Is Music An Aid To Concentration Or Distraction For Students?

English 105 Research Paper

Prepared by Syed Jafar Sadek Mahmood ID# 123 0703 042 Instructed by Mr. Shafqat Chaudhuri English 105 Section 8 North South University

Acknowledgements
Im thankful for the assistance of everyone during this research project. Id like thank my course instructor Mr. Shafqat Chaudhuri for guiding me on every step of the project. His patience with the students and expert guidelines regarding the research paper helped me achieve this fine piece of work. Id also like to thank my family for their co-operation. Their motivation and support enabled me to complete this research paper in time. My gratitude also goes to my friends and course mates who helped me with the surveys and made this entire research work possible.

Abstract
The topic of this research paper is to find whether or not is music an aid to concentration or distraction for students. Concentration is an effective element for the life of a student. Music on the other hand is an entertainment source which stimulates the brain and does amazing things. Concentration and music has been tied together by various researchers from time to time. Some say that music has positive impacts on concentration while others disagree with them. My hypothesis was that music actually helps students concentrate and it has little or no negative impacts on them. Although I expected to find some negative responses regarding the view of students towards concentration and music but by conducting my primary research and combining it with secondary researches from various sources I found out that music has significant positive affects on concentration and students believe that it is a moderate concentration booster for their daily activities. After conducting my study I came to a decision that music might not be an excellent or surefire concentration helper but it certainly has significant positive impacts on concentration depending on certain factors and can me described as an aid to concentration without any hesitation.

Table of Contents
1) Introduction and Background - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 01 2) Research Questions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 07 3) Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - Page 08 4) Methodology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 09 5) Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 10 6) Summary of Research Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 25 7) Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 27 8) Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 28

Introduction and Background

A students life has various factors which help with their academic success. Concentration is the most important among these factors and it plays a vital role in the academic success of a student. Nowadays, students use various concentration aids which help them focus more in study and achieve good academic results.

First of all, concentration has no clear definition. Its meaning varies from person to person. However, after giving an in-depth look we can say that concentration can be thought of as the action or the power of focusing one's attention or mental effort into a specific matter. It helps prioritize a specific matter. Concentration enables us to deal with one particular thing above all others. According to Rizzo (2006), our minds are full of un-arranged thoughts and visions. These thoughts and visions float around our brain continuously begging for attention. Concentration is the power which keeps the unimportant thoughts and visions silent and gives most attention to the import thoughts.

The role of concentration in our everyday life goes beyond great limits. We use its power everyday and dont even realize were using it. We sometimes feel the need for concentration when were distracted and we understand then that its one of the most precious tools of our minds. Everyone needs concentration in their daily lives. Students

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need to concentrate while preparing for tests. Office people need it to solve their everyday challenges on a daily basis. Scientists and researchers need it to solve problems and think closely about them. Even housewives need the power of concentration to cook a nice set of foods for the family dinner. So, we can say that concentration is a universal power which is used by everyone in the world.

The necessity of concentration in our daily lives is the same as the necessity of food or air. Without concentration power no human can do any work properly and all his/her duties will fall in disarray immediately. It is the power of concentration that gives humans the power to achieve great things and without concentration human race will fall down in its knees. As humans, students need the power of concentration as well. They need it to prepare for exams, do assignments, solve problems and memorize different parts of their study related materials. A student who has problem concentrating is certainly prone to get bad academic results while a student who has great concentration powers is much more likely to get good academic scores.

There are various factors in our everyday life which induce or produce concentration. Rizzio (2006) suggests that proper timing, pre-planning events, good will power, and use of various mantras can help induce concentration as well as regular exercise, adequate food

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consumption and considerable amount of rest is also essential for improved concentration among people.

The most opposite of concentration is distraction. Distraction takes away the power of the mind to concentrate and constantly scatters the point of thought into different ideas. Concentration tries to focus the minds point of thought into one specific thought or idea. Distraction divides this point of thought into multiple different thoughts and therefore the mind looses its power to concentrate on a specific thought or idea.

