Approaches for Suppressing of Lightning Overvoltage in the Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS)

Ahmad Tavakoli
Iran University of Science and Technology, Center of Excellence for Power System Automation and Operation, Tehran, Iran Tavakoli_a@elec.iust.ac.ir

Ahmad Gholami
Iran University of Science and Technology, Center of Excellence for Power System Automation and Operation, Tehran, Iran Gholami@iust.ac.ir

Ali Parizad
Iran University of Science and Technology, Center of Excellence for Power System Automation and Operation, Tehran, Iran Parizad@ieee.org

AbstractGas-insulated substations (GIS) have different specifications in proportion to air-insulated substations. Due to space limitation in the field of the gas-insulated substation (GIS), it is difficult to install extra arresters near the power transformers. Voltage magnification is due to reflections of transient waves in various junctions, low surge impedance and decrease in the length of conductors in the GIS. These problems cause to increase the propagation of transmitted and reflected waves within the conductors in proportion to air-insulated substation; thereby overvoltages in GIS are more important than air-insulated substation. In air-insulated substations, probability of failures across insulator strings or bushings is acceptable since air insulation is self restoring. In GIS, the entire gas insulated assembly must be protected because the gas insulated system must be considered as non-self-restoring. According to aforementioned reasons, it follows that insulation coordination design of the GIS has been critically important. This paper presents practicable and beneficial approaches to the industry to look for the optimum approaches for lightning incoming surge mitigation. These approaches are included effects of number of surge arrester in the each feeder, system configuration and decreasing of number of surge arrester and as costs, location of surge arrester and cable, and terminal components. Lightning overvoltages due to direct lightning stroke with varying intensity current have been investigated. For accurate calculations, ATP/EMTP software has been used. Keywords- Insulation Coordination; lightning; gas insulated substation (GIS); surge arrester; cable; the terminal component; switchgear arrangement

I.

INTRODUCTION

Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) has been developed for wide range, because of their benefits. These benefits are such as compactness, protection from pollution, high reliability, a few maintenance, etc [1]. Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS) are exposed to the same variety of overvoltages as air-insulated substations (i.e., lightning. switching, and temporary overvoltages) [2]. However, in air-insulated stations, primary concern is placed on the protection of transformers and some risk of failures across insulator strings or bushings is accepted since air Insulation is self restoring. In GIS on the other hand, the entire gas insulated assembly (including enclosures, circuit

breakers, disconnect and grounding switches) must be protected because the gas insulated system must be viewed as non-self-restoring. In the insulation coordination design of the GIS, lightning overvoltages are found to be critically important. Voltage magnification due to reflections of such lightning surges at various junctions within the GIS is often the determining criteria for selection of surge arrester rating and locations [2]. Though lightning surges have been reduced to an acceptable level in modern substation insulation coordination, still transformer failures related to lightning are often reported. Two possible transformer failure modes may happen if a lightning surge appears at the transformer terminals. The transformer main insulation (the insulation between HV winding and LV winding, HV winding and core, or HV windings) will be threatened because of the large magnitude of the lightning surge. On the other hand, the insulation between turns at the beginning of the HV winding is often disproportionally more stressed because of the large potential gradient appearing in the initial voltage distribution. Similar to switching overvoltages and VFT, it is possible that lightning overvoltage may excite partial winding resonance in the transformer windings. The distance between the arrester and the transformer will determine the overvoltage magnitude at the transformer HV terminals [3],[4]. Several factors may contribute to a transformer failure due to lightning strokes including: 1) very high magnitude of the overvoltage; 2) nonlinear voltage distribution along the winding, which could result in high voltage between turns; 3) Resonance or partial-winding resonance in the HV winding if they coincide with the excitation frequencies [4],[5]. This paper presents beneficial approaches to the industry to look for the optimum approaches for lightning incoming surge mitigation, including number of surge arrester, location of surge arrester/cable, system configuration and decrease number of surge arrester, the terminal component. II. LIGHTNING

Lightning overvoltage is a phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase overvoltage produced by one specific lightning discharge. The

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lightning overvoltages have duration betw ween 1 and 100 microseconds and a wave front between 1 an nd 5 microseconds. The wave shape of the lightning current is different from the voltage produced at the point of contact of the lightning stroke. The lightning condition and the apparatus specifications are shown in the table. I. The steepness of the stroke current and its rate of decay were det termined based on the guide lines given in References [2].
TABLE . THE LIGHTNING CONDITION AND THE APPA ARATUS SPECIFICATION
Peak Current (kA) Time to Crest (s) 50 1.5 75 1.75 100 2.0 150 2.25 200 2.5

Transmis ssion Line Ca able

PT

LA

PT

LA

CT

CT

III.

