installed KW of capacity in their Technical Paper 006. The reported costs in these studies include primarily the electromechanical, civil, distribution, and transportation costs for any particular project. Project costs often also include indirect components not connected to the system equipment such as training for the local community, mobilization, watershed protection, and the development of local technical experts where there are none to assist the community with the long term operation and maintenance of the facility. According to the ESMAP, developing the capacity of local experts is essential to the success of micro hydropower programs and it substantially reduces development costs over the long term. The paper goes on to state that resources must be devoted to developing the capacity to manage, operate and maintain micro hydropower plants in order for the schemes to be successful. The project team verified the position presented by ESMAP through the implementation period. Not only was the capacity of village members, operators, collectors, tradesman, and management personnel raised, but the capacity of the local NGO PACOS was increased. The cost of local capacity development is substantial when compared to overall project costs and should be considered separately. In Long Lawen, the total project cost including indirect components (capacity building and environmental preservation), was US $6,500 per installed Kilowatt or US $53,428 for the total project. The Long Lawen project cost includes some US $12,000 in indirect additional development costs and US $3,170 in infrastructure development costs in the form of

17

training and environmental protection. Removing these components from the project cost reduces the total to US $4,700 per installed Kilowatt. This cost still includes local travel, transportation of materials, house wiring, R&D, electromechanical, civil, and distribution. Itemized project costs are presented in Appendix G (page 36) and a comparison between the UNEP published data and the Long Lawen project costs are presented in Figure 2.

UNEP Fact Sheet Data: US $2-5k/KW

Development 15% Equipment 45% Civil Works 27% Equipment 51%

Long Lawen Project: US $4,700/KW

Development 12%

Civil Works 13%

Infrastructure 24%

Infrastructure 13%

Figure 2: Comparison of the Long Lawen project cost break down to the break down
published by the UNEP in their Fact Sheet Data series. Money for the Long Lawen project came from the organizations listed in Table 2 (page 3). Although the community contributed time, materials, and cash to the effort they did not have to take out a loan to build their hydropower facility. The financial sustainability of the project does not therefore depend on loan repayments. It is rather measured by the communitys ability to operate and maintain the facility, pay system operators, and build a reserve fund to contend with major repairs. In February of 2003 the system had operated for 1,290 Kilowatt-hours on the night use phase wire. The management committee was successful in collecting tariff payments throughout the production period. Late payments are reflected in the Bulb Usage and Revenue Graph in Appendix E (page 33). Although payments were not always received on time people did eventually pay. The system operated in a sustainable manner throughout the period based solely on revenue from the night use distribution system. Typical monthly costs and revenue are listed in Table 4.

TABLE 4: Typical Monthly Costs and Revenue

Month June Light Payment Rm 417 Late Payments Rm 268 Operator Allowance Rm 197 Maintenance Reserve Cost 103 Rm 117

Another indication of project success is to compare the energy cost during the initial community energy survey in October of 2000 to the energy costs in February 2003 after the project was operating for one year. Monthly energy costs in 2003, were 50% less 18

than prior to the hydropower project as reflected in Appendix C (page 29). Kerosene is only used in the community when the power system is not functioning. Diesel on the other hand is still used to power generators for larger appliances such as washing machines and freezers during the day and night use periods but on a significantly decreased level. Overall generator use has appreciably decreased as a result of the micro hydropower implementation. When the day use distribution system is operational, providing 24 hour cold storage and additional end use connections, generator dependency will continue to decrease. Complete generator independence in Long Lawen will probably never be achieved, but the reductions that have been accomplished are important for the environment, for local cost reductions and local job generation. Operation and Maintenance The power system in Long Lawen has been operated in a sustainable manner for over a year. Operational and maintenance problems have resulted from sediment entering the intake and penstock, insufficient water depth above the penstock intake, power stealing, vandalism, and poor operator performance. Many of the operational shortcomings of the system have been corrected. The community constructed a 0.5-meter weir to divert water into the intake. This helped to minimize turbulence in the penstock by increasing the water depth above the penstock intake. The water depth should be a minimum of 5 diameters above the top of the penstock intake to eliminate unstable turbine and generator performance. Additional modifications were made to help with sediment removal in the intake. Because the intake was not originally fitted with a clean-out one had to be added to facilitate sediment removal. The intake is constructed on solid rock making installing a standard clean-out in the bottom of the intake impractical. A hole was made in the intake wall to install a 4-inch PVC pipe. The pipe travels some 20 meters with a fall of 3 meters. The pipe is fitted with a flexible hose so operators can vacuum the sediment from the intake. Sediment is still a major operation and maintenance problem. One of the system operators caused system wide problems when he, through intimidation, became the sole system operator. The management committee reported 2 instances where community members illegally connected to the system to start their diesel generators. These instances caused system wide shorts that tripped the main breaker at the powerhouse. Because one operator was the only operator and he did not shut down the facility, it ran throughout the night without a connected consumer load. The events caused damage to the ballast air heater but did not result in generator failure because the installed ELC diverted all the power to the ballast load. Because of these incidents this operator has been removed from the operator job and the management committee created the operator rules presented in Appendix I (page 40).