Distraction has several negative impacts in our lives. It makes us loose track of our work and derails our chain of thoughts. Distraction is the number one cause of failure for human beings and it does nothing but slow down the overall progress of ones duties and responsibilities.

Students need to avoid distraction due to many reasons. Distractions derive them from their main objective and as a result they get bad academic grades. Distractions in students also cause them to be irresponsible about their duties which lead to a dark and struggling future for them. There are various factors which cause distraction among students. According to Richtel (2010) there are various factors such as overplaying video games,

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heavy use of gadgets, excessive internet browsing etc that cause distraction to students and are guilty of bad academic grades for students.

Now, about music, it is a form of art which consists of instrumental sounds and / or vocal sounds produced to generate a harmonic feeling to our ears. It is a form of expression which existed from ancient times. Music is an important aspect to almost all cultures and people. The definition, quality and sounds of music widely varies from culture to culture (Music, n.d. ) . Music is used by people of all ages. People use music to relax their minds, entertain it, and to heavily motivate the minds to achieve things that seem almost impossible. Some people also use music to help with the concentration process. Much like all people, students use music to relax their minds from stress, for pure entertainment purposes and to motivate their minds to do great things. Music is also used by them as a concentration aiding agent from time to time.

Music is popular to all ages and occupation. However, when it comes to students, they seem to show an increased amount of interest. They listen to music in their free time, they listen to it while doing household chores, they listen to it while doing physical exercise, and surprisingly they choose to use it while doing academic works such as studying or preparing assignments.
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Music has significant affects over the human body. Physically, while listening to music the human brain does unusual things. The brain neurons triggers organized electric patterns and create a temporary affect which makes the brain more receptive to information and boosts concentration (Chipongian, 2000). It is also a proven fact that music releases different bodily hormones when listened to by choice. O'Donnell (1999) suggested that listening to music calms down the body by reducing blood pressure and stress.

The study by O'Donnell (1999) suggests that music also possesses different emotional affects on humans. It can make us happy when were sad about something; it can make us sad at a happy moment and sometimes it can make us feel both at the same time.

Due to the above facts that music alters humans physically and emotionally, it is a safe bet to say that music has a strong impact on concentration. Researchers say that music has the ability to boost persons concentration skills. Experts say music stimulates the brain and motivates the mind to focus in one thought and stay with it till the thought is complete. So, music and concentration are tied together with the same string.

The genre of music has high influence on concentration. Study by O'Donnell (1999) shows that listening to Mozart and Baroque music made the left and right brain of subjects
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stimulated at once and because of this phenomenon, the brain could process information much faster and accurately. Watkins (n.d.) suggested that certain types of music such as rock or metal can have negative impacts on humans. So, the genre of music has strong influence and it decides whether or not music is helpful for concentration or distraction.

Also, music only helps concentrate when its listened by choice. If a person is forced to listen to music then it does nothing to help with concentration but causes severe distraction and can result in serious damages to the body and mind. (Watkins, n.d.)

Keeping the above fact in mind, according to a research by the Stanford University School of Medicine (2009), listening to music in class boosts the students concentration by strengthening the brain and it helps achieve better grades. Holtz (2002) says that music does magic in the brain by re-mapping its neural path ways and it makes the memory of something strongly imprinted based on musical melodies. Adding to this O'Donnell (1999) also suggest that the power of music should not be underestimated and people who study music has higher academic grades than those who dont.

So we can finally come to the deduction that music has significant affects on the human body and mind and keeping in mind certain factors we can say that it can be an aid to concentration.