MODELING OF GIS COMP PONENTS

To model GIS components, lumped elemen nts and distributed parameters can be used, that is defined by surge s impedances, wave velocity and lengths of GIS section. The surge arresters model recommended by y IEEE W.G3.4.11 (IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, 1992) is show wn in Fig.1. In this model the non-linear V-I characteristic is rep presented with two sections of non-linear resistances designated d A0 and A1. The two non-linear resistances A0 and A1 are se eparated by a R-L filter. For currents discharge in arrester with h slow rising time, the influence of the filter is negligible; thu us A0 and A1 are essentially in parallel and characterize the static behavior of the MOSA. For the fast rising of sur rge currents, the impedance of the filter becomes more signi ificant, indeed the inductance L1 derives more current into the non-linear branch A0. Since A0 has a higher voltage for a give en current than A1, the model generates a higher voltage between b its input terminals, what matches the dynamic characteristics of MOSAs. The inductance L0 represents the inductance associated with the magnetic fields in the immediate vicinity of the arrester. The resistor R0 is used to o avoid numerical oscillations when running the model with a digital program. The capacitance C0 represents the exte ernal capacitance associated to the height of the arrester [8], [9 9], [10].

CT CT
PT LA PT

CT
PT LA

T1

T2
Figure 2. Single-line diagram of a 420 kV GIS

on Line and Substation Figure 3. Transmissio TABLE I. Component GIS Bus Bar ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT [5],[6],[7] Notes z0 = 90 ohm v = 270 m/us In the closed position: impedance (42 ohm) CB, DS, and Earthing Switch

Figure 1. The IEEE Frequency-Dependant Model [8] Potential Transformer (PT)

In the open position: capacitance (4pF) 300 pF 300 pF 5 nF 100 pF 2 nF Discharge Voltage (10kA):870kV R0 = 0.0010679 ohm/m z0 = 30 ohm v = 165m/us

Table.II shows the electrical equivalent circuits for mode ling of GIS component [6]. Fig.2 shows the sing gle-line diagram of a 420 kV GIS. Characteristics of the transm mission line tower and the electric power line and the ground wire w are shown in the table.III and Fig.3.

Current Transformer (CT) Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CCVT) Bushing Power Transformer Arrester

cable

TABLE II.

SPECIFICATION OF TRANSM MISSION LINE Power Line L Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire L Power Line Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire Power Line L Ground Wire 0.069 0.44 1.45cm 0.77cm 0.7cm 0.5cm 25.1m 39.7m 10.1m 24.7m 60cm 0cm 45deg 0deg 4 1

Conductor resistance at DC (with skin effect) ohm/km Outer radius of one conductor Inner radius of one conductor. Only available with skin effect Vertical bundle height at tower Vertical bundle height at mid-span Distance between conductors in a bundle Angular position of one of the conductors in a bundle Number of conductors in a bundle

The time step for simulation is 2.5 ns and calculating c time is 100s. Computer simulation has been done using the ely used version of alternative transients program (ATP), a wide EMTP. For simulation of surge arrester ca an be using ZnOexponential current-dependent resistor (TYPE 92) in ATP/EMTP. IV. EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACT TORS UNDER DIRECT LIGHTNING ST TROKE

In this section, lightning overvoltages are a simulated for lightning that directly striking the transmissi ion line. This part is corresponding to the situation where bus coupler was opened and lightning is struck on the tower No.2 N from the GIS (Fig. 3). Also, in order to simulation under the worst condition, it is considered that lightning was s happened on the phase A in tower No.2 and at the crest of negative polarity. Table.IV describes the lightning overvoltage es with the various intensity current at the power transformer, CT, C PT and tower near the lightning struck.
TABLE V. Peak Current (kA) 50 75 100 150 200 LIGHTNING OVERVOLT TAGES Tower (kV) 67.17 101.19 142.98 208.61 274.96 CT (MV) 1.1361 1.1584 1.3208 1.3544 1.4049 PT (MV) 1.3044 1.3731 1.4442 1.5685 1.6158