19

Hurdles and Lessons Learned: It is essential that each project has multiple operators to insure that if one operator can not attend to system failures that another operator is available. This instance also illustrates the need for sound electromechanical components that can withstand poor operation for a period. If the system in Long Lawen had operated under manual control, without an ELC and ballast load, these instances would have resulted in a dangerous runaway condition and system damage. Although operating smaller systems with manual control is a reasonable cost saving option, it should only be done when proper operation and maintenance can be assured. The management committee and the community in general have learned from their experiences during the first year of operation. The new operators are doing a good job keeping sediment cleared from the intake and system operation is greatly improved. Follow-Up Feedback from Sem Kiong, local participant, November 2003 The following is an excerpt from Sem Kiong of the IPDC, Indigenous Peoples Development Center, who participated in the micro hydropower project in Long Lawen and continues to work with PACOS on an early childhood education program in the village. Generally, the structure is in good order. The electricity is used to give light to the people of Long Lawen from 5:30 pm to 6:30 am every day, except Sunday. Occasionally they put the light on during the day when people are using facilities that need current in the church or the football field. Most of the time the light is off during day time when the community members are farming. Positive effects to the people: The community spends less on fuel for generators and the extra money than used for childrens' education and food. Money spend on the light now is Rm 2.00/bulb per month which is much cheaper than that they spent before (Rm.8/gallon for generator at night). The people need not to worry about starting and turning off the light every night as there are some one assigned to take care of the whole system for the community. The community saves money for community use from the fund collected from each family every month. The money is kept in the bank. They learn saving. The community residents are proud of themselves for being able to get the system installed in their community since the people who moved to Asap have many times said bad words to them before the project was installed. They feel more united and strong in their struggle for rights and self-determination. The community can do work for long hours at night doing handicrafts such as Ajat, Baskets, reading and writing, and use electrical items and so on under a very bright light. They can use computers.

20

The community leaders in the district believed that the work done by Green Empowerment became a reality for the people in need in like Long Lawen. The community organization is stronger. Leaders are more developed in the community. The project helped to train the community to be independent.

Negative effects: If the infrastructure fails at all, the community, depending solely on the system, will be at rested to zero again to start looking for money to buy fuel and buy generator again. If the system fails, the community's enemy will say "look what has happened to them now, they are like children being given seeds to plant without giving them enough training on how to sustain the seed to bear food for generations to come." Other communities who do not have such facilities feel jealous and this develops hatred as everyone wants such mini hydro power system to be in their village. Especially those who have the same struggle to depend on their land and territories. Less communication between the villagers because they tend to stay in own room every night when before they gathered under one light to chat. The electricity use rules are effective. There is no change on the rules set up earlier. Creativity on maintaining the intake developed farther when they know how to blow the sand away by using long tailed propelled machine. 13 hours of having light on is more than enough for the community (530 pm-630 am). The community committee in charge is still functioning well. They take turns being on duty. But when the very heavy rain falls they work in group to take care of the system. They are united in maintaining the system. Only the selected trained people are allowed in the operation room to turn the system on and off. Green Empowerment Site Visit, January 2004 Walt Ratterman, Program Director of Green Empowerment returned to Long Lawen in January 2004 to meet the community and see how the system was working after 2 years of operation. He met with the community elders, the power commission and the womens group. The community originally started off with each family having 6 light bulbs, however, they have since decided to reduce the number of bulbs per family to lower the payments. They said that this still worked out so that there is sufficient income to pay for the operators and the spare parts, mainly bearings, for the plant. The two operators continue to be paid 100 Rm a month from the funds collected by the bill collector for the electric service. Economically, everyone seemed to agree that the project has proven very viable for the individual families. The amount that they are spending on the power system is less than

