WORKPLACE TRAINING

CONTENT Training Session

PLANNING OF DRILLS AND EXERCISES.

Introduction What is a drill and an exercise? Briefing Preparation Safety officers Control of drill and exercises Correction of mistakes Variation and range of exercises The use of tactical boards Revision Notes Learning Outcome 3: Plan an effective and meaningful drill or exercise. Assessment Criteria: 3.1. 3.2. Describe what is a drill and an exercise.

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Describe the principles which must be followed in every drill and exercise.

REFERENCES a. b. c. ICAO Training Manual (Doc 7192-AN/857). ICAO airport Service Manual (Doc 9137-AN/898), Part I Rescue and Fire fighting. No. 39 Airport Fire Officer Course Note.

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PLANNING OF DRILLS AND EXERCISES

INTRODUCTION 1. A Firefighter whose fire protection duties consist solely of the provision of rescue and safety services of aircraft movements is infrequently called upon to face a serious situation involving lift at a major aircraft fire. He will experience a few minor incidents and larger number of standby to cover movement of aircraft in circumstances where the possibility of an accident may reasonably be anticipated but well seldom be called upon to put knowledge and to the supreme test. It follows , therefore, that only by means of a means of most carefully planned and rigorously followed programmer of training can there be any assurance that both men and appliance will be fit to deal with a major aircraft fire the occasion arise. 2. This situation is further aggravated as many Fire Officers have not developed that skill of providing a wide range of exercises designed to improve the performance of Firefighters in the various they have been taught. Consequently, not only is the overall efficiency of the likely to be below that likely to be below that which will be required in a difficult rescue and fire fighting operation but the members may become bored. It is necessary to ensure that each member of team is kept at a high level of physical and mental preparedness throughout each tour of duty. 3. Planning of drills and exercises for the training of Firefighting falls into broad categories, basic training in the use and maintenance of equipment and tactical training which covers the deployment of men and deployment of men and appliances to accomplish control of fire to permit rescue operations to proceed. OBJECTIVE 4. The objective of this lesson is to impart adequate information and guidance material to students on planning of drills and exercises for continued training of firefighting for possible similar situation that might arise. 5. On completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to plan an effective and meaningful drill or exercise to train and monitor the performance of the various grades of firefighting and their use and deployment of equipment and fire trucks. WHAT IS A DRILL AND AN EXERCISE? 6. In the Fire Service, a drill is the daily routine training performed by the duty fire crew in accordance prepared monthly drill roster on simulated incidents. An exercise, on the other hand, such as an Aircraft Crash Exercise is an elaborate drill, generally conducted a few time a year and performed by the full fire crew (entire station) and other organizations to perfect their responsibilities in the Airport Emergency Plan. 7. The primary purpose of staging such training is the opportunity to practice a skill which has been taught in order that the operator can gain confidence and improve his performance. Properly planned and executed drills and exercises are the best available substitute for actual firefighting operations. Fireman gain experience under such realistic simulated conditions. There are a number of principles which must be followed in every drill and exercise. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.

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BRIEFING 8. It is important that all taking part in the drill or exercise fully understand the purpose of such training. For simple ones, this can be explained in advance by the Training Officer conducting it. In more complicated circumstances and particularly in larger scale exercises involving rescue and fire fighting operations, care must be taken to stage the incident in such a way that all participants have every opportunity to see the circumstances as the Training Officer intended they should be read. 9. Before the start of such training, it is important the Training Officer brief all the participants and training coordinators the incident scenario. Essential information and the availability of men fire fighting equipment should be disclosed. a. b. c. d. e. Incident Scenario. Number and Degree of Injuries of Casualties. Number of Fireman Participating. Number and Types of Firefighting Equipment Available. Appointing An In Charge To Execute The Incident.