A A. Effect of Number of Surge Arrester This part is corresponding to the t situation where bus coupler was opened and lightning struc ck on the tower No.2 away from the GIS (Fig. 3). The lightning overvoltages are investigated in six cases. Case(A-1): the arreste ers are disabled in the line feeder Case(A-2): the arre esters are disabled in the transformer feeder, Case (A-3) : original arrester a configuration is applied as Shown in Fig. 2 Case (A-4): an extr ra arrester is installed in the transformer feeder bas sed on case (A-3), Case (A-5): an extra arrester is installed in the line ( feeder based on case (A-3) Case (A-6): an extr ra arrester is installed in the transformer feeder an nd in the line feeder based on case (A-3). Fig.4 shows the effect of nu umber of surge arrester on the overvoltage at the power tran nsformer terminal due to direct lightning stroke. Its clear that t existence of extra arrester can cause decreasing of the overv voltage. In the cases 4, 5, 6 are observed that peak magnitude of overvoltage variation at the power transformer terminal with increasing of lightning current is fixed. Fig.5 shows clearly c effect of extra arrester on the lightning overvoltage at th he power transformer terminal. The observed overvoltage at the t power transformer terminal can reach up much more than the t transformer BIL of 1230 kV, when the arresters are disable ed in the line and transformer feeder. But disabled arresters in the line feeder can be worse than disabled arresters in the e transformer feeder. However existence of arrester at the in ncoming feeder is emphasized. Fig.5, case (A-3) shows clearl ly that the voltage at the power transformer terminal is still very high because of reflection, and can be up to 4.21 Pu. It is worth w noting, that even with the arrester installed, the lightning g overvoltage seen at the power transformer terminal is still hig gher than the transformer BIL in the studied case. Hence, inst talling extra surge arresters is necessary for suppressing harm mful lightning overvoltages.

Transformer (MV) 1.1221 1.1401 1.2841 1.3573 1.3635

These factors are included effects of the number of surge arrester in the each feeder, system configuration c and decreasing of number of surge arrester and costs, location of surge arrester and cable, terminal compone ent and grounding resistance of tower. The impact of various modeling m details as discussed above, were investigated unde er various stroke current levels.

Figure 4. Effects of number of surge arrester a on the overvoltage at the power transformer due to direct lightning stro oke. Case (A-1): arresters are disabled in the line feeder, case (A-2): the arrester rs are disabled in the transformer feeder, case (A-3): original arrester configurat tion is applied as Shown in Fig. 2, case (A-4): an extra arrester is installed in th he transformer feeder based on case (A3), case (A-5: an extra arrester is instal lled in the line feeder based on case (A3) and case (A-6) is that an extra arres ster is installed in the transformer feeder and in the line feeder based on case (A A-3).

Figure 6. Effects of System Configur ration on the overvoltage at the power transformer terminal when bus coupler r is closed. Case (B-1): the arresters are disabled in the line feeder and bus cou upler is closed, Case (B-2): the arresters are disabled in the transformer feeder and bus coupler is closed, Case (B-3): original arrester configuration is appli ied and bus coupler is closed and case (A-3) is that original arrester configura ation applied as Shown in Fig.2.

Figure 5. Effects of extra arrester on the lightnin ng overvoltage.

B. Effect of System Configuration Installing extra surge arresters is necessary y for suppressing harmful lightning overvoltages. But it is difficult d to install extra arresters near transformers due to spac ce limitation in the site. In order to suppressing harmful lightning overvoltages o at the transformer terminals, it can be used an approach without installation of extra arresters. In this way one o can be closed circuit breaker of bus coupler; on the other hand, h all of feeders associated with together and more tran nsformers can be connected to the substation. In this sect tion the lightning overvoltages are investigated in three cases. Case (B-1): the arresters are dis sabled in the line feeder and bus coupler is closed Case (B-2): the arresters are disabled in the transformer feeder and bus coupler is closed Case (B-3): original arrester conf figuration applied and bus coupler is closed. Fig.6 shows effect of system configuration on o the overvoltage at the power transformer terminal when bus coupler is closed. If bus coupler is closed, the lightning g overvoltage at transformer terminals can be reduced to a lev vel below the BIL in the studied case. Fig.7 compares effects of f extra arrester and new configuration (bus coupler is closed or all of feeders associated with together). Its clear that ca ase (B-3) is lower than case (A-4) and case (A-5). He ence, appropriate configuration is better than even extra arreste er in the feeder. With more transformers connected to th he network, more arresters must be also connected to the GIS S, it is helpful for absorbing more lightning energy by the arresters; a hence, it cause to reduce the maximum overv voltages at each transformer terminal.

