7.

2 Coherent Phase Shift Keying

7.2.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
also called biphase-shift keying Signals used
1

2E (ts ) = b cos(2 fct) T

s 2 (t ) =

2 Eb cos(2f c t + ) T 2 Eb = cos(2f c t ) T nc

for 0 t T

fc =

Eb is the energy per bit the signals are antipodal, R12 = 1 Only one orthonormal basis function is required.

1 (t ) =

2 cos(2f c t ) T
s 2 (t ) = Eb 1 (t )

The two signals are thus

s1 (t ) =

Eb 1 (t )

Signal Space Representation

One-dimensional signal space. Signal coefficients:
T

s11 =

s1 (t ) 1 (t ) dt
0

= + Eb

s 21 = E b

Signal space diagram

7-8

Signal Point 2

Decision Boundary

Signal Point 1

Eb

Region 2

Region 1

Eb

Generation and Detection of BPSK

NRZ-L Generate

{d n }

d (t )

si (t ) Eb

1 (t ) =

2 cos(2f c t ) T
Decision z >0 z <0

si (t )

+ +

n(t )

y (t )

( ) dt
0

v(t )

} {d n

1 (t )

t =T

Probability of Error for BPSK

Correlator response to an AWGN only input
T

n(t )

( ) dt
0

z
t =T

1 (t )
the power spectral density of n(t) is No/2 1(t) has unit energy
T

z =

n(t ) 1 (t ) dt
0

z2 = N o

mean of z is zero
7-9

 For the input si(t) + n(t) to the BPSK detector: The mean of z will be either s11 or s21 depending on which signal is transmitted. The variance of z will be No/2. Probability density functions:
( z s11 ) 1 N f Z ( z s1 (t )) = e o N o ( z s21 ) 1 N f Z ( z s 2 (t )) = e o N o 1 1
2

s11 =

Eb

and

s 21 = E b

An error will occur if z < 0 given that s1(t) was transmitted, or if z > 0 given that s2(t) was transmitted.
P[error s1 (t )] = P[ z < 0 s1 (t )] =

f Z ( z s1 ) dz

2 Eb P[error s1 (t )] = Q No

P[error s 2 (t )] = P[ z > 0 s 2 (t )] =

f Z ( z s 2 ) dz

2 Eb P[error s 2 (t )] = Q No

For equally likely signals, the average probability of error for BPSK is:
PE = 1 1 P[error s1 (t )] + P[error s 2 (t )] 2 2

2 Eb PE = Q No

Using the Earlier Analysis for Binary Signaling and Matched Filters
The signals are
s1 (t ) = A cos(2f c t )

7-10

s 2 (t ) = A cos(2f c t )

The correlator equivalent to the matched filter is

si (t )

+ +

n(t )

y (t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t )

( ) dt
0

v(t )

t =T

2 A cos(2f c t )
Probability of error: R12 = 1 PE = Q
Eb 2 Eb (1 R12 ) = Q No No

Matched-filter-equivalent correlator response to an AWGN only input

T

n(t )
2 A cos(2f c t )
z2 = A 2 N oT

( ) dt
0

z
t =T

mean of z is zero

7-11

7.2.4 Effect Of Phase Error in the Receiver Reference

For the coherent PSK systems considered so far, it was assumed that the frequency and phases of the receiver references were exactly equal to those of the received signal. Consider the BPSK receiver shown below

2 Eb cos(2f c t ) T

+ +

y (t )

( ) dt
0

v(t )
t =T

Decision z >0 z <0

} {d n

n(t ) 2 cos(2f c t + e ) T

e is the phase error in the receiver reference with respect to the received signal. The output of the correlator at t = T will be
z = Eb cos( e ) + n1

n1 will have zero mean and variance No/2.

z will have variance No/2 and means

2Eb PBE = Q cos( e ) No

E b cos( e )