21

what they were spending on fuel for their generators and they are getting lighting for more hours per night. The co-op still has a good supply of spare bulbs and switches in their stock from the original purchase. The power co-op had a balance reserve fund of just over 3000 Rm ($791 USD). They explained that an additional benefit of the power system is that they use the bank account for emergency loans to people. For example, if someone gets hurt and needs emergency transportation out of town to a hospital, the coop is able to arrange the transportation and the individual pays them back. The community management structure has been effective. There have been a few, but not many, problems with people who have bypassed the MCB and stolen power. When they discovered who had stolen the power, there was a fine and their power was turned off. The womens group expressed that the extended use of electricity was very good for them. Before, when using generators, they ran the generators just long enough to get their chores done, then switched to low level kerosene lights. Now, with the better light, lasting all night, they are able to do much more work on their beaded handicrafts, producing more handicrafts and of a better quality. While commercial logging is still a major concern in the area, the village has an agreement with the logging companies that they do not touch any of the area defined as the watershed for the micro hydro plant. Green Empowerment continues to work with PACOS and the community of Long Lawen to ensure that the micro hydropower system works optimally and brings the greatest possible benefits to the community. Fifteen community-members have agreed to purchase the 500 watt connections (the standard house connections are 120 watts) to utilize the daytime power. The community is constructing a community center/power system office which was nearly completed in January 2004. The building will house a freezer for keeping fish. People who want to keep their fish cold here will pay by the kg for the use of the electricity. Also in the community building, they will have a variety of power connections for people who want to use higher powered equipment items for a short durationsuch as drilling, cutting, and planeing equipment. They will pay by the hour for the power. After talking to the majority of elders, operators, bill collectors, teachers and pastors, Green Empowerment Program Director concluded that it appeared to be that the entire community was 100% behind the power system and very glad to have it as part of their community. Many times comments were made by the operators and other workers, that they often work for no pay for the plant and will continue to do so. Conclusion

22

The success of the project after two years of operation must be judged with reference to the initial goals of the project. A brief discussion of each goal and whether it was achieved is presented below. Build cohesion within the community: Project development has increased the strength and cohesion of the community. Members of the community have also fought against aspects of the project for their own individual reasons. This has caused divisions and changes in local leadership. It is too early to know for certain if the community leadership will be able to contend with all the changes they are facing, not simply from the hydropower project, but also from the Bakun Dam. It can however be said that community members in general feel a greater sense of accomplishment, ownership, and legitimacy in their new home now than before the project was developed. Meet the energy demand of the newly formed community and minimize diesel power generation dependency: This goal has been accomplished without any doubt. The quality of power has dramatically increased, the cost of power decreased, and diesel power generation has been greatly minimized. With the implementation of the day use power system the community will gain even more benefit from the power facility. Improve community well-being, by providing home lighting and agricultural processing that is universally accessible throughout the community: This goal has also been accomplished. All members of the community have access to lights during the night use period. Community members also have access to the disk mill that is located in the power house. Kerosene lamps are only used when the system is down for repairs or during short dry periods when water is insufficient to power the facility. A direct study of community health as related to power production has not been completed. However, petrochemical lamps are known to have adverse health affects and their removal from common use will have positive health benefits. Additionally, the marked decrease in diesel power use minimizes air, water, and noise pollution that directly affect the health of community members. Preserve the local environment: The implementation of the Long Lawen project has improved the condition of the local environment. Kerosene and diesel offsets in the community have minimized the potential of accidental spills that pollute waterways and reduced carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to Global Warming. In addition, the watershed mapping that was completed as part of the project stopped planned logging operations on community lands. The community also gained legal title to the land after the project was complete. It is too early to say if environmental preservation will be achieved in the long term. However, preservation has been achieved today and the community has a chance to achieve it in the future. Establish cottage industries to improve the socio/economic condition of the community: This goal has not been fully achieved. The first attempt to implement the day use distribution system was thwarted by a self-serving community member. It is too early to assess the success of the current day use distribution arrangement. However, the overall socio/economic condition of the community has improved because of the