Figure 7. Compares between effect of extra arrester and effect of new configuration (bus coupler is closed or all of feeders associated with together)

C. Effect of Location of Surge e Arrester and Cable Due to absorbing more lightni ing energy by the arresters and negative reflection of cable, eff ffect of location of surge arrester and cable is imported. This section s is corresponding to the situation where bus coupler was w opened and lightning struck on the tower No.2 away fro om the GIS (Fig. 3). Original arrester configuration is app plied as shown in Fig.2. The lightning overvoltages are inve estigated in five following cases. Case(C-1): the surge e arrester situated in next of incoming cable Case(C-2): the surge e arrester situated in 3/4 after incoming cable. Case(C-3): the surge e arrester situated in 2/4 after incoming cable e arrester situated in 1/4 after Case(C-4): the surge incoming cable Case (C-5): the surg ge arrester situated in before incoming cable. Fig.8 shows effect of location n of surge arrester and cable on the overvoltage at the power transformer terminal. Its clear aced before of incoming cable, when the surge arrester is pla lightning overvoltages are decreased due to negative reflection.

Figure 8. Effects of location of surge arrester a and cable on overvoltage at the power transformer terminal. Case (C-1 1): the surge arrester situated in next of incoming cable, Case (C-2): the surge e arrester situated in 3/4 after incoming

cable Case (C-3): the surge arrester situated in 2/4 after r incoming cable, Case (C-4): the surge arrester situated in 1/4 after incoming cable, Case (C-5): the surge arrester situated in after incoming cable.

D. Effect of the Terminal Component The peak magnitude of lightning overvoltag ges at transformer terminals depends on the terminal componen nt connected to the GIS. The terminal component can be an XLPE X cable or an overhead transmission line or a gas-insulated d transmission line (GITL). To understand the effect of differen nt terminations on the peak magnitude of the lightning over rvoltages, various substation layouts have been considered and d are listed in table V. The attenuation of the lightning overv voltages amplitude with time is found to depend on the switch hing configuration and the terminal component connected to the e GIS. Fig.9 shows variation in peak magnitudes s of the lightning overvoltages for various substation layouts. The attenuation rate is high if the GIS is ter rminated with low impedance systems, such as XLPE cable, and the attenuation rate is low if the GIS is terminated with high h surge impedance elements such as an overhead line. Similar rly, if the GIS are terminated with a long length of GITL, there e is a possibility of the transient currents for longer time durati ion [11]. It should be noted that effect of the cable is more effec ctive to reduce the overvoltage peak than adding more arresters. .

t the network, more arresters transformers connected to must be also connected to the GIS, it is helpful for g energy by the arresters; hence, absorbing more lightning it reduce to a level below the BIL in the studied case. When the surge arrester is placed before of incoming cable, lightning overvo oltages are decreased due to negative reflection. It should be noted that t effect of the cable is more effective to reduce the overvoltage peak than adding more arresters. When the equivalent cable surge impedance becomes sm maller, the peak value of the overvoltage appearing at a the transformer terminals is reduced dramatically due to negative reflection. gh if the GIS is terminated with The attenuation rate is hig low impedance systems, such as XLPE cable, and the attenuation rate is low if the GIS is terminated with high surge impedance elemen nts such as an overhead line. Similarly, if the GIS are terminated t with a long length of GITL, there is a possibil lity of the transient currents for longer time duration.
RENCES REFER

[1]

Figure 9. variation in peak magnitudes of the light tning overvoltages for various substation layouts. TABLE V. VARIOUS SUBSTATION LAYOUTS FOR DIFFERENT TERMINALS The Terminal Component Overhead Li ine GITL XLPE Cable Two XLPE Cable in i Parallel

Substation Layouts D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4

IV. CONCLUSION Installing extra surge arresters is s necessary for suppressing harmful lightning overvo oltages. But it is difficult to install extra arresters near tr ransformers due to space limitation in the site. In order to suppressing harmful lightnin ng overvoltages at the transformer terminals, it can be used u an approach without installation of extra arresters. In n this way one can be closed circuit breaker of bus cou upler; With more

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