A.

Lakshmi Kumar_ Hydraulic modeling experience in consulting practice: Comprehensive Hydraulic Modeling software applications in water and sanitation engineering consultancy practice are a must and are very much essential to simplify several single line or small tree distribution iteration processes used in the olden days. Several Hydraulic models are available for Hydrology, water supply, storm water management and water shed management. For large area hydraulic applications, GIS based softwares are most versatile and can simulate several quality and quantity applications. But these softwares are costly and need skilled professional in GIS and mapping for their use and application. WATERCAD is a very useful software for large applications in urban sanitation projects. This is not GIS based application. It is available in the market based on the size required. It is more expensive if the number of nodes is high. Different model sizes are available for purchase depending upon the application. It is only CAD based and does not need very extensive hardware for its application. EPANET 2.0 and EPA SWMM ver 5 are best software applications available as free downloads and very versatile for reasonable size of representative area and application. They have inbuilt drawing modules and data input modules. The data as per the theory of hydraulics has to be supplied and all parametric data has to be provided to run the model successful. Any missing or incomplete or illogical data will make the run unsuccessful. Debugging will take some time to understand where the error has crept in. EPANET 2.0 This is a very useful software for water supply distribution applications. It can be used for any size of the urban conglomerate. The whole of the Denver city in Colorado USA, has been designed using EPANET 2.0. This can also be adopted to GIS data bases and maps. For simples applications up to 50000 populations, it can be developed using inbuilt drawing tools and simulating actual site conditions in a single EPANET diagram. Any large integrated urban water supply system is nothing but an integration of several subsystems. Water supply mains and distribution mains can be analyzed separately. Normally water supply distribution systems can be easily broken down in to subsystems of less than 50000 population, either from central over head tank or local distribution tank or valve. Supply mains and Distribution mains can be separately analyzed for hydraulic balance. For extension of existing water supply EPANET can help in designing the pipeline diameters based on the head available at the supply point to meet the quantity requirements as per the housing pattern. EPANET 2.0 is very useful in energy audit studies to simulate and analyze existing water supply and distribution systems for their improvement, revamping and refurbishing. The above applications have been undertaken by self in four town of Andhrapradesh under the APUSP, DFID programme and EPANET designs approved by the client to their satisfaction. The population of each of the towns is more than 300000. EPANET has been used for water energy audit studies in Tirumala town for suggesting optimization of waters supply distribution system and reducing UFW. SWMM 5.0 was used for strom water drainage planning and design in Eluru town in APUSP project design consultancy , the area of which is more than 40 sq.km.