23

reduction in monthly energy costs and some community members have realized cost savings in existing cake making enterprises through use of the disk mill. Once the day use system is functional the community will reap a greater economic benefit from the installed scheme. Develop a local technical group to take responsibility for the project and future projects within the local renewable energy sector: This goal has been mostly realized. The Sabah based NGO PACOS emerged as a local partner during the implementation period. PACOS members made substantial contributions during project development and had the opportunity to learn throughout the process. In addition, Green Empowerment sponsored two trainings focused on micro hydropower development for PACOS and other partner organizations. These trainings were held in Sabah, Malaysia and Bandung, Indonesia in May 2002 and 2003 respectively. After the completion of the second training PACOS will develop their first project in Terian, Malaysia. An additional boost to the local renewable energy sector has been realized through the creation of the Green Empowerment Asian Network which connects developers and experts throughout the region. Kusetiadi Raharjo has joined Green Empowerment and the Asian Network as the local technical expert. All of these factors have contributed to the increased capacity of PACOS within the renewable energy sector. However, to date a Sarawak based group has not emerged to assist the community. PACOS continues to support the project but the distance between the two makes regular visits costly. The community itself has developed as an entity with technical experience and they are doing a good job so far. Achieve project sustainability and increase the sustainability within the local renewable energy sector: This is a long-term goal. It is too early in the process to say if it has been achieved. All signs look favorable though and with the continued involvement of the project developers there is no reason why it should not be achieved. The Long Lawen project is the first micro hydropower project to be successfully implemented in Malaysian Borneo. It will assuredly not be the last and that is a testament to the successful implementation by the project developers, local community, and NGO partners. However, two years of successful operation does not assure long term sustainability. Long-term sustainability will be achieved through continued investment and support: investment in the project and in the capacity of PACOS and other local developers, and support of the community in continuing to learn and adapt to their changing environment.

24

Bibliography Bakun Dam Threatens Borneo Rainforests, Rainforest Action Network, Sep 1994. Bakun Dam to Go Ahead at Full Size, Harlan Thompson, April 27th, 2001, The Borneo Project. Best Practices for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries, ESMAP Technical Paper 006, Smail Khennas and Andrew Barnett, ESMAP, 2000. Indigenous Systems of Sabah Malaysia, Felix Tongkul, PACOS Trust, 2002. Malaysians Thrown off Tribal Lands Fight Giant Dam, Reese Erlich, St. Petersburg Times, 05/04/01 Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, A Practical Guide to Design and Implementation in Developing Countries, Allen R. Inversin, NRECA International Foundation, 1986. Micro-Hydro Design Manual, A Guide to Small Scale Water Power Schemes, Adam Harvey, ITDG, 1993 Mini Grid Design Manual, ESMAP Technical Paper 007, ESMAP, 2000. National Geographic Maps UNEP Fact Sheet

25

Appendices
Page 26 A Map of Borneo 27 28 30 33 34 36 38 40 44 47 B Map of Community C Energy Cost and Use Before Micro Hydropower project D Energy Cost and Use After Micro Hydropower project E Bulb Usage and Revenue F Long Lawen Price Index G Project Budget H Equipment Budget and Invoice I System Rules and Agreements Developed by the Community J System Drawings K Photo Documentation

26

APPENDIX A
MAP OF BORNEO Long Lawen is located in Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia

Borneo

Long Lawen

27

APPENDIX B
MAP OF COMMUNITY

In Kenya communities people live in communal longhouses, with each family living in a separate apartment, or Room. In Long Lawen there are 70 rooms and 358 people.

28

APPENDIX C
ENERGY USE AND COST BEFORE MICRO HYDRO
4 Rm/Gallon Diesel Diesel (gallons) (Rm) 25 15 100 0 60 0 0 0 0 48 120 0 32 60 40 48 0 48 36 0 32 32 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 120 0 0 0 72 4 0 24 96 48 8 96 12 24 64 8 0 8 Rm/Gallon Petrol Petrol (gallons) (Rm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Rm/Gallon Kerosene Kerosene (gallons) (Rm) 1 1 3 4.5 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0.5 1.5 0.5 1 0 1.5 1 1.5 1 1 0 0 1.5 1 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 7 0 7 21 31.5 14 0 14 0 7 7 7 7 3.5 0 10.5 3.5 7 0 10.5 7 10.5 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 10.5 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 3.5 0 3.5 7 7 7 7 0 Energy Costs per month (Rm) 107 0 67 21 31.5 14 0 62 120 7 39 67 47 51.5 0 58.5 39.5 7 32 42.5 103 10.5 0 7 0 0 87 48 0 120 10.5 0 7 72 4 0 24 103 51.5 8 99.5 19 31 71 15 0

House # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22A 22B 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

12 30 0 8 15 10 12 12 9 0 8 8 24 0 0

10

12 30 0 18 1 6 24 12 2 24 3 6 16 2

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55A 55B 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 62B 63 64 65

5 1 24 20 0 2 24 2

12 12 2 25

20 4 96 80 0 0 8 0 96 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 48 8 100

30

24

0 0 0 0 0 0 240 0 0 0 0 192 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

0 14 14 0 0 14 0 7 7 0 0 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 0

20 18 110 80 0 14 248 7 103 0 8 199 7 7 0 0 0 0 55 55 15 100 2751 724 33006 8686 4375 8686 Rm/month USD/month Rm/year USD/year USD/year USD/year

Total: Total: Total: Total Spent on Energy Needs before Micro Hydro: Tariff collected from community per year for Micro Hydro: Micro Hydropower Savings:

The community spends 50% less on Hydropower than they did on other energy sources before the project.

30

APPENDIX D
ENERGY USE AND COST AFTER MICRO HYDRO PROJECT House # Light Package (LP) # Lamps (15watts) Lamps 15 watt 2 Rm/mth Cost (Rm/mth) 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 10 10 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 0 10 8 12 night lamp (5watts) Night Lamps 1 Rm/mth Cost (Rm/mth) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Appliance Demand (watts) Plug 1 Rm/ 3watts Cost (Rm/mth) 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 33 0 0 42 0 42 0 0 0 0 33 33 42 Total Cost (Rm/ mth) 80 7 7 7 7 7 7 51 11 11 11 11 49 7 7 44 7 7 51 9 51 9 7 7 0 44 42 55

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22A 22B 23 24 25 26 27

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

6 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 4 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

200

125

125 100 125 125

1 1 1 1

100 100 125

1 1 2

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55A 55B 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 3 5 6 4 4 3 4 3 6 5 5 6 3 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 6 5 2 6 3 5 4 4

0 10 6 0 10 12 8 0 8 6 8 6 12 10 10 12 6 0 8 10 8 8 8 6 10 12 10 0 4 12 6 10 8 0 0 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

200

125

125 125

1 1

100 200 250

1 1 1

0 67 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 67 0 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 78 7 0 11 55 9 0 9 7 9 7 55 11 53 13 7 0 9 11 9 9 9 40 78 13 94 0 5 13 7 11 9 0 0 9

32

62B 63 64 65

2 1 1 2

4 3 4 4 (watts) 3690

8 6 8 8 (Rm) 492

1 1 1 1 (watts) 300

1 1 1 1 (Rm) 60

125 125 (watts) 2500

1 1 (#) 23

42 0 0 42

51 7 9 51

Totals

(Rm) (Rm) 833 1385 Energy Expenditures by Community 1385 365 16624 4375 181 2172 184 2202 Rm/month USD/month Rm/year USD/year USD/month USD/year USD/month USD/year

Peak Usage: 6490 watts (assumes everything is turned on) Operation and Maintenance Costs 1. O & M @ 5% of Project Cost per year - 5 % of $ 30,000.0: 5700 Rm - 5 % of $ 30,000.0: 1500 USD 2. Operator costs @ 7 Rm per day - Cost per year 2555 Rm - @ 3.8 Rm/USD 672USD

Monthly Total Monthly Total Yearly Total Yearly Total Monthly O&M Cost Monthly O&M Cost

Monthly Savings for Community Fund Yearly Savings for Community Fund

33

APPENDIX E
700 600 500 400 No. Bulbs and Rm 300 200 100 0

BULB USAGE AND REVENUE

Number of Bulbs Revenue (Rm) Late Pay-Lost Revenue

M ay

Ju ne

Ju ly

Ap ril

Au g

Fe b

Ja n

ov

M ar c

Se p

-100 -200

Month 2002/3

Ja n

ct

ec

34

APPENDIX F
PRICE INDEX A. AGRICULTURAL, PLANTATION, FARMING PRODUCTS 1 gantung = 4 gallons
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Descriptions Paddy seed Rice Sticky rice Corn Coconut Pepper Durian Ananas Papayas Banana Vegetable:Casava Leaf Vegetable:Long Bean Vegetable:Sweet Leaf, Vegetable:wild fern, Bamboo shoot Vegetable:wild mushroom Wild Pig Fat Wild pig Skinny Wild pig in the town Deer Chicken Cock Duck Fish:Amprau Unit gantung gantung gantung 3 stalk 1 Kg 1 large 1 large each bunch bunch bunch bunch bunch 6 piece kg Kg Kg Kg each Kg Kg Unit Price 12 Rm