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Research Questions
I found out various research questions related to my topic and hypothesis. These are: 1) How does music affect people physically and emotionally? To see how music affects people both physically and emotionally and what the good/bad sides of it are. 2) How do people use it? To explore how people use music. I wanted to figure out theyre preferred way of using it. 3) What are the views of students towards music? To know what the general students think about music, whether they think of music as a concentration helper or distraction. 4) How do students classify concentration aiding and distracting factors in life To identify various factors that causes concentration or distraction among students. 5) What factors actually induce concentration? To identify the factors that help concentrate. 6) What factors actually cause distraction? To identify the factors that cause actual distraction. 7) What do researchers say about the tie between music and mental state? To find out what researchers say about music and the mind, whether it helps concentrate or not.
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Hypothesis
Music is a well known brain stimulant. It triggers certain parts of the brain and makes it more active. While listening to music, one is detached from almost all contact with the real world and falls into a semi-trance state. This semi-trance state is thought to boost ones ability to capture and process information efficiently. Also, through this semi-trance state, music isolates ones mind from all surroundings. It helps a student ignore all his/her surrounding distractions and calms the brain so he/she can focus more on something. Another thing about music is that it enables the body to releases certain types of hormones which forms the mind to capture information effectively. Mixed with the isolation of the mind and body hormones, I believe music creates a sound atmosphere in our minds which help increase concentration and reduce outside distractions.

Some students will agree with me on this topic. They will say that music actually boosts their minds processing abilities. I expect them to give a positive response regarding music in this topic and I expect them to say that music is an aid to concentration. However, some students might disagree and say that the atmosphere of mind created by the isolation of mind mixed with body hormones caused by music actually distracts their minds rather than helping them concentrate. Some may also say that certain genre of music causes them distraction. All debates aside, I think it will be very interesting to see the two groups side by side. I think majority of the students will agree with me and say that music helps them concentrate more rather than distracting them.
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Research Methodology
To accomplish my primary research, I have conducted a survey among the general students of our country to find their views towards concentration-distraction and the effect of music on it. For this, I designed a questionnaire which contains different questions regarding my research topic. I believe this will give me useful and sufficient data to answer my research questions accurately.

For my secondary research, I used different research materials including books and articles, standard reference sources, databases and publications from the internet and the university library. My secondary research data mainly comes from different online articles, journals, and Wikipedia entries and they are cited properly in each section.

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Data Presentation and Analysis

As the main source of my primary research data, I created a survey containing 14 questions. The survey was targeted for all general students. 30 survey papers were filled out by students from various age groups. Both female and male participants took part in the survey. The complete presentation and analysis of the survey questions and students answers for them are given from the next page and onwards.

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My first question in the survey was How frequent do you listen to music . The purpose of this question was to determine the popularity of music among students.

How Frequent Do You Listen to Music

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Several times a day. At least once a day. Several times in a week. Occasionally in a month. Never. I don't listen to music.

Percentage of students

It was surprising to see that 26% of students said they listen to music several times a day, 41% of students said they listen to music at least once a day. 7% said they listen to music several times in a week. 13% said they occasionally listen to it in a month and another 13% said they never listen to music. The above statistics suggests that 67% of the general students listen to music at least once a day to several times a day. This clearly means that music is very popular among the students and they prefer to listen to it very often.

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Next, I asked the students which time do they prefer the most for listening to music? The purpose of this question was to determine the perfect time for them to listen to music.

Which time do you prefer the most for listening to music?

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 When I'm When I'm doing studying or physical activities solving problems Both A and B When Im in the On my free time, I never listen to mood for music when I have music, it's a nothing to do waste of time

Percentage of students

According to my survey results, almost one fourth (23%) students prefer to listen to music at the time of studying or solving problems. Nearly the same amount (27%) of students prefers to listen to music while doing physical activities; also 16% students prefer to listen to music during both physical activities and studying/solving problems. Less significant amount of people, only 13% and 15% said they use it only when theyre in the mood or have free time. 6% of students said they never listen to music and they consider it a waste of time. Analyzing the above figures we can say that majority of people use it during studying or solving problems because music probably interferes with the body and mind and makes it useful to study, solve problems, and to do physical activities. This supports research by O'Donnell (1999) that music has good affects on the human body and brain.
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Afterwards, I asked in my survey How much time do they (the students) spend per day listening to music? The purpose of this question is to determine how much time students spend per day being engaged to music.

How much time do you spend per day listening to music?