PREPARATION 10. When preparing a drill or an exercise, it is necessary the Training Officer has a team to assist him to stage the simulated incident and oversee the general safety. All the training aids and props necessary to realistically depict the simulated incident should be available. In their absence, every effort should be made to improvise otherwise; the situation would be bland and not motivate the participants. 11. Most of training aids are available in the market and some are made to order. Outlined below are some of the training aids all Fire Stations should have, a. b. c. d. e. f. Aircraft Mock-Up Breathing Apparatus Simulator Watchroom Simulator C.P.R Training Mannequin Tactical Table Dummies

SAFETY OFFICERS 12. The team that assist the Training Officer to prepare and coordinate the drill and exercise also act as safety Officers to ensure the general safety of all participants. Where the training involves fires, a fire vehicle which is not part of the training is on standby and by the Safety Officers with a charged line ready immediate use. 13. Generally, these Safety Officers are positioned in the forefront of action together with the participants to look after their safety. Likewise, when participants enter a smoke filled room or heated fuselage of the aircraft mock-up, a pair of Safety Officers donning B.A sets with hand lamps would be around to oversee their action and help them whenever safety is breached. 14. In addition to the safety precaution taken by the safety Officers, there should be a fully stocked first aid box for treatment of minor injuries. For serious cases, a vehicle is on standby to transport the injured to the nearest medical clinic for treatment.

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CONTROL OF DRILL AND EXERCISES 15. Once the drill or exercise has commenced, the Training Officer and his support team should not intervene unless safety to life or property is involved. After all, the purpose of this training is to give the participants the chance to put into practice what they have been taught and to benefit from the mistakes they make. It everything went smoothly without any mistake, it may be pleasing to the Training Officer but is a failure as no lessons were learned. CORRECTION OF MISTAKES 16. Every drill or exercise must be carefully observed by the Training officer and his team. Important features, such as relevant times, noted. In particular, mistakes and any corrections which may be carried out by the trainees should be noted. Such remedial action is an important part of the learning process. 17. At the of a drill or an exercise, an analysis of the training should be conducted as soon as possible. The individual or, in the case of team effort, the team leader should be allowed to describe his action and the reasons for them and to comment on lessons he had learned. The training Officer should then summaries the overall operation, comment on the action take and on the explanation given by the participants. He should emphasize the lessons learned and comment on the overall performance of the team and where appropriate, the performance of the individual members of the team. His comments should not be limited to constructive criticism of mistakes made. He should also praise good performance. Above all, he must remember that firefighting is not an exact science but is based upon a number of principles which can be met in a number of ways. If the operational objective has been achieved although not in precisely the way he would have achieved it he must criticize in an objective manner, that is to say, not unduly influenced by his own opinion. In such a case, he would give credit for performance but point out an alternative which would probably give even better results. VARIATION AND RANGE OF EXERCISES 18. Exercises involving large fires are very expensive and can only be staged occasionally. One of the problems facing the fire officer today is the difficulty of setting an exercise which will severely test the capacity of modern, efficient appliances. For instance, a 700 g.pm monitor discharging effective protein foam should control a spill fire of 4,500 sq ft. Within 60 seconds. Consequently, in order to teach the limitations of the appliance, a fire of at least this size would be required. Obviously, initial training in the best methods of application of this agent will have to be carried out using smaller equipment. However, exercises designed test the efficiency of the station will often be staged using much smaller fires. In these circumstances, the full operational capacity of the station would normally be made available. 19. Fortunately, experience has shown that this type of situation occurs much frequently that large fire in the early stages of a serious survivable crash and it makes sense to reflect this trend in exercises. In every case, the aim should be to try to reproduce the fire conditions likely to be encountered, namely, spill fires, running fuel and some overhead running fires. A brief study of a comprehensive analysis of aircraft accident may give some guidance on the type of fire situations which should be staged to give realism and variety to the training programme. 20. In 1972, the British Civil Aviation Authority commissioned a firm consultant to analyses 321 aircraft accidents reported to ICAO 1969 plus an additional reports. In the section dealing with the experience on fuel spill and fire situations it was decided that, in 60 cases, insufficient information was available so the sample was reduced to 473 cases. In addition, it was not