10 12 1 2 9 5 5 5 1
1 1 1 1 1

Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm
Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm

8 5
10

Rm Rm
Rm

6 30 10 180

Rm Rm Rm Rm

B. ENERGY, FUEL AND TRANSPORT

No. 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 Descriptions LPG Average monthly expenses for LPG per house Kerosene Petrol Diesel Transport to the nearest city per kg of goods Transport to the nearest city per person Unit Can month liter gallon gallon

Unit Price 30 15 2
8 4 10 60

Rm Rm Rm
Rm Rm Rm Rm

Hydropower electricity for 3 15 watt lights

month

Rm

C. CONSUMER GOODS, BUILDING MATERIALS AND OTHER EXPENSES

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Descriptions Sugar Salt Rice New Coffee Detergent Red onion Palm oil Can of beer Can of soda Traditional sprits drink (borak, tuak, arracks) Cigarette (salem, dunhill, marlboro) Cigarette (djarum) Corrugated aluminum roof Cement Unskilled labor way Mason

Unit Kg gan 250 bar 100 2 can can 2 liter pack pack each 50 Kg Per day per person Per day per person Per day per person gm liter gm

Unit Price 2.5 Rm

2 12 2 1 1 8 4 2 10 4 2 12 20
20

Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm Rm
Rm

30 25 50

Rm Rm Rm

Carpenter
Average monthly expenses for high school educated person

36

APPENDIX G
PROJECT BUDGET
(U.S.$) Cash Expenses (U.S.$) In Kind
Green Empowerment Borneo Project

(U.S.$) Cash Expenses

Long Lawen

(U.S.$) In Kind
Long Lawen

Human Resources Engineering and Professional Time 45,000 Village Volunteers 5,700 Local Liaison 1,547 Project Research and Development 530 Training Costs 1,863 Material Costs PVC Pipe 1,300 Penstock Materials & Construction 1,580 Penstock Materials Transportation 450 Tools and Supplies- Penstock 574 Electrical Wiring-Distribution 6,317 House Wiring; Travel- PACOS Reimbursement Power House MCBs and Power Distribution 2,014 Turbine/ Generator 17,674 Taxes, Duties, and Import Services Turbine Generator 1,930 Consultant fee for manufacturer 600 Long Lawen Opening 1,013 Watershed Training Community Mapping IPNM Training 1,304 Weir, Tailrace, and Trash Rack + transport Travel Insurance 908 84 500 500 2,146 800 800 10,000 1,500 20,000

37

International 8,914 Local 580 Sub-total 50,828 Plus Long Lawen 53,428 75,000 2,600 8,500 800

Projected Expenses
Project Totals 50,828 Total Cash Plus LL 53,428 75,000 2,600 8,500

Secured Revenue
Green Empowerment 12,280 Borneo Project 12,048 Energreen Foundation 5,000 Friends of Malaysia 6,500 Long Lawen Cash Contribution 2,600 Seacology 15,000 Total Secured Revenue 53,428 Remaining Funds to Raise -

38

APPENDIX H
EQUIPMENT BUDGET AND INVOICE

39

40

APPENDIX I SYSTEM RULES AND AGREEMENTS

Micro Hydro Power Use Agreement Long Lawen Hydropower Project Developed by the Community April 2002

I ________________________ from House No. ______request to use _______ No. of bulbs and ______ No. of Plugs in my home. I ________________________ agree to the terms of the Uma Badeng, Long Lawen Micro Hydro System Rules. I agree to pay 2 Rm / 15 watt bulb / month and 50 Rm / plug connected with a 2 amp MCB. Payment is due on the first day of each month. Late payment will result in the following penalties: 1 Month Late: 0.5 Rm / Bulb & 10 Rm / Socket 2 Months Late: 1 Rm / bulb & 20 Rm / Socket 3 Months Late: Disconnection Service will remain off until all fines are paid. I _________________________ understand the terms of the Uma Badeng, Long Lawen Power Use Agreement and agree to pay ___________ Rm / month.