Very rarely Less than an hour 1-3 Hours More than 4+ hours 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Percentage of students

The responses show that almost half of the students (44%) listen to music for less than an hour per day. One fifth of the students (20%) listen to it for more than 4 hours and 23% listens to it for 1-3 hours per day. Only 14% listen to it very rarely. Results indicate that most of the students listen to music for a short period of time which is less than an hour per day. Combining this statistic with the statistics from question 1 we can say that students listen to music for a very short period of time everyday and multiple times per day.

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For my fourth question I asked how much does music help to concentrate. I asked the students to choose from a scale of 1-5. 1 being an excellent concentration helper and 5 is a great cause of distraction.

How much does music help to concentrate? Choose from a scale of 1-5
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 - Music is an 4 - Music is an aid to 3 - It has no effect on 2 - It distracts me a 1 - Music distracts excellent concentration concentration or my little from my works me a lot when I'm concentration helper works concentrating Percentage of students

Taking an in-depth look at the above statistics we can see that more than half of the students (24%+30%= 54%) think music is an aid to concentration and 44% of these students think that music is an excellent concentration helper. 30% of the students thinks it causes distraction and 15% believe it has no affect on neither concentration nor distraction. Analyzing the charts we can say that most of the students believe that music is an aid to concentration which supports or matches my hypothesis.

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Next, I asked in my survey that in everyday life, what factors help them (the students) to concentrate more on their study. The purpose of this question was to find which factors is concentration aiding for the students.

What Factors Helps You Concentrate More On Your Study

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Listening to music A silent environment A busy environment Listening to the None of the above helps to concentrate helps to concentrate with lots of people sounds of nature helps helps to concentrate Percentage of students

Going through the numbers we see that 32% of students believe music helps to concentrate more while studying. 26% of students prefer a silent environment as a concentration helper while studying. 16% prefer listening to the sounds of nature while 20% prefers otherwise. Analyzing the facts we can say that majority of the students prefer an isolated state and or listening to music where they are not bothered by the outside noises, helpful for concentration while studying

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For my sixth question I asked the students which of the following factors do they think is most distracting while studying; various choices were included. The purpose of this question was to find what factors were considered distracting for students.

Which of the following factors do you think are most distracting while studying
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Sounds made by Sounds of the people and nature such as machines birds, rain fall, etc When someone When you listen else listens to to music using music in high your iPod, mp3 volume around player, mobile you phone, or stereo

The response indicate that 40% of the students thinks that the sounds made by surrounding people and machines are distracting while studying. 26% thinks the sounds of nature are very distracting while studying. 20% thinks its hard to concentrate while studying due to the sound of someone elses high volume music. While 13% thinks listening to their own music while studying is bad for concentration. The numbers suggest that most people find it okay to listen to music while studying and show less indications that it causes distraction. They also find the sounds of nature and forced listening of music very distracting while studying.
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Afterwards I asked the students how music affects their emotions. The purpose of this question was to figure out the emotional affects of music.

How does music affect your emotions?

Listening to music makes me happy

Listening to music gives me motivation

Both A and B

Music irritates me

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

percentage of students

Looking at the data we can see that Major amount of students with almost 40% thinks listening to music makes them happy. One fourth or 26% thinks it gives them motivation and another 26% thinks it does both. A small number of students, only 6%, find music very irritating. Going through the above numbers we can say that music is an excellent tool to cheer up people and give them motivation. Thus, we can say that music has significant effects on peoples emotions. These statistics match with the publication of O'Donnell (1999) that music has positive impacts on human emotion.

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Next, I asked the students to suppose that they are working hard on something. I asked they will use music to do what? The purpose of this question was to find how music is used by students at the time of hard works or physical works.

Suppose you are working hard on something. You will use music to:

Boost your strength. Motivate yourself to keep working hard Both A and B I won't listen to music in the first place

Looking at the pie chart we can say that majority of the students (almost 40%) said that music motivates them to keep working hard. Nearly one fourth (23%) said music boosts their strength. 23% of them said it both boosts their strength and give them motivation to keep working hard. Deducting the data we can say that music has the ability to increase the physical and emotional performance of a person.

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For the ninth question, I asked the students, generally, what is their view towards music? The purpose of it was to find out their point of view or what they think about music.

Generally, what is your view towards music?

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Music helps relax Music helps focus on when I'm tired something when I get distracted Both A and B Music annoys me and is a time waster

Looking at the number we can see that most students (44%) think music helps them relax when theyre tired. 33% thinks listening to music helps them focus on something when they get distracted. 20% thinks it both helps them relax and helps them focus on something when distracted. Negligible 3% said music annoys them and it is a time waster. Analyzing the numbers we can say that music has significant affects on the mind and body of the students and it matches with the previous questions and their answers.

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For the tenth question, I asked the students whether or not listening to music while studying has any impact on their academic result. The purpose of this question was to determine the affect of music on academic result.

Do you think listening to music while studying has any impact on your academic results?
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Yes, it helps me get Yes, it helps me do No, it has no affect I don't listen to excellent academic well on academic on my academic music while results results results studying; if I did Im sure I would get poor academic results

Looking at the survey results for this question we can see that majority (50%) students think it has no affect on their academic result. 14% + 20% = 34% thinks it helps to do well in academic results and 16% thinks it causes poor academic results. Analyzing the facts we can see that most of the students dont think it has any affect on their academic results. However, 34% believe that it has positive affects in their academic results which match the research of Stanford University School of Medicine (2009) saying that music for students can help achieve good academic results.

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Next, I asked the students which type of genre of music they usually listen to. The purpose of this question is to figure out what genre of musics are popular among students.

What type of music do you listen to? You may pick multiple options

Classic music Rock/Metal music Rap/ Hip Hop music Metal music Instrumental / orchestral music Rhythm and Blues

Looking at the pie chart we can see that most people 41% prefer listening to classic music. 17% prefer rock/metal music and 14% prefer rap/hip hop music. The other choices such as metal music, instrumental music, rhythm and blues music takes the rest of the pie chart and are very low in numbers. Analyzing the graph we can say that most people prefer classic and rock music and it plays a good role in concentration than the other genres of music.

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For the 12th question I asked the students what they use for listening to music. The purpose of this question is to see their preferred way of using music.

What do you use for listening to music?

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Headphones Common speakers Large Speakers Column2 Sub-Woofers / Woofers

Looking at the graph above we can see that a large amount of students (40%) use headphones to listen to music. 26% use common speakers, 14% use large speakers. and 20% use sub-woofers/woofers to listen to music. The data above indicates that most people use headphones and common speakers/sub-woofers to listen to music. These are moderate ways of listening to music. One fifth of the students (20%) are extreme music users and they use large speakers which produces high volume of noise to satisfy their musical needs.

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Next, we asked the students they will listen to music while doing what type of work? The purpose of this question was to find out what type of work does students find music suitable for.

You will listen to music while doing what type of work?

While doing small chores

While trying to memorize something

While doing assignments

While preparing for exam

10

20

30

40

50

60

percentage of students

Looking at the answers we can see that majority of students (54%) prefer to listen to music while doing assignments. 20% and 16% use it while trying to memorize something and while doing small chores where only 10% use it while preparing for exams. The above data indicates that students prefer to use music while solving problems and passing free time but they dont usually use it for serious tasks such as preparing for exams. This is probably because they dont want to take the risk of getting poor academic results by listening to music.

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On the final question of the survey, I asked the students that even if they find music distracting, do they think it will help others to concentrate. The purpose of this question was to check whether or not students still think music helps concentration and will help others to concentrate.

Even if you find music distracting, Do you think it will help others to concentrate?
No, music will strongly distract others

No, music will not help anyone concentrate

Yes, It might help some but not all

Yes, It will definitely help others to concentrate.

10

20

30

40

50

60

percentage of students

Looking at the numbers we can see that 50% of students think it will help some students but not all. 24% students think it will definitely help others to concentrate while 15% thinks it will not help anyone to concentrate. 10% of the students voted that music will strongly distract others. Analyzing the above facts we can come to the deduction that majority of the students think music helps concentrate and they recommend it to others. This response statistic support and back my methodology that music is actually an aid to concentration.

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Summary of Research Findings

After going through the primary and secondary research data I think I can classify music as an aid to concentration. Doing the research, I found out that music is very popular among students. They prefer listening to classic and rock genre of music the most. They prefer standard mediums such as headphones and speakers to listen to music. An average student listens to music at least once a day and spends around an hour per day listening to it.

I also found out that music has positive affects on students/people both physically and emotionally. It can cheer up people when theyre feeling sad and it can also make people sad then theyre happy. Music also has physical reactions to the body which helps it relax when its tired and gives it motivation to push harder when people becomes frustrated with something. Music also reduces stress of the mind and clears all unnecessary thoughts from it to make room for concentration.

I also found out that although it is an aid to concentration but there are certain factors which cause music to distract people. First of all, the genre or type of music has strong impact on concentration. Classic and mild music helps concentrate more while hard and loud music causes distraction. Another thing is that music only helps people to concentrate or its only an aid to concentration when someone listens to it by their own choice. If someone is forced to listen to music then it becomes a cause of distraction. Various
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secondary research data also suggested that listening to music without choice has negative impacts on the body and mind and causes damage to the listener.

My research findings match almost perfectly with my original hypothesis that music is an aid to concentration. I anticipated that music creates isolation from the outside world and releases certain body hormones which make music an aid to concentration. However, I didnt take into account that certain types/genres of music had negative impacts on concentration and caused distraction. Other than the issue above, my hypothesis was proved accurate as most of the students found music as an aid to concentration while a small group of them thought of it as distraction and neutral to concentration.

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Recommendations
My research paper findings show that music is an aid to concentration only when certain criterias are met. However, students participated in my study answered that although they consider music as an aid to concentration but they did not prefer to listen to it while preparing for exams. I encourage the readers of my research paper to keep in mind that they should not use music to boost concentration while doing serious tasks such as preparing for exams as it might cause negative impacts on concentration and ultimately result to a bad academic grade. Theres always a proper time and place for everything and students should consider this note while listening to music.

Id also like to inform my readers that music may be an aid to concentration but concentration is always at its best when its not aided by other elements such as music, drugs or meditation. Sometimes, keeping a calm mind, a good diet, and sufficient amount of sleep is all thats necessary to boost concentration power.

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Conclusion
In conclusion of this research paper I can say that music is an aid to concentration for students. Students listen to music everyday for a significant amount of time while doing various tasks. It has amazing affects on the body and mind. However, there are certain criterias that should be met; otherwise music will be nothing but distraction. Students should cautiously use music to boost their concentration and they should keep in mind that concentration is best when its not aided by other influencing factors because those factors can sometimes result to great damage in both the body and the mind.

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References
Chipongian, L. (2000, May 15). Can music education really enhance brain functioning and academic learning?. Brain Connection Blog. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from http://brainconnection.positscience.com/can-music-education-really-enhance-brain-functioningand-academic-learning/

Holtz, R. L. (2002, December 13). Music changes links in the brain. Austin American Statesman World & Nation Section. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from http://www.eupsychia.com/perspectives/articles/musicbrain.html

Music. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 25, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music

O'Donnell, L. (1999). Music and brain. Music Power. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n15/mente/musica.html

Richtel, M. (2010, November 21). Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction. The New York Times, p.A1. Retrieved April 25, 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/technology/21brain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

Rizzo, T. H. (2006, June). Developing Better Concentration. IDEA Fitness Journal, 3(6). Retrieved March 30, 2013 from http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/how-to-improve-concentration

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Stanford University School of Medicine. (2009). Does music in class affect concentration/grades?. BBC Debates. Retrieved March 30, 2013, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/studentlife/debate/2009/11_music.shtml

Watkins, T. (n.d.). Is music neutral?. Dial-the-Truth Ministries. Retrieved March 30, 2013 from http://www.av1611.org/neutral.html

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Appendix
The following documents are included in the research paper packet:

Original and Revised Research Proposal. Original and Revised Questionnaire. Detailed Research Paper Outline. All earlier drafts. Marked Printouts of used secondary research sources. Filled out questionnaires.

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