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possible to assess with any accuracy the condition at the vital time of 3 minutes, that is, the maximum planned response time. 21. The following data have been extracted from a table of this report and deals with the frequency of occurrence and magnitude of fires. Type of Situation No. of Instances 136 92 32 30 22 17 14 61 1 Percentage of sample (473) 28.8 19.5 6.8 6.3 4.7 3.6 3.0 12.9 0.2

No fire, no spill Very extensive fire ext. by RFF Wheel fires or severe Overheating Fire in fuselage Significant fuel spill - 1 side Significant fuel spill - both side Fire on one sides Engine fire - 1 side Engine fire both sides

22. Some local ingenuity will be needed to stage exercises which reproduce as realistically as possible the type of situation outlined above. Very rarely will a suitable mock-up aircraft be available and improvisation using such as old buses, tankers etc. Will usually be only way the fire officer can stage the incident so that it can be read by the trainees in the way he intends. One simple method is to use open drums arranged to from the shape of an aircraft. By igniting fuel selected drums only, the officer can indicate that fire is confined to, say, the port wing. Spill fires can be lighted in selected areas by means of low retaining wall formed from mud or sand. Overhead running fuel fires can be staged by using open drums from which a controlled leakage has been arranged or, better still, by using a small capacity fuel line fed by a overhead tank. By using a little imagination, there is an endless variety of situation which can be staged. THE USE OF TACTICAL BOARDS 21. One from of exercise which can be very useful is that staged on a tactical table which represents the layout of an aerodrome. These can produce quite cheaply and do not need to be very elaborate. By using model aero planes and appliances, the correct deployment of appliances can be practiced and analyses at little or no cost. This form of exercise is frequently called a Tactical Exercise without Troops (or TEWT). Its main value in line the training of junior officers in the tactics applicable to a particular unit, where the appliance positioning appropriate to that unit can be practiced over a wide range of situation.

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REVISION Choose the correct answer. 1. In the Fire Service, a . is the daily routine training performed by the duty fire crew in accordance prepared monthly drill roster on simulated incidents. An .., on the other hand, such as an Aircraft Crash Exercise is an elaborate drill, generally conducted a few time a year and performed by the full fire crew (entire station) and other organizations to perfect their responsibilities in the Airport Emergency Plan. a. b. c. d. 2. exercise, drill drill, exercise practice, assessment continuation training, exercise

Which of the following are some of the training aids all Fire Stations should have? I. II. III. IV. a. c. Aircraft Mock-Up Breathing Apparatus Simulator C.P.R Training Mannequin Tactical Table Tactical Table I and II II, III and IV b. d. I, II and III I, II, III and IV

For questions number 3 until 7, select A for true and B for false statements. 3. The team that assist the Training Officer to prepare and coordinate the drill and exercise also act as safety Officers to ensure the general safety of all participants. 4. Where the training involves fires, a fire vehicle which is not part of the training is on standby and by the Safety Officers with a charged line ready immediate use. 5. Generally, these Safety Officers are positioned in the forefront of action together with the participants to look after their safety. Likewise, when participants enter a smoke filled room or heated fuselage of the aircraft mock-up, a pair of Safety Officers donning B.A sets with hand lamps would be around to oversee their action and help them whenever safety is breached. 6. Once the drill or exercise has commenced, the Training Officer and his support team should not intervene unless safety to life or property is involved. 7. One from of exercise which can be very useful is that staged on a tactical table which represents the layout of an aerodrome. This form of exercise is frequently called a Tactical Exercise without Troops (or TEWT).

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Subjective Question. 3. Before the start of such training, it is important the Training Officer to conduct a briefing to all the participants and training coordinators. What are the essential information that should be covered in briefing? (2 marks each = 10 marks) a. b. c. d. e. ..........................................................................................

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NOTE
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