Signature Name Date

__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

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Micro Hydro Operator Rules Long Lawen Hydropower Project Developed by the Community February 2003
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Start plant at 6 PM. Wash intake 2x/month. The operator cannot be replaced without permission from the committee. The operator can ask person to replace him if that person is trained already. Must inform management team. Operator must be hard working and take responsibility. During the dry season, the operators must inform the community when the lights will be off. Turn off turbine when lights in homes are not on. Operator must teach people who are interested how to run the facility.

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Micro Hydro System Rules Long Lawen Hydropower Project Developed by the Community April 2002 Revised by the Community February 2003

1. Only 15 watt light bulbs can be used. A 6 Rm fine will be charged for improper light use plus 20 Rm fine. 2. 2 Rm / month for each 15 watt bulb (in room), 6 max. 3. Porch lights are free for communal use and will be limited to 1 for an individual home and to 1 for each 2 long house doors. The bulbs must be purchased by the users 4. 40 Rm / month for plug receptacle with 2 amp MCB. 5. All MCBs located on the porch where it can be inspected. 6. Plugs for day use only on phase line 2 (L2) accept for communal use at two churches, head mans porch, and assistant head mans porch (6:00 AM to 6:00 PM). 7. Light use at night (6:00 PM to 6:00 AM) from line 1 (L1). 8. No system changes without management approval. If a person wants to decrease their bulb of socket use they can with management approval. The decreased bulbs and sockets will be available to other community members. 9. A person can temporarily disconnect night use Light service when out of the village for an extended period of time. Day Plug use can not be temporarily disconnected. 10. 7 Rm / day for operators of power house and transmission lines. 11. 7 Rm / day for bill collectors and house wiring inspectors. 12. 500 Rm / month for reserve O&M fund. 13. When someone can not pay late fees and disconnection policies apply. 14. All room #s recorded outside the door. 15. All lights and sockets connected with MCBs (Light: 0.5 amp, Socket: 2 amp). 16. Maximum # Sockets = 15 day use (15 x 500 watts = 7.5 KW) 17. Maximum # Lights = 400 night use (400 x 15 watts = 6.0 KW) plus the night time socket use (4 x 500 watts = 2.0 KW) (Total = 2.0 KW + 6.0 KW = 8.0 KW) 18. Light bulbs will be purchased by the users. 19. One month late payment: 0.5 Rm / bulb, 10 Rm / Socket. Two month late payment: 1 Rm / bulb and 20 Rm / socket. Three months results in disconnection. 20. New homes can be connected to the system if the maximum # of bulbs and sockets is not exceeded. New consumers will pay for their own house wiring. Wiring will be the same as the rest of the system and will be installed and inspected by the system operators. New consumer connections will fit into one of the following 3 categories and will be treated accordingly. a. New families that did not participate in the micro hydro system construction will pay _____ Rm system connection charge in addition to paying for their house wiring. They will pay ____ / Light and ____/Socket as a consumer. They do not own the system with the rest of the community.

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b. New families that did not participate in the micro hydro system construction but who are accepted by the community for ownership will pay _____ Rm system connection charge in addition to paying for their house wiring. They will own the system with the community and will pay the owners light and plug charge. c. Families that did participate in the micro hydro system construction but have expanded into a new home will pay for their own house wiring. They will own the system with the community and will pay the owners light and plug charge. 21. The Management Committee can shift lights from existing users to new users. 22. The Management Committee can allow free service to people who can not pay due to poor health and the inability to raise money. A maximum of 2 bulbs can be given. 23. Bills will be given when payment is due and records will be maintained by the management committee. 24. All funds will be kept in the bank and balance reports will be made at community meetings. 25. Each consumer head of household will sign a power use agreement prior to connection. 26. System rules will be kept by the long house head or head of house hold who will answer questions and bring concerns to the management committee. 27. The organization is named the Pepo Pekimet Udip (PPU) Living United in One Heart and will be officially registered. 28. Appliance connection during the night use period is allowed within the 0.5 amp MCB capacity. Small fans and radios are acceptable. 29. The following additional fines will apply: a. Any person damaging the community project: 500 Rm. b. Any person stealing power: 20 Rm. c. Any person causing a short circuit: 20 Rm. d. Any person refusing to follow the System Rules: 20 Rm. e. Any person who disturbs and campaigns against the project: 250 Rm. 30. Any person that continually causes trouble will be warned and if the problems persist their service will be disconnected.

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APPENDIX J
SYSTEM DRAWINGS

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APPENDIX K
PHOTOS

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