The probability of bit error will thus be

7-12

7.3 Other Coherent Modulation Schemes

7.3.1 Amplitude Shift Keying
Signal set
si (t ) = 2 Ei cos(2f c t ) T

for i = 1,2,, M and 0 t T

1 (t ) =
2 cos(2f c t ) T

Probability of error for binary ASK

E PE = Q b No

7.3.2 Binary Frequency Shift Keying

Signal set
si (t ) = 2 Eb cos(2f i t ) T

For i = 1,2 and 0 t T

i (t ) =
2 cos(2f i t ) T
n , T

Signal frequency relationships

f1 =

n is some integer
k 2T

For orthogonality
f 2 f1 =

k an integer

note: minimum spacing when k = 1. For continuous phase

f 2 f1 = m , T

m an integer

7-13

Signal Space Diagram

(0,

Eb

Signal Point 2 Signal Point 1

Eb ,0

Generation and Detection of Binary FSK

Transmitter Eb 2 cos(2f1t ) T

1 (t ) =

d (t )

{d n }

On-Off Gen Invert

+ +

x(t )

d (t )

Eb Receiver
T

2 (t ) =

2 cos(2f 2t ) T

( ) dt

z1 t = T
+ -

x(t )

+ +

n(t )

y (t )

1 (t )
T

Decision Thres = 0

} {d n

( ) dt
0

z2 t = T

2 (t )

7-14

Probability of Error
E PE = Q b No

7.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

a specific case of amplitude-phase keying having a rectangular constellation. also referred to as quadrature-amplitude-shift keying (QASK). Signal Set
si (t ) = 2Eo [ ai cos(2f c t ) + bi sin(2f c t )] T

for i = 1,2,, M and 0 t T Eo is the energy of the lowest amplitude signal ai and bi are integers
1 (t ) =
2 (t ) =
2 cos(2f c t ) T
2 sin( 2f c t ) T

Signal Space Diagram

For M = 4, QAM is equivalent to QPSK.

7-15

7.3.4 Coherent Minimum Shift Keying

A case of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying. Has significantly lower out-of-band power.

7.4 Noncoherent Modulation and Detection Schemes

The coherent modulation schemes considered will not work if there is significant phase ambiguity between the transmitted signal and the receiver's references. Two schemes that address this problem: Noncoherent FSK Noncoherent PSK

7.4.1 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

DPSK is the noncoherent version of PSK. To be precise, DPSK normally refers to differentially coherent detection of differentially encoded PSK. There is phase coherence in the transmitted signal between adjacent symbol periods. The receiver reference oscillators are noncoherent with the received signal. In DPSK, information is encoded in the phase-change (relative phase difference) of the transmitted signal between adjacent symbol periods and not in the absolute phase. For example in DBPSK, a '0' can correspond to a phase change of radians in the transmitted signal and a '1' to no phase change (or vice versa). For DPSK to work, the phase ambiguity of the received signal must not vary to quickly. It must vary slow enough such that the relative phase can be considered constant over two adjacent symbol periods.

Binary DPSK (DBPSK)

To generate a binary DPSK signal, the data, {bk}, is differentially encoded prior to transmission as follows:
ck = ck 1 bk ,

phase change for a '0'

7-16

or
c k = c k 1 bk ,

phase change for a '1'

This encoding provides a bit sequence with the changes between bits, not the actual bits, now representing the data. The table below illustrates the encoding that provides a phase change corresponding to a '0'. bk ck Tx'd Phase ref 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

After the encoding, the {ck} bit stream is then modulated as normal in a BPSK transmitter. Basic DBPSK receiver:
T

y (t )
Delay T

( ) dt
0

Decision Thres = 0

} {b n

t =T

Optimum DBPSK receiver:

T

( ) dt
0

zI

y (t )

cos(2f c t )
T

t =T

Delay T

+ +

Decision Thres = 0

} {b n

( ) dt
0

zQ
t =T
Delay T

sin( 2f c t )

Improvement in PBE since the references are not noisy as in the basic receiver. Two channels are required since the phase ambiguity could result in the received signal being orthogonal with one of the channels. The decision operation tests the inner product
7-17

zI(k) zI(k-1) + zQ(k) zQ(k-1) Probability of bit error for DBPSK with the optimum receiver:

PBE

1 Eb N o = e 2

M-ary DPSK
DQPSK D8PSK